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2 1 The course of alcohol dependence is highly variable; individuals may progress from moderate drinking _____ (1) alcohol dependence in different ways and at different rates, _____ (2) the variety of cultural, biologic, familial, and psychological factors that interact in each case. Individuals with a family history of alcoholism generally start drinking earlier, _____ (3) faster, and develop more severe drinking problems than people with no family history of alcoholism. Men and Women drink differently _____ (4); women are more likely to _____ (5) the onset of problem drinking to stressful life situations. The "Karat" marking on jewellery tells you what proportion of gold is mixed with other metals. _____ (1) 14 parts of gold are mixed with 10 parts of base metal, the combination is called 14 Karat (14K) gold. The higher the Karat rating, _____ (2) the proportion of gold in the object. The lowest Karat gold that can be marketed in the United States is 10 Karat. Jewellery does not have to be marked _____ (3) its Karat quality, but most of it is. If there is a Karat quality mark, next to it must be the U.S. registered trademark of the person or company that will _____ (4) behind the mark, _____ (5) required by the National Gold and Silver Stamping Act. 1. 1. A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) in to on into with 2. 2. because for owing as due to 3. 3. progress enhance diminish process decline 4. 4. either neither as well in that for instance 5. 5. participate consist collide comply attribute A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) Although Even if As if If Despite higher highly the higher highest the high about in out on with stand get take come go such as if for as like

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From the beginning of beekeeping in the 1600s until the early 1800s, honey _____ (1) largely an article of local trade. Many farmers and villagers kept a few colonies of bees in box hives to _____ (2) their own needs and those of some friends, relatives, and neighbours. Moses Quimby of New York State was the first commercial beekeeper in the United States, _____ (3) his sole means of livelihood was producing and selling honey. _____ (4) beekeepers in Quimby's neighbourhood used his methods and began to produce honey on a commercial scale. As the use of improved hives and new honey-gathering methods became more widespread, commercial beekeeping spread _____ (5) other states. 1. 1. A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) was drawn had drawn has been drawn has drawn had been drawn 2. 2. in out within at upon 3. 3. emerge emerged have emerged being emerged had emerged 4. 4. concluded derived contributed included defined 5. 5. that why when which for which A) has been B) was C) had been D) would be E) A) support B) back up C) search D) supply E) surge A) like B) such C) as D) that E) or A) Other B) No other C) Others D) The others E) Another A) out of B) within C) at D) into E) from

From the dawn of civilization, the gaze of humanity _____ (1) to the stars. The stars have been relied _____ (2) to direct travellers, to make agricultural predictions, to win wars, and to awaken love in the hearts of men and women. Ancient stargazers pondering the night time sky saw definite star patterns _____ (3). The names for many of these star patterns retain the names given to them by the Greeks which were most often _____ (4) from mythology. The Greeks only knew 48 star patterns. Today's astronomers have charted 88 of these patterns, or constellations, _____ (5) may be viewed from different parts of the world at different times of the year.

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John Steinbeck grew up in California and attended Stanford University, _____ (1) he studied marine biology. Before rising to fame in the 1930's with his novels about the difficulties of farm workers _____ (2) the Depression, he worked at various jobs. His point of view was realistic but sympathetic _____ (3) his povertystricken characters. Perhaps best known is The Grapes of Wrath. His later writing _____ (4) The Moon Is Down, an anti-Nazi novel, Cannery Row, a novel about some lovable idlers and a biologist, _____ (5) listened to their tales, and The Sea of Cortez, the account of an expedition to the Gulf of California.

The heart has long been considered to be _____ (1) feelings of love dwell. In love songs throughout the ages, love almost always goes together with the heart. The heart has continually been viewed _____ (2) the place where love begins and grows. _____ (3) the Bible gives numerous references to love and the heart. The role of the heart in love must come from what happens to it when a person feels strongly _____ (4) to someone else. The strong feelings for other person, especially in the early stages of a relationship, have the results that the heart starts beating faster and breathing starts speeding up. According to psychologists, a love relationship is a situation that involves a lot of stress and the body reacts to this _____ (5) getting ready to face the unknown.

1. 1. A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) there that where which how such as if like such as as Even If When Although Even if attached attributed adapted attracted adored when by whereby like thereby

A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E)

there where which in that on which while in about during for at for of with toward included inferred concluded inserted completed that which to whom who to which

2.

2.

3.

3.

4.

4.

5.

5.

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In 1920, after some thirty-nine years of problems with disease, high costs, and politics, the Panama Canal _____ (1), finally linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by allowing ships to pass _____ (2) the fifty-mile canal zone instead of travelling some seven thousand miles around Cape Horn. It _____ (3) a ship approximately eight hours to complete the trip through the canal and costs an average of fifteen thousand dollars, one tenth of what it would cost an average ship to round the Horn. More than fifteen thousand ships pass through its locks each year. The French initiated the project but sold their rights to the United States, _____ (4) actually began the construction of the project. The latter will control it until the end of the twentieth century when Panama _____ (5) its duties.

The term "verbal dyspraxia" _____ (1) by some scientists and clinicians to describe the inability to produce the sequential, rapid, and precise movements required for speech. Nothing is wrong _____ (2) the child's vocal apparatus, but the child's brain cannot give correct instructions for the motor movements involved in speech. This disorder is characterized by many sound omissions. _____ (3) verbally dyspraxic children, _____ (4), speak only in vowels, making their speech nearly unintelligible. One little boy _____ (5) to say "My name is Billy" can only manage "eye a eh ee-ee." These children also have very slow, halting speech with many false starts before the right sounds are produced. Their speech errors may be similar to those children with phonological impairment

1. 1. A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) was used is used used has been used had been used 2. 2. upon against from at with 3. 3. Little A great amount of Some A lot A little 4. 4. though however nevertheless for instance also 5. 5. who tried tried who trying trying having tried

A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E)

would open had been opened has been opened had opened was opened on within through from at gets lets lasts takes makes which that why how who gets over takes over puts over comes over calls in

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When drawing human figures, children often make the head _____ (1) large for the rest of the body. A recent study offers some insights into this common disproportion in children's illustrations. As part of the study, researchers asked children _____ (2) 4 and 7 years old to make several drawings of men. When they drew front views of male figures, the size of the heads was markedly enlarged. _____ (3), when the children drew rear views of men, the size of the heads _____ (4). The researchers suggest that children draw bigger heads when they know they must leave room for facial details. _____ (5), the odd head size in children's illustrations is a form of planning ahead and not an indication of a poor sense of scale.

Twenty-three years after the discovery of the Rosetta stone, Jean Francois 'Champollion, _____ (1) a French philologist fluent _____ (2) several languages, was able to decipher the first word - Ptolemy - the name of an Egyptian ruler. This name _____ (3) inside an oval called a "cartouche." Further investigation revealed _____ (4) cartouches contained names of important people of that period. Champollion painstakingly continued his search and was able to increase his growing list of known phonetic signs. He and an Englishman, Thomas Young, worked independently of each other to unravel the deeply hidden mysteries of this strange language. Young believed that sound values could be assigned to the symbols, _____ (5) Champollion insisted that the pictures represented words.

1. 1. A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) who that is who is which is about at on with in wrote written has been written was written had written that what how why which while in spite of also moreover additionally

A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E)

such so as too very from between both either among Although Furthermore However Even if Despite were not exaggerated did not exaggerate had not been exaggerated was not exaggerated had not exaggerate Therefore Initially Nevertheless However Thereby

2.

2.

3.

3.

4.

4.

5.

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Kansas, today, _____ (1) the "Bread Basket of America" _____ (2) it ranks first in wheat growing and flour milling. In addition, there are hundreds of cattle ranches in western Kansas, _____ (3) cover 50,000 acres. As a state, Kansas is larger than most other states, but sparsely populated. In the days of pioneers, many settlers passed through Kansas, seeking rich land and gold father west. They refused to settle in Kansas, considering it a useless waste of land. _____ (4), when Kansas obtained the statehood in 1861, it opposed to slave labour. After some time the population began to increase and finally the railroads helped to _____ (5) settlers by selling them cheap land.

The reason you like Madonna _____ (1) somebody else prefers Metallica is because we learn to like different kinds of music. That's the conclusion of experimental psychologist Gustav Kuhn of the University of Sussex, _____ (2) believes we unconsciously learn the rules for the way music is put through. "Music follows a specific set of rules. _____ (3) the West we tend to listen to tonal music that uses major and minor keys, _____ (4) the half-tones of Eastern music sound quite strange," he explains. His experiment involved playing no less than 120 tunes, all of which followed a rule governing the interval between notes, to 600 volunteers. Listeners _____ (5) a second set of tunes but only some of these followed the same rule.

1. 1. A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) however because while if as though 2. 2. that for whom to whom which who 3. 3. At On From In Out of 4. 4. whereas so despite for even if 5. 5. played were played had been played have played have been played

A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E)

called has called has been called is called that is called since if as though even though even if any of whom in that many of whose with which some of which Because Though However Therefore In addition attract avoid affect attack accept

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For about $20 it is possible to find a cheap, _____ (1) hotel room in most countries. In some you may even pay less. A boarding house is a better idea if one travels on a tight budget. These are generally great _____ (2) number near bus and railway stations. There are often seasonal variations in hotel prices. Do keep in mind that cheap hotels do not always _____ (3) soap, towels, and toilet paper, so it is wise to have these with you. Do not forget to have your booking _____ (4) and by registered mail. If you do not receive a reply, there is no need to worry. _____ (5) your arrival, the car rental agency people can always recommend you one that fits your pocket

_____ (1) critical time in the life of a human is the first few hours after birth. Doctors have learned that a newborn infant cannot be treated _____ (2) a small child. This is especially true of "high-risk babies" - babies who are born _____ (3) or underweight or with some lifethreatening defect. These babies need immediate, imaginative, intensive care, _____ (4) for survival but to help avoid physical problems later in life. This specialized care is called neonatology, and it is concerned _____ (5) the first months of life.

1.

A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E)

Most The more The most More More than as such for like as so maturely prematurely premature mature immature not only both either neither hardly at in with on about

1.

A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E)

adaptable assignable adoptable acceptable accordable at on for with in profit prove protect progress provide in advance on time at issue in accord on purpose At On In For With

2.

2.

3.

3.

4.

4.

5.

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In 1921, Albert Einstein _____ (1) the Nobel Prize for a theory in physics that only a few people in the world _____ (2) understand. Yet his name, his flying hair, his love for music, his disregard for the formal ways of doing things, were known to ordinary people everywhere. _____ (3) they understood his theory or not, they realized that this man had changed the world's idea of the universe. Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany, in 1879. _____ (4) his boyhood he lived in Munich, _____ (5) his father had a small electrical supplies factory. The boy was considered backward by his family. He didn't learn to talk until they almost despaired of him, and he was slow in school. But when he was 12, somebody gave Einstein a book on geometry. He called the book a miracle. It opened his eyes to what man could achieve through "the force of thought alone." He said later that it had changed his whole life. 1. A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) had received has received had been received received was received would can could should had to Either Whether Neither Both No sooner When While During In Since which there that in that where

Rubber is one of _____ (1) important materials used in industry today. It is made _____ (2) a milky fluid called latex. This fluid is found in many plants, but almost all the latex used for making rubber comes from the Hevea rubber tree, _____ (3) produces what is called Para rubber. This tree _____4) grew only in Brazil but now grows in tropical areas all over the world. The rubber tree begins to produce latex when it is between five and ten years old. The latex _____ (5) partly in the leaves and roots, but more of it is on the inside of the bark that covers the hard core.

1.

A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E)

the more most the most more the much in for on from at that for which for that to which which before once prior to then when was found found has found is found has been found

2.

2.

3.

3.

4.

4.

5.

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Haemorrhage is an escape of blood from the vessels _____ (1) it normally circulates. The quantity lost may be microscopic, or may amount to quite a large quantity; large haemorrhages usually arise_____ (2) a large artery or vein, _____ (3) bleeding from a capillary may be shown only by a minute red spot in the skin. Many haemorrhages are trivial and require no common specific treatment. Examples of these are such common domestic accidents as cut fingers and nose bleeds. Others form some of the major emergencies of medicine. The principles of _____ (4) are to arrest haemorrhage, to combat shock by_____ (5) normal blood volume, and to keep the patient quiet, comfortable and confident.

One thing we all agree on is _____ (1) our reliance on road transport will have to change. Astronomical increases in the number of privately-owned vehicles _____ (2) mounting pollution problems and supersaturation of our roads. In the future, "recreational" driving on the country's highways will be regarded _____ (3) politically incorrect and will be discouraged by the increasing use of tolls. There will be a swing _____ (4) small, non-pollutive electric cars, the improved speed and range of which will be the subject of _____ (5) research.

1.

A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E)

what how why that when have caused caused had caused have been caused were caused like such as as if as so as upon towards about at in exhaustive expelling exquisite expedient exclusive

1.

A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) D) E)

on which to whom for whose through which of whom against from forward after between even though since while provided that despite experiment instruction examination corruption treatment being restored restored restoring having been restored having restored

2.

2.

3.

3.

4.

4.

5.

5.

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