VLSI DESIGN UNIT I MOS TECHNOLOGY 9

Chip Design Hierarchy-IC LayersPhoto lithography and Pattern Transfers-Basic MOS Transistors-CMOS FabricationSub micron CMOS ProcessMasks and Layout CMOS Design Rules:Lambda based layout-Types of rules-S CMOS Design Rule set IIUNIT II MOSFET TRANSISTOR 9

MOSFET operation- MOSFET switch model and square law model MOSFET parasiticMOSFET SPICE Modeling-CMOS Inverter: Voltage Transfer curve- LayoutBody Effect-Latch up problem in CMOS circuits-Latch up preventionUNIT III CMOS LOGIC GATES DESIGN AND LAYOUT 9

NAND and NOR GatesComplex Logic GatesTristate circuitsLarge FETsTransmission Gate and Pass Transistor Logic-Standard Cell design:Cell hierarchy- Cell librariesUNIT IV STORAGE ELEMENTS AND DYNAMIC LOGIC CIRCUITS 9

SR Latch-Bit Level RegisterD TypeFlip FlopDynamic D Flip FlopThe Static RAM Cell Dynamic LogicDomino LogicSR LogicDynamic Memories UNIT V VHDL 9

VHDL Program Structure-concurrent codesequential code-Variables-signals and Constants-VHDL Operators-VHDL Description of Combinational Networks:Adders Modeling FlipFlop using VHDL ProcessesVHDL Model for Multiplexer Modeling a sequential MachineTEXTBOOKS: 1- John P Uyemura- Chip Design for Submicron VLSI:CMOS layout andsimulationThomsonIndiaEdition-2006(unitIto IV) 2- CharlesH Roth-Digital System Design Using VHDL- Thomson business InformationIndiaPvtLtd-2006(UnitV) REFERENCES 3- KamranEshraghianDouglasAPucknellSholehEshraghianEssentialsofVLSICircuitsandSystems-PrenticeHall ofIndiaPvtLtd-2006 4- VolneiAPedroni-CircuitdesignwithVHDL-PrenticeHallofIndiaPvt 5 -WayneWolf,ModernVLSIDesignSystemOnChip,PHI2006, 3e,NewDelhi

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS UNIT I SAMPLING AND WAVEFORM CODING 9

Sampling Theorem-Band pass sampling-PAM-PCM-Uniform and Non-Uniform Quantization-Quantization error-DM and Adaptive Delta Modulation-DPCM-TDM Principles-Digital Hierarchy. UNIT II BAND LIMITED SIGNALLING 9

Power Spectra of PAM signals-Inter Symbol Interference-Ideal Nyquist channel- Raised Cosine Channels-Correlative Coding-Eye patterns-Adaptive Equalization for Data Transmission UNIT III PASS BAND DATA TRANSMISSION 12

Pass band Transmission Model-ML criterion-correlation receivers-Matched filters. Generation-Detection-Signal Space diagram-Bit error probability and power spectra of BPSK-QPSK-FSK and MSK schemes-Performance comparisons-carrier and bit synchronization UNIT IV ERROR CONTROLCODING 9

Linearblockcodes-Cycliccodes- ConvolutionCodes:CodingGainandViterbi decodingofConvolutionCodes-Trelliscodedmodulation. UNIT V SPREAD SPECTRUM SYSTEMS: 6

Pseudo Noise sequences-generation-principles of DSSS-correlation properties-msequence and Gold sequence-FH-SS-processing gain-anti-jam TOTAL:45 TUTORIAL:15 TEXTBOOKS: 1. SimonHaykins-DigitalCommunications-JohnWiley,4/E-2007. 2. H.Taub,D.L.Schilling,G.Saha-PrinciplesofCommunicationSystems-3/E-Tata McGrawHillPublishingCompany-NewDelhi-2008 REFERENCES: 3. John.G.ProakisDigitalCommunication-McGrawHill 3/E-2008. 4. K.N.Chari.,D.GaneshRao-DigitalCommunications-2/E-SanguineTechnical Publishers-Bangalore-2005 5. B.SklarDigitalcommunications2/EPrenticeHall-2001

MICRO CONTROLLER & RISC ARCHITECTURES

UNIT 1 THE 8051 ARCHITECTURE 9 8051 Micro controller Hardware-Input/Outputpins- ports and circuits-External memory-Counters and Timers-Serial Data Input/Output-Interrupts UNIT II THE 8051 INSTRUCTION SET AND PROGRAMMING 9 8051 Addressing Modes-Arithmetic Instructions-Logical Instructions-Single bit Instructions-Timer/Counter-Serial Communication-Interrupts ProgrammingAssembly Language programming UNIT III THE 8051-REAL WORLD INTERFACING 9 Interfacing LCD-ADC and sensors to 8051-8051 interfacing to a steppermotorkeyboard and DAC-8051 interfacing to external memory-8051interfacing to the 8255 UNIT IV THE ARM RISC ARCHITECTURE 9

The RISC revolution-The reduced instruction set computer Design for low power consumption-The ARM architecture basics-Architectural in heritance-The ARM programmers model-ARM organization and implementation-3stage and 5 stage pipeline ARM organization-ARM instruction execution-ARM implementation-ARM processor cores-ARM 7 TDMI-ARM 8 TDMI-ARM 9 TDMIARM development tools-Architectural support for system development UNIT V ARM INSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING 9 Exceptions-Conditional execution-Branch and branch with link and exchangeSoftware interrupt-Data processing instructions-Single word and unsigned byte data transfer and half word and signed byte data transfer instructions-Multiple register transfer instructions-Swap instructions-Architectural support for high level languages-The thumb instruction set-Thumb implementation-Thumb applications-Writing simple assembly language programs TEXTBOOKS: 1. KrishnakantMicroprocessorsandMicrocontrollersArchitectureprogrammingandsystemdesign8085-8086-8051-8096-PHI2007- NewDelhi. 2. Ajay.V.Deshmukh,MircrocontrollersTheoryandapplications,TMH,2004. 3. SteveFurberARMSystem-on-chip-architecture2ndeditionAddison Wesley2000 REFERENCES: 4. MuhammadAliMazidi-JamiceGillispitMazidiThe8051microcontrollerandEmbeddedSystemPearsonEducation,2002. 5. KennethJ-Ayala-TheMicrocontrollerArchitectureProgramming&ApplicationsPearsonInternational,2003. 6. AlanClementsThePrinciplesofComputerHardware3rdeditionOxford UniversityPress2000

ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION UNIT I RADIATION PROPERTIES 9

Concept of vector potential- Modification for time varying- retarded case- Fields associated with Hertzian dipole-Power radiated and radiation resistance of current element-Radiation from half-wave dipole and quarter-wave monopole antennas. Radiation intensity-Directive gain-Directivity-Power gain-Beam Width-Band Width- Gain -Quarter wave monopole-Half-wave dipole and folded dipole- Reciprocity principleEffective length andEffective area-Relation between gain effective length and radiation resistance. UNIT II ANTENNA ARRAYS 9

Antenna Arrays:Expression for relectric field from two,three and N element arrayslinear arrays:Broad-side array and End-Fire array-Method of pattern multiplicationBinomial array-Horizontal and Vertical Antennas above the ground plane,Phased arrays,Frequency-Scanning arrays-Adaptive arrays and Smart antennas. UNIT III ANTENNA TYPES 9

Loop Antennas:Radiation from small loop and its radiation resistance- Radiation from a loop with circumference equal to a wavelength-Helical antenna:Normal mode and axial mode operation-Yagiuda Antenna-Log periodic antenna-Phasedarray-rhombic antenna- Horn antenna- Reflector antennas and their feed systems- Micro strip antenna-Selection of antenna based on frequency of operationAntennas for special applications:Antenna for terrestrial mobile communication systems,GPR,Embedded antennas,UWB,Plasma antenna. UNIT IV WAVE PROPAGATION 9

Ground wave propagation: Attenuation characteristics for ground wave propagationCalculation of field strength at a distance-Space wave propagation:Reflection from ground for vertically and horizontally polarized waves-Reflection characteristics of earth-Resultantofdirectandreflectedrayatthereceiver-Ductpropagation-Sky wave propagation:Structure of the ionosphere-Effective dielectric cconstant of ionized region-Mechanism of refraction-Refractive index-Critical frequency-Skip distanceEffect of earths magnetic field- Attenuation factor for ionospheric propagationMaximum usable frequency-Fading and Diversity reception. UNIT V ANTENNA AND IONOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS 9

Antenna Measurements:Reciprocity in Antenna measurements Near-field and Farfield - Measurements ranges - Measurement of different Antenna parametersDirectional pattern,Gain,Phase,Polarization,Impedance,Efficiency. Ionosphere Measurements:Measurement of vertical Incidence-Group Velocity and Group Delay-Relation between oblique and vertical Incidence transmission.

TEXTBOOKS: 1. John D-Kraus and RonalatoryMarhefka- "Antennas"- Tata McGraw-Hill Book Company-20022. E-C-JordanandBalmain-"ElectroMagneticWavesandRadiatingSystems"-PHI1968-Reprint2003-

DIGITALIMAGEPROCESSING UNITI DIGITALIMAGEFUNDAMENTALS 9

Elements of digitalimageprocessingsystems-Elements ofvisualperception- psycho visualmodel-brightness-contrast-hue-saturation-machbandeffect-Colorimage fundamentals - RGB- HSI models- Image sampling- Quantization- dither- Twodimensionalmathematicalpreliminaries UNITII IMAGETRANSFORMS 9

1DDFT-2DtransformsDFT-DCT-DiscreteSine,Walsh-Hadamard-Slant-Haar WaveletTransform UNITIII IMAGEENHANCEMENTANDRESTORATION 9

Spatialdomainenhancement:grayleveltransformations-histogrammodificationand specificationtechniques- Imageaveraging-DirectionalSmoothing- Median-Geometric mean-Harmonicmean-ContraharmonicandYpmeanfilters-HomomorphicfilteringColorimageenhancement.ImageRestorationdegradationmodel-Unconstrained andConstrainedrestoration-Inversefiltering:Removalofblurcausedbyuniformlinear motion-Wienerfiltering-Geometrictransformations:spatial transformations-GrayLevelinterpolation UNITIV IMAGESEGMENTATIONAND REPRESENTATION 9

Point-lineandedgedetection-Edgelinking-Regionbasedsegmentation:Region splittingandmerging. Image representation: chain codes polygonal approximations signatures boundarysegmentsskeletons UNITV IMAGECOMPRESSION 9

Needfordatacompression-Errorfreecompression:variablelengthcoding,bitplane coding,LZWcoding.Lossycompression:Transformcoding,waveletcoding. Compressionstandards:binaryimagecompressionstandard,stillimagecompression standards,videocompressionstandards. TEXTBOOKS: 1. Dr.S.Jayaraman,DigitalImageProcessingTMHNewDelhi ,2009 2. AnilK-Jain-FundamentalsofDigitalImage Processing-Pearson/PrenticeHallof India-2002REFERENCES: 3. Rafael C- Gonzalez- Richard E-Woods- Digital Image Processing- Pearson Education-Inc--SecondEdition-2004 4. DavidSalomon:DataCompressionTheCompleteReference-SpringerVerlag NewYorkInc--2ndEdition-2001 5. WilliamK-Pratt-DigitalImageProcessing-JohnWiley-NewYork-2002 6. KennethR.Castleman-DigitalImageProcessing-Pearson-2003

MEDICAL ELECTRONICS

UNITIRECORDINGANDMONITORINGINSTRUMENTS

BioelectricsignalsandElectrodes-BiomedicalRecorders-Medicaldisplaysystemsmonitoringsystems UNITII MEASUREMENTAND ANALYSISTECHNIQUES 9

Blood flowmeters-Cardiacoutputmeasurement-Bloodgasanalyzerselectrophoresis- pulmonaryfunctionanalyzersUNITIII THERAPEUTICEQUIPMENTS 9

Cardiacpacemakers-cardiacdefibrillators-Dialysers-Surgicaldiathermy-LASERPhysiotherapyandelectrotherapyequipments-Oxygenations-HeartLung MachinesUNITIV MEDICALIMAGING 9

X-Rayandcomputeraxial tomography-PositronEmissionTomography-MRIandNMRUltrasonicImagingsystems-MedicalThermographUNITV COMPUTERAPPLICATIONSINMEDICALFIELD 9

Biomedicaltelemetry-radiopill-Telestimulation-Latesttrendsin diagnosisand therapy-Physiologicalparametermonitoringinspacestation-Arrhythmiamonitoring system-EEGsignalanalysis-Roleofexpertsystems-Patternrecognitiontechniques-Ehealth-Applicationof VLSIdesigntoolsinbioelectronicsTOTAL:45 TEXTBOOKS: 1.R-S-Khandpur-HandbookofBiomedicalInstrumentation-TataMcGrawHillNewDelhi-19982.LeslieCromwel-Fred-J-Weibel-Erich-A-Pferffer-BiomedicalInstrumentation andMeasurements-Pearson/PrenticeHallIndia-NewDelhi-2001REFERENCES: 3.John-C-Webster(Ed)-MedicalInstrumentationApplicationandDesign-3rd Edition-JohnWiley&SonsInc-NewYork-19984.Rangaraj-M-Rangayyan-BiomedicalSignalAnalysis-ACaseStudyApproachIEEEPress-JohnWiley&SonsInc-NewYork-20025- Joseph-J-CarrandJohn-M-Brown-Introductionto BiomedicalEquipment Technology-JohnWiley&SonsInc-NewYork-2002-