CHAPTER 7: DYNAMICS Force and its effects

A force is a ................................................. acting upon an object. We cannot see force but we can see ... Force can change the . of the movement of an object. (a) Activity Effects of force

(i)

A plastic ruler is bent (ii)

The plastic ruler becomes bent

Both ends of spring is pulled

(iii)

The spring is extended

A slab of plasticine is pressed hard

(b) Activity (i)

The plasticine slab is flattened

Effects of force

One end of stationary wheelbarrow is lifted and pushed (ii)

The wheelbarrow is lifted and it moves

A stationary stone is lifted (c) Activity

The stone is raised

Effects of force

Air is blown at a moving ping-pong ball at right angles to its movement

The direction of the moving ping-pong ball changes

(d) Activity (i) The ping-pong ball moves faster when air is blown at it in the same direction as its movement Air is blown at moving ping-pong ball in the same direction as its movement (ii) The speed of the ping-pong ball decreases Effects of force

Air is blown at moving ping-pong ball in the opposite direction as its movement

Types of force
There are many types of force, i.e. (a) other. - Frictional force is produced when two surfaces rub against each other This force always opposes motion and acts in the opposite direction to the motion. - Friction is greater when an object is on a rough surface than when an object is on a smooth surface. (b) (c) charges. Electrostatic force is caused by the presence of static electrical charges The electrical charges are produced when two different objects are rubbed against each other Like other. charges repel while unlike charges attract. Gravitational force is the force of attraction that pulls objects towards the Earth.

(d) magnets. Magnetic force is the attractive or repulsive force exerted by magnets Like poles of magnets repel each other while unlike poles of magnets attract each other.

(e) An electrical force is produced when electrons (negative charges) move through a conductor.

Measuring Force
Force is measured in units of . Force can be measured using the .. 1 N shown on a spring balance is .

Application Of Frictional Force Friction

is a force that opposes motion. It occurs whenever two surfaces rub against each other. A frictional force has . and .. Friction always acts in the direction that opposes the direction of motion. Hence, friction can (a) ... object from moving (b) a moving object.

The reading on the spring balance just before the block starts to move represents the value maximum value of the magnitude of friction between the wooden block and the table.

The magnitude of the frictional force depends on : (a) .. - The rougher the surfaces in contact, the greater the frictional force acting on them. (b) - The heavier the object, the greater the frictional force acting on it. The magnitude of the frictional force is not influenced by the surface area in contact.

Advantages and disadvantages of friction

Increasing and decreasing friction

In some cases, friction needs to be increased to help moving For example, moving. - the surfaces of roads need to be rough to allow vehicles to move on them. - smooth worn out tyres need to be replaced with new ones to prevent vehicles from skidding. skidding - shoes with worn out soles need to be replaced with new soles to prevent us from slipping. slipping Friction between two surfaces that are in contact can be reduced by using (i) wheels - are used in vehicles and to move objects. (ii) ball bearings - are used in axles of vehicles to reduce the friction. (iii) Rods - are used to move objects. (iv) Oil, lubricants or grease lubricate surfaces in contact such as in a door hinge. (v) The layer of air ( air cushion ) between the underside of a hovercraft and the surface of water reduces friction.

Application Of Work
Work is the from one place to another or to .. of an object. Work is done when a force acts to move an object. Work has 2 components (i) ... (ii) .. The relationship between work, force and the distance an object moves is represented by the following formula :

Work is measured in units of .... or . Energy is the and is also measured in units of .. or . The chart below shows the examples of situation when work is done and when work is not done.

Application Of The Concept Of Power

Power is the , that is the work done in one second (the energy used per second). The relationship between power, work and time is shown in the formula below :

Power is measured in units of . or ..

The Importance Of Force In Daily Life

Force is important as it enables us to carry out our daily activities. Without (a) gravitational force, we would be floating around in the air. (b) frictional force, we would slip and vehicle would not be able to stop moving. (c) electrical force, we would not be able to use electrical appliances which make our lives more comfortable. (d) magnetic force, the compass would not function.