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EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION OF NEW TYPES OF


TURBOGENERATORS WITH VECTOR TYPE EXCITATION SYSTEM FOR WIDE-
RANGE REACTIVE POWER CONTROL

Yu. G. SHAKARYAN
-
,
I. A. LABUNETS,
P. V. SOKUR,
T. V. PLOTNIKOVA,
I. Ya. DOVGANJUK
Scientific and Technical Center for
Electric Power Engineering
(Russia)
N. G. SHULGINOV,
V. A. DIYACHKOV
System Operator of the
United Power System
(Russia)
Ye. V. TUZLUKOVA
Energosetproject Institute
(Russia)

N.D. PINCHUK,
I.A. KADI-OGLI
Electrosila
(Russia)
V.YE. ZINAKOV
Mosenergo
(Russia)



SUMMARY
This report contains the basic results of development and employment of asynchronized
turbogenerators (ASTGs) with vector type two-axis excitation control system in the power system
of Russia. Since 2003 five air-cooled ASTGs with the capacity of 110MW, 160MW and 320MW
have been installed at thermal power plants. The report presents the basic results of their testing and
operation.






KEYWORDS: Power System Asynchronized Turbogenerator Testing Design Air
Cooling




1. INTRODUCTION

Specific features inherent in synchronous turbogenerators (STGs) due to the principle of
their operation do not allow in some cases to find the best solutions of the existing and new
problems faced by the electrical power systems and to ensure the required stable, reliable and cost
efficient operation of electrical power systems in steady-state and transient modes. These problems
tend to aggravate with time.

-
email: dir@vniie.ru


21, rue dArtois, F-75008 PARIS 1 _108_2010 CIGRE 2010

http : //www.cigre.org

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Synchronous turbogenerators (STGs) are capable of operating in the mode of reactive power
generation and in the mode of only low consumption of reactive power, since in some cases it may
result in unstable of operation and high vulnerability of such turbogenerators and sometimes even in
their failure.
These problems are typically eliminated by installing additional equipment in the electrical
networks, which entails high capital cost and is not always technically effective.
At present special attention is paid to ensuring reliable supply of electric power to
customers. Failures of the generating equipment, and in particular of STGs, should produce
minimum negative effect on electric power supply to customers. It is well known that failures of the
STG excitation systems entail a need for immediate 60-40% load reduction and the follow-on
disconnection of power generating units from the network for 15-30 minutes.

2. ASTG EXCITATION CONTROL

Since in the reactive power consumption mode technical characteristics of turbogenerators
with vector type excitation control system (asynchronized turbogenerators, or ASTGs) are much
better than those of STGs, the ASTGs should be employed at those power plants, which electrical
networks have constant (at certain time of a day) or seasonal excessive reactive power that has to be
compensated.
The design of the ASTG that includes mutually orthogonal excitation windings and reverse
exciters for each excitation windings allows, in transient modes, to orient the electromotive force of
the generator in optimum manner for creating the maximum electromagnetic torque. In case of high
disturbances, when control is limited by excitation ceiling voltage, optimum orientation of
excitation electromotive force is ensured automatically by the automated excitation controller
through forcing and deforcing of voltage across the excitation windings along the d and q axes
(Fig. 1).
Ufd
Ufq
d
q
E
d
q
Ed
Eq
x
y
o
Ex
Ey
U


Fig. 1. Spatial Position of Excitation Windings



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Active and reactive power:
o o
o o
sin cos
cos sin
2
x
E U
x
E U
x
U
Q
x
E U
x
E U
P M
d
q
d
q

+ =

= =
(1)


Control is formed as:
o o
o o
cos sin
sin cos
x y q
x y d
E E E
E E E
+ =
=
(2)
where Ex and Ey are given control modes

From (1) and (2) it follows:
x
E U
x
U
Q
x
E U
P M
x
y

+ =

=
2
(3)
Therefore, as seen from equation (3) independent control of electromagnetic torque and
voltage (reactive power) is achieved irrespective of a current angular position of the rotor.
Since control of the voltage channel can be exercised independently of electromechanical
motion of the rotor, in a situation when excitation voltage does not reach the ceiling values it is
possible to improve quality of control of voltage across power plant bus-bars. In particular, this
enhances transient stability of synchronous turbogenerators that operate in parallel and expedite
restoration of normal power supply to customers.
Research of the ASTG operation modes shows that their transient stability is not heavily
dependent on the reactive power consumption mode and is higher than that of synchronous
generators, which when operating in the reactive power consumption mode require significant load
reduction.
In general case, ASTG can have a system consisting of two different excitation windings (a
and b) shifted with respect to each other by an _ electrical angle over the circumference of the rotor.
These windings may have different number of turns w
a
and w
b
(different electromotive force) and
different electrical parameters (active resistance and leakage inductance). Depending on a design
(type) of ASTG the _ shift angle of the windings is within the 0t/2 limit. With the decrease of the
_ angle within the t/2 _ > 0 limit the properties of a generator change, and one can roughly
determine a critical value of the angle _ = _
cr
(approximately t/6) at which these properties
experience qualitative changes.
In terms of this criterion ASTGs can be subdivided into three groups: 1) _ = t/2; 2) t/2 > _
> _
cr
; 3) 0 < _ < _
cr
.
The first group includes classic ASTG with a symmetrical system of orthogonal windings.
Typical models having all classic properties of ASTG are developed and commercially produced
ASTG-200 (Electrotyazhmash) and T3FA-110 (Electrosila) turbogenerators.
The second group includes generators with identical skew-symmetric windings. Typical
models included in this group are asynchronized turbogenerators (with _ = t/3): ASTG-800
(designed by Electrotyazhmash) and TFPA-160 (technical proposal by Electrosila), which
properties are very similar to those of the classic ASTG; especially it applies to the ASTG-800
with additional compensatory winding on the rotor. Such design allows, in particular, to more
effectively develop powerful fully air-cooled ASTGs, although with slightly decreased dynamic
stability compared to the generators of the first group.

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The third group includes ASTGs with low power (up to 15%) transverse excitation winding
_ = _cr. Typical models included in this group are fully air-cooled T3FAU-160 asynchronous
turbogenerator and T3FSU-320 asynchronous turbogenerator with combined cooling system. Both
models are manufactured by Electrosila.

3. ASTG TESTING AND OPERATION

Since 2002 Russia launched serial production of ASTGs with a capacity of 110-160MW and
full air cooling and ASTGs with a capacity of 320MW with combined air/water cooling. Being
produced are two types of ASTG with longitudinal-lateral excitation windings having symmetrical
(identical) excitation windings and asymmetrical (main and control) windings, which differ from
each other in terms of reactive power control capability and have slightly different parameters and
characteristics.
An ASTG with a capacity of up to 800MW with skew-symmetrical excitation windings has
been designed.
In 2003 for the first time in Russia the T3FA-110 asynchronized turbogenerator with a
capacity of 110MW with symmetrical excitation windings was put into operation at the combined
heat and power plant No.22 (CHPP-22) of Mosenergo. This ASTG is successfully operated, and the
reactive power is controlled in the modes of both production and high consumption of reactive
power and is limited only by the stator rated current. Practical operation of this ASTG shows that it
can operate in the asynchronous mode for a long time with a disabled excitation system (with short-
circuited excitation windings) [1, 2].
During the period of its operation the T3FA-110 turbogenerator operated in both reactive
power generation and consumption modes. As a rule the generator operates in the consumption
mode at night and around the clock on weekends. Average level of consumed reactive power is
40 MVA. This makes it possible to meet two objectives at the same time: to keep the required
voltage across the power plant bus-bars and to prevent from going into reactive power consumption
mode or similar modes that pose danger for power unit No.7 with synchronous turbogenerator that
operates in parallel. No emergency shutdowns of the power unit occurred thanks to high
survivability and reliability inherent in asynchronized machines.
In 2007 being installed at the steam turbine incorporated in the combined cycle gas turbine
(CCGT) of power unit No. 3 of combined heat and power plant No. 27 (CHPP-27) of Mosenergo
was the T3FAU-160 fully air cooled asynchronized turbogenerator (with a control field winding)
with a capacity of 160MW. This ASTG provides for complete (100%) control of reactive power in
both reactive power generation and consumption modes. In the case of an ASTG with the control
field winding, the electromotive force of the lateral winding is significantly lower than that of the
main longitudinal winding. The electromotive force of the control winding of T3FAU-160
turbogenerators is 12%.
In 2008 such ASTGs incorporated in the CCGT were put into operation at power unit No.
11 of combined heat and power plant No. 21 (CHPP-21) and at power unit No. 4 of combined heat
and power plant No. 27 (CHPP-27) of Mosenergo. A list of all commissioned ASTGs is contained
in Table 1.
The tests of T3FAU-160 turbogenerators confirmed their stable operation in the modes of
both generation and high consumption of reactive power. Fig. 2 shows the range of permissible
operating modes of T3FAU-160 turbogenerator with plotted experimental data.
The most problematic, in terms of excessive reactive power, are the northern and
northwestern regions of Moscow, where combined heat and power plants No. 21 (CHPP-21) and
No. 27 (CHPP-27) are located. Operation of the asynchronized turbogenerators installed at CHPP-
27 and CHPP-21 in the mode of high consumption of reactive power partially compensates
excessive reactive power and helps to reduce voltage in this section of the network. For example,
Fig. 3 shows a diagram of reactive power load of T3FAU-160 turbogenerator installed at power unit

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No. 3 of CHPP-27. As seen from the Figure, average consumption of reactive power by the
turbogenerator is 60MV and at night it reaches 160 MV.


Fig. 2 Range of permissible operating modes of T3FAU-160 turbogenerator with constant voltage
across power plant bus-bars U
220
=232kV.

1 rated excitation current limitation;
2 stator rated current limitation;
3 asynchronous characteristic;
experimental data.

Table 1. ASTGs Operating in the Energy Systems of Russia and Ukraine

Type of
Turbogenerator
Capacity,
MW
Manufacturer Place of Installation
Year of
Commissioning
ASTG-200
200
Electrotyazhmash,
Kharkov, Ukraine
Power Unit No. 10,
Burshtynskaya GRES
1985
ASTG-200
200
Power Unit No. 9,
Burshtynskaya GRES
1991
T3FA-110
110
Electrosila, St.
Petersburg,
Russia
Power Unit No. 8,
CHPP-22, Moscow
2003
T3FAU-160
160
Power Unit No. 3,
CHPP-27, Moscow
2007
T3FAU-160
160
Power Unit No. 11,
CHPP-21, Moscow
2008
T3FAU-160
160
Power Unit No. 4,
CHPP-27, Moscow
2008
T3FSU-320 320
Power Unit No. 3,
Kashirskaya GRES,
Moscow Region
2009
1


1
Commissioning is nearly completed

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Fig. 3 Diagram of reactive power load of T3FAU-160 turbogenerator of power unit No. 3 of
CHPP-27 of Mosenergo on May 20 through 27, 2009.

At the end of 2009, the ASTG (with control field winding) with capacity of 320MW and
combined cooling system will be commissioned at power unit No. 3 of Kashirskaya GRES.
ASTGs with capacity of 500, 800 and 1000MW have been designed and production
facilities for their manufacturing have been prepared.
It should be noted that the specificities of the ASTG design and of its excitation system as
well as employment of the two-channel excitation system (two excitation windings and two reverse
thyristor exciters) provide absolutely new opportunities for keeping the turbogenerator operational
in case of failures of the excitation system components, including excitation controller, i.e. enhance
survivability of the generator.
In case of a failure of the excitation system, the generator goes into uncontrolled
asynchronous mode with both windings being short-circuited or shorted in balancing resistance (for
ASTG with the control field winding).
Since the ASTG rotor winding closed circuit is symmetrical, short-circuiting of both
excitation windings or shorting of both windings in balancing resistance does not produce a single-
axis switch-on effect and other associated effects inherent in synchronous turbogenerators.
Furthermore, symmetrical circuit of shorted excitation windings ensures rigid asynchronous
characteristic with relatively high maximum electromagnetic torque and very low slipping (Fig. 2).
For example, a T3FA-110 turbogenerator operating in the asynchronous mode (with short-
circuited excitation windings) can bear infinitely sustained load up to 6070% of the rated active
power.
4. EFFICIENCY OF ASTG APPLICATION

The following approach is proposed for selecting technically and financially substantiated
applications of ASTGs. It is well known that excessive reactive power results in increase of voltage
in electrical network and causes STGs to operate at enhanced power factor or in the underexcitation
mode. There are two ways of solving the excessive reactive power problem: to compensate

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excessive reactive power in electrical network or to compensate excessive reactive power at power
plant. Therefore, when installing new generating equipment at a power plant the following
alternative options are taken into consideration:
1) Installation of a new synchronous turbogenerator (STG) and a shunt reactor (SH) for
consumption of reactive power;
2) Installation of an ASTG.
The main technical effect of implementation of any of the above two options will be
normalization of the generating and network equipment operation in terms of reactive power and
voltage.
In particular, examination of turbogenerators used at the facilities of the UPS shows that
long operation of the STGs in the underexcitation mode at the power factors near 1 leads to average
reduction of the service life of these machines by 5 years and to increase of STG failure flow.
Increased flow of STG failures entails extra out-of-service time of these generators during
emergency repairs (corrective maintenance) and hence reduction of electric power output.
To enhance reliability of long-employed STGs, which out of necessity operate at enhanced
power factor or in the underexcitation mode, it is prescribed to use special examination methods
and to reduce frequency of scheduled preventive maintenance by 12 years, depending on the state
of active hardware of the STG stator.
Therefore, the economic effect from improvement of the STG operation in the reactive
power generation and consumption modes at a power plant as a result of implementation of any of
aforementioned measures includes:
- Increase of electric power output due to reduction of shutdown time of STGs installed at a
power plant during scheduled preventive and corrective maintenance;
- Reduction of cost of unscheduled repair and special methods of examination of STGs installed
at a power plant.
The second technical effect, which is characteristic for the ASTG option or the STG and SR
option, is improvement of dynamic stability of a power plant. It is known that if STG operates in a
reactive power consumption mode its dynamic stability deteriorates and in case of emergency
disturbance such STG is shutdown by the emergency control system.
Shutting down of generators at thermal power plants entails losses in electric power
generation since the turbogenerators that are shutdown in the emergency situations can be put back
into operation only after long enough period of time (0.53h), and leads to increased specific fuel
consumption for starting the power units. Besides that, frequent shutdown of generators results in
rapid wear of a turbogenerator and power unit thermal equipment. In some cases shutdown of
generators requires certain load shedding. If application of emergency control system for shutting
down of generators is prohibited, other measures are required for ensuring transient stability, e.g.
construction of additional power transmission lines.
In case of using ASTG (option 2) or STG along with SR (option 1) there is an additional
economic effect due to enhancement of transient stability of a power plant. This economic effect
includes:
- Increase of electric power output by a power plant as a result of reduction of number of
emergency shutdowns by emergency control system;
- Decrease of cost of additional fuel required for repeated start-up of units;
- Decrease of losses due to undersupply of electric energy to customers as a result load-shedding.
The third technical effect is characteristic only for ASTG and is related to its enhanced
survivability, which allows the ASTG to operate in case of failures of excitation system at active
power amounting almost to 0.75 of the rated power. Analysis of failures of 200 MW power units
shows that about 13% of all emergency shutdowns of turbogenerators are caused by loss of
excitation.

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Elimination of emergency shutdowns of generation units due to failure of their excitation
system by application of ASTG results in reducing the undergeneration of electric energy by a
power plant.
The highest effect, in terms of enhancement of survivability of a generation unit equipped
with ASTG, is observed at combined-cycle gas turbines, since shutdown of a generator incorporated
in CCGTs caused by failure of its excitation system entails dropping of other generators and
reduction of general efficiency coefficient of CCGTs.
According to the manufacturers, when the cooling system of both generators is similar, the
STG-ASTG cost ratio is 1.151.3.
At present, the United Power System of Russia (UPS) has the following particularities:
o Large number of long high-voltage (500 kV and higher) transmission lines;
o Insufficient number of uncontrolled and controlled reactive power compensation systems;
o Significant number of overage generators, which operation at high power factor or in
underexcitation mode is impossible due to their technical condition.
The main advantages of ASTGs and the above-listed specificities of the UPS determine the
area of ASTG application: power plants with excessive reactive power.

5. CONCLUSION
1. Fully air-cooled asynchronized turbogenerators with capacity of 110 and 160MW and
asynchronized turbogenerators with capacity of 320 MW and combined cooling system have been
developed and commissioned. ASTGs with capacity of 500, 800 and 1000 MW have been designed
and production facilities for their manufacturing have been prepared.
2. ASTGs have an important role in keeping voltage in energy systems through operation
not just in reactive power production mode but also in the mode of high consumption of reactive
power with high levels of transient stability.
3. ASTGs enjoy high operational reliability since they have two excitation windings and are
capable of operating for infinitely long time in the asynchronous mode without excitation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] I. A. Kadi-Ogli, L. G. Mamikonyants, Yu. G. Shakaryan, Yu. D. Vinitzhky. Two axis excited
turbogenerator development in Russia to meet some modern electric power industry requirements.
CIGRE, 2004 Session, paper A1-103, p. 8.
[2] I. Y. Dovganjuk, I. A. Labunets, L. G. Mamikonyants, V. E. Zinakov, E. V. Chernishov,
I. A. Kadi-Ogly, N. D. Pinchuk. At site test and service experience verification of the principally
new turbogenerator type-asynchronized air cooled one. CIGRE, 2008 Session, paper A1-104, p. 8.

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