BEF 25503 POWER SYSTEMS

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LECTURE PLAN
Objectives To understand the electric power system To have knowledge on the main components of an electric power system To learn the basic knowledge of power flow To conduct fault analysis in electric power system To get approach on power system protection schemes
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LECTURE PLAN
Learning Outcomes At the end of this course, student will be able: To describe the structure and the main energy sources of an electric power system To explain the basic components of an electric power system To determine various types of generating systems such as thermal, hydro, nuclear, and renewable energy station
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Contd.

LECTURE PLAN
Le Learning Outcomes
To analyse the short, medium, and long transmission lines To study and perform simple power flow program To describe the important elements in a distribution system and its protection schemes To analyse the possible faults in an electric power system To design various protection schemes for electric power system

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THIS WEEK LECTURE PLAN

Week1 Chapter 1 - Power System: An Overview 1.0 Introduction 1.1 History of Electric Power Systems 1.2 The Sources of Electrical Energy 1.2.1 Conventional Sources 1.2.2 Renewable Sources 1.3 Modern Electric Power System 1.3.1 Generation 1.3.2 Transmission and Sub-transmission 1.3.3 Distribution 1.3.4 Loads
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INTRODUCTION
What is Electric Power System?
Electric power system is a composite system of generation, transmission, and distribution systems Generation Stations Transmission Lines Distribution Systems
Consumers

Step-up Transformers

Step-down Transformers

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INTRODUCTION
Electricity produced by a generator Taken to transformer through cables Transmitted to far end at constant power and frequency but different voltage levels More efficiently using by high voltage Transmission lines carry the electrical power to a substation Substations consist distribution transformers to lower down the high voltage according to consumer demand Distribution lines carry the electrical power from substation to consumers at different voltage levels according to distance and load Loads like homes, offices, factories etc
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INTRODUCTION

Electricity Measured?
Electricity (Electrical Power) measurement unit WATT (W) 1 W = 1 Joule/sec 1 hp = 745.7 W ~ 746 W (for machine rating) 1kW = 1,000 W A kilowatt-hour (kWh) = energy of 1,000 watts working for one hour
For example: if 100 W light bulb are used for 8 hours a day, it will contribute to use 800 W of power, or 0.8 kWh of electrical energy
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HISTORY OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Waterwheel-driven dc generator installed in Appleton, Wisconsin Frank J. Sprague produces dc motor for Edison systems Nikola Tesla presents paper on two-phase ac induction and synchronous motors First three-phase ac transmission line in Germany (12 kV, 179 km) 1882 1882 1882 1884 1885/6 1888 1889 1891 1893
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Thomas A. Edison opens Pearl St. Station, NYC First transmission lines installed in Germany (2400 V dc, 59 km) William Stanley develops commercially practical transformer First single-phase ac transmission line in US, in Oregon (4 kV, 21 km) First three-phase ac transmission line in US, in California (2.3 kV, 12 9 km)

SOURCES OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

Electricity
Flow of electrical power or charge from one point to another (i=dq/dt) Primary/Conventional/Non-Renewable energy sources = which can not be reused like coal, gas, oil etc. Secondary/Un-Conventional/Renewable energy sources = Generated from the conversion of other sources of energy, such as hydro, tidal, solar, wind, biomass, etc
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SOURCES OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

Conventional/ Primary Sources
Fossil Fuels Coal Oil (Diesel/ Petroleum) Natural Gas Nuclear power Hydropower

Renewable/ Secondary Sources

Geothermal power Tidal power Biomass Solar power Wind power
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SOURCES OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

Coal solid fossil fuel
-extracted from ground -used since the Industrial revolution -easy to use (because require simple direct combustion)

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SOURCES OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

Natural Gas gaseous fossil fuel

primarily of methane

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SOURCES OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

Nuclear power

- steam is produced by heating water through a process called NUCLEAR FISSION - other method for nuclear reaction: radioactive decay - all utility-scale reactors heat water to produce steam, which is then converted into mechanical energy for the purpose of generating electricity

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SOURCES OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

Hydropower

a process in which flowing water is used to spin a flywheel/turbine coupled to a generator

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SOURCES OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

Geothermal Power
- electricity generated by utilizing natural geological heat sources -geothermal resources: -shallow ground -hot water and rock -magma

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SOURCES OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

Solar Power

harnessing energy from the light of the Sun

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SOURCES OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

Wind power

propellers driven from wind power

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SOURCES OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

Biomas wood, agricultural s waste, such as; rice husk
and bagas

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Energy Generation According to Fuel Mix in Malaysia - 2003

SOURCES OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

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SOURCES OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

Future Trends of Energy Sources

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MODERN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

A modern complex interconnected power system subdivided into 4 major parts:
1. Generation system 2. Transmission system & Sub-transmission system 3. Distribution system 4. Utilization/Load system
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MODERN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Generation System
Generators 3- ac synchronous generator or alternator 2 rotating fields rotor (synchronous speed and excited by dc current) & stator windings (3-phase armature current) Size of generators 50 MW to 1500 MW Mechanical power prime mover (hydraulic turbines, steam turbines, gas turbines) Steam/Gas turbines high speeds, 1800/3600 rpm Hydraulic turbines low speed, 150 300 rpm
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MODERN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Parts of generator (rotating machine)

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MODERN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Transformers Step-up transformers: used to increase the voltage level for long distances i.e. power transmission The power transferred to secondary ~ primary In modern utility system, the transmission power may go under 4 or 5 transformations between generator and ultimate user

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MODERN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Transformer at Kenyir Dam Hydroelectric

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MODERN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Transmission and Sub-transmission
Transfer electric energy from generating units at various locations to the distribution system. Transfer of power between regions during emergencies. Malaysian, transmission voltage standards 66 kV, 132 kV, 275 kV, and 500 kV (line-to-line). Sub-transmission connects the HV substation through stepdown transformers to the distribution substation. Typical sub-transmission voltage level ranges from 66 kV to 132 kV. Capacitor banks/reactor banks are used to maintain the transmission line voltage.
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MODERN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Step Down Transformer at Sub-transmission Network

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MODERN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Distribution
Primary distribution lines ranges from 6.6 kV to 33 kV Secondary distribution lines voltage 415 V and 240 V Distribution systems are both overhead and underground

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MODERN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Utilization/Loads
Divided into industrial, agricultural, commercial, and residential Very large industrial loads may be served from the transmission system Industrial loads mostly induction motors (work horse and revolution in industry) Commercial & residential loads heating, cooling and lighting Greatest value of load during a 24-hr period is called PEAK or MAXIMUM DEMAND/PEAK DEMAND Daily Load factor =Total energy consumed in a period/Maximum demand*24 Annual Load factor =Total energy consumed in a year/Peak Load * 8760

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MODERN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Daily Load Demand
- Curves that shows the load demand of the consumers against time -Daily Load Curve -Annual Load Curve

- These curves are used to determine the annual and future energy demand and to understand the power system economics

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MODERN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Load Duration Curves
- To represent load profile by different ways -Depicts various demands at instantaneous time like hourly
Time in %
Peak Load (2MW) Intermediate Load (4MW)

Base Load (6MW)

These curves are used to determine the annual and future energy demand and to understand the power system economics A load duration curve can be constructed for any period, taken as 100%, the load being plotted against the percentage of the time during which it occurs
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MODERN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Load Duration Curves
The hours are sorted based on three types of loads: BASE LOAD has to be fed 100% of the time
INTERMEDIATE LOAD has to be fed less that 100% of the time PEAK LOAD may occurs at 0.1% of the time

The type of generation station to meet the instant demand according to instant type of load:
BASE POWER STATION (Deliver full power at all time) like Nuclear, coal-fired stations INTERMEDIATE POWER STATIONS (Respond relatively quickly to changes in
demand, Usually by adding/removing generating unit) like Hydropower stations

PEAK POWER STATIONS (Deliver power for brief intervals during the day, Put into
service very quickly, Equipped with prime movers that can be started up in a few minutes) like Diesel, pumped-storage turbines, gas-turbines, etc
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MODERN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Example 1.1-1.4

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