Analysis of Covariance - SPSS

Analysis of Covariance Using SPSS

Consider the following data. Column 1, variable a, represents three different treatment conditions. X is a pre-test score, and Y is a post-test score, a score that is obtained after treatment. We can use ANCOVA to statistically control for the pre-test scores. This is a relatively common use of ANCOVA when one wants to statistically equate all subjects on their pre-test scores.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 10 6 5 8 9 4 9 12 4 8 8 8 6 11 10 9 7 8 7 3 6 8 6 8 15 1 4 6 10 0 7 13 6 13 5 18 9 7 15 15 14 9 16 7 13 18 13 6

Using SPSS Syntax: GLM y BY a WITH x [requests a general linear model, y as dependent, a as independent, and x as covariate] /EMMEANS TABLES (a). [requests estimated marginal means, for factor a]

Between-Subjects Factors N a 1.00 2.00 3.00 8 8 8

Analysis of Covariance - SPSS

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: y Source Corrected Model Intercept x a Error Total Corrected Total Type III Sum of Squares 275.828(a) .665 163.828 165.793 334.172 3010.000 df 3 1 1 2 20 24 Mean Square 91.943 .665 163.828 82.897 16.709 F 5.503 .040 9.805 4.961 Sig. .006 .844 .005 .018

610.000 23 a R Squared = .452 (Adjusted R Squared = .370)

Estimated Marginal Means

a Dependent Variable: y 95% Confidence Interval a 1.00 2.00 3.00 Mean 6.531(a) 10.375(a) 13.094(a) Std. Error 1.453 1.459 1.487 Lower Bound 3.500 7.331 9.993 Upper Bound 9.562 13.418 16.196

Questions 1. For the current analysis, what key assumption must be tested before interpreting the above output? Test for this assumption using the following syntax, GLM y BY a WITH x /DESIGN = a x a*x . and comment on whether or not it is satisfied. Notice that in the above syntax, we are specifying a test for factor a, x and the a*x interaction term. (hint: the outcome of the interaction test should tell you something about the assumption of homogeneity of regressions).

2. Obtain the same output as above, including the test for homogeneity of regressions, using window-based commands.

3. Draw appropriate conclusions from the present analysis, and comment on the overall goal of analysis of covariance.

4. Had we not included the covariate X, would the results have changed? If so, how? Had we performed the ANOVA without the inclusion of covariate X, we would have obtained:

Analysis of Covariance - SPSS

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Y Source Corrected Model Intercept a Error Total Corrected Total Type III Sum of Squares 112.000(a) 2400.000 112.000 498.000 3010.000 610.000 df 2 1 2 21 24 23 Mean Square 56.000 2400.000 56.000 23.714 F 2.361 101.205 2.361 Sig. .119 .000 .119

a R Squared = .184 (Adjusted R Squared = .106)

Comment on how the above output is different from what you obtained when the covariate X was included in the model.
End of assignment.