DPCM, DM

L-13

DPCM
Designed to take advantage of sample-tosample redundancies. Since the range of differences is less than the range of individual samples, fewer bits are required to encode difference samples. Sampling rate, band limiting filter and smoothing filter are identical to those used in conventional PCM systems.

Concept
Store the previous sample using S/H circuit and use a subtractor to measure the change. The change in the signal is then quantized and encoded for transmission.

DPCM
The previous input value is reconstructed by a feedback loop that integrates the encoded sample differences. In essence the feedback signal is an estimate of the input signal as obtained by integrating the encoded sample differences. Thus, the feedback signal is obtained in the same manner used to reconstruct the waveform in the decoder.

Functional Block Diagram - DPCM

Advantage of feedback loop Feedback loop at transmitter side does not allow quantization errors to get accumulated. If the feedback signal drifts from the input signal, as a result of an accumulation of quantization errors, the next encoding of the difference signal automatically compensates for the drift.

DPCM (Analog Integration)

N 1.7 2.3 3.1 4.7

P 0 2 2 3

D 1.7 0.3 1.1 1.7

B 010 (2) 000 (0) 001 (1) 010 (2)

X 2 0 1 2

X+P 2 2 3 5

DPCM (Digital Integration)

N 1.7 2.3 3.1 4.7

P 0 2 2 3

D 1.7 0.3 1.1 1.7

B 010 (2) 000 (0) 001 (1) 010 (2)

DPCM (Digital Differencing)

N 1.7 2.3 3.1 4.7

B 2 2 3 5

P 0 2 2 3

D 2 (010) 0 (000) 1 (001) 2 (010)

REG = D+P 2 2 3 5

DPCM Decoders
The decoders are exactly like the feedback implementations in the encoders. This reinforces the fact that the feedback loop generates an approximation of the input signal (delayed by one sample). If no channel errors occur, the decoder output (before filtering) is identical to the feedback signal. Thus the closer the feedback signal matches the input, the closer the decoder output matches the encoder input.

DPCM
A/D process can be uniform or companded Some DPCM systems also use Higher Order Prediction. The feedback signal of DPCM system represents first order prediction of the next sample value, an the sample difference is a prediction error.

Higher order prediction

DPCM concept can be extended to incorporate more than one past sample value into the prediction circuitry. The additional redundancy available from all previous samples can be weighted and summed to produce a better estimate of the next input sample. With a better estimate, the range of the prediction error decreases to allow encoding with fewer bits.

Third Order Prediction

For systems with constant predictor coefficients, results have shown that most realizable improvement occurs when using last three sample values.

DPCM (3rd Order Prediction)

DPCM
DPCM systems with first-order predication typically provides a 1-bit-per-sample reduction in code length relative to PCM systems with equivalent performance. Extended DPCM systems utilizing third order prediction can provide reductions of 2 bits per sample. Thus a standard DPCM systems can provide 64kbps PCM quality at 56-kbps and third-order prediction can provide comparable quality at 48kbps.

ADPCM
ITU-T established a 32 kbps ADPCM standard (Recommendation G.721) The 32-kbps rate imples a 2:1 savings in channel BW w.r.t standard PCM. The G.721 standard is conceptually similar to DPCM (3rd order prediction) but uses 8th order predictor, adaptive quantization and adaptive prediction.

MOS
The mean opinion score (MOS) is a method of evaluating speech quality. The MOS method uses trained listeners to evaluate the speech quality on a scale of 1:5. Subjective evaluation of G.721 algorithm using MOS method of evaluating speech quality (with carbon microphone) is shown:

Delta Modulation
DM can be considered as a special case of DPCM using only 1-bit per sample of the difference signal. The single bit specifies merely the polarity of the difference sample and thereby indicates whether the signal has increased or decreased since the last sample. In this way the input is encoded as a sequence of ups and downs in a manner resembling a staircase.

DM
Since each encoded sample contains a relatively small amount of information (1-bit), DM systems require a higher sampling rate than PCM or multi-bit DPCM systems. In fact, the sampling rate is necessarily much higher than the minimum (Nyquist) sampling rate. The relatively high sampling rate produces a wider separation between replicas of sample spectrum, thus preventing fold-over distortion.

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DM
The main attraction of DM is its simplicity. A/D is provided by a simple comparator. A positive difference produces a 1 and a negative difference produces a 0. D/A function in feedback path and decoder, is a twopolarity pulse generator. In its simplest for, a capacitor can work as integrator.

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Slope Overload
Slope overload occurs because dx(t ) qf s dt

To prevent Slope overload qf s

dx(t ) dt max

Granular Noise
Granular noise is predominant consideration for slowly changing signals, whereas slope overload is dominant during rapidly changing signals. Granular noise is small if step sizes are small, but small step sizes increase the likelihood of slope overload. The design of DM necessarily involves a tradeoff between two types of distortion.

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DM
Slope overload noise has strong components identical in frequency and approximately in phase with a major component of input. Distortion that is correlated in this manner to the speech energy is effectively masked by the speech energy and therefore is less noticeable then uncorrelated distortion. In fact, overload noise in much less objectionable to a listener than random or granular noise at an equivalent power level.

Adaptive Delta Modulation

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ADM
In ADM, if DAC o/p amplitude is still below the sample amplitude, the next step size is increased till DAC catches up with analog signal.

When an alternative 1s and 0s occur, step size is reduced.

Dithering
Dithering involves the deliberate addition of noise to our input signal. It helps by smearing out the little differences in amplitude resolution. The key is to add random noise in a way that makes the signal bounce back and forth between successive levels. Of course, this in itself just makes the signal noisier. But, the signal smoothes out by averaging this noise digitally once the signal is acquired

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Dithering

G.7xx: Audio (Voice) Compression Protocols (G.711, G.721, G.722, G.726, G.727, G.728, G.729)

G.7xx, including G.711, G.721, G.722, G.726, G.727, G.728, G.729, is a suite of ITU-T standards for audio compression and de-compression. It is primarily used in telephony. In telephony, there are 2 main algorithms defined in the standard, -law algorithm and A-law algorithm. Both are logarithmic, but the later a-law was specifically designed to be simpler for a computer to process.

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Comparison of G.7xx Protocol

Name (ADPCM) DVI G.711 standardized by Intel, IMA ITU-T description ADPCM Pulse code modulation (PCM) Adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) 7 kHz audio-coding within 64 kbit/s Coding at 24 and 32 kbit/s for hands-free operation in systems with low frame loss Extensions of Recommendation G.721 adaptive differential pulse code modulation to 24 and 40 kbit/s for digital circuit multiplication equipment application bit rate (kb/s) 32 64 sampling rate (kHz) 8 8

G.721

ITU-T

32

G.722

ITU-T

64

16

G.722.1

ITU-T

24/32

16

G.723

ITU-T

24/40

DVI: Digital Visual/ Video Interface/Interactive

IMA: Interactive Multimedia Association

Comparison of G.7xx Protocol

Name G.723. 1 standardized by ITU-T description Dual rate speech coder for multimedia communications transmitting at 5.3 and 6.3 kbit/s 40, 32, 24, 16 kbit/s adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) 5-, 4-, 3- and 2-bit/sample embedded adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) Coding of speech at 16 kbit/s using low-delay code excited linear prediction Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using conjugatestructure algebraic-code-excited linear-prediction (CS-ACELP) bit rate (kb/s) 5.6/6.3 sampling rate (kHz) 8

G.726

ITU-T

16/24/32/40

G.727

ITU-T

var

G.728

ITU-T

16

G.729

ITU-T

16