Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Jason C. Ganley
Presentation Outline
Introduction to Fuel Cells
Characteristics Fuel Cell Types Fueling the Fuel Cell
(Lamar University)
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Electrocatalyst
Porous, electrically conductive Cost depends on cell temperature
Ionic Membrane
Not electrically conductive Protonic or anionic Fuel cell operating with air/hydrocarbon feed
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Disadvantages
Compressed H2: poor energy to volume ratio Liquefied H2: cryogenic; very energy intensive to create and maintain Safety for handling and storage a very big concern
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Fuel Reformers
Thermally isolated or integrated May be bulky, problematic
Very mild enthalpy of reforming NH3 is a liquid at room temperature and 10 atm
Power density is comparable to other liquid fuels Vaporizes when throttled (no flash line required)
Essentially non-flammable, non-explosive 180 kWh of electricity from 15 gallons ammonia (38 kg) with 50% efficient fuel cell system Well-established transport and storage infrastructure already in place
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Ammonia Catalysis
Dual combinations of transition metals used for industrial ammonia processes
Ammonia synthesis Ammonia decomposition Ammonia oxidation
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Ammonia Decomposition
1 Ru Pt Ir Fe Ni Cu Cr Co Rh Pd
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Fractional Am
Temperature (deg C)
Ammonia Oxidation
Catalytic combustion
Start-up heat source for fuel cells Satisfies one-fuel approach
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Fuel Comparison
Fuel Base MJ/liter Reformed MJ/liter*
H2 (5000 psia) H2 (liq.) NH3 (liq.) Methanol Ethanol Propane (liq.) Gasoline JP-8
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Complete ammonia conversion not possible Fuel diluted by steam, product nitrogen NOx may appear in exhaust
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NH3/SOFC Performance
Standard SOFC
YSZ electrolyte Ni anode LSM cathode
Carbon-free
Dry fuel Faster kinetics
Conclusions
High NH3 conversion N. Dekker, B. Rietveld ECN (2004) NOx formed at anode Virtually no difference between NH3 and H2 feeds 17
Complex perovskites
A2(BB)O6 (A+2, B+3, B+5) Comparable conductivities to simple perovskites Doping possible by adjustment of B/B ratio
(AIST, Japan)
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Complete ammonia conversion possible! If operated with recycle, will require purging to avoid N2 buildup
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May be carried out at atmospheric pressure! Limited by thermodynamic equilibrium, just as in Haber synthesis
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Complete ammonia conversion IS possible! Fuel not diluted by steam NOx-free exhaust
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Questions?
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