Archived Information

CONTENTS

CONTENTS
Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviii

SECTION I. CONTEXT/ENVIRONMENT

Overview of the IDEA Amendments of 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

The Six Principles of IDEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-27

State Accountability Systems and Students with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-29

Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-30
Traditional General Education Accountability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-31
Traditional Special Education Accountability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-31
Accountability Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-32
Issues Associated with Including Students with Disabilities in General
Education Accountability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-34
Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-36
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-37

SECTION II. STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS

Children Ages Birth Through Five Served Under IDEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1

The Number of Children Served Under IDEA, Part C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1
Early Intervention Environments for Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities . . II-3
The Number of Children Served Under the Preschool Grants Program . . . . . . II-4
Educational Environments for Preschoolers with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . II-7
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-9

Students Ages 6 Through 21 Served Under IDEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-11

Changes in Numbers of Students Served . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-11
Age Distribution of Students Served . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-12
Disabilities Distribution of Students Served . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-13
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-18

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Page

The Racial/Ethnic Composition of Students with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-19

Race/Ethnicity in Special Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-20
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-23

Gender as a Factor in Special Education Eligibility, Services, and Results . . . . . II-25

Special Education Eligibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-25
Services for Males and Females with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-30
Educational Results for Males and Females with and without Disabilities . . . II-31
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-37
Issues Remaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-38

Students with Emotional Disturbance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-45

Eligibility and Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-45
Educational Environments and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-54
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-57
Improving Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-58
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-61

SECTION III. SCHOOL PROGRAMS AND SERVICES

Special Education Teachers: National Trends in Demand and Shortage . . . . . . . III-1

How Large Is the Shortage of Teachers in Special Education? . . . . . . . . . . . III-4
What Factors Are Associated with the Shortages of Teachers in Special
Education? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-12
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-15

Using IFSPs with Preschoolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-25

Regulations and Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-26
States Using IFSPs with Preschoolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-26
A Closer Look at Six States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-27
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-30

Educational Environments for Students with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-33

Trends in Data on Educational Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-34
Factors Associated with Educational Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-35
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-37

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Funding for IDEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-41

Appropriation of Funds for Part B of IDEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-41
The State Set-Aside Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-42
The IDEA Amendments of 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-46
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-48

State Progress in Use of Interagency Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-51

Overview of Interagency Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-51
Interagency Coordination for Infants and Toddlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-52
State Implementation Efforts in Coordinating Services for Infants and
Toddlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-54
Interagency Coordination Among Agencies Serving School-Age Children . . . III-59
State Implementation Efforts in Coordinating Services for School-Age
Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-60
Collaboration on Transition Services for Students with Disabilities . . . . . . . III-61
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-65

SECTION IV. RESULTS

Standards-Based Reform and Students with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-1

Involvement of Special Education in State-Based Reform Activities . . . . . . . IV-3
Current Practices and Policies in Statewide Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-5
Reporting the Performance of Students with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-7
Research Findings Related to Standards-Based Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-9
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-11

Developing Alternate Assessments for Students with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . IV-15

What Are Alternate Assessments? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-17
Putting Alternate Assessments in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-17
Issues To Consider in Developing Alternate Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-23
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-29

Secondary School Completion for Students with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-33

Trends in High School Completion for Students with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . IV-34
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-38

State Improvement and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-41

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-49

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Performance Indicators for Parts B, C, and D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-51

The Purposes of GPRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-51
The Department of Education’s Response to GPRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-53
OSEP’s Response to GPRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-54
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-69

Results From RRC Technical Assistance to States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-71

Purpose of the RRFC Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-71
Structure of the RRFC Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-72
SEA Responsibility for General Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-73
Assessment and Accountability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-76
Behavioral Issues and Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-78
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-79

Appendices

Appendix A. Data Tables

Section A. Child Count Tables

Table AA1 Number of Children Served Under IDEA,

Part B by Age Group, During the 1996-97
School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

Table AA2 Number of Children Ages 6-21 Served Under

IDEA, Part B by Disability, During the
1996-97 School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

Table AA3 Number of Children Ages 6-11 Served Under

IDEA, Part B by Disability, During the
1996-97 School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5

Table AA4 Number of Children Ages 12-17 Served Under

IDEA, Part B by Disability, During the
1996-97 School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-8

Table AA5 Number of Children Ages 18-21 Served Under

IDEA, Part B by Disability, During the
1996-97 School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11

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Table AA6 Number of Children Served Under IDEA,

Part B by Disability and Age, During the
1996-97 School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-14

Table AA7 Number of Children Served Under IDEA,

Part B by Age, During the 1996-97 School
Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-15

Table AA8 Number and Change in Number of Children

Served Under IDEA, Part B . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-19

Table AA9 Number and Change in Number of Children

Ages 6-21 Served Under IDEA, Part B . . . . . A-20

Table AA10 Percentage (Based on Estimated Resident

Population) of Children Served Under IDEA,
Part B by Age Group, During the 1996-97
School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-33

Table AA11 Percentage (Based on Estimated Resident

Population) of Children Ages 6-21 Served
Under IDEA, Part B by Disability, During
the 1996-97 School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-34

Table AA12 Percentage (Based on Estimated Resident

Population) of Children Ages 6-17 Served
Under IDEA, Part B by Disability, During
the 1996-97 School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-37

Table AA13 Percentage (Based on Estimated Enrollment)

of Children Ages 6-17 Served Under IDEA,
Part B by Disability, During the 1996-97
School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-40

Table AA14 Number of Children Served Under IDEA by

Disability and Age Group, During the
1987-88 Through 1996-97 School Years . . . A-43

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Section B. Educational Environments Tables

Table AB1 Number of Children Ages 3-21 Served in

Different Educational Environments Under
IDEA, Part B, During the 1995-96 School
Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-46

Table AB2 Number of Children Ages 6-21 Served in

Different Educational Environments Under
IDEA, Part B, During the 1995-96 School
Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-49

Table AB3 Number of Children Ages 3-5 Served in

Different Educational Environments Under
IDEA, Part B, During the 1995-96 School
Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-75

Table AB4 Number of Children Ages 6-11 Served in

Different Educational Environments Under
IDEA, Part B, During the 1995-96 School
Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-77

Table AB5 Number of Children Ages 12-17 Served in

Different Educational Environments Under
IDEA, Part B, During the 1995-96 School
Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-103

Table AB6 Number of Children Ages 18-21 Served in

Different Educational Environments Under
IDEA, Part B, During the 1995-96 School
Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-129

Table AB7 Number of Children Served in Different

Educational Environments Under IDEA,
Part B by Age Group, During the 1986-87
Through 1995-96 School Years . . . . . . . . . . A-155

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Table AB8 Number of Children Ages 6-21 Served in

Different Educational Environments Under
IDEA, Part B by Disability, During the
1986-87 Through 1995-96 School Years . . A-157

Section C. Personnel Tables

Table AC1 Total Number of Teachers Employed, Vacant

Funded Positions (In Full-Time Equivalency),
and Number of Teachers Retained to Provide
Special Education and Related Services for
Children and Youth with Disabilities, Ages
3-5, During the 1995-96 School Year . . . . . A-162

Table AC2 Total Number of Teachers Employed, Vacant

Funded Positions (In Full-Time Equivalency),
and Number of Teachers Retained to Provide
Special Education and Related Services for
Children and Youth with Disabilities, Ages
6-21, During the 1995-96 School Year . . . . A-163

Table AC3 Total Number of Teachers Employed and

Vacant Funded Positions (In Full-Time
Equivalency) to Provide Special Education
and Related Services for Children and Youth
with Disabilities, by Disability, Ages 6-21,
During the 1995-96 School Year . . . . . . . . A-164

Table AC4 Number and Type of Other Personnel

Employed and Vacant Funded Positions
(In Full- Time Equivalency) to Provide
Special Education and Related Services for
Children and Youth with Disabilities Ages
3-21, by Personnel Category, During the
1995-96 School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-171

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Section D. Exiting Tables

Table AD1 Number of Students Age 14 and Older

Exiting Special Education, During the
1995-96 School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-181

Table AD2 Number of Students with Disabilities

Exiting Special Education by Age Year,
During the 1995-96 School Year . . . . . . . . . A-207

Table AD3 Number of Students with Disabilities

Exiting School by Graduation with a
Diploma, Graduation with a Certificate,
and Reached Maximum Age by Age
During the 1986-87 Through 1995-96
School Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-220

Section F. Population and Enrollment Tables

Table AF1 Estimated Resident Population for Children

Ages 3-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-221

Table AF2 Estimated Resident Population for Children

Birth Through Age 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-222

Table AF3 Estimated Resident Population for Children

Ages 3-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-223

Table AF4 Estimated Resident Population for Children

Ages 6-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-224

Table AF5 Estimated Resident Population for Children

Ages 18-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-225

Table AF6 Enrollment for Students in Grades

Pre-Kindergarten Through Twelve . . . . . . . . A-226

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Section G. Financial Tables

Table AG1 State Grant Awards Under IDEA, Part B,

Preschool Grant Program and Part H . . . . . A-227

Section H. Early Intervention Tables

Table AH1 Number of Infants and Toddlers Receiving

Early Intervention Services, December 1,
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-228

Table AH2 Early Intervention Services on IFSPs

Provided to Infants, Toddlers, and Their
Families in Accord With Part H
December 1, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-229

Table AH3 Number and Type of Personnel Employed

and Needed to Provide Early Intervention
Services to Infants and Toddlers with
Disabilities and Their Families
December 1, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-232

Table AH4 Number of Infants and Toddlers Birth

Through Age 2 Served in Different Early
Intervention Settings Under Part H
December 1, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-238

Appendix B. Activities of the Regional Resource Centers

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LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table II-1 Educational Environments for Preschoolers with Disabilities . . . . II-8

Table II-2 Number of Children Ages 6-21 Served Under IDEA by Disability:
1987-88 and 1996-97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-16

Table II-3 Number and Percentage of Students in Special Education by

Race/Ethnicity and Disability: 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-22

Table II-4 Gender of Secondary-Aged Students with Disabilities, by

Disability Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-26

Table II-5 Gender of Elementary and Secondary-Aged Students with

Disabilities, by Disability Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-27

Table II-6 Percentage of Secondary-Aged Students with Disabilities Who

Received Different Types of Services, by Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-32

Table II-7 Percentage of Students with Disabilities Identified as Having

Emotional Disturbance (1995-96) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-54

Table III-1 Production of Degree Graduates by Teacher Preparation

Programs in 1993-94 as a Percentage of Three Indicators of
Teacher Demand in Public Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-18

Table III-2 IDEA, Part B Section 611 Grants to States Program: Funds
Appropriated, 1977-97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-43

Table III-3 Rank Order of Most Frequently Cited Functions of the Resource
Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-45

Table III-4 Most Frequently Cited CSPD Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-45

Table III-5 Number of SEA Interagency Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-57

Table IV-1 State Level Emphasis and Special Education Involvement in

Establishing Educational Results, Standards, or Curricular
Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-4

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List of Tables (cont’d)

Page

Table IV-2 States That Report Assessment Results for Students with
Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-9

Table IV-3 Number and Percentage of Students Ages 17 and Older

Graduating with a Diploma or Certificate of Completion:
1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-36

Table IV-4 Factors Predicting State Graduation Rates for Students with
Disabilities in 1992-93: Standard Diploma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-37

Table IV-5 Factors Predicting State Graduation Rates for Students with
Disabilities in 1992-93: Certificate of Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-38

Table IV-6 Schedule of On-Site Monitoring Reviews, 1996-97 . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-45

Table IV-7 Monitoring Reports Issued During Fiscal Year 1997 . . . . . . . . . . IV-45

Table IV-8 Summary of Findings in Fiscal Year 1997 Monitoring Reports . . . IV-46

Table IV-9 Schedule of the IDEA Amendments of 1997 Implementation

Planning Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-49

Table IV-10 Part B Performance Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-58

Table IV-11 Part C Performance Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-64

Table IV-12 Part D Performance Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-67

Table A-1 State Reporting Patterns for IDEA, Part B Child Count Data
1996-97, Other Data 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-241

Table B-1 Regional Resource Centers (RRC) and Federal Resource Center
(FRC) Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-8

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LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework of Results for Children and Youth with

Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv

Figure 2 Issues Addressed in This Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Figure II-1 Number of Infants and Toddlers Served Under IDEA, Part C,
1992 Through 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2

Figure II-2 Number of Infants and Toddlers Served in Different Settings,

1992-93 and 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-5

Figure II-3 Number of Children Ages 3-5 Served Under the Preschool Grants
Program, 1992-93 - 1996-97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-6

Figure II-4 Number of Children Ages 3-5 Served in Different Educational

Environments, 1992-93 and 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-9

Figure II-5 Percentage of Students with Disabilities Served Under IDEA,

Part B by Age Group in 1996-97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-12

Figure II-6 Number of Children Ages 6-21 Served Under IDEA, Part B From
1987-88 to 1996-97: High-Incidence Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-14

Figure II-7 Number of Children Ages 6-21 Served Under IDEA, Part B From
1987-88 to 1996-97: Low-Incidence Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-15

Figure II-8 Percentage of Secondary-Aged Students with Disabilities with

Different Grade Point Averages, by Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-34

Figure II-9 School Exit Status of Youth with Disabilities, by Gender . . . . . . . . II-35

Figure II-10 Students Ages 6-21 Identified as Having Emotional Disturbance

in the 50 States and the District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-52

Figure II-11 Percentage of Children with Emotional Disturbance Ages 6-21

Served From 1987-88 Through 1995-96 in Regular Classes and
Resource Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-56

xxviii 20TH ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS: CONTENTS

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List of Figures (cont’d)

Page

Figure III-1 Number of Teaching Positions, Fully Certified Teachers, and

Partially Certified Teachers Plus Vacant Positions in Special
Education for Students Ages 3-5 with Disabilities by School
Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-4

Figure III-2 Cumulative Percentage of Annual Growth in the Number of

Students Ages 3-5 with Disabilities Compared with the
Cumulative Percentage of Annual Expansion of Teaching
Positions in Special Education for These Students by School
Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-6

Figure III-3 Number of Teaching Positions, Fully Certified Teachers,

and Partially Certified Teachers Plus Vacant Positions in
Special Education for Students Ages 6-21 with Disabilities by
School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-7

Figure III-4 Cumulative Percentage of Annual Growth in the Number of

Students Ages 6-21 with Disabilities Compared with the
Cumulative Percentage of Annual Expansion of Teaching
Positions in Special Education for These Students by School
Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-8

Figure III-5 Teacher Shortage Percentages for Students Ages 3-5 and 6-21
with Disabilities by School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-10

Figure III-6 Cumulative Percentage of Annual Expansion of Teaching

Positions in Special Education for Students Ages 3-5 and
6-21 with Disabilities by School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-13

Figure III-7 Students Per Teaching Position by Student Age Group and
School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-14

Figure III-8 Cumulative Percentage of Annual Expansion of Teaching

Positions in Special Education (for Students Ages 6-21 with
Disabilities) and General Education (for Grades K Through 12
in Public Schools) by School Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-15

Figure III-9 Percentage of Students Served in Different Environments . . . . . . III-36

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List of Figures (cont’d)

Page

Figure III-10 Number of Interagency Collaborative Efforts Between SEAs and

Other Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-58

Figure IV-1 Percentage of Students with Disabilities Graduating with a

Diploma or Certificate of Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-35

Figure IV-2 IDEA Program Logic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-55

Figure IV-3 IDEA Program for Children and Youth with Disabilities . . . . . . . IV-57

Figure IV-4 IDEA Program for Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities . . . . . . . IV-62

Figure IV-5 IDEA Discretionary Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-66

xxx 20TH ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS: CONTENTS