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Introduction
Introduction
COSMOSFFE Static is a fast, robust, and accurate finite element program for the analysis of linear static structural problems. The program exploits a new technology developed at Structural Research for the solution of large systems of simultaneous equations using sparse matrix technology along with iterative methods combined with novel database management techniques to substantially reduce solution time, disk space, and memory requirements. COSMOSFFE Static has been written from scratch using state of the art techniques in FEA with two goals in mind: 1) to address basic design needs, and 2) to use the most efficient possible solution algorithms without sacrificing accuracy. The program is particularly suitable to solve large basic models subjected to a variety of loading and boundary conditions environments. COSMOSFFE Static is not meant to be a replacement for STAR, the COSMOSM conventional linear static structural analysis module. The capabilities of FFE Static are a subset of the capabilities of STAR. Problems that can be solved by FFE Static can also be solved by STAR. The advantage is that FFE Static for the class of problems it supports is far superior in terms of robustness, speed, and use of computer resources. Clear messages of unsupported capabilities and options are given whenever encountered. Appendix A gives a list of these messages along with suggestions for fixing the problem.
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Chapter 1 Introduction
Theoretical Background
Linear Static Analysis
Static analysis deals with the computation of displacements strains, and stresses due to static loading. The term static loads refers to loading that does not cause inertial or damping effects to be significant for consideration in the analysis. Static analysis is linear if nonlinearities due to plasticity, large deflection, large strain, inplane effects, contact surfaces, creep and relaxation effects, and other sources can be either linearized or completely ignored. Dynamic loads with frequencies less than one-third of the fundamental frequency of the structure may be approximated as static loads. If you are in doubt about whether a loading environment is static or dynamic, it is recommended to calculate the fundamental frequency of the structure. The stress-strain relationship for linear analysis is linear, and so is the relation between the load and deflection. Doubling the load vector for a problem will result in doubling all the results associated with it. This property of linear analysis is exploited in the creation of secondary load cases as will be described below. The formulation of a linear static problem for solution by the displacement method is fully described by the matrix equation: [K]{U} = {F} = {Fa} + {Fc}
(1-1)
where [K] is the structural (assembled) stiffness matrix, {U} is the vector of unknown nodal displacements, and {F} is the load vector. The load vector {F} has components from mechanical, thermal, and gravitational loads. The load vector {F} can be expressed as a combination of applied nodal forces {Fa} and reaction (or single point constraint) forces {Fc}. For linear static problems, each of these load vectors are the superposition of mechanical, thermal, and gravitational loads as shown below: {Fa} = {Fm} + {Fth} + {Fgr}
(1-2)
The mechanical load vector {Fm} is computed as the sum of applied nodal forces and moments, and element pressures as shown below:
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Chapter 1 Introduction
(1-3)
where {Fnd} is the applied nodal force vector, and {Fepr} is the element pressure load vector. The thermal, and gravitational load vectors are computed as follows:
(1-4)
where {Fnt} is the load vector of nodal temperatures, {Feth} is the element thermal load vector, [Me] is the element mass matrix, and {a} is the acceleration vector.
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Chapter 1 Introduction Table 1-1. Table of Consistent Units for COSMOSFFE Static Description COSMOS Name
* FPS1 (gravitational)
Measure in
* SI2 (absolute)
m Newton/m2 or Pascal N/m2 or Pa m/m (no units) kg/m3 m/(m
* MKS3 (gravitational)
cm
CGS4 (absolute)
Length Material Properties Elastic Modulus Shear Modulus Poisson's Ratio Mass Density Coeff. of Thermal Expansion
X, Y, Z
cm
EX, EY, EZ GXY, GYZ, GXZ NUXY, NUYZ, NUXZ DENS ALPX, ALPY, ALPZ
K)
cm/(cm C)
Loads and Boundary Conditions Temperature Translational Displacements TEMP UX, UY, UZ
F
in radians lbs in lbs lbs/in2 lbs/in in/sec
2
K
m radians Newton mN N/m2 N/m m/sec2 rad/sec rad/sec
2 2
C
cm radians kg cm kg or Pa kg/cm2 kg/cm cm/sec2 rad/sec rad/sec
2
K
cm radians dyne cm dyne dyne/cm2 dyne/cm cm/sec2 rad/sec rad/sec2
Rotational Displacements RX, RY, RZ Forces (nodal) Moments (nodal) Pressure Distributed Beam Load Linear Acceleration Angular Velocity Angular Acceleration FX, FY, FZ MX, MY, MZ P PB ACEL OMEGA, CGOMEGA DOMEGA, DCGOMEGA
rad/sec rad/sec
Results Displacements Stresses Strains UX, UY, UZ, RES in m N/m2 or Pa m/m (no units) cm kg/cm2 cm/cm (no units) cm dyne/cm2 cm/cm (no units)
SX, SY, SZ, TXY, TYZ, TXZ, lbs/in2 P1, P2, P3, VON, INT EPSX, EPSY, EPSZ, GMXY, in/in GMYZ, GMXZ, ESTRN (no units)
* Units are consistent with the COSMOSM material library. 1 FPS refers to the U.S. customary system of units. 2 SI refers to the International system of units. 3 MKS refers to the Metric system of units. 4 CGS refers to the French system of units.
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Brief Overview
Introduction
COSMOSFFE Static currently addresses basic classes of structural problems encountered in practical engineering applications. The program is being constantly updated to include more capabilities and support more options. This chapter lists the current capabilities of the program.
Element Library
Two and three dimensional trusses (TRUSS2D and TRUSS3D) Three dimensional beam elements (BEAM3D) First order triangular plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric elements
(TRIANG)
Second order triangular plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric elements
(TRIANG)
First order quad plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric elements
(PLANE2D)
Second order quad plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric elements
(PLANE2D)
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First order triangular (3-node) shell elements (SHELL3) First order quad (4-node) shell elements (SHELL4) First and second order hexahedral elements (SOLID) First and second order prism-shaped elements (SOLID with a face collapsed to an edge)
First order tetrahedral elements (TETRA4) Second order tetrahedral elements (TETRA10)
Refer to Chapter 3 for details on elements.
Loads
Loads may be applied to nodes or elements directly or through association with geometric entities. Up to 50 primary load cases may be created. The applied load may be:
Pressure on element faces in any Cartesian coordinate system Nodal concentrated forces in any coordinate system Nodal concentrated moments for shell elements Edge pressure for plane and shell elements Acceleration of gravity for gravity loading Angular velocity and/or acceleration for centrifugal loading Thermal loading through temperatures defined by the user Thermal loading obtained from steady state thermal analysis Thermal loading obtained from transient thermal analysis Prescribed displacement in the desired coordinate system
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Displacement Constraints
Displacement constraints in the global Cartesian coordinate system Displacement constraints in the global Cylindrical coordinate system Displacement constraints in the global Spherical coordinate system Displacement constraints in the any local coordinate system defined by the user
Material Properties
In this release only isotropic materials are supported. Use STAR for orthotropic or anisotropic materials.
Analysis Capabilities
Analysis options are specified through the A_FEESTATIC (Analysis > STATIC > FFE Static Options) command. The following choices are available: 1. Element order in analysis
Use first order elements with first order elements in GEOSTAR Use second order elements with first order elements in GEOSTAR Use first order elements with second order elements in GEOSTAR Use second order elements with second order elements in GEOSTAR
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Results
Results will be available for all primary load cases.
Displacement lists, plots, and extremes Stresses lists, plots, and extremes Strains lists, plots, and extremes Output file contains displacement results and useful information on resources used during analysis
Case) command
Define secondary load cases through the LCCOMB (Results > Combine Load
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Element Library
Introduction
This chapter lists the elements currently supported by COSMOSFFE Static. Most of 2D and 3D continuum elements are programmed on the first and second order hierarchical basis. The elements may be modeled in GEOSTAR as linear or parabolic, but still the order used in the analysis is controlled by the flag in the A_FFESTATIC (Analysis > STATIC > FFE Static Options) command rather than the name of the element group. As an example, you may define TETRA10 elements in GEOSTAR but specify first order in the A_FFESTATIC command. In this case the middle node information for elements on the boundary will still be used for the geometry. Similarly, you may define TETRA4 elements in GEOSTAR but specify second order in the A_FFESTATIC command.
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Second order (8-node) quadratic plane stress elements (PLANE2D) First order (4-node) quadratic plane strain elements (PLANE2D) Second order (8-node) quadratic plane strain elements (PLANE2D) First order (4-node) quadratic axisymmetric elements (PLANE2D) Second order (8-node) quadratic axisymmetric elements (PLANE2D)
Continuum 3D Solid Elements First order (8-node) hexahedral elements (SOLID) Second order (20-node) hexahedral elements (SOLID) First order (8-node) pentahedral elements (SOLID with a face collapsed to an
edge)
First order tetrahedral elements (TETRA4) Second order tetrahedral elements (TETRA10) Structural Elements
Two and three dimensional truss elements (TRUSS2D and TRUSS3D) Three dimensional beam elements (BEAM3D) First order triangular (3-node) shell elements (SHELL3) First order quad (4-node) shell elements (SHELL4)
The elements given above are to be defined using the EGROUP (Propsets > Element Group) command shown in the table below. Table 3-1 also lists other commands for the manipulation of the associated element properties. These commands can be issued by following the menu path given in Table 3-1 between parenthesis.
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Chapter 3 Element Library Table 3-1. Commands for Element Group Definition, Modification, and Listing Command EGROUP (Propsets > Element Group) Function Defines element groups and the associated element analysis options. Assigns the existing element group, material property, and real constant groups as well as element coordinate system to newly created elements. Changes the association between element groups, real constants sets, and material property sets. Lists specified element groups and the associated element analysis options. Deletes specified element groups and the associated element analysis options. The on-screen listing can be piped to a text file if desired, using the LISTLOG (Control > MISCELLANEOUS > List Log) command. Comments The maximum number of element groups permitted in a model is 20.
Every element has different analysis and modeling options (maximum of eight entries), designated as OP1, , OP8. When you execute the EGROUP command, you are prompted for their input with sufficient physical interpretation for the selected element.
You can choose to perform the analysis with either first order or second order
elements in spite of the actual elements generated. The following figure shows pictorial representations of all elements available in the COSMOSFFE Static module. COSMOSM User Guide (Volume 1) presents a detailed description of all elements in Chapter 4, Element Library. The RCONST (Propsets > Real Constant) command should be used to specify the cross-sectional dimensions of the element such as the thickness of SHELL3 element. Material properties may be specified using MPROP, PICK_MAT, or R_MATLIB (if the InfoDex Mil 5 material library options is available to you) found in the Propsets menu.
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Firs t O rde r P ris m- S ha pe d S olid Element: SOLID Nodes: 8 with a face collasping to an edge
S e c ond O rde r P ris m- S ha pe d S olid Element: SOLID Nodes: 20 with a face collasping to an edge
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S HE LL3 3
S HE LL3 2 4
S HE LL5
S HE LL4
Elements generated by meshing a surface will have their top face in the direction of the outside normal of the surface determined by the right-hand rule. The direction of the outer contour of a region is used to determine the top face of elements generated by meshing regions. The ACTMARK (Control > ACTIVATE > Entity Mark) command may be used to show the parametric directions of surfaces. ACTMARK may also be activated from the STATUS1 table.
Full integration is always used for the TRIANG, PLANE2D, SOLID, TETRA4,
and TETRA10 elements. The corresponding option in the element group definition is ignored. Results from FFE Static should compare with results from STAR when the full integration option is used.
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Input Data
Introduction
Proper modeling and analysis specifications are crucial to the success of any finite element analysis. Irrespective of the type of analysis, numerical solution using finite element analysis requires complete information of the model under consideration. The finite element model you submit for analysis must contain all the necessary data for each step of numerical simulation - geometry, elements, loads, boundary conditions, solution of system of equations, visualization and output of results, etc. This chapter attempts to conceptually illustrate the procedure for building a model for analysis in the COSMOSFFE Static module. The COSMOSM User Guide (Volume 1) presents in-depth information on the preand postprocessing procedures in GEOSTAR. This chapter therefore will not repeat the information here but will offer a brief overview of those commands which are relevant to the COSMOSM FFE Static module. For a detailed description of all commands, refer to the on-line help, accessed by pressing the left button of the mouse on the Help icon shown in the command dialog box, or refer to the COSMOSM Command Reference Manual (Volume 2).
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runs either STAR or FFE Static. The following two factors determine which one will run: 1) If you have not issued the A_STATIC nor the A_FFESTATIC commands, R_STATIC will run STAR. 2) If both of the two commands have been issued, the later one will determine which code to run. STAR will run if A_STATIC has been issued later, and FFE Static if A_FFESTATIC has been issued later. 3) If only one of the two commands has been issued, then STAR will run if A_STATIC has been issued, or FFE Static if A_FFESTATIC has been issued later.
R_STATIC
START
Problem Definition
STOP
PREPROCESSING
ANALYSIS
POSTPROCESSING
Preprocessing refers to the operations you perform prior to submitting the model for analysis. Such operations include defining the model geometry, mesh generation, applying loads and boundary conditions, and other information needed. The term analysis in the above figure refers to the phase of specifying the analysis options and executing the actual analysis. Postprocessing refers to the manipulation of the analysis results for easy understanding and interpretation in a graphical environment. The commands summarized in the table below provide you with information on the input of element groups, material properties, loads and boundary conditions, analysis options, and out-put specifications.
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Chapter 4 Input Data Table 4-1. Commands for FFE Static Analysis Function Using COSMOSM Menu Propsets > Element Group > Material Property > Real Constant > Pick Material Lib > User Material Lib > Material Browser > AISC Sect Table > Change El-Prop > New Property Set > Beam Section LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > DISPLACEMENT > FORCE > PRESSURE > GRAVITY Loads and Boundary Conditions Typing the Command ... EGROUP MPROP RCONST PICK_MAT USER_MAT R_MATLIB PICK_SEC EPROPCHANGE EPROPSET BMSECDEF
Property Definition
... ... D_ commands for prescribed displacements * F_ commands for nodal forces * P_ commands for element pressure * Commands for gravity and centrifugal forces: ACEL, OMEGA, DOMEGA, CGOMEGA, DCGOMEGA, CGLOC, GRVLIST > THERMAL ... > TEMPERATURE NT_ commands for nodal temperatures * (thermal loading) > LOAD OPTIONS ... > Read Temp as Load TEMPREAD command to read temperatures for thermal loading from subsequent transient thermal analysis ... ... E_CHECK ... DATA_CHECK R_CHECK ... ... A_FFESTATIC ... ... R_STATIC
Model Verification
Meshing > ELEMENTS > Check Element Analysis > Data Check > Run Check Analysis > STATIC > FFE Static Options Analysis > STATIC > Run Static Analysis
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Table 4-1. Commands for FFE Static Analysis (Concluded Function Using COSMOSM Menu Results > Combine Load Case > PLOT > Deformed Shape > Stress > Strain > Displacement > Shear Diagram > LIST > Displacement > Stress Component > Strain Component > Shear/Moment Value > Beam End Force > EXTREMES > Min/Max Displacement > Min/Max Stress > Min/Max Strain > Shear/Moment > Beam End Force Typing the Command ... LCCOMB ... DEFPLOT ACTSTRS + STRPLOT ACTSTN + STNPLOT ACTDIS + DISPLOT SMPLOT ... DISLIST STRLIST STNLIST SMLIST BEAMRESLIST ... DISMAX STRMAX STNMAX SMMAX BEAMRESMAX
Postprocessing
Special Loading
Thermal, gravitational, and centrifugal loading are referred to as special loading in COSMOSM literature. Consideration of special loading must be specified by the A_FFESTATIC (Analysis > STATIC > FFE Static Options) command before running the analysis. Gravity and centrifugal loading may be specified for all load cases. For gravity loading, a value for the acceleration of gravity must be specified for every load case (while the load case is active) whenever gravity loading is to be considered. The mass density of the material(s) must also be specified so that it can be used to calculate the gravity forces.
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For centrifugal loading, values for angular velocity and/or accelerations should be specified for every load case (while the load case is active) whenever centrifugal loading is to be considered. The mass density of the material(s) must also be specified so that it can be used to calculate the centrifugal forces.
Complete the thermal analysis Activate the thermal loading using the A_FFESTATIC (Analysis > STATIC >
FFE Static Options) command
If you have performed transient analysis, use the TEMPREAD (LoadsBC >
LOAD OPTIONS > Read Temp as Load) command to specify the time step at which thermal stress analysis is to be done
Run the static analysis using the R_STATIC (Analysis > STATIC > Run Static
Analysis) command
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The A_FFESTATIC command specifies analysis options for linear static analysis using the FFE Static module. Note that the A_STATIC command specifies analysis options for linear static analysis using the STAR module. The most recently issued command out of the two commands (A_STATIC and A_FFESTATIC) determines whether the R_STATIC command will run STAR or FFE Static. The default is to run STAR.
Entry & Option Description
element-order Order of the element to be used. In spite of the element group name in the database, you may specify through this option whether first (linear) or second (parabolic) elements will be used. As an example, if you define TETRA4 elements and use second order, middle nodes on straight edges will be considered during analysis. On the other hand you may define TETRA10 elements and specify to use first order. SOLID elements are treated similarly except that for these elements the same element group names are used for both first and second orders. 0 1 special-loading Special loading flag. Any one character can be assigned. Two or three characters can be assigned in any combination of C, G and T.
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use first order for continuum elements. use second order for continuum elements. (default is 1)
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N G T
do not include special loading. include centrifugal loading. include gravity loading. include thermal loading. (default is N)
rigid connections flag This flag controls the continuity between solid and shell or beam elements connected to each other. Solid elements like TETRA4, TETRA10), and SOLID do not have explicit rotational degrees of freedom (DOF). Rotations of solid elements can be expressed in terms of the translational DOF. Beam and shell elements on the other hand have explicit rotational DOF. Traditionally, you need to introduce some coupling constraints when connecting such incompatible elements to ensure continuity. This flag, when active, takes care of this condition automatically and rigid connections between all such incompatible elements in the model are assumed. When you want to specify hinge connections or you need to compare COSMOSFFE results to results from traditional finite element systems which assume hinge connections between solid and shell or beam elements, you must turn this flag off before running the analysis. YES; NO; activate rigid connections. deactivate rigid connections. (default is YES)
The R_STATIC command performs linear static analysis. The command runs FFE Static if the A_FFESTATIC command has been issued and was not followed by the A_STATIC command. On the other hand, the command runs STAR module if the A_FFESTATIC command has not been issued or was issued but followed by the A_STATIC command. Upon a successful run, the command automatically calculates strains and stresses in addition to displacements unless the STAR module was used and the STRESS (Analysis > STATIC > Stress Analysis Options) command has been used to turn off stress calculations in which case the R_STRESS (Analysis > STATIC > Run Stress Analysis) command may be used later to calculate stresses.
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Notes:
1. Use flags specified by the A_STATIC command or the A_FFESTATIC command. 2. Recommended steps for performing analysis: a. Create the model. b. Plot, list and examine the model. c. Execute the R_CHECK (Analysis > Run Check) command to check input data. d. Issue the A_FFESTATIC (Analysis > STATIC > FFE Static Options) command to specify the element order and specify special loading flags or the A_STATIC (Analysis > STATIC > Static Analysis Options) command to specify STAR options. Use equivalent commands for other types of analyses. e. Issue the R_STATIC (Analysis > STATIC > Run Static Analysis) command to perform linear static analysis. Use the equivalent command for other types of analyses. f. If the run is not successful, a clear message will be given. For FFE messages, refer to Appendix A of this manual for explaining and fixing the problem. The message is also written to the output file (extension OUT). 3. The command will calculate displacements and stresses for all load cases set to run. Use the LCCOMB (Results > Combine Load Case) command to define secondary load cases. 4. The command will calculate displacements and stresses for all load cases set to run. 5. If H_method adaptive meshing is specified, the R_STATIC command will progressively repeat the analysis as instructed by the ADAPTIVE (Analysis > STATIC > Adaptive Method) command if STAR is used.
FFE Static always calculates stresses and ignores the flag controlled by the
STRESS
command for the option to calculate or not calculate stresses when STAR is used.
All stresses are calculated in the global directions. The STRLIST (Results > LIST
> Stress Component) and ACTSTR (Results > PLOT > Stress) commands will prompt you for a coordinate system to be used for listing and plotting during postprocessing.
Stresses are not written to the output file. Use the LISTLOG (Control >
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MISCELLANEOUS > List Log) and STRLIST commands to redirect stress results to a file.
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Postprocessing
An output file problem-name.OUT is generated by FFE Static. The file is an ASCII file that can be viewed and edited as desired. The results in the database can be viewed in both text and graphical formats in GEOSTAR. The following table gives a brief description of the postprocessing commands related to FFE Static.
Table 4-2. Postprocessing Commands Related to FFE Static Command * DEFPLOT DISLIST DISMAX STRLIST STRMAX STNLIST STNMAX SMLIST SMMAX BEAMRESLIST BEAMRESMAX ACTDIS DISPLOT ACTSTN STNPLOT ACTSTR STRPLOT SMPLOT SETPLOT LCCOMB LISTLOG Description Plots the deformed shape Lists displacements Searches for extreme displacement values Lists stresses Searches for extreme stress values Lists strains Searches for extreme strain values Lists shear and moment for beam element Searches for extreme shear and moment values Lists beam element forces Searches for extreme beam element results Activates a displacement component for plotting Plots the activated displacement component Activates a strain component for plotting Plots the activated strain component Activates a stress component for plotting Plots the activated stress component Plots shear and moment diagrams for beam elements Sets color set, range, and scale values for all plots Creates secondary load cases Can be used to pipe the list screens to a file
* See Table 4-1 for the menu path Verification of Model Input Data
One of the difficulties you may come across in the solution is avoiding errors in the model input data. Some of the errors can be detected by plotting the model in various views, listing the elements, nodes, element groups, material properties and real constant sets. Plotting or listing loads and constraints, and many other on-line tools. For small problems, it is often easier to perform these checks to see if all required input data have been properly generated and defined. However, you may still miss some errors that are not easily identifiable. For these types of situations and also for larger problems, it is plausible to perform model checks in an automated environment.
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The R_CHECK (Analysis > Run Check) command performs rigorous checks on the validity, compatibility, and completeness of the input data and gives messages for any warnings and errors encountered. The ECHECK (Meshing > ELEMENTS > Check Element) performs a quick check on the elements in the model and deletes any degenerate elements. You are strongly recommended to run the checking program using the R_CHECK command and fix all errors before performing submitting the model to analysis. Note that the R_CHECK command is a general model verification tool. You may still find some errors that are not trapped by the use of this command. In most cases, the diagnostic messages either printed on the screen or written to an ASCII file (problem_name.CHK) provide further information as to the nature of errors and their remedies. In addition, the FFE Static module will give you clear messages if any problems are encountered during the analysis process. Refer to Appendix A for more information about error messages.
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Examples
Introduction
This chapter presents step-by-step examples for performing linear static analysis using the FFE Static module. The examples discussed in this chapter are large size practical problems that demonstrate the savings in time and resources when using FFE Static compared to using the conventional solvers. Chapter 6 includes a number of small size problems that demonstrate most of the capabilities of FFE Static and that are suitable for verification purposes and academic studies. The input files for the examples in this chapter and the verification problems in Chapter 6 are available in PROBS subdirectory of your COSMOSM directory. The names of the input files are FFESX1.GEO, FFESX2.GEO, and FFESX3.GEO for examples 1, 2, and 3 respectively. In order to run an example, follow the following steps:
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Create a new working directory, Copy the input file to the new working directory, Launch GEOSTAR, Choose a new problem name while you are inside GEOSTAR, Read the input file using the FILE (File > Load...) command, Follow the instructions given in the following sections.
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Chapter 5 Examples
1 - Analysis of an Engine Bearing Cap 2 - Analysis of a Column Connection Bracket Using Shell Elements 3 - A Model Fan
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Chapter 5 Examples
The bearing cap shown in Figure 5-1. Full Model of Engine Bearing Cap the figure below is pressure subjected to loads and boundary conditions as Plane of Symmetry shown. Due to symmetry, only one half of the model need to be modeled. It is very pressure important when modeling only a portion of the actual model due to symmetry, to specify the proper boundary Radially constrained conditions for the modeled portion along its interface with the other symmetrical portions. It is obvious in this case that the Y-Z plane of symmetry should not move in the global X-direction. GEOSTAR provides you with convenient options to specify symmetrical and asymmetrical boundary conditions (refer to the on-line help for the DND (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > DISPLACEMENT > Define Nodes) command). Note, however, that rotational degrees of freedom are not considered by tetrahedral elements and the preprocessor will fix them automatically.
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Chapter 5 Examples
The file needed to create the geometry is called FFESX1.GEO and may be retrieved from the PROBS subdirectory in your COSMOSM directory. The file is also listed below for convenience. Use the FILE (File > Load...) command to read in the FFESX1.GEO file, or you may choose to follow the commands and construct the database step-by-step by following the commands below. In case of constructing the model step-by-step, the user is referred to the Command Reference Manual or the On-line help for information about the menu path required to issue the given command. Note that the model maybe alternatively be created by extruding the circular ring in the Y-direction and extruding a face of the web in the Z-direction.
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Chapter 5 Examples
Running Analysis
Now the model has been created, we are ready to specify analysis options and run the analysis, choose:
Geo Panel: Analysis > STATIC > FFE Static Options (A_FFESTATIC) Element Order 1=First 2=Second [2] > Loading Flag [N] > Accept entries
GEOSTAR screen will disappear and the FFE Static screen will show up after the message Writing Static Analysis File!. The FFE Static screen shows the version and date at the top, model name and size information in the middle, the current stage of solution and a bar representing its progress at the bottom. Elapsed time since the process has been started is shown at the lower right corner. If multiple load cases exist, the current load case that FFE Static is solving for, will be also shown. After loading the database, the solution for each load case will go through building the stiffness matrix, calculating displacements by solving the resulting equations, and finally calculating strains and stresses. After finishing the analysis, FFE Static gives control to GEOSTAR to continue with postprocessing.
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Chapter 5 Examples
Postprocessing
All postprocessing commands are included in the Results menu. In many cases, you will get nicer plots if you suppress plotting element edges which may be done through the BOUNDARY (Display > DISPLAY OPTION > Set Bound Plot) command. Better plots can be obtained by evaluating the edges of the model. Edge evaluation may be used even in cases where geometric entities are not present in the model. To activate edge evaluation, choose:
Geo Panel: Display > DISPLAY OPTION > Eval Element Bound
(EVAL_BOUND)
Boundary face evaluation flag [No] > Boundary edge evaluation flag [No] > Yes Tolerance angle to ignore curvature [20] > 60 Accept entries
Generate four windows for postprocessing using WCREATE (Geo Panel: New Win) command. You may need to adjust or relocate the newly created windows for your convenience. To activate one of these windows, click on the window using the left button of the mouse.
You may delay the animation speed using a large delay factor and/or larger
window. Use default value for the delay factor and a smaller window to animate faster. An instance in the animation is shown in the figure below.
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Displacement Contours
Displacement contours may be generated on undeformed or deformed geometry. Activate window 2 and plot the resultant displacement contour by choosing:
Geo Panel: Results > PLOT > Displacement (DISPLOT) Load case number [1] > Component [URES] > Coordinate system [0] > Click on Contour icon Plot type 0=Fill 1=Line 2=Vect [0] > Beginning element [1] > Ending Element [2700] > Increment [1] > Shape flag > Deformed shape Scale Factor [277.346] > Accept entries
The generated displacement contour is plotted in the figure below. Use the ANIMATE command again to animate the displacement contour on the deformed shape. You may need to resize the window to see the color code bar.
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Element Strain
Activate window 3 and plot the element strain contour, choose
Geo Panel: Results > PLOT > Strain (STNPLOT) Load case number [1] > 1 Component [ESTRN] > Layer number [1] > (used only for composite elements) Face flag 0=Top [0] > Coordinate system [0] > Click on Contour icon Plot Type > Color_filled contour Beginning element [1] > Ending [2700] > Increment [1] > Shape flag > Undeformed shape
In de x
5-8
COSMOSFFE Static
Chapter 5 Examples
The generated plot is shown in the figure below. Note that strains are element-based quantities and, therefore, each element is shown in one color.
Figure 5-5. Element Strain Plot
Note: The equivalent strain (ESTRN) is calculated from: ESTRN = 2[(1 + 2)/3](1/2) where:
1 = 0.5[(EPSX - a)2 + (EPSY - a)2 + (EPSZ - a)2] 2 = [(GMXY)2 + (GMXZ)2 + (GMYZ)2]/4 a = (EPSX + EPSY + EPSZ)/3
Where: Strain EPSX: Strain EPSY: Strain EPSZ:
In de x
Average element strain in the X-direction. Average element strain in the Y-direction. Average element strain in the Z-direction.
COSMOSFFE Static
5-9
Chapter 5 Examples
Element shear strain in the X-Y plane (change in angle between lines initially parallel to the X- and Y-axes). Element shear strain in the Y-Z plane (change in angle between lines initially parallel to the Y- and Z-axes). Element shear strain in the Z-X plane (change in angle between lines initially parallel to the Z- and X-axes). Equivalent strain.
Nodal Stresses
Activate window 4 and plot von Mises stresses as follows:
Geo Panel: Results > PLOT > Stress (STRPLOT) Load case number [1] > 1 Component [VON] > Layer number [1] > Coordinate system [0] > Stress flag > Nodal stress Face-flag (shell) 0=Top 1=Bot 2=Memb 3=Bend [0] > Click on Contour icon Plot Type 0 =Fill 1=Line 2=Vect [0] > Beginning Element [1] > Ending Element [2700] > Increment [1] > Shape flag 0=Undsef 1=Def [0] > Scale factor [277.346]
The von Mises stress component is calculated from the stress components as shown below: VON= {(1/2) [(SX - SY)2 + (SX - SZ)2 + (SY - SZ)2] + 3 (TXY2 + TXZ2 + TYZ2)}(1/2) Where: VON SX SY SZ
In de x
= von Mises stress component = normal stress in the x-direction = normal stress in the y-direction = normal stress in the z-direction
5-10
COSMOSFFE Static
Chapter 5 Examples
= shear stress in the x-y plane = shear stress in the x-z plane = shear stress in the y-z plane
VON may also be expressed in terms of principal stresses P1, P2, and P3 as given below: VON = {(1/2) [(P1 - P2)2 + (P1 - P3)2 + (P2 - P3)2]}(1/2) The generated von Mises stress plot is shown below.
Figure 5-6. von Mises Stress Plot
The generated plots as shown in the 4-window screen are shown below. Note that the METAFILE (Control > Devices > Device_File > Save Meta File) command may be used to store images in files that may be viewed later using the VIEW_META (File > View Metafile) command, or plotted using commands like PLOT_META (Control > Devices > Device_File > Plot Meta File). PostScript and HPGL files may be also generated (refer to the File > Printer SetUp submenu). The PAPER_SETUP (Control > Devices > Paper Set Up) command may be used to setup the hardcopy including whether single or multiple windows will be stored in the meta file.
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
5-11
5-12
COSMOSFFE Static
Chapter 5 Examples Figure 5-8. Graph of von Mises Stresses Along a Path
Use the ANIMATE command as before to animate the von Mises stresses on the deformed shape and corresponding graph. Other plotting, listing, and searching for extreme values options are also available including vector plots which are particularly useful for principal stresses. Refer to the User Guide (Volume 1) and the Results menu for more information.
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
5-13
Chapter 5 Examples
It is desired to calculate the stresses for the column connection bracket shown in the figure below.
Figure 5-9. Column Connection Bracket
In de x
5-14
COSMOSFFE Static
Chapter 5 Examples
The model shown above is made up of thin plates convenient to be modeled using shell elements. This release of FFE Static supports triangular (SHELL3) and quad (SHELL4) elements. A shell element has 6 degrees of freedom per node. The example will be used to demonstrate multiple load case scenarios. It should be noted, in using multiple load cases, that the displacement boundary conditions are common across all load cases but the load vector may vary from one load case to another. The 4 small holes at the bottom region will be completely fixed at all degrees of freedom representing a rigidly bolted connection. The file needed to create the geometry is called FFESX1.GEO and may be retrieved from the PROBS subdirectory in your COSMOSM directory. The file is also listed below for convenience. Use the FILE (File > Load...) command to read in the FFESX2.GEO file, or you may choose to follow the commands and construct the database step-by-step by following the commands below. In case of constructing the model step-by-step, the user is referred to the Command Reference Manual or the On-line help for information about the menu path required to issue the given command.
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
5-15
Chapter 5 Examples
Shell elements have top and bottom faces which are determined by the order of the nodal connectivity of the element. The top face is determined by the direction of the thumb using the right-hand rule and the nodal connectivity. Adjacent shell elements, that are not in orthogonal planes, should be oriented properly so that stress averaging during postprocessing will be meaningful. If adjacent shell elements are not properly oriented, stress results at the top fiber of an element will be averaged with stress results at the bottom of an adjacent one leading to inaccurate results. Shaded element plots are very useful since the top is shown in blue and the bottom is shown in red. The ACTDMESH (Control > Activate > Default Meshing) and RGREORNT (Geometry > REGIONS > Re-orient) commands have been used to reorient elements on regions 1, 2, 3, and 7. Selection sets may be used however, for plotting the stresses on the selected elements without averaging across boundaries (refer to the AVERAGE (Results > Average Nodal Stress) command for more information). The figure below shows a shaded plot before and after reorientation.
Figure 5-10. Shaded Element Plot Before and After Reorientation (edge plotting suppressed)
BOTTOM FA CE
TOP FA CE
TOP FA CE
TOP FA CE
TOP FA CE
TOP FA CE
BOTTOM FA CE
TOP FA CE
5-16
COSMOSFFE Static
Chapter 5 Examples
Geo Panel: LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > PRESSURE > Define Regions
(PRG)
Beginning region > 2 Pressure magnitude > 100 Ending region [2] > Increment [1] > Unused option > Pressure Direction [Normal Direction] > Accept entries
Now that load case 2 is active, any defined loading will be associated with it. It should be noted, however, that prescribed displacements are considered across all load cases. To define the pressure associated with load case 2, choose:
Geo Panel: LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > PRESSURE > Define Curve (PCR) Beginning curve > 49 Pressure magnitude > -500 Ending curve [49] > 51 Increment [1] > Pressure at the end of direction 1 [-500]> Pressure Direction [Normal Direction] > Accept entries
Use the RGLIST, MPLIST, and RCLIST commands from the Edit > LIST submenu to list element groups, material properties, and real constants. Use PLIST (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > PRESSURE > List) to list pressure for the active load case. You may also use the R_CHECK (Analysis > Run Check) command.
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
5-17
Chapter 5 Examples
Running Analysis
Now the model has been created, we are ready to specify analysis options and run the analysis, choose:
Geo Panel: Analysis > STATIC > FFE Static Options (A_FFESTATIC) Element Order [Second] > First Loading Flag [N] >
Note that only the first order is currently supported for shells. The default flag for special loading is accepted. If special loading effects are to be considered, then the proper combination of T, G, and C should be specified. Next, run the analysis, choose:
Geo Panel: Analysis > STATIC > Run Static Analysis (R_STATIC)
Control will transfer to FFE Static which will inform you about the progress of the analysis. When the analysis is completed, GEOSTAR will get control again any you may start postprocessing the results as shown below.
Postprocessing
All postprocessing commands are available in the Results menu. You may list, plot, and search for extreme values. List screens may be piped to files using the LISTLOG (Control > MISCELLANEOUS > List Log) command.
Deformed Shape
To plot the deformed shape, choose:
Geo Panel: Results > PLOT > Deformed Shape (DEFPLOT) Load Case [2] > 1 Beginning element [1] > Ending element [3622] > Increment [1] > Scale factor [38.037] > Accept entries
In de x
5-18
COSMOSFFE Static
Chapter 5 Examples
The generated plot is shown below. Note that the default scale factor exaggerates deflections to 10% of the model size. Input a scale factor of 1.0 to plot the true deformed shape.
Figure 5-11. Deformed Shape Plot for Load Case 1
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
5-19
Chapter 5 Examples
Displacement Contours
Displacement contours may be generated on undeformed or deformed geometry. Activate boundary edge evaluation, choose:
Geo Panel: Display > DISPLAY OPTION > Eval Element Bound
(EVAL_BOUND)
Boundary face evaluation flag [No]> Boundary edge evaluation flag [No]> Yes Click on Continue icon Tolerance angle to ignore curvature [20]> 60
The generated displacement contour is shown in the figure below. Use the ANIMATE (Results > PLOT > Animate) command to animate the displacement contour on the deformed shape.
In de x
5-20
COSMOSFFE Static
Chapter 5 Examples Figure 5-13. Displacement Contour Plot for Load Case 1
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
5-21
Chapter 5 Examples
Element Strain
Strains are calculated for each element. To plot element strains, choose:
Geo Panel: Results > PLOT > Strain (STNPLOT) Load case number [2] > 1 Component [ESTRN] > Layer number [1] > (used only for layered elements) Face-flag [Top] > Coordinate system [0] > Click on Contour icon Plot Type > Color_filled contour Beginning element [1] > Ending element [3622] > Increment [1] > Shape flag > Undeformed shape Scale factor [38.037] > Accept entries
The generated plot is shown in the figure below. Note that strains are element-based quantities and, therefore, each element is shown in one color.
Figure 5-15. Element Strain Plot for Load Case 1
In de x
5-22
COSMOSFFE Static
Chapter 5 Examples
Stress Plots
To plot von Mises stresses, choose:
Geo Panel: Results > PLOT > Stress (STRPLOT) Load case number [2] > 1 Component [VON] > Stress flag > Nodal stress Layer number [1] > (used only for layered elements) Face-flag [Top] > Coordinate system [0] > Click on Contour icon Plot Type > Color_filled contour Beginning element [1] > Ending element [3622] > Increment [1] > Shape flag > Deformed shape Scale factor [38.037] > Accept entries
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
5-23
Chapter 5 Examples
In de x
5-24
COSMOSFFE Static
Chapter 5 Examples
Nodes to determine the path for the LSECPLOT command are picked from
their undeformed locations on the screen. It is suggested, therefore, to use contour plots on undeformed shape for this purpose. The generated plot is shown below.
Figure 5-19. Graph of von Mises Stresses Along a Path for Load Case 2
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
5-25
Chapter 5 Examples
Use the ANIMATE (Results > PLOT > Animate) command to animate the von Mises stresses on the deformed shape and corresponding graph simultaneously.
In de x
5-26
COSMOSFFE Static
Chapter 5 Examples
The results for load case 51 will be calculated by adding the corresponding results of load case 1 multiplied by 1.5 and the results of load case 2 multiplied by 3. Postprocessing may proceed as explained for load cases 1 and 2. A von Mises stress plot for load case 51 is shown below.
Figure 5-21. von Mises Stress Plot for Load Case 51
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
5-27
Chapter 5 Examples
In de x
5-28
COSMOSFFE Static
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
5-29
In de x
5-30
COSMOSFFE Static
Verification Problems
Introduction
This chapter includes a set of verification problems that check various elements and features of the FFE Static module. The problems are carefully selected to check the numerical answers versus theoretical results. The input files for theses verification problems are available in the ,,,\Vprobs\FFE subdirectory in your COSMOSM directory. To extract the input files for the verification problems, it is suggested to create a new working directory and then copy the desired input file to that directory. To run a verification problem, create a new GEOSTAR database and use the FILE (File > Load...) command to reconstruct the database and run the problem The table below lists the verification problems in this chapter.
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-1
Table 6-1. List of Verification Problems Problem FFES1 FFES2A FFES2B FFES3 FFES4 FFES5
FFES6A FFES6B FFES7 FFES8
Title Long Thick-Walled Cylinder (See page 6-4.) Simply Supported Rectangular Plate (See page 6-6.) Simply Supported Rectangular Plate (See page 6-6.) Thermal Stress Analysis of a 2D Structure (See page 6-7.)
Second Deflection of a Cantilever Beam (See page 6-8.) First Tip Displacements of a Circular Beam (See page 6-9.)
Second Bending of a Solid Beam (See page 6-10.) Second Bending of a Solid Beam (See page 6-10.) Second Thermal Stress Analysis of a 3D Structure (See page 6-12.)
Second Rectangular Plate Under Triangular Thermal Loading (See page 6-13.) Second Hollow Thick-Walled Cylinder Subj to Temp & Pressure (See page 6-14.) First First Second Cylindrical Shell Roof (See page 6-15.) Torsion of a Square Box Beam (See page 6-17.) Spherical Cap Under Uniform Pressure (Solid) (See page 6-19.)
FFES9
PLANE2D
Second Rotating Solid Disk (See page 6-21.) First First Reactions and Deflections of a Cantilever Beam (See page 6-22.) Deflection of a Curved Beam (See page 6-23.)
Second Deflection of a Curved Beam (See page 6-23.) Second Deflection of a Curved Beam (See page 6-23.) Second Deflection of a Curved Beam (See page 6-23.) First Deflection of a Curved Beam (See page 6-23.)
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6-2
COSMOSFFE Static
Element
TRIANG
Title Analysis of an Elliptic Membrane Under Pressure (See page 6-24.) Thermal Stress Analysis of a Flat Plate (See page 6-25.) Pin Jointed Truss (See page 6-26.) Thermal Stress Analysis of a Truss Structure (See page 6-27.) Beam Stresses and Deflections (See page 6-29.) Clamped Beam Subject to Imposed Displacement (See page 6-30.) Clamped Beam Subject to Imposed Rotation (See page 6-30.) Deflection of a Hinged Support (See page 6-33.) Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis (See page 6-34.) Space Truss with Vertical Load (See page 6-35.) Space Truss with Vertical Load (See page 6-35.) Thermal Stress Analysis of a Frame (See page 6-36.) Thermal Stress Analysis of a Simple Frame (See page 6-38.) Frame Analysis with Combined Loads (See page 6-39.) Truss Structure Subject to a Concentrated Load (See page 6-41.)
FFES27
BEAM3D
FFES28
TRUSS2D
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-3
MODELING HINTS: The model is composed of three elements through the thickness and three along the length. COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
r (Radial Distance) (in) 102.5 (Element 1) 107.5 (Element 2) 112.5 (Element 3) Radial Stress r (psi) Theory - 802.40 - 447.75 - 139.34 COSMOSM - 802.50 - 447.80 - 139.40
In de x
6-4
COSMOSFFE Static
y
13 7 14 8 10 4 5 6 1 2 2 3 7 3 4 11 15 9 16
z y 1 rad
12
6 8
a b
Problem Sketch
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-5
Figure FFES2-1
Y
Z F 21 25 b 1 a 5 X
In de x
6-6
COSMOSFFE Static
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-7
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Max. Deflection (inch) Theory COSMOSM - 0.001333 Shear Stress (psi) - 10.0 - 10.0 - 10.0
t P
L y
Problem Sketch
P 2 4 6
10
22 h x 21
6-8
COSMOSFFE Static
F/2
F/2
y R b x z h
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-9
M = 2000 in-lb MODELING HINTS: Two load cases have been used (FFES6A, FFES6B).
1. 2.
Four forces equal to F/4 have been applied at nodes 6, 12, 18, and 24 in xz direction (FFES6A), and, Two couples equal M/2 have been applied at nodes 6, 12, 18 and 24 (FFES6B).
In de x
6-10
COSMOSFFE Static
Case 1
Case 2
Problem Sketch
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-11
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
X-Displacement (Nodes) 5, 6, 7, 8 Theory COSMOSM 0.000650 0.000650 9, 10, 11, 12 0.001300 0.001300
x,r
z,t
In de x
6-12
COSMOSFFE Static
Figure FES8-1
To = -100 F
COSMOSM
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-13
An internal pressure. A steady state axisymmetric temperature distribution given by the equation: T(r) = (Ta/ln(b/a)) ln(b/r) where Ta is the temperature of the inner surface and T(r) is the temperature at any radius.
GIVEN: E a b Pa Ta = 30 x 106 psi = 1 in = 2 in = 0.3 = 1 x 10-6 1/deg = 100 psi = 100 leg COMPARISON OF RESULTS: At r = 1.2875 in (elements 13, 15) r, psi
Theory) COSMOSM - 398.34 - 398.20
, psi
- 592.47 - 596.50
Figure FFES9-1
Ta
T(r)
Pa a
0.1 x
Problem Sketch
In de x
6-14
COSMOSFFE Static
MODELING HINTS: Due to symmetry, a quarter of the shell is considered for modeling. The distributed force (self weight) is lumped at the nodes. COMPARISON OF RESULTS: Vertical Deflection at Midspan of free edge (Node 25): x, (inch)
Theory COSMOSM SHELL4 0.3024 0.3036
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-15
t = 0.25 ft X
U V
25 25 ft Free Edge
v= w=0 40 40 r
21 Z 25 ft
Figure FFES10-2
.1
0.07423
-.1 0.18961
-.2
0.30365
-.3
In de x
6-16
COSMOSFFE Static
COMPARISON OF RESULTS: :
Shear Stress Theory COSMOSM
, lb/in
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-17
I
T X
Y t
I Problem Sketch
Section I-I
150
z y
150
In de x
6-18
COSMOSFFE Static
Length of side a = b = c = d = 32 in MODELING HINTS: Boundary Conditions Due to symmetry: 1. All nodes on plane A, Uy = 0 2. All nodes on plane B, Ux = 0 Simply supported: 1. All nodes on side c, radial displacement = 0, Disp. on plane C = 0 2. All nodes on side d, radial displacement = 0, Disp. on plane D = 0
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-19
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Wmax (inch) Theory COSMOSM Figure FFES12-1 0.3139E-2 0.3232E-2
h
sy m.
82 1
b 171 90
PL AN E C
c 243 162 81
EA AN PL
PL AN ED
PLA NE B
EC AN PL
6-20
COSMOSFFE Static
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Location Element 1 (r = 0.5 inch) Stress Theory COSMOSM Figure FFES13-1
Y Y
r psi
416.37 416.82
psi 416.91
416.82
r psi
45.12 46.18
psi 203.16
202.03
h 1
20
9 19 R X
2R
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-21
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Theory Tip Deflection (Node 33) Total Force Reaction Total Moment Reaction 2.667 x 10 8 lb 80 lb-in
-4
Problem Sketch
Y
45 31 W 1 1 10 40
55
33
11
6-22
COSMOSFFE Static
Figure FFES15-1
R 2 R 1
Rl = 4.12 in
PLANE2D (4-Node) (15A) First PLANE2D (8-Node) (15B) Second TRIANG (6-Node) (15C) TETRA10 (15D) SOLID (8-Node) (15E) SOLID (20-Node) (15F) Second Second First Second
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-23
( )+ ( )
B 1.75 A
x 3.25
2 Y = 1 2.75
()
x 2
+ y2 = 1
1.0 D C x
2.0
1.25
In de x
6-24
COSMOSFFE Static
Figure FFES17-1
* The temperature in the input file corresponds to T = 200 F. You need to delete the applied temperature using the NTNDEL command and apply tempera-ture of 100 F using the NTND command.
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-25
2-4, psi
31.20 31.18
3-4, psi
22.90 22.91
x 6 ft 2 2 ft 1 4 ft 3
2
8 ft
6 ft
In de x
6-26
COSMOSFFE Static
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-27
Y
13 14
9 32 ft 5 2 3
10
11 7 3
12
4 8
4 x @ 24 ft = 96 ft
In de x
6-28
COSMOSFFE Static
Timoshenko, S. P., Strength of Materials, Part 1, Elementary Theory and Problems, 3rd Ed., D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, 1965, p. 98. PROBLEM: A standard 30" Wide Flange beam is supported as shown below and loaded on the overhangs by a uniformly distributed load of 10,000 lb per ft. Determine the maximum stress in the middle portion of the beam and the deflection at the center of the beam. GIVEN: Area = 50.65 in2 E p = 30 x 106 psi = 10,000 lb/ft COMPARISON OF RESULTS: At the middle of the span (node 3): max, psi , inch
Theory COSMOSM 11400.0 11400.0 0.182 0.182
MODELING HINTS: Use consistent length units. A half-model has been used because of symmetry. Resultant force and moment have been applied at node 2 instead of distributed load.
Figure FFES20-1
C L P
P
15" z 4 2 1 y
C L
Section a-a
10' 20' a 10'
3 x 2
Problem Sketch
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-29
In de x
6-30
COSMOSFFE Static
h 1.0 in
Problem Sketch
y
6 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
x
5
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-31
1 - 37,500 - 2,000,000
Problem Sketch
In de x
6-32
COSMOSFFE Static
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Theory 0.12 5000 COSMOSM 0.12 5000
C 2 2 B 3 Y
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-33
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
R1 lbs Theory COSMOSM 900 900 R2 lbs 600 600
F 1
3 L
2
2 F 2
1
1 X
R2
Problem Sketch
In de x
6-34
COSMOSFFE Static
The axial force produced in the redundant bar AD by the vertical load P = 1 kip at joint A (FFES24A). The thermal force induced in the bar AD if there is a uniform rise in temperature of 50 F (FFES24B). = 30 x 106 psi = 6.5 x 10-6/F = 1in2 = 4 ft
L D 4
3 2
C
3 1 7 2
L A 1
4
2.
L z F 6
5 E
GIVEN: E
y x
A L
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-35
In de x
6-36
COSMOSFFE Static
o 10 C
2 1
o 10 C
4
B B o 80 C
27'
b d
t Section A-A
Section B-B
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-37
y
0.1157 + 0.1168
- 0.0583 - 0.0583
A 240"
1 50 F 120"
s (y)
6-38
COSMOSFFE Static
Areas of members were made to be larger than the actual area in order to neglect axial deformation. COMPARISON OF RESULTS: The results are shown in the figure below with COSMOSM results shown in parentheses.
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-39
E, I 0.5 K/ft
15'
1 1 X
4 5
Problem Sketch
Figure FFES27-2
2 2 6.766K ft (6.76) 2 4 3 3 10.547 K ft (10.51)
28.256K ft (28.32) 1 5
10.682 K ft (10.67)
In de x
6-40
COSMOSFFE Static
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Theory Deflection of Joint 2 0.006733 in 48 K 16 K COSMOSM 0.006733 in 48 K 16 K
10
7 1 2 2
11
8 12 3 3 4
9 4
13
32 ft
5
4 at 24 ft = 96 ft
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
6-41
In de x
6-42
COSMOSFFE Static
Troubleshooting
Introduction
This appendix lists the error messages produced by the COSMOSFFE Static in alphabetic order. Explanation of the diagnostics and the needed corrective measures are provided.
PROBLEM:
You have defined bonding of two or more bodies in your model. Bonding is not supported in this release by FFE Static. Use the conventional solver STAR or remesh your model so that the mesh is compatible between the parts to be bonded.
PROBLEM:
Define the missing coordinate system and try again or modify your input such that the named coordinate system is not referred to.
PROBLEM:
You have defined coupling using the CPDOF, CPCNS, or CPEQN commands. Coupling is not supported in this release by FFE Static. Use the conventional solver STAR or delete the defined coupling.
In de x
COSMOSFFE Static
A-1
Appendix A Troubleshooting
PROBLEM:
You have defined CRACK elements in your model. CRACK elements are not supported in this release of FFE Static. Use the conventional solver STAR or delete the defined CRACK elements.
PROBLEM:
Degenerate elements were detected in your model. Degenerate elements are bar elements with 0-length, area elements with 0-area, or solid elements with 0volume. Use the ECHECK (Meshing > ELEMENTS > Check Element) command to correct the problem and automatically delete bar elements whose length is less than PTTOL, area elements whose area is less than PTTOL square, and solid elements whose volume is less than PTTOL cubed. The point tolerance is defined by the PTTOL (Geometry > POINTS > Merge Tolerance) command.
PROBLEM:
The given element is associated with an element group that is not supported in this release of FFE Static. Use the conventional solver, or redefine the element group if possible.
PROBLEM:
The named element belongs to a SOLID element group. The nodes defining a face of the solid have collapsed to a single location. This type of collapsed element is not currently supported by FFE Static. This element may have been defined manually or resulted from the parametric meshing of a volume with a collapsed face. Delete the mesh, define a TETRA4, or TETRA10 element group, and use automatic meshing instead of parametric meshing. Prism-shaped elements are automatically supported by FFE Static.
PROBLEM:
An I/O error has occurred while reading information from a temporary working file.
In de x
A-2
COSMOSFFE Static
Appendix A Troubleshooting
PROBLEM:
An I/O error has occurred while reading from the named file which is part of the COSMOSM database. The file may have been corrupted. Check the integrity of your hard disk, reconstruct the model by creating a new problem and using the FILE (File > Load...) command, and try again.
PROBLEM:
An I/O error has occurred while reading information from a temporary working file. Error while writing to a temporary file
PROBLEM:
An error occurred while writing data to the temporary file. Check the available disk space, and the integrity of your system, especially the hard disk. Reconstruct the database and try again.
PROBLEM:
An error occurred while writing data to the named file. Check the integrity of your system, especially the hard disk. Reconstruct the database and try again.
PROBLEM:
Warping in the specified quad shell element is too high and will lead to erroneous results. Delete the existing mesh and generate a finer quad mesh or use triangular shell elements instead. If you want to use triangular elements, redefine the corresponding element group to be SHELL3 instead of SHELL4.
PROBLEM:
The specified file name does not contain the expected data in the expected format. Either the file is corrupted, overwritten, or created by a different COSMOSM version.
PROBLEM:
The format of the data in the named file is not as expected. Either the file is corrupted, overwritten, or created by a different COSMOSM version.
PROBLEM:
The specified element belongs to an element group where the fluid option has been specified. This option is not supported in this release. Redefine the element group, or use the conventional STAR module.
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COSMOSFFE Static
A-3
Appendix A Troubleshooting
PROBLEM:
The defined axisymmetric model is improper. Axisymmetric elements must be defined in the global X-Y plane with the Y-axis as the axis of symmetry.
PROBLEM:
The mesh elements are not compatible in the neighborhood of the named element. This can be the result of improper node merging, invalid parametric tetrahedral mesh, or invalid manually created elements.
PROBLEM:
Either the mesh, material properties, or boundary conditions of the model have been improperly defined. Use the R_CHECK (Analysis > Run Check) command to check the elements. Also list and examine the material properties and boundary conditions.
PROBLEM:
The generated mesh connects elements with incompatible element groups to each other. Try to use other alternatives such that connected elements have compatible degrees of freedom.
PROBLEM:
An internal error has occurred. Record the error number and report to S.R.A.C.
PROBLEM:
First order (linear) and second order (parabolic) elements are connected to each other resulting in incompatible common edges. An example is connecting TETRA4 elements to TETRA10 elements. Use the ECHANGE (Meshing > Element Order) command to fix the problem by raising the order of first order elements or lowering the order of second order elements. It is recommended, though not necessary to change the element group(s).
PROBLEM:
Invalid order of nodes for element <number>, try ECHECK command to fix
The order in which the nodes of the specified element are defined is invalid. Plot the element with active node numbering, and use the ELIST (Edit > LIST > Elements) command to examine the order. This error may only occur if the element is manually defined through the (Meshing > ELEMENTS > Define
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A-4
COSMOSFFE Static
Appendix A Troubleshooting
Element) command. Use the ECHECK (Meshing > ELEMENTS > Check Element) command if the element is degenerate. PROBLEM:
The value given to the Poisson's ratio for the specified element group is wrong. Redefine Poisson's ratio such that its value is greater than zero, and less than 0.5. If you have a hyper-elastic material, you may need to use the nonlinear structural module NSTAR where such material modules are supported.
PROBLEM:
Thermal loading has been activated for FFE Static with temperatures to be read from previous steady-state or transient thermal analysis. The TEMPREAD (LoadsBC > LOAD OPTIONS > Read Temp as Load) command must have been used to specify the time step in the case of transient thermal analysis. Verify your input and if needed rerun the thermal analysis.
PROBLEM:
The boundary conditions defined are not adequate to support the model which results in infinite displacements or rotations in one or more directions. Add or modify the displacement boundary conditions to stabilize the model and rerun the analysis.
PROBLEM:
A material set has been defined to include orthotropic material. Only isotropic materials are supported in this release. Modify the properties and rerun, or use the conventional STAR module using the R_STATIC (Analysis > STATIC > Run Static Analysis) command.
PROBLEM:
Available virtual memory is not sufficient to run this problem. On UNIX systems contact your system administrator to increase size of the swap space.
PROBLEM:
A shell element group has been defined such that pure membrane or shear panel analysis specified. Only the default option of considering both membrane and
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COSMOSFFE Static
A-5
Appendix A Troubleshooting
bending effects is supported. Redefine the shell element group and use the default analysis type option.
PROBLEM:
Second order shell elements like SHELL6 and SHELL9 are not supported. Use SHELL3 instead.
PROBLEM:
You have requested the calculation of stresses in a local coordinate system. This option is not currently supported. All stresses are calculated in the global Cartesian coordinate system. Stresses in other coordinate systems are however available in the postprocessing phase using the ACTSTR (Results > PLOT > Stress) command.
PROBLEM:
No load case is active for analysis. Either you do not have any forces defined, or you defined load cases but deactivate them using the LCSET (Analysis > STATIC > Activate Load Case) command. Define loads, or use the LCSET command to activate load cases for running analysis.
PROBLEM:
You have activated thermal loading such that temperatures will be read from a previous thermal analysis but FFE Static has determined that the temperature file does not correspond to the current model. This could happen if changes in the model (like adding or deleting elements) were made after running the thermal analysis, or the file problem-name.HTO was not generated by the correct COSMOSM thermal analysis version. Check the model and try running FFE Static again.
PROBLEM:
FFE Static could not create a temporary file. Check the integrity of your system and verify that adequate disk space is available.
PROBLEM:
FFE Static could not create the named file. Check the integrity of your system and verify that adequate disk space is available.
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A-6
COSMOSFFE Static
Appendix A Troubleshooting
PROBLEM:
FFE Static could not open the named file which is part of the COSMOSM database. The file may have been deleted. Check the integrity of your hard disk, reconstruct the model by creating a new problem and using the FILE (File > Load...) command.
PROBLEM:
FFE Static could not open the database for this problem. Verify that the database files for this problem exist in the proper path and directory specified and that the correct version is being used. Also check the integrity of your system and verify that adequate disk space is available.
PROBLEM:
An end-file mark was found before reading all needed data from the named file. Check related input, fix the problem if any, and try again. Regenerate the file if possible, check the integrity of your system and reconstruct the database through the FILE (File > Load...) command if the problem could not be fixed otherwise.
PROBLEM:
You have defined an element group that is not yet supported. Try to use an equivalent element group if possible, or use the conventional STAR module.
PROBLEM:
You are not authorized to use this type of analysis. Use the PRODUCT_INFO (Control > MISCELLANEOUS > Product Info) command to get a list of the modules you are authorized to use. Contact S.R.A.C.
PROBLEM:
The thickness of the specified the element is either negative or zero. Use the
ELIST (Edit > LIST > Elements) command to list the element group and real constant sets associated with this element and then use the RCONST (Propsets > Real Constant) command to define the thickness. PROBLEM:
The young's modulus in the specified material property set has been given a negative value or zero. Use the MPROP (Propsets > Material Property) command to define a new positive value for EX.
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COSMOSFFE Static
A-7
In de x
A-8
COSMOSFFE Static
Index
A
Acceleration of gravity 2-2, 4-5 activate load case A-6 analysis options 2-3, 3-3, 4-3, 44, 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, 5-5, 5-18 Animate 5-6, 5-7, 5-13, 5-20, 526 anisotropic 2-3 axisymmetric 2-1, 3-1, 3-2, 6-4, 6-14, 6-21, A-4 axisymmetric elements 2-1, 3-1, 3-2, 6-4, A-4
C
Cartesian coordinate system 2-2, 2-3, A-6 centrifugal 2-2, 2-3, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 4-8, 5-5, 6-21 centrifugal loading 2-2, 2-3, 4-5, 4-6, 4-8, 5-5, 6-21 coefficient of thermal expansion 4-6 Commands for FFE Static Analysis 4-4, 4-5 constraints 2-3, 4-2, 4-10 coordinate system 2-2, 2-3, 3-3, 4-9, 5-7, 5-8, 5-10, 5-20, 5-22, 523, A-1, A-6 coupling A-1 CRACK elements A-2 Cylindrical coordinate system 23
deformed shape 4-5, 4-10, 5-6, 57, 5-13, 5-18, 5-19, 5-20, 5-23, 526 disk space 1-1, A-3, A-6, A-7 Displacement constraints 2-3 Displacement contours 5-7, 5-20 Displacements 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 4-4, 4-8, 4-9, 4-10, 5-5, 5-17, 6-2, 6-7, 6-9, 6-12, 6-38, A-5 Dynamic loads 1-2
E
Edge evaluation 5-6, 5-20 Edge pressure 2-2 Element group 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-5, 4-2, 4-4, 4-7, A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5, A-6, A-7 Element Library 2-1, 3-1, 3-3 element pressures 1-2 element strain contour 5-8 element strains 5-22 equivalent strain 5-9, 5-10 error messages 4-11, A-1 Extreme strain 4-10 Extreme stress 4-10
B
beam 1-4, 2-1, 3-2, 4-2, 4-4, 4-5, 4-10, 6-2, 6-3, 6-8, 6-9, 6-10, 617, 6-22, 6-23, 6-29, 6-30, 6-32, 6-36, 6-38, 6-39 beam elements 2-1, 3-2, 4-10, 629, 6-30, 6-32, 6-36, 6-38, 6-39 BEAM2D 6-38 BEAM3D 2-1, 3-2, 6-3, 6-29, 630, 6-32, 6-36, 6-39 bottom face 3-5 boundary conditions 1-1, 1-4, 41, 4-3, 4-4, 4-7, 5-3, 5-15, 6-15, 6-19, A-4, A-5
D
damping effects 1-2 database management 1-1 Define element 5-15, A-4
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COSMOSFFE Static
I-1
Index
F
Finite Element Modeling and Analysis Steps 4-3 First order 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 4-7, 5-18, A-4 first order elements 2-3, A-4 forces 1-2, 1-4, 2-2, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 4-10, 6-10, 6-27, 6-30, 6-32, 6-33, 6-34, 6-38, 6-39, A-6 Full integration 3-5 fundamental frequency 1-2
mesh generation 4-3 meta file 5-11 mid surface 3-5 model geometry 4-3 moments 1-2, 1-4, 2-2, 6-36
Run check 4-4, 4-9, 4-11, 5-17, A4 Run static analysis 4-2, 4-4, 4-6, 4-8, 4-9, 5-5, 5-18, A-5
N
nodal displacements 1-2 nodal forces 1-2, 4-4 node merging A-4 nonlinearities 1-2
S
Second order 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 3-1, 32, 3-3, 4-7, 5-5, A-4, A-6 secondary load cases 1-2, 1-3, 24, 4-9, 4-10, 5-26 Shade 5-6, 5-15 shear and moment diagrams 4-10 shear stress 5-11, 6-8, 6-17 shell 2-2, 3-2, 3-5, 4-2, 5-2, 5-10, 5-14, 5-15, 5-16, 6-2, 6-9, 6-15, 6-17, 6-22, A-3, A-5, A-6 shell elements 2-2, 3-2, 3-5, 4-2, 5-2, 5-14, 5-15, 5-16, 6-17, 6-22, A-3, A-6 SHELL3 2-2, 3-2, 3-3, 5-15, 6-2, 6-6, 6-9, A-3, A-6 SHELL4 2-2, 3-2, 5-15, 6-2, 6-15, 6-17, 6-22, A-3 SHELL6 6-8, 6-15, A-6 SHELL9 A-6 SOLID 2-2, 3-2, 3-5, 4-7, 6-2, 610, 6-12, 6-19, 6-21, 6-23, A-2 solid elements 3-2, 4-7, 6-19, A-2 solution time 1-1 special loading 2-2, 2-3, 4-2, 4-5, 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, 5-5, 5-18 Spherical coordinate system 2-3 STAR 1-1, 1-3, 2-3, 3-5, 4-3, 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, A-1, A-2, A-3, A-5, A-7 Static analysis 1-2, 4-2, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, 5-1, 5-5, 5-18, 6-4, 6-6, 6-8, 6-9, 6-10, 6-14, 615, 6-17, 6-19, 6-21, 6-22, 6-23, 6-24, 6-26, 6-29, 6-30, 6-32, 6-33, 6-34, 6-35, 6-39, 6-41, A-5 Static analysis options 4-7, 4-9 static loading 1-2 steady state thermal analysis 2-2 stress averaging 5-16 stress variation 5-12, 5-25
G
GEOSTAR 2-3, 3-1, 3-5, 4-1, 410, 5-1, 5-3, 5-5, 5-18, 5-28, 6-1 gravitational loading 5-5
O
orthotropic 2-3, A-5 orthotropic material A-5
P
parabolic 3-1, 4-7, A-4 pentahedral elements 3-2 plane strain 2-1, 3-1, 3-2, 6-7, 614 PLANE2D 2-1, 3-1, 3-2, 3-5, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, 6-7, 6-8, 6-13, 6-14, 621, 6-23, 6-25 Plot meta 5-11 Poisson's ratio 1-4, A-5 Postprocessing 4-1, 4-3, 4-9, 4-10, 5-5, 5-6, 5-16, 5-18, 5-27, 5-28, A-6 Prescribed displacement 2-2 Pressure 1-3, 1-4, 2-2, 4-4, 5-3, 514, 5-17, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, 6-6, 6-14, 6-19, 6-23, 6-24, 6-39 primary load cases 1-3, 2-2, 2-4, 5-16, 5-26 prism-shaped elements 2-2, 3-2, A-2 Product Info A-7
H
hexahedral elements 2-2, 3-2 hierarchical basis 3-1
I
internal error A-4 iterative methods 1-1
L
linear 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 3-1, 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, 5-1, 6-7, 6-12, 6-13, 619, 6-25, 6-27, 6-36, 6-38, A-4 load cases 1-2, 1-3, 2-2, 2-4, 4-2, 4-5, 4-6, 4-9, 4-10, 5-5, 5-15, 516, 5-17, 5-26, 5-27, 6-10, 6-39, A-6 load vector 1-2, 1-3, 5-15 loads and boundary conditions 14, 4-3, 4-4, 5-3 local coordinate system 2-3, A-6
M
manually created elements A-4 material properties 1-4, 2-3, 3-3, 4-2, 4-3, 4-10, 5-17, 6-19, A-4, A5 mechanical load vector 1-2 memory requirements 1-1
R
real constants 3-3, 4-2, 5-17 resultant displacement 5-7, 5-20 Results menu 4-2, 5-6, 5-13, 5-18 rigid connections flag 4-8 rotational degrees of freedom 5-3
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I-2
COSMOSFFE Static
Index
stress-strain 1-2 symmetry 5-3, 6-6, 6-13, 6-15, 619, 6-29, A-4
T
TETRA10 2-2, 3-1, 3-2, 3-5, 4-7, 6-2, 6-23, A-2, A-4 TETRA4 2-2, 3-1, 3-2, 3-5, 4-7, 5-4, A-2, A-4 tetrahedral elements 2-2, 3-2, 5-3 tetrahedral mesh A-4 Thermal 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-2, 2-3, 44, 4-5, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 5-5, 6-2, 6-3, 6-7, 6-12, 6-13, 6-24, 6-25, 6-27, 6-35, 6-36, 6-38, A-5, A-6 Thermal loading 2-2, 2-3, 4-4, 46, 4-7, 4-8, 5-5, 6-2, 6-13, A-5, A-6 Thermal stress analysis 4-6, 6-2, 6-3, 6-7, 6-12, 6-13, 6-25, 6-27, 6-36, 6-38 thick shell 6-9 thin plate 6-6 tolerance 5-6, 5-20, A-2 transient thermal analysis 2-2, 44, A-5 TRIANG 2-1, 3-1, 3-5, 6-2, 6-3, 6-23, 6-24 truss 3-2, 4-2, 6-3, 6-26, 6-27, 633, 6-34, 6-35, 6-41 truss elements 3-2, 6-27, 6-34, 635, 6-41 TRUSS2D 2-1, 3-2, 6-3, 6-27, 641 TRUSS3D 2-1, 3-2, 6-3, 6-26, 633, 6-34, 6-35
V
verification problems 5-1, 6-1, 62, 6-3 virtual memory A-5 von Mises stress 5-10, 5-11, 5-24, 5-27, 5-29
In de x
W
warping A-3
COSMOSFFE Static
I-3
Index
In de x
I-4
COSMOSFFE Static