Preliminary Technical Program: Updated 11.

4/10 Sunday, 01/30 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Sunday, January 30, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Conference Paper Session 1 (Intermediate) Heat Pump Applications Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 11 Chair: William Murphy, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY Ground source heat pumps (GSHP) are being used in more and more mainstream applications due to their inherently superior efficiency in many situations that require both heating and cooling. The optimization of every GSHP system depends on how well the ground heat exchanger performance matches the heating and cooling requirements of the load. This session addresses new methods to assist in this optimization process. In addition, high temperature geothermal energy (<100C) can be used in a Kalina power cycle to generate electricity from energy that would normally be considered not suitable for useful power production. 1. New Analytical and Numerical Solutions for the Short-term Analysis of Vertical Ground Heat Exchangers (LV-11-C001) Saqib Javed, P.E., Student Member, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenberg, Sweden This paper presents new analytical and numerical solutions to determine the short-term response of the GHE. The presented solutions considerably improve the modelling and simulation process of vertical GHEs. The solutions can be implemented in building energy simulation software to study hourly or sub-hourly system energy consumption and subsequently to optimize the GSHP systems. 2. An Experimental Investigation of the Accuracy of Thermal Response Tests Used to Measure Ground Thermal Properties (LV-11-C002) Saqib Javed, P.E., Student Member1, Jeffrey Spitler, Ph.D., P.E.2 and Per Fahlen3, (1)Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenberg, Sweden, (2)Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, (3)University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden

This paper first reports on the results of thermal response tests conducted with laboratory-grade instrumentation and equipment for a borehole system consisting of nine groundwater filled boreholes, each about 80 m deep. The paper also presents the effects of the test duration and the heat injection rate on the estimated ground thermal properties when conducting thermal response tests. 3. Parametric Analysis and Thermodynamic Limits of Solar Assisted Geothermal Co- and Tri-Generation Systems (LV-11-C003) Marija S. Todorovic, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Dusan Licina1, (1)University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro This paper presents study on the technical feasibility of efficient/cost-effective use of relatively low temperature geothermal waters for co- and tri-generation of electricity and heat for heating and/or cooling by absorption refrigeration. Namely, as a result of global warming a need for cooling, particularly air-conditioning of buildings is in extreme growth. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Conference Paper Session 2 (Intermediate) Temperature and Capacity Control Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 2 Chair: Sarah Maston, P.E., Member, Advanced Building Performance, Andover, MA This session presents papers addressing a variety of control topics. 1. Rehab of DDC at Corporate National Training Center- Three Years of Therapy (LV-11-C004) Alonzo Blalock, P.E., Member, Jacobs, Fort Worth, TX Living with HVAC includes the area of satisfactory worker environment which has many aspects. One of the most significant is getting the Building Automation System (BAS) system to correctly manage the system operations. In some ways the BAS represents the Brain and nervous system for the Building body and rehab needs careful attention when trying brain surgery. When looking at BAS systems in existing large buildings it is important to evaluate the operation in all areas just as good Doctors plan for a patient by a stress screening. 2. Capacity Control of Air Coils for Heating and Cooling: Transfer Functions, Drive Power and System Design (LV-11-C005) Per Fahlen, Member1 and Caroline Markusson1, (1)Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg, Sweden Liquid-to-air coils used as air heaters and air coolers for air-conditioning, refrigeration etc. rarely use their design capacity. The capacity must therefore be reduced accordingly, traditionally by means of on-off operation or by means of control valves. Drawbacks of traditional control are excessive pressure drop and drive power to pumps due to high flows as well as the need for balancing valves and control valves with authority. There are, however, possibilities to substantially reduce the drive energy of pumps and fans for air coils, e.g. by replacing valve and damper control by direct control of decentralized pumps and fans. 3. Proportional-Integral-Plus (PIP) Control System for Individual Thermal Zones in a Small Ventilated Space (LV-11-C006) Ali Youssef1, Vasileios Exadaktylos1, Sezin Ozcan1 and Daniel Berckmans1, (1)University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium One of the main goals of ventilation is to create a favorable thermal condition inside a compartment. The efficiency of a ventilation system to achieve this goal depends on many factors such as: air flow rate, incoming air temperature, air flow pattern etc. For this purpose, there is need for a control system which can provide proper inlet conditions resulting the required output at a specific location. The main objective of this paper is to examine the possibility to control the temperature in a ventilated chamber in different spatial regions individually. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM

Seminar 1 (Intermediate) Building Development: High Performance Teamwork for High Performance Buildings Track: Integrated Design Room: Pavilion 4 Sponsor: 07.01 Integrated Building Design Chair: Rick Norman, Strategyn, Wilmington, NC Buildings consume 40% of the worlds energy resources. Revolutionary change is coming to the building industry: high performance buildings. Creating these buildings will require those of us who conceive, design, build and operate them to work much differently. This workshop style seminar introduces two proven product development practices that are beginning to be effectively used in the building industry. Specifically, it will focus on two best practices: breaking down the functional silos between architecture, engineering, and construction and accomplishing more with less through cross-functional teams. The other best practice is how teams learn what High Performance means to customers, the people who will work in and pay for the building. 1. What Can the Building Design, Construction and Operation Community Learn From the New Product Development World? David S. Allen, P.E., Member, Allen Consulting, LLC, Chelmsford, MA The three of us intend to run a workshop style seminar that expands the learning opportunity of a paper we have co-authored. The abstract is the same as the session description entered at the start of this submission process. 2. Building Development: High Performance Teamwork for High Performance Buildings Robert Pennisi, Strategyn, Boca Raton, FL The three of us intend to run a workshop style seminar that expands the learning opportunity of a paper we have co-authored. The abstract is the same as the session description entered at the start of this submission process. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 2 (Intermediate) HVAC Security - Less We Forget Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 9 Sponsor: 09.01 Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems, TG2 - Security Chair: Howard J. McKew, Member, RDK Engineers, Andover, MA This seminar introduces the revised 2011 ASHRAE Handbook Chapter 58 HVAC Security that will be published this coming year. The chapter has had significant changes to its content as well as a change to its chapter name. This seminar assists the design engineer in addressing the issues and concerns in sync with designing the HVAC systems for the specific building application. It is also a discussion on the importance of HVAC security design based on the experience of the three speakers relative to design and operation of HVAC systems in buildings. 1. HVAC Security: Overview of ASHRAE Handbook Chapter Kevin Cogley, P.E., Associate Member, Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, Dahlgren, VA In a world of evolving threats, design and implementation of security measures within building HVAC systems remains critical to ensuring the safety of the general public. Extraordinary events, including chemical, biological, radiological, or explosive threats from hostile attacks, accidents, or natural disasters, can pose a significant risk to building occupants. The ASHRAE Applications Handbook chapter on HVAC security has been revised for 2011 with an emphasis on a risk-based approach for facility protection. This presentation will provide an overview of these revisions, including design considerations, requirements development, and integration of security features into a buildings infrastructure and operation. 2. The New ASHRAE Guideline 29 and Secure HVAC Design Gregory Dobbs, Ph.D., Member , United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT

The new Guideline for the Risk Management of Public Health and Safety in Buildings was developed by ASHRAE after the Word Trade Center Attack in 2001. This talk will introduce the this relatively unpublisized document that contains methods for management of the risk of extraordinary incidents in buildings. Hence there is commonality with the recently expanded and updated material in the HVAC Security Handbook chapter. An integrated design approach will be covered where security is considered early in the design process along with energy, comfort, IAQ and cost. Other information sources and tools that assist this process will also be mentioned. 3. Checklist Approaches to HVAC Security Scott D. Campbell, Ph.D., P.E., Str-Analysis, ., AL Checklist approaches are used in various aspects of building design, most notabley for sustainability. A similar approach can be used for security, with some important differences. This talk will examine a checklist approach developed by the Building Security Council, based on FEMA documents for security design. The approach includes a basic risk analysis process and both required and optional countermeasures for differing levels of security. The basis for the methodology will be discussed, along with pitfalls to the approach and innovative aspects including the essential recognition of the interrelationship of countermeasures. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 3 (Advanced) Low GWP Refrigerant Options for Unitary Equipment Track: Refrigeration Update Room: Pavilion 6 Sponsor: 08.11 Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps Chair: Don A. Schuster, P.E., Member, UTC Carrier Corp., Tyler, TX The use of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) type refrigerants ended and transitioned to non-chlorinated refrigerants in new OEM equipment. Concern now mounts over the replacements due to global warming issues. This seminar examines the drivers, current low global warming potential (LGWP)candidates, their application and safety issues. 1. Potential Low Global Warming Refrigerants for Unitary Air Conditioning Systems Mark Spatz, P.E., Member, Honeywell Inc., Buffalo, NY Due to increasing concerns and potential regulation of the high global warming refrigerants that are presently utilized in unitary air conditioning systems around the world, a search for refrigerants that have low global warming potential is currently in progress. This presentation will focus on candidate refrigerants that meet this criterion along with other requirements for this application. This includes high efficiency and the ability to employ air conditioning technology without major modification in a reliable manner. Evaluations of these candidate refrigerants will be presented. 2. Low GWP Refrigerant Options for Air Conditioning Thomas J. Leck, Ph.D., Member, Du Pont Refrigerants, Wilmington, DE In response to concerns about global climate change, and expected legislation in the USA and other global regions that will impact the working fluids that can be used in air conditioning, a study was made to determine viable options for reduced GWP working fluids for this application. This presentation reports results from that study. Also presented are trade offs that were discovered in terms of the properties of the fluids, their environmental properties, and how these property trade offs might impact both the regulatory considerations for these fluids and system design considerations involving use of these candidate reduced AC fluids. 3. Low GWP Refrigerants and Their Performance Potentials J. Steven Brown, Ph.D., P.E., The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC In recent years, numerous entities have begun to express increasing interest and concern in the GWPs of refrigerants, which has led to research and development effort being expended on potential refrigerants possessing low GWPs. The most recent catalyst can be attributed to European regulations regarding the use of R-134a in automotive applications. This presentation considers the performance potentials of several refrigerants in a few typical air conditioning and refrigeration applications. In particular, it considers several natural refrigerants, HFCs,

fluorinated propene isomers, fluorinated ethers, fluorinated alcohols, fluorinated ketones, and fluorinated sulfur compounds, with particular emphasis being placed on fluorinated propene isomers. 4. Developments and Opportunities Using Hydrocarbon Refrigerant Blends Nicholas Cox, Earthcare Products Limited, Ware, Herts, United Kingdom This presentation summarizes work since 1992, initially replacing R12, then R22 and now R134A, R407c, R404a and R410A with hydrocarbon refrigerant blends. Practical applications include glass door beverage coolers, supermarket cabinets air conditioning split systems, air cooled water chillers and ground source heat pumps. I also cover the rationale behind this work from both a business and an environmental perspective. Ive included details of the obstacles that we have faced and an analysis of how best to progress forward. Whilst most of my work has been UK based, Ive included details of my work in Europe, Central America and China. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 4 (Basic) Make the Most of Your ASHRAE Experience Track: Professional Skills Room: Pavilion 3 Sponsor: Conferences and Expositions Committee Chair: Monte G. Troutman, P.E., Member, B.C. Engineering, Inc., Evansville, IN What's the purpose of ASHRAE? How's it structured? What's the difference between an Affiliate Member and a Member? What's a TC, SPC and all the other acronyms I hear mean? Do grassroot committees discuss lawn fertilizer?! If you've ever asked yourself any of those questions, then this seminar is for you. Whether you're new to ASHRAE or any old timer who wants to learn more about the great Society, this seminar answers all your questions and offers insight to all the opportunities that ASHRAE has to offer. 1. ASHRAE 101: Learning the Basics Monte G. Troutman, P.E., Member, B.C. Engineering, Inc., Evansville, IN This presentation will cover the vision, mission, core values and history of ASHRAE, as well as the organizational structure of this 50,000 member society. An overview of ASHRAEs regions and various membership grades will also be discussed. Lastly, all the various committees within ASHRAE will be discussed and their purpose will be explained. From Society President to the newest of student members, all aspects of ASHRAE will be covered. 2. How to Get the Most out of ASHRAE Conferences Alan C. Veeck, Member, MVA Inc., Virginia Beach, VA This presentation will help each attendee get the most out of ASHRAE meetings. Whether its a chapter, regional or society event, the attendee must determine how to get the most out of the meeting. From determining what information needs to be gathered while in attendance, to knowing how to properly network, all the essential skills will be covered. Networking opportunities at this meeting will also be discussed, as well as a preview of what to expect at future meetings. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 5 (Intermediate) Smart Grid and Net Zero Buildings: Where Are We Now? Track: Net Zero Energy Room: Pavilion 1 Sponsor: 07.05 Smart Building Systems Chair: Rich Hackner, P.E., Member, GDS Associates, Madison, WI Designing and operating building system technologies to achieve comfort and efficiency provide challenges under normal conditions. And adding electrical grid interactions with various utility pricing options, including real time pricing, and it raises the level of complexity. Critical path elements such as standards development, new

technologies, and new approaches to building operation can help speed the integration of smart grid technology and development of net-zero buildings. 1. Overview of Smart Grid Standards Development Efforts David Holmberg, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD NIST has been leading the national effort to define a standards framework to support smart grid development. This presentation will cover the standards framework and the latest developments in smart grid standards that impact communications with the customer domainthis includes communication of demand response and real-time price signals, as well as energy market interactions. In addition, there are extensions coming to BACnet to support smart grid interactions, and these will be discussed. 2. Critical Path Elements of Smart Grid Implementation Ken Sinclair, Member, Automated Buildings.COM, Sidney, BC, Canada Smart grid is all about connectivity. And the processes of collecting and interpreting data are at the heart of making the smart grid work for you. How do you maximize the value of your investment? How do you engage these audiences so that they directly experience, learn from and respond to the environmental consequences of your decisions? How do you make the invisible visible? 3. Developing An Energy Management Plan In a Smart Grid Future Michael Chimack, P.E., Member, GDS Associates, Chicago, IL Transforming the nations electric grid is a top priority of the U.S. Department of Energy. Principally, the new smart grid will address power accessibility and reliability issues that exist currently. The smart grid will be designed to be more consumer-interactive and less centralized than the existing grid. Building owners and operators will have unprecedented abilities to manage energy in a smart grid environment. This presentation will demonstrate an overview of energy management planning options using the smart grid as an enabling force. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Technical Paper Session 1 (Basic) Residential Water Heaters and Hot Water Use: The Real Story Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 10 Sponsor: 06.06 Service Water Heating Chair: Lance DeLaura, Member, Sempra Energy, San Diego, CA Every person that wants to take a hot shower needs some kind of water heaters. Most of these heaters have a rating and an assumed performance. But how are these water heaters really performing and how does the behavior of the users affect this performance? Will high efficiency water heaters really get us to zero energy design? Without field studies and detailed laboratory work these questions are difficult to answer. This session highlights information gained from recent field studies and lab work looking at hot water usage and water heater performance for both standard and high efficiency equipment. 1. Actual Savings and Performance of Gas Tankless Water Heaters (LV-11-001) Ben Schoenbauer, Associate Member, Center for Energy and Environment, Minneapolis, MN Residential water heating is one of the least efficient energy uses in residences in the US. To gain a better understanding of in situ performance, eight storage water heaters and 16 tankless heaters were installed in ten homes. The water heaters were extensively monitored and tested under an alternating mode test procedure for 15 months. Performance varied from site to site based on hot water consumption patterns, time of year and other household characteristics. However, tankless water heaters saved an average of 65 therms per year over natural draft storage heaters. 2. A New Study of Hot Water Use In Canada (LV-11-002) Martin Thomas, Member, CANMET Energy Technology Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada

This presentation will discuss the results of monitoring the hot water usage of 74 households. Hot water usage is much different than what is reflected in water heater testing standards. Daily hot water volume used appears to be decreased, the average draw volume flow rates used are lower and the average number of draws per day are much greater in actual homes. The implications of these results with respect to the water heater performance test standards and the derived Energy Factor, will also be discussed. 3. Application of a Linear Input/Output Model to Instantaneous Water Heaters (LV-11-003) Thomas Butcher, Ph.D., Member, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY This presentation is about the applicability of a linear input/output model to gas-fired, instantaneous water heaters. This approach has been applied to boilers and offers the potential to make a small number of simple measurements to obtain the model parameters. These parameters can then be used to predict performance under complex load patterns. Both condensing and non-condensing water heaters have been tested under a very wide range of load conditions. This approach can be used to reproduce performance metrics such as the Energy Factor and can be used to evaluate the impacts of alternative draw patterns and conditions. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Technical Plenary (Basic) Standard 189.1: Sustainability Beyond Energy Conservation Track: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R Industry Room: Pavilion 1 Sponsor: Conferences and Expositions Committee Chair: William Dietrich, Member, Baltimore Aircoil Co., Baltimore, MD With Standard 189.1 working its way into the building community, its impact is being felt by engineers, architects and building owners as they seek to apply the standards requirements on sustainable sites, water efficiency, indoor environmental quality and the buildings impact on the atmosphere. The standard has built been built on many ASHRAE standards and guidelines including 90.1, 62.1, 55, 180, Guideline 0. This session focuses on how Standard 189.1 pulls all these requirements together for high-performance green buildings. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Conference Paper Session 3 (Intermediate) Radiant Heating and Cooling Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 4 Chair: Gary Hayden, P.E., Member, GBH Engineering, Norfork, VA The session addresses exergy in radiant heating and cooling, solar thermal hot water heating and solar-assisted radiant floor heating in a residential building. 1. Over Thirty Years of Experience with Solar Thermal Hot Water Heating (LV-11-C007) Stanley Mumma, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Penn State University, University Park, PA The intent of this paper is to trace the performance, in some detail, of a central Pennsylvania system installed in 1984. Also addressed are observations regarding the overall successes and failures, over the past 30 plus years, of other systems that resulted from the federal program. Specifically addressed is the durability and reliability performance, over time, of each component in the system including; collectors, plumbing components, pumps, double walled heat exchangers, control functions, controllers, controlled devices, instrumentation, storage, and heat transfer fluids. 2. Exergy Metrication of Radiant Heating and Cooling (LV-11-C008) Birol Kilkis, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey In low-energy and low-exergy buildings, radiant heating and cooling are known to have a good track record of energy efficiency in terms of the first-law of thermodynamics. With recent concerns of global warming and

environmental degradation however, quality of energy, a.k.a. exergy balance, between the supply and demand in terms of the second-law of thermodynamics is also becoming a dominant factor. 4. Solar-Assisted Radiant Heating and DHW for a Net Zero Energy House (LV-11-C009) Jos A. Candanedo, Student Member1, Amelie Allard, Student Member1 and Andreas K. Athienitis, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, (1)Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montral, QC, Canada This paper investigates predictive control strategies relying on physically-based models to control temperature fluctuations in solar-optimized buildings. 3. Solar Energy Utilization of Residential Forced-Air and Radiant Floor Heating System (LV-11-C010) Kamel Haddad, Ph.D., Member, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada A simulation model for a test house is developed that accounts for internal heat gains, infiltration, and thermal envelope heat transfer is discussed. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Conference Paper Session 4 (Intermediate) Residential Applications Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 9 Chair: Marcus Bianchi, Ph.D., Associate Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO This session provides an overview of ways to use energy efficient methods in residential applications. 1. Prediction of Air Mixing from High Sidewall Diffusers in Cooling Mode (LV-11-C011) El Hassan Ridouane, Ph.D., Member1 and Keith Gawlik, Ph.D., Member1, (1)National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO While ASHRAE and ACCA references provide design guidance, there are limitations associated with these references and there are discrepancies between the two. Development of room air distribution design guidelines that address these limitations is required. This study addresses this issue, by evaluating the performance of high sidewall air supply for residential applications in cooling mode, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. 2. Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Condensation in Residential Venting (LV-11-C012) Paul Glanville, P.E., Associate Member1, Larry Brand, Member1 and Shawn Scott1, (1)Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL Much of the work covered in this paper concerns the use and validation of VENT-II, a residential venting simulation software tool for common vented appliances key to the development of the National Fuel Gas Code venting guidelines. Through targeted use of computational fluid dynamics and full-scale experimental testing, GTI has begun an effort to validate and improve the accuracy and validity of the software, initially focusing on the performance of hot water boilers installed in exterior masonry chimneys. 3. Energy Efficiency Design Options for Residential Water Heaters: Economic Impacts on Consumers (LV11-C013) Alex Lekov, Ph.D., Member1, Victor Franco1, Steve Meyers1, Lisa Thompson1 and Virginie Letschert1, (1)Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA This paper describes the method used to conduct the LCC analysis for gas and electric storage water heaters, which account for approximately 95% of total residential water heater shipments. It presents the estimated change in LCC associated with more energy-efficient equipment, including heat pump electric water heaters and condensing gas water heaters, for a representative sample of U.S. homes. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 6 (Intermediate) Building a Sustainable Future By Removing Barriers for Low GWP Refrigerants Track: Refrigeration Update

Room: Pavilion 6 Sponsor: 03.01 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants Chair: Barbara Minor, Member, DuPont, Wilmington, DE With increasing concern about climate change and the potential long term impact of high global warming HFC refrigerant use, the potential to use low GWP refrigerant options is increasing in importance. To achieve low GWP, tradeoffs in flammability, pressure, toxicity and other characteristics need to be considered to understand which options have the best potential in specific applications. Also, improved property data is required for low GWP refrigerants to assist with system design from a performance and safety standpoint. Safety codes and standards also need to be assessed and potentially upgraded to include a new class of low flammability refrigerants. 1. A Primer on HFOs Brett Van Horn, Member, Arkema, Philadelphia, PA HFOs (HydroFluoroOlefins) have emerged on the horizon of potential commercial refrigerants due to the combination of their favorable environmental profile and beneficial performance characteristics. With increasing discussion of product development, voids in the knowledge base need to be addressed. The intent here is to give additional perspective on HFOs to improve awareness of this area of environmentally-friendly refrigerants. 2. Property Data for Low-GWP Refrigerants: What Do We Know and What Don't We Know? Mark McLinden, Ph.D., Member, NIST, Boulder, CO This presentation will review the most important thermophysical data needed to evaluate a new refrigerant and survey the status of property data for the low GWP refrigerants. Refrigerants include the new HFOs, including R1234yf and R1234ze(E), and also traditional fluids such as ammonia, CO2, and hydrocarbons. Basic thermodynamic data are essential for selecting among alternative refrigerants and are critical in the design of energy efficient HVAC&R systems. 3. Burning Velocity Measurement of Low Flammability 2L Refrigerants Kenji Takizawa, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan Recently, new refrigerants having short atmospheric lifetimes and low GWPs have been developed. Some of these refrigerants show varying degrees of flammability. ISO817 and ASHRAE Standard 34 have recently adopted a classification for mildly flammable refrigerants Class 2L, which is the lowest flammable refrigerants class. The requirement of class 2L is that the maximum burning velocity of a refrigerant does not exceed 10 cm/s. However, it can be difficult to measure burning velocities for compounds with low burning velocity. In this seminar we will explain a burning velocity test methodology applicable to 2L refrigerants and show the results for fluoroolefins and their mixtures. 4. Review of Regulations and Standards for the Use of Refrigerants with GWP Values Less Than 20 In HVACR Applications William Goetzler, Navigant Consulting, Burlington, MA Results will be presented of a comprehensive review of the regulatory issues in the United States, European Union, and Japan that are relevant to the application of emerging low-GWP refrigerants. Specifically, this report focuses on regulatory barriers and issues that may impact the use of CO2, ammonia, hydrocarbons, and lower-flammability fluids such as HFO-1234yf. Within each region, the categories of stationary refrigeration, stationary air conditioning and vehicle air conditioning applications are addressed. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 7 (Intermediate) Building Energy Simulation 102 Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 2 Sponsor: 04.07 Energy Calculations

Chair: Keith R. Cockerham, P.E., Member, DLB Associates, Eatontown, NJ Energy modeling is presented in three parts: modeling best practices and quality control, modeling during predesign, and modeling for energy conservation measure (ECM) identification and analysis. As an advanced modeling session, the first presentation outlines best practice procedures to incorporate into modeling to support consistency in methods, reduction in input errors, and generation of reasonable results. The second presentation discusses opportunities for energy modelers to influence goal setting, building programming, design criteria, and design alternative decisions to create energy efficient buildings. The final presentation outlines modeling procedures and ECMs resulting from a utility based carbon abatement program. 1. Modeling Best Practices and Quality Control Ellen Franconi, Ph.D., Rocky Mountain Institute, Boulder, CO Most modelers have experienced the extra work and frustration associated with incorporating quality assurance (QA) procedures within the modeling process. To support QA and best practices, a modeler needs to document assumptions, pre-process input data, compare input files, and conduct error/sanity checks by extracting and comparing key output results. This presentation outlines best practice procedures to incorporate into ones modeling procedures to support: consistency in methods, reduction in input errors, and generation of reasonable results. The RMI model manager tool for eQUEST/DOE-2 analysis is introduced to demonstrate how these concepts can be applied in project work. 2. Modeling During Predesign Kendra Tupper, P.E., Associate Member, Rocky Mountain Institute, Boulder, CO In the pre-design phase, the critical task is aligning the design team around the energy-related goals for the project. Next, it is up to the energy modeler to determine what additional modeling studies would be most impactful. These initial concept phase decisions are critical as they typically determine the majority of a buildings energy use profile. Unfortunately, energy modeling is often not leveraged in the concept phase to provide information that could drive critical decisions. This seminar discusses opportunities for how energy modelers can influence goal setting, building programming, design criteria, and design alternative decisions to create energy efficient buildings. 3. Modeling for Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) Identification and Analysis Thomas A. Davidson, P.E., Member, DLB Associates, Eatontown, NJ Modeling procedures and ECMs are showcased resulting from a utility based carbon abatement program. The challenges encountered in this program included individual modeling of twelve different hospital complexes and the many different types of rooms encountered within. Normalizing each model with the respective utility bills was the next challenge. Resulting ECMs were then determined and analyzed. The criteria used for the program was simple payback and the most favorable was the installation of new chillers with VFDs. Envelope enhancements and other opportunities will be discussed along with the remodeling analysis of individual ECMs and the integrated package of ECMs accepted. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 8 (Intermediate) Controls for Central Chiller Plant Optimization Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 10 Sponsor: 01.04 Control Theory and Application, TC 9.1, TC 9.8, TC 10.8, 01.05 Computer Applications Chair: Frank Shadpour, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Shadpour Consulting Engineers, Inc., San Diego, CA This seminar addresses how optimization techniques can be used to improve the energy efficiency and performance of central chiller plants. Growing trends on energy conservation has placed a spotlight on the optimization of central plants. Control strategies and proper sequence of operation has significant effect on the operation and efficiency of the central plants. The presentations cover the unique challenges, lessons learned and critical dos and donts associated with optimization of central chiller plants.

1. Optimized Control Sequences for An All-Variable Speed Chilled Water Plant Steven Taylor, P.E., Taylor Engineering LLC, Alameda, CA As part of the development of ASHRAEs Fundamentals of Design & Control of Central Chilled Water Plants self-directed learning course, simulations were conducted to determine the theoretical optimum performance of two all-variable-speed chilled water plants, one serving an office building and one serving a data center, in various U.S. climate zones. From the results practical control sequences were developed that provide near optimum performance and are expected to be applicable to most chilled water plants in the U.S. 2. Achieving Ultra-Efficient Chiller Plants with Relational Control Thomas Hartman, P.E., The Hartman Company, Georgetown, TX Relational control strategies provide a new technical approach to configure plants, select equipment, and more effectively answer other design or operational issues of chiller plants. But to apply this approach successfully also requires changes to the processes typically employed in developing a new plant or retrofitting an existing one. This presentation provides an introduction to the application of relational control technologies to chiller plants and outlines their advantages over current design and operations practices. It will also outline improvements in the design / construction / startup processes that can ensure application of these newer technologies will achieve the projected results. 3. Managing a Complex Central Plant Designed for the Life of a Facility Tim Jacoby, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA As a building owner you have to play both sides of the fence; how can I maximize energy savings while having a system I can maintain? Implementing complex control strategies is appealing, however training the facilities staff to maintain the correct sequence of operation is a must. All-variable-speed central plants would be great, as long as the system is reliable. The objective must be continuous, reliable operation of the central plant for the long term. Failure is not an option for large campus central plants! Sunday, January 30, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 9 (Intermediate) Fault Detection and Diagnostics, But What about Correction? Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 3 Sponsor: 07.05 Smart Building Systems Chair: Srinivas Katipamula, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA Automated fault detection and diagnostic (FDD) technologies for building equipment have been under investigation/development for 15 to 20 years. Some of these techniques are beginning to appear in commercial equipment and controls. A next logical contribution of technology is for it to automatically correct common faults that are amenable to such correction. The presentations in this seminar report on an exploratory investigation of self-correcting and adaptive controls can minimize the impact of faults on equipment operations. 1. Self-Correcting Air-Handler Controls: Results From Early Development and Testing Michael Brambley, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA Field tests of fault detection and diagnostics have shown that in many cases even given information on faults present in HVAC equipment and systems and their energy and operating cost impacts, building operators and maintenance personal do not take action to correct the faults. The presentation will report on an exploratory investigation of self-correcting controls for air handling units, focusing initially on the air side. The concept for self-correction will be described, the approach to developing and implementing algorithms described, and results of tests on an air-handling unit presented. 2. Building System Life-Cycle Diagnosis Starting From Design: Experiences and Benefits In a Super-HighRise Building In Hong Kong Shengwei Wang, Ph.D., Member, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong The speaker will present a systematic building life-cycle diagnosis approach to achieve building energy management, which involves building system real-life performance simulation, building system diagnosis and

optimization. Different from the simulation methods/tools for design applications, the simulation methods/tools are developed for: (i). evaluating system real-life energy, environmental and control performance and operation/control strategies; and (ii). the use in model-based optimal controls. Diagnostic efforts concern identifying and correcting the deviations of system design/configuration, selection, installation, instrumentation, T&C, and operation and control from their design intents. Optimization involves the optimization of the system design/configuration, component selection, as well as operation and control. 3. Soft-Repair of Faults In HVAC Systems Haorong Li, Ph.D., Member, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE This presentation will show how impacts of the faults can be minimized or even eliminated by adaptive controls, termed soft repair, before they are physically repaired. Take a big-box retail building as an example. Due to severe over-sizing (up to 60% over-sizing), some rooftop units run continuously, while some adjacent units seldom start or keep cycling their compressors and thus cause humidity problems in the store. Once the over-sizing fault is identified, an optimal coordinate control strategy can be used to sequence the operations of multiple systems so that the runtime ratios of all units is balanced. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 9-2 (Intermediate) Energy and Comfort Performance of Active Chilled Beam Systems Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 1 Sponsor: 05.03 Room Air Distribution Chair: Fred S. Bauman, P.E., Member, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA Chilled beam systems have been attracting increased attention in recent years as an energy-reducing alternative to conventional overhead mixing systems. In this seminar, we report on energy and comfort performance of active chilled beams from both modeling studies and case studies of installed systems. Active Chilled Beams: A Case Study Comparing Modeled Performance to Actual Performance Christopher Conley, P.Eng., Member, Daniels Wingerak Engineering Ltd., Saskatoon, SK, Canada The author will present on an operating project that is using Active Chilled Beams for heating, cooling and ventilation. This is one of the first (possibly the very first) active chilled beam project to be installed in Canada. This project also included an energy monitoring program that is quite unique. A comparison between modeled performance, using conventional modeling software, and actual performance will be presented, along with lessons learned in the design and operation of active chilled beam systems. Do Active Beams Save Energy and Provide Thermal Comfort? Peter Simmonds, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, IBE Consulting Engineers, Sherman Oaks, CA Active beams are becoming very common design alternatives in the US. As with most present day designs, first cost and operational costs are major influences in the selection of building HVAC systems. This presentation will outline the simulation strategies for modeling active beam systems and comparing the energy consumption and thermal comfort against a more traditional overhead VAV system. The author will also present some of the myths and do's and dont's associated with active beam systems after designing both active and passive beam systems since the early 80's. Effects of Chilled Beams on Chilled Water Plant Efficiency Mike Filler, Member, Trane Company, Pueblo, CO Using chilled beams requires changes to the chilled water plant. They also affect which chiller plant strategies should be used. The author will use examples to discuss the effects of chilled water temperatures, chiller selection and waterside economizer usage on chilled water plant energy consumption related to chilled beam applications. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Technical Paper Session 2 (Basic)

Hot Off the Griddle: New Developments in Commercial Kitchen Ventilation Research Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 11 Sponsor: 05.10 Kitchen Ventilation Chair: Derek Schrock, Halton Co., Scottsville, KY The theme of this session is to provide updates on the latest ASHRAE research in kitchen ventilation. The topics presented include the results of ASHRAE research to measure the exhaust airflows in the field in kitchen hoods (RP-1376) and means of optimizing the performance of island hood systems (RP-1480). 1. Performance Evaluation of Hand Held Airflow Instruments Applied to Commercial Kitchen Exhaust Systems (LV-11-004) Thomas Kuehn, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN Laboratory measurements were made to determine the accuracy of several hand held instruments when used to measure the exhaust air flow rates during commercial kitchen air flow balancing. The instruments included 4 inch and 2- inch rotating vane anemometers, a hot film anemometer, a velocity grid, and flow hoods with 2 ft x 2 ft and 2 ft x 4 ft hoods. Grease filter configurations included conventional baffle filters, cyclone filters, and slot filters mounted in an 8 ft canopy exhaust hood. Various xhaust air flow rates were measured with each instrument and filter type. 2. Capture and Containment Ventilation Rates for Double-Island Canopy Hoods Measured During (RP1480) (LV-11-005) Richard Swierczyna, Associate Member, Food Service Technology Center, San Ramon, CA The objective of 1480-RP was to evaluate the capture and containment requirements of island canopy hoods. The study investigated the performance various island canopy hood configurations over cooking equipment lines including: a rear filter single island, a V-bank single-island, and two double-island hood configurations. More than 200 configurations and/or conditions were tested, including side panels, hood partitions, replacement air strategies, and replacement air temperatures. This presentation presents the performance of a double-island canopy hood to a back-to-back wall-mounted canopy hood and discusses the impacts of replacement air supply and/or cross drafts. 3. Capture and Containment Ventilation Rates for Single-Island Canopy Hoods (LV-11-006) Paul Sobiski, Member1 and Don R. Fisher2, (1),, Boulder, CO, (2)Fisher-Nickel, San Ramon, CA The objective of 1480-RP was to evaluate the capture and containment requirements of island canopy hoods. The study investigated the performance various island canopy hood configurations over cooking equipment lines including: a rear filter single island, a V-bank single-island, and two double-island hood configurations. More than 200 configurations and/or conditions were tested, including side panels, hood partitions, replacement air strategies, and replacement air temperatures. This presentation focuses on the performance of the single island canopy hoods. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM Conference Paper Session 5 (Intermediate) Evaporative Cooling Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 9 Chair: Dennis Knight, The Sustainability Institute, Charleston, SC This session provides information and details ways to increase the efficiency of evaporative cooling in commercial applications. 1. Dew Point Evaporative Cooling: Technology Review and Fundamentals (LV-11-C014) Paul Glanville, P.E., Associate Member1, Aleksandr Kozlov, Ph.D.1 and Valeriy Maisotsenko, Ph.D., Member2, (1)Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL, (2)Coolerado Corp., Denver, CO Dew point evaporative cooling, using a novel heat exchanger and flow path arrangement, can deliver unhumidified air below wet bulb temperatures consuming less water than direct evaporative and vapor compression coolers.

Supply air temperatures approaching the dew point temperature are achieved in a single-stage unit with cooling capacity independent of the ambient air dry bulb temperature. This paper describes the technology fundamentals of dew point evaporative cooling through this novel heat exchanger and its context in the technology evolution of evaporative cooling, ranging from direct to multi-stage indirect-direct evaporative cooling, with performance comparisons under common operational conditions. 2. Myths and Realities of Indirect Evaporative Cooling Thermodynamic Performance (LV-11-C015) Nicholas Des Champs, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow Life Member, Munters, Buena Vista, VA With the aid of a newly developed finite-difference computer program, that predicts the performance of heat exchangers when used as indirect evaporative coolers (IEC), various flow and heat exchanger arrangements are analyzed for overall system cooling performance. Other considerations will be presented, such as using a direct evaporative cooler to pre-cool air for a condenser coil while simultaneously cooling the sump-water temperature of an IEC to enhance its effectiveness. 3. Energy Simulation Results for Indirect Evaporative Assisted DX Cooling Systems (LV-11-C016) James V. Dirkes II, P.E., Member1 and Ryan Hoffman1, (1)The Building Performance Team, Grand Rapids, MI This paper will review results of Energy Plus simulations of InDirect Evaporative-Assisted DX systems (IDEADX) applied in dry climates as they compare to a conventional solution. Peak power use, annual energy consumption and indoor environmental quality differences will be compared. In addition, field results from equipment which uses this design will be reviewed for a reality check of the simulation results. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM Seminar 10 (Basic) Boiler Water Treatment: How to Do It Right Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 2 Sponsor: 03.06 Water Treatment, SPC 191 Chair: Leon Shapiro, J.D., VRTX Technologies, Las Vegas, NV This is a great seminar for anyone wishing to learn both the basics and state of the art of boiler water treatment. Basic water chemistry, objectives of a good boiler treatment, and an update on the latest in new technologies and approaches are presented. Designers, owner and operators will be delighted with the value of the information to be obtained at this seminar. The emphasis is on maximizing energy efficiency through good practices and equipment. 1. Basics of Steam Boiler Pretreatment Equipment Jon J. Cohen, Member, H-O-H Water Technology, Palatine, IL Many boiler water systems utilize pretreatment equipment for efficient operation. Proper equipment selection, installation and operation of the pretreatment equipment is essential for the designing engineer as well as the boiler operator. A fundamental look at boiler room pretreatment equipment and design characteristics for boiler room design and operation will be presented. Comparisons between various equipment systems and common misconceptions will aid the engineer as well as the owner/operator with equipment selection and operation. 2. Internal Boiler Water Treatment - In the 21st Century Bill Pearson II, Associate Member, Southeastern Laboratories, Raliegh, NC The 21st century will provide opportunity for improved boiler feedwater quality (chemistry) through the use of newer and advanced external treatment processes, such as reverse osmosis. Present boiler water technology provides efficient, cost-effective and reliable operation for boiler systems. Boiler feedwater (including condensate return) will still contain impurities that can adversely affect the safe, energy-efficient and otherwise carbonfootprint and life-cycle operation of a boiler. Internal boiler water treatment is essential to control and minimize these potential problems and to avoid preventing catastrophic failure when external treatment malfunctions. This presentation will review the basics of steam boiler operations and internal chemical treatment. 3. Stress Corrosion Monitor for Preboiler Corrosion Control

Brian Jenkins, Affiliate, Nalco, Naperville, IL The boiler is an essential part of utility operations in many different industries. Despite the criticality of this system, good boiler water treatment is often an afterthought. A properly conceived and implemented water treatment program can extend equipment life, reduce carbon footprint and improve operational reliability. Two keys to good boiler water treatment are corrosion control and scale prevention. This paper reviews two recent developments to provide much greater control of these two aspects of boiler water chemistry, and how they have been implemented. ROI and before/after examples are included Sunday, January 30, 2011, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM Seminar 11 (Intermediate) Cradle to Grave Refrigerant Management Track: Refrigeration Update Room: Pavilion 6 Sponsor: 03.08 Refrigerant Containment, ASHRAE Associate Society Alliance, 03.01 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants Chair: Robert Yost, Member, National Refrigerants, Inc., Bridgeton, NJ Sustainable use of refrigerants involves proper management of the refrigerant charge during the entire life cycle of the equipment. This seminar presents different strategies and techniques for ensuring refrigerant emissions to the environment are minimized. These techniques may form the basis for a regulatory framework for refrigerant management. 1. Refrigerant Management System for Mitigating Global Warming Momoki Katakura, JSRAE, Tokyo, Japan Given the global implications at stake in the prevention of climate change, drastic reduction of CO2 emissions should be implemented via the speedy expansion of lv2011able energy usage. In pursuit of this target, as a highly efficient energy appliance, the widespread dissemination of heat pumps to potential customers all over the world is absolutely imperative. In order to fully make use of the advantages inherent in this unique product, strongly needed is establishing a refrigerant management system which is consistently applied from production to recovering and destroying process with international cooperation. 2. European Strategies for Refrigerant Management Denis Clodic, Ph.D., Member, Armines Cep,, Paris, France Fluorinated refrigerant gases (F-gas) is being closely regulated by the member countries of the European Union. Owners and operators of systems containing these refrigerants are required to take actions to reduce emissions of these refrigerants to the environment. This presentation will describe the strategies used to comply with the European refrigerant management regulations. 3. RMC: The Canadian Industry Response to Extended Producer Responsibility Regulations Warren Heeley, Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Institute of Canada, Mississauga, ON, Canada Canadian federal and provincial governments are increasing the regulatory pressure on industries to take responsibility for waste products they have introduced into the market; particularly where there is an environmental impact created by the waste product. This session will highlight the world renowned Refrigerant Management Canada (RMC) program; established by the Canadian HVAC&R industry as one of the first programs to respond to this EPR regulatory need. 4. U.S. Strategies for Managing Refrigerant Use and Emissions David Godwin, P.E., Member, US EPA, Washington, DC The United States has several current and potential routes to control the use of refrigerants. These include the Montreal Protocol, the Clean Air Act, and potential new legislation from the US Congress. This presentation will discuss the recent changes to US EPA regulations on the use of refrigerants, and national and international discussions for a phasedown of HFC refrigerants. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM

Seminar 12 (Intermediate) Designing for Improved Air Quality in Casinos with ETS Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 3 Sponsor: 4.3 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration Chair: Stephen W. Duda, P.E., Member, Ross & Baruzzini, Inc., St. Louis, MO Casino gaming areas where tobacco smoking is allowed present a challenge to ventilation system designers. This program discusses design options and techniques for improving air quality and reducing exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for both customers and employees in casinos. 1. HVAC Design for IAQ In Casinos with ETS Brian Rock, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS Can acceptable air quality be achieved in large gaming and similar spaces where indoor use of tobacco products occur? This issue will be introduced, from a variety of perspectives, in this balanced presentation. The fundamentals of room air flow, contaminant sources and sinks, ventilation rates, and energy/comfort consequences will then be discussed. Relevant resources, available from the ASHRAE Bookstore, will be outlined too. The presentation's emphasis will be toward practical, must-get-it-done HVAC design while also providing good professional advice to our clients. 2. Design of Air Distribution for Secondary Smoke Mitigation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Daniel Nall, P.E., Member, WSP Flack + Kurtz, New York, NY The process for designing local air distribution systems to mitigate ETS is described. The proposed systems utilize displacement ventilation at gaming machines to minimize lateral diffusion of ETS and upflow air curtains at gaming tables to protect dealers from smoking patrons. After extensive computational fluid dynamics modeling, mock-ups of the air diffusion systems were constructed to inform the final design. Results were used as input to a Human Comfort Model to test comfort implications of low level air supply to the space surrounding the gaming machines. These systems have been built and are currently operating successfully. 3. Building Ventilation System Design to Improve Containment of Smoking Environments Brad R. Geinzer, P.E., Member, JBA Consulting Engineers, Las Vegas, NV Cigarette smoking indoors has been reduced over the last two decades. This has increased the sensitivity of occupants to ETS. As a result of health concerns, legislation and potential building LEED certification, smoking is no longer permitted in many enclosed spaces with the exception of gaming floors. Design professionals are faced with addressing smoking environments that adjoin or communicate with non-smoking spaces. Planning with space configurations and mechanical systems can improve environments within areas adjoining smoking environments and reduce exposure to ETS. Case studies will be discussed identifying applications of HVAC systems relative to space architecture and use. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM Seminar 13 (Intermediate) Don't Gamble with your NZEB - Maintain It! Track: Net Zero Energy Room: Pavilion 1 Sponsor: 07.03 Operation and Maintenance Management, 07.05 Smart Building Systems Chair: Angela Lewis, P.E., Student Member, University of Reading, Alexandria, VA Moving towards net-zero energy buildings, or even just reducing energy waste, requires knowing how to implement operations and maintenance best practices. This seminar session provides an overview of what is necessary to achieve NZEB during operations and maintenance, as well as two best practices that help illustrate the true costs of moving toward net zero. The first presentation provides an overview of the importance using operations and maintenance best practices for NZEB. The second and third presentations showcase technologies and processes that need to be embraced to reduce building energy consumption, moving toward NZEB. The second

presentation discusses how the use of data from building automation systems can be used to detect and reduce energy waste. The final presentation provides practical insight about reducing energy waste during air-handler operation. 1. NZEB: A Higher Level of O&M Bill McCartney, Member, Isotherm Engineering Ltd, Mississauga, ON, Canada The operational requirements of a net-zero energy building (NZEB) are over and above nearly all of the most energy efficient buildings today. Additionally, NZEB have many new technologies, many which need different facility management and technician skill sets and require proactive maintenance. In order for NZEB to operate as designed, technicians must be involved from design to operation and receive proper training. This presentation will provide an overview of the skills technicians and facility managers need; both when the building opens and over the life of the building. 2. Monitoring-Based Commissioning: A Path Toward Proactive Maintenance Vernon Smith, P.E., Associate Member, Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO The data available from modern building automation systems can be overwhelming to building operators. But it is a rich source of information that can be used for proactive maintenance. Using trend data allows building operators to do monitoring-based commissioning to detect problems before tenants complain and find hidden energy waste. Several approaches will be discussed. 3. Watch Both Airflow and Pressure Drop Robert Baker, Fellow ASHRAE, BBJ Environmental LLC, Riverview, FL If you are not careful when you change operating parameters, an energy efficient building can quickly become a disaster. This presentation will teach how to look at several aspects of air-handler operation by showing how an attempt at a facility to maintain air flow when upgrading filtration resulted in runaway energy waste, a mold growth problem and dissatisfied occupants. The presentation will present an actual case study of a critical facility (FAA Control Tower and associated Air Traffic Control Center) that attempted to cope with construction of an operating airline terminal next to it with devastating results. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM Seminar 14 (Intermediate) Energy Modeling of Existing Buildings Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 10 Sponsor: 04.07 Energy Calculations Chair: Susan Reilly, Member, Enermodal, Inc. Industry, Denver, CO This session addresses the process and challenges of creating calibrated energy models of existing buildings. A calibrated energy model of an existing building can assist with the decision process in adopting energy conservation measures; however, the process of modeling an existing, occupied building can be difficult. Challenges include incorporating variations in occupant behavior and building internal loads, modeling the actual and sometimes varying HVAC and lighting controls, and modeling malfunctioning equipment. Utility data can provide some guidance, but often only provides a vague energy profile for the building, and rarely provides information about the individual building energy end-uses. 1. Case Study: The Role of Energy Modeling In General Services Administration Audits Aleka Pappas, Member, Enermodal Engineering Inc, Denver, CO The General Services Administration is pursuing energy efficiency opportunities in their facilities. Calibrated energy models were used to assist with three energy audits, including the Byrne-Green and Wissahickon buildings in Philadelphia, PA, and the Fallon Federal Building in Baltimore, MD. For each building, the total historic energy use was known, but not the energy breakdown by end use. Site visits and careful analysis of actual building equipment performance and building systems control were needed to model the building and produce meaningful results. This model was then used to analyze energy efficiency upgrades. The modeling process and results will be discussed.

2. Energy Modeling Software Ron Judkoff, Ph.D., Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO The existing building stock in the U.S. consumes about 40% of the nations primary energy and produces about 38% of associated carbon emissions. In the past, NREL developed energy and cost optimization tools such as OptEPlus and BEOpt to assist in the energy design and analysis of ultra efficient and zero-energy new buildings. NREL is in the process of upgrading these tools to perform similar calculations for energy retrofit of existing buildings. This presentation will discuss the nature of the upgrades and show results from some preliminary analyses for retrofit packages under differing sets of economic assumptions. 3. Development of An Automated Calibration Tool for Code-Compliant Residential Simulation Jeff Haberl, Fellow ASHRAE, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX This presentation presents results from the development of an automated calibration tool for residential simulations. This tool uses linear and change-point linear regression to assist with the calibration of a codecompliant simulation to utility bills from an existing residence. Results from the application of the tool to a case study house in a hot and humid climate are presented. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM Seminar 15 (Intermediate) Going Lower with Solar Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 11 Sponsor: 06.07 Solar Energy Utilization Chair: Mark A. Hertel, P.E., Member, SunEarth, Inc., Honolulu, HI This seminar considers how the utilization of solar energy in building design can lower the utility energy budget of an already low energy building design. The use of various simulation software provides a basis for the feasibility of solar collectors, seasonal storage and flexible end-use components. The applications include an office building in Greece, a performing arts center in Connecticut and a subdivision in Northern Canada. Optimizing system performance with sophisticated control strategies is a key to successful solar integration. 1. Simulation of the Thermal Performance of a Net-Zero Energy Performing Arts Building: Achieving Net Zero Energy Conditions In Retrofit Dennis J. O'Connor, Student Member1 and Cenk C. Yavuzturk, Member2, (1)University of Hartford, Hartford, CT, (2)University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT A series of building energy analyses are presented using an hourly simulation approach for a performing arts building. They include the incorporation of lv2011able energy and energy savings measures. The results allow for the assessment of the most effective measures in retrofit. Sensitivity analyses are presented for the impact of various individual sub-systems on the overall thermal behavior of the building and its energy use intensity. A final assessment for the achievement of a net zero energy building is made, along with a discussion of lessons learned from the system design process. A series of recommendations and design guidelines are implicitly developed. 2. From Design and Simulations to Case Study of a High Solar Combi-Plus System Constantinos A. Balaras, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Elena G. Dascalaki, Ph.D.1, (1)National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece A solar thermal system is an ideal solution for space heating and cooling, plus hot water production (solar combiplus systems). An ongoing European research and demonstration project on high solar combi-plus systems aims to develop solar heating and cooling systems with high solar fractions, combining different technologies, components and control strategies to optimize performance with five pilot installations in four European countries. The presentation will focus on the plant in Athens, Greece installed at an office building, with solar thermal collectors, an absorption chiller, an underground seasonal thermal energy storage tank and a heat pump for backup. The system aims at a high solar fraction of over 85%. 3. Solar-Assisted District Heating System In a Sub-Artic Climate Andrew Chiasson, Ph.D., Member, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH

A feasibility study of a district heating system serving a planned, sustainable subdivision in a subarctic climate in Northern Canada is presented. The study examined the technical and economic feasibility of constructing the district heating system with a low-temperature fluid supply loop serving distributed geothermal heat pumps in buildings. System simulations demonstrated that the district system is impractical without the use of solar thermal recharging of the earth heat exchanger. Additionally, system feasibility is improved through the use of a peaking boiler system during extreme cold periods. The study implemented a life-cycle economic optimization analysis to identify the most feasible design options. Sunday, January 30, 2011, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM Technical Paper Session 3 (Intermediate) Hot Water Distribution Systems: New Design Information Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 4 Sponsor: 06.06 Service Water Heating Chair: Russell K. Johnson, Member, Johnson Research LLC, Pueblo West, CO Distribution piping is responsible for as much as 95% of water heating system energy use in poorly designed and implemented potable hot water systems, and is rarely responsible for less than 15% even in the best designed systems. This technical paper session presents new laboratory and field test information that quantifies hot water distribution system time, water, and energy waste, and discusses improved system designs. 1. Hot Water Distribution System Piping Heat Loss Factors - Phase III Test Results (LV-11-007) Carl C. Hiller, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Applied Energy Technology Co., Davis, CA This paper describes results of recent laboratory tests on additional piping types and sizes in a variety of environments including in-air, in-attic and in-floor, both insulated and uninsulated, and compares them to previous test results by the author on other pipe configurations and environments. New pipes tested included chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), high density cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) and rigid copper, both in-air and in attic and floor environments. These tests allowed calculation of measured piping heat loss (UA) factors under a variety of different temperature and flow conditions, with various insulation levels. 2. Hot Water Distribution System Piping Time, Water, and Energy Waste - Phase III Test Results (LV-11008) Carl C. Hiller, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Applied Energy Technology Co., Davis, CA This paper describes results of recent laboratory tests on additional common hot water distribution system piping sizes and types under a variety of flow rate, temperature, and environmental conditions. The new tests include chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and high density cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) piping. They also include attic and floor environments. The tests measured the time spent waiting for hot water to arrive at fixtures and the amount of water wasted to drain while waiting. From these, the energy waste associated with the water waste can be computed. 3. Pilot Phase of a Field Study to Determine Waste of Water and Energy In Residential Hot Water Distribution Systems (LV-11-009) James Lutz, Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA This paper describes pilot testing of wireless sensor networks to field monitor every hot water use endpoint in a structure. The goal was to develop new approaches that allow more complete field data collection of hot water use, allowing identification of water and energy waste associate with different distribution system piping layouts. Recommended improvements to the approach are discussed. Monday, 01/31 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Monday, January 31, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Conference Paper Session 6 (Intermediate)

Energy Efficiency and Energy Simulation Applications Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 9 Chair: Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, MD This session presents ideas and information on ways to increase the energy efficiency of buildings by way of case studies and energy modeling software. 3. Verification of the Energy Efficiency Advancement in District Heating and Cooling Plant by Renovation (LV-11-C017) Shinya Nagae1, Yoshiyuki Shimoda, Ph.D.1, Shiori Takamara1, Yoshitaka Uno1, Kenichiro Wantanabe2 and Yutaka Shoji3, (1)Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, (2)Sibaura Institute of Technology University, Tokyo, Japan, (3)Energy Advance Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan In Japan, the district heating and cooling system (DHC) has constructed over 150 since the first DHC started in 1970. The DHC spreads rapidly in about 1990, and at the present, it is time for the DHC plants to be renovated due to aged deterioration. Also in recent years, energy efficiency of chillers, co-generation system and pumps related to DHC system have made a remarkable progress. 4. CFD Simulation of Single Phase Flow in Plate Heat Exchangers (LV-11-C018) Steven O'Halloran, Ph.D., Member1 and Amir Jokar, Ph.D., Member2, (1)University of Portland, Portland, OR, (2)ThermoFluids Tech, Vancouver, WA Chevron plate type heat exchangers have widely been studied through experimental analysis; however, less computational work has been reported on these types of heat exchangers due to the complexity of their interior configuration with corrugated plates. This study has applied computational thermal and fluid dynamics methods to simulate single-phase flow in a brazed plate heat exchanger with a corrugation angle of 60. For this purpose, a commercially available CFD software package (Fluent) has been utilized and simulations for different temperature and velocity boundary conditions have been performed. 5. Environmentally Opportunistic Computing: Computation as Catalyst for Sustainable Design (LV-11C019) Aimee P.C. Buccellato1, Paul Brenner, Ph.D., P.E.1, David B. Go1, Ryan Jansen1 and Eric M. Ward, Jr.1, (1)University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN In this work, we present the vision of EOC and the current performance capabilities of the Green Cloud prototype from in situ measurements. Recognizing EOCs potential to achieve a new paradigm for sustainable building, the research also begins to explore the integration of EOC at the building scale, acknowledging concept-critical collaboration required between architects, computational hardware and software owners, and building systems engineers. 1. ASHRAE Resources for LEED-Existing Buildings Certification (LV-11-C020) Barry Abramson, P.E.1 and Lung-Sing Wong, P.E., Member1, (1)Servidyne, Atlanta, GA The US Green Building Council's LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB) rating system relies upon several standards and procedures developed by ASHRAE. This paper will address the LEED-EB requirements that rely on these ASHRAE tools and resources and discuss the challenges to the engineer regarding proper application under various existing building scenarios. It will explain the pertinent concepts and definitions as presented in the ASHRAE resource documents, and present strategies for how these ASHRAE resources can most effectively be utilized in the LEED-EB certification process. Building Professional Accreditation, Construction Quality Control and Better Buildings (LV-11-C021) Ellis G. Guiles Jr., TAG Mechanical Systems, Inc., Syracuse, NY Codes and standards have continued to change and improve in an attempt to create better buildings. However, data and history has shown little progress has been made in the actual reduction in kBTU/SF energy consumption over the last 50 years. This paper explores the reason for this disconnect between codes and standards and will discuss if a national effort needs to be undertaken to establish building professional accreditation, develop better quality control by building codes officials and would these efforts result in buildings that would really be NET ZERO or perform to/better than the codes and standards currently available.

Monday, January 31, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 16 (Intermediate) Climate Change: Its Happening, So Whos Responding? Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 2 Sponsor: 02.05 Global Climate Change, 04.02 Weather Information Chair: David Godwin, P.E., Member, US EPA, Washington, DC Scientific studies continue to provide data that indicate the Earths climate is changing due to human activities, and evidence from across the planet, including in the U.S., indicates some early changes are already happening. Although (as of August 2010) debate continues on legislation in the U.S., as well as on international agreements under the UNFCCC and Montreal Protocol, many companies, organizations and governments are taking action now. This seminar provides an overview of some of the indications of climate change, actions being taken under California legislation, and the impact that ASHRAE standards can and are having to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 1. Climate Change Indicators In the U.S Donald J. Wuebbles, Ph.D., University of Illinois, Urbana, IL Scientific evidence strongly indicates that human activities are bringing about major changes in our climate system, particularly in the last four decades. Without major policy or technology changes, the climate will continue to change. Significant changes are projected for the rest of the 21st century and beyond, while some changes including increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level are evident today. This presentation discusses the current science and indicators of climate change of relevance for the United States. 2. California Air Resources Board Regulations on Refrigerants Glenn Gallagher, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA As part of an overall approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32), the California Air Resources Board (CARB) is committed to reducing emissions of high-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants (includes most CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs). Beginning January 2011, CARB will implement regulations requiring the inspection, maintenance, and leak repair of all refrigerant systems containing more than 50 pounds of high-GWP refrigerant. This presentation covers the basics of the new regulations, its impact on maintenance practices in the HVAC industry, and summarizes additional regulations under development for new supermarket refrigeration systems. 3. Reductions In Greenhouse Gas Emissions Achieved by Standards 90.1-2010 and 189.1-2009 T.M. Lawrence, Ph.D., Member, University of Georgia, Athens, GA ASHRAE has committed to producing the tools needed in the industry to achieve continually higher levels of energy efficiency. These tools include guidelines, resources, and standards. This presentation reviews the energy efficiency gains obtained with these recent ASHRAE standards releases and projects their impact on greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. 4. Climate Change: Scientific Certainties and Political Realities James Crawford, Fellow ASHRAE, Trane Co., Tyler, TX In the 15 years since the Kyoto Protocol was drafted, the signals of and scientific foundation for global warming have increased. Various countries have taken positive steps in the direction of reducing emissions. Many more steps, such as cap-and-trade are on the drawing boards, or in legislation that is politically stalemated. There is little doubt that society will act. The real question is when, and whether society will be prepared to respond positively to the inevitable changes ahead. This presentation will review evidence of global warming, a physicists understanding of causes, and the late-2010 political environment for action. Monday, January 31, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 17 (Intermediate)

Codes and Standards that Influence Mission Critical Facilities Track: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R Industry Room: Pavilion 11 Sponsor: 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment Chair: Craig A. Crader, P.E., Associate Member, Bick Group, St. Louis, MO Mission critical facilities, like other facilities, are influenced by various codes and standards. This session takes a look at these codes and standards to help designers and operators understand the parameters to which influences the design of mission critical facilities. 1. An Overview of the European Union Code of Conduct for Data Centers Michael K. Patterson, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Intel, Hillsboro, OR The presentation reviews the EU Code of Conduct program, specifically the CoC for data centers. The program provides tools and methodologies for data centers in Europe to be recognized as complying with the CoC, a best practices document, and data center reporting for performance. Review of the best practices document will show the applicability of the information to data centers worldwide. The development of the CoC will be reviewed; including alignment with ASHRAE guidelines. Additionally, the current status of the program and activities as well as what is next for the future updates of the CoC will be discussed. 2. Energy Codes for Data Centers Jeff Stein, P.E., Member, Taylor Engineering, Alameda, CA Some states, such as Oregon and Washington, explicitly include data centers in their energy codes. Many states adopt ASHRAE 90.1 as their energy code. According to a recent official interpretation, data centers are currently exempt from 90.1. However, data centers will not be exempt from 90.1-2010. Similarly, data centers will be covered by Californias Title 24 Energy Code starting in 2013. I will discuss the key requirements in 90.1 and Title 24 that will affect data centers including air conditioner efficiencies, economizers, and humidity controls. I will also explain the prescriptive versus performance options for compliance. 3. Telecommunication Standards for Data Centers Rhonda Johnson, Member, Panduit Corp., Tinley Park, IL A data center design project typically addresses not only power and cooling facilities, but also infrastructure for telecommunications (data transport). A number of telecommunications standards bodies, including TIA, BICSI, and ISO/IEC, have aligned their data center standards with ASHRAE TC9.9s Thermal Guidelines. An overview of these standards and a discussion on their relevance will be provided. 4. U.S. Green Building Council LEED Guidelines and the Impact for Mission Critical Facilities Doug McLellan, P.E., HP Critical Facilities Services, Bethesda, MD The U.S. Green Building Council LEED guidelines are impacting the data center industry. While the USGBC does not produce codes, the code like LEED certification process has become a requirement in many jurisdictions. LEED certification is also required on projects for federal and local governments. The USGBC is updating their certification with new requirements for data centers. The new requirements affect the energy efficiency as well as many other aspects of the design, construction, and operation of data centers. This presentation presents the review of the latest LEED requirements for certifying a data center. Monday, January 31, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 18 (Intermediate) Cutting-Edge Japanese Technologies for Zero-Energy Buildings (Part 1) Track: Net Zero Energy Room: Pavilion 1 Chair: Shin-ichi Tanabe, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Department of Architecture, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan This session presents new Japanese HVAC technologies employed for ZEBs (Zero-Energy Buildings). The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report suggests that the construction industry has the largest potential for emission reduction; but in reality, emissions from building sector including housing have been increasing. Background in

Asia is explained at the beginning of the session. We conducted a case study of an Asian office building with a new multiple split air-conditioning system by performing field measurements. A heat pump and a thermal storage system were installed in a DHC system with the aim of achieving high efficiency with minimum energy consumption and large reduction in greenhouse gas emission. 1. Carbon Neutral Architecture, Action In Japan Hiroshi Yoshino, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Japan has declared a 25% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2020 and a 60% to 80% reduction by 2050. The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report suggests that the construction industry has the largest potential for emission reduction; but in reality, emissions from building sector have been increasing. In this session, we will examine the responsibility the construction industry needs to take up to cope with global warming, and present proposals and recommendations mainly from the Architectural Institute of Japan and the Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning & Sanitary Engineers of Japan. Countermeasure technologies employed in Japan and Asia will also be reported. 2. Performance of K Building with Multiple Split Air-Conditioning System Seiichi Tabuchi, Kajima Corporation, Tokyo, Japan The K Building is mainly an office building with a capacity of 1200 people, Its construction was completed in July 2007. A typical office has a floor area of 77m x 26m and affords a fine view of the city from the windows. A multiple split air-conditioning system has been adopted in this office building. Performance evaluation with BEMS has been carried out at the operation stage and high energy efficiency has been demonstrated by the airconditioning system. Besides, an actual investigation of the indoor environment was carried out through a questionnaire and physical measurement of data. 3. Successful Application of Heat Pumps to DHC System In Tokyo Bay Area Keiji Kojima, Tokyo Electric Power Company, Tokyo, Japan The Harumi-Island District Heating & Cooling (DHC), which is located in Tokyo Bay area, introduced the heat pump and thermal storage system with the aim of achieving minimum energy consumption, minimum environmental load, and maximum economical efficiency. It started operating in 2001, achieving high efficiency and a large amount of reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, as well as low heat-charge. The system performance was verified by the continued commissioning of the system. Monday, January 31, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 19 (Intermediate) District Ground Source Heat Pump Systems, Part 1 Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 10 Sponsor: 06.08 Geothermal Energy Utilization, 09.04 Applied Heat Pump/Heat Recovery Systems Chair: J. B. Singh, Fellow ASHRAE, J&P Consulting Engineers, Linwood, NJ Fueled by stimulus money and tax incentives at both the Federal and State levels, the geothermal industry is enjoying a lv2011ed interest by building owners and developers for district systems. A district GSHP system is not a new idea, but one that is more frequently being explored for large campuses and mixed use application in many locations. The challenge in designing these systems is the management of a central pump or series of pumps for both energy efficiency and management of the pumping system by the owner. Several projects which apply these ideas are presented as part one of this seminar series. 1. A Feasibility Study for a District Hybrid Geothermal Heat Pump System in Northern Canada Andrew Chiasson, Ph.D., Member, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH A feasibility study of a district hybrid geothermal heat pump system serving a newly planned, sustainable subdivision in a subarctic climate in Northern Canada is presented. The study examines the technical and economic feasibility of constructing the district heating system with a low-temperature fluid supply loop serving distributed geothermal heat pumps in buildings. The heat source is a ground heat exchanger integrated with solar thermal collector arrays, as sewer heat recovery system, and a peaking boiler system. A life-cycle economic optimization analysis is used to identify the most feasible options.

2. District Ground Source Hybrid System Applications for Large Commercial Projects Donald C. Smith, Member, Sound Geothermal Corp., Sandy, UT The presentation will discuss design methodology, anticipated and current performance of case studies, and special problems and expectations for these district hybrid systems. 3. Energy Transfer within a Community Development Ed Lohrenz, Member, Geo-Xergy Systems, Inc., Winnipeg, MB, Canada The Town of Gibsons, BC, is developing a geothermal utility for a new development of 750 homes. Energy recovered from air conditioning loads of commercial buildings and a hockey arena will be used to balance the predominantly heating loads of the single family homes. A connection to the nearby ocean will eventually be developed to moderate the ground heat exchanger temperatures during the peak heating and cooling seasons. The first phase of the project is currently under construction. Monday, January 31, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 20 (Basic) Mechanical Engineers Role in Green Building Track: Integrated Design Room: Pavilion 4 Sponsor: Student Activities Committee Chair: Chuck Curlin, P.E., Member, Shultz Engineering Group, Charlotte, NC Mechanical engineers play a vital role in achieving true sustainability as we move forward in reducing our dependency of fossil fuels for energy. In the advent of low cost energy, building designers and architects lost touch with the linkage between the outdoor and the indoor built environment. With today's focus on energy conservation and the return of the integrated building design process, the mechanical engineer plays a vital role in the overall building design no longer relegated to fitting an HVAC system into an existing building design. This session explores the impact you can have at any stage of your career. 1. Mechanical Engineer's Role In Green Building Paul Petrilli, P.E., Member, H.F. Lenz Company, Johnstown, PA Mechanical engineers play a vital role in achieving true sustainability as we move forward in reducing our dependency of fossil fuels for energy. In the advent of low cost energy, building designers and architects lost touch with the linkage between the outdoor and the indoor built environment. With today's focus on energy conservation and the integrated building design process, the mechanical engineer plays a vital role in the overall building design no longer relegated to fitting an HVAC system into an existing building design. This session explores the impact you can have at any stage of your career. Monday, January 31, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 21 (Basic) Profitability Killers and How To Avoid Them Track: Professional Skills Room: Pavilion 3 Sponsor: 01.07 Business, Management & General Legal Education Chair: Michael DeSantiago, P.E., Member, Primera Engineers, Ltd, Chicago, ILSamuel Reed, P.E., Member, BSA LifeStructures, Indianapolis, IN This session addresses issues related to profitability. It describes various profitability killers that can occur on a project and provide ideas for the engineer and/or project manager on how to avoid them. The presentation includes a discussion of lessons learned based on actual case studies in which the bottom-line was severely impacted and how the losses could have been mitigated or avoided. The discussion includes a description of some

of the basic metrics of profitability such as the effective multiplier, and a discussion of how the PM can influence these metrics on a project. Monday, January 31, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 22 (Advanced) Vapor-Compression Cycles, Systems and Components with Natural Refrigerants Track: Refrigeration Update Room: Pavilion 6 Sponsor: 03.01 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants, Refrigeration Committee, 08.01 Positive Displacement Compressors Chair: Georgi S. Kazachki, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, DRS Technologies, Florence, KY This seminar presents the outcome from more than a decade of intensive research and development of refrigeration systems with natural refrigerants, which have reached a high level of maturity manifested by the availability of components necessary to design and construct efficient and cost-competitive applications. 1. A New CO2 Compressor Design to Maximize Energy Efficiency, Optimize Product Industrialization and Reduce Cost Giacomo Pisano, Dr.Eng., Affiliate, Officine Mario Dorin, Compiobbi , Firenze, Italy, Compiobbi, Firenze, Italy Carbon dioxide is nowadays considered one of the most viable alternatives to HFC refrigerants in the refrigerating and air-conditioning industry. As the key component, the compressor strongly influences the installation reliability, first cost (40% of the installation cost is for the compressors), and operating cost (approximately 80% of the total operating expenses). The presentation is focused on the efforts to improve compressor competitiveness in terms of cost reduction through product industrialization and optimization, and increase energy efficiency through a patented compressor design. An overview of future developments compliments the achieved compressor features. 2. Applying Natural Refrigerants In Supermarket Refrigeration: Design Considerations and Evaluation Shitong Zha, Ph.D., Member, Hill PHOENIX, Covington, GA The subject of the presentation is to review supermarket systems using CO2 as the refrigerant built in North America and to discuss the driving forces of using natural refrigerants in supermarket refrigeration; to introduce complete-natural refrigerants supermarket refrigeration systems including ammonia/CO2, CO2-only cascade system and CO2 two stage system; to discuss the possible designs and advantages as well as potential issues with these systems; to evaluate the system energy consumption, heat gain, TEWI at different ambient conditions; and to discuss the design considerations for improving the system efficiency. 3. Laboratory Testing and Evaluation of a Transcritical CO2 Retail Refrigeration System Doron Shapiro, P.E., Member, Ingersoll-Rand Climate Solutions, Bridgeton, MO A transcritical CO2 system was assembled and tested at controlled conditions. An existing CO2 secondary test system was modified for transcritical operation, and measurements of cooling capacity, power use, and COP were completed. Performance was measured at several evaporating and "condensing" (gas cooler) temperatures, and these results are compared to past results for R404A direct expansion and CO2 secondary systems. Energy use and equivalent CO2 emissions of the transcrticial CO2 system are compared to results from previous R404A direct expansion, pumped liquid overfeed CO2, and cascade CO2. 4. Ammonia - the Natural Refrigerant of the Past, Present and Future Eric M. Smith, P.E., Member, International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration, Alexandria, VA Ammonia has been used as refrigerant in large refrigeration systems for over 100 years. The elimination of CFC and HCFC refrigerants and the realization that replacement refrigerants are expensive to purchase and costly to use, have created greater interest in using ammonia for smaller systems. Systems use reduced ammonia charge coupled with secondary refrigerants, and ammonia/carbon dioxide cascade systems. Recent investigations show that the use of CO2 systems become economically feasible for operating temperatures of as high as -35F. Coupled with ammonia as the limited charge high side refrigerant, energy consumption can be minimized, while meeting demands for natural refrigerants.

Monday, January 31, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Conference Paper Session 7 (Intermediate) Heat Transfer, Heat Exchanger Analysis and High Efficiency Compressor Track: Refrigeration Update Room: Pavilion 6 Chair: Bo Shen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Papers related to fundamental studies on heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics, and heat exchanger analysis are presented. 1. Experimental Investigation of a Machine Tool Cooler Using Hot-Gas Bypass Valves for Temperature Control (LV-11-C022) Fu-Jen Wang, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, Kuei Tsai1, Jian-Wei Kao1 and Hao-Chung Lee2, (1)National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, (2)Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, China In this study, the experimental investigation using hot-gas by-pass scheme were conducted to evaluate the temperature control of process cooling water. Effects of delay time control use pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques for by-pass valve under variation of process cooling load and different throttling devices been have investigated. 2. In-tube Boiling Heat Transfer of CO2-Lubricant Mixture at Low Temperatures (LV-11-C023) Pradeep Bansal, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand This paper presents preliminary experimental results of the flow boiling heat transfer of CO2 lubricant mixture at low saturation temperatures varying between -30oC to -40oC, oil concentration varying between 0 4%, along with the effects of refrigerant vapour quality, and heat and mass fluxes. The addition of low oil quantities to the flow (<3%) show an increase in local heat transfer coefficients at low vapour qualities (<60%), followed by a drop as the oil concentration is further increased, particularly at high vapour qualities (>80%). 3. High Efficiency Compressor Design for HC-600a Refrigerant Using Energy Saving Household Refrigerators (LV-11-C024) Ichiro Kita1, Makoto Katayama1 and Akiro Nakano1, (1)Panasonic Corporation, Shiga, Japan This paper reports on environmentally friendly technologies for compressors and refrigerators. For household refrigerators, HC-600a isobutane refrigerant is used worldwide. First, we compare its characteristics to HFC-134a refrigerant and discuss the technologies regarding the higher volumetric efficiency of compressors. Second, the paper discusses technologies for improving volumetric efficiency at the piston and cylinder bore portions. The piston groove outperforms oil seals. We also report the optimum groove design and fluid analysis using CFD at the groove portion. Monday, January 31, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Forum 1 (Basic) Good Design for GCHP: What Is It and Who Does It? Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 9 Sponsor: 06.08 Geothermal Energy Utilization Chair: Lisa Meline, P.E., Member, Meline Engineering, Sacramento, California While most design engineers understand that ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHPs) are one of the best strategies to meet ASHRAE's sustainability and net-zero energy goals, not all design engineers have the training or experience to design the ground heat exchanger. Because of this, it is becoming more common to see the ground heat exchanger as a "design build" component of the plan and specification project. What is required to properly design GCHP systems? What are the minimum requirements to properly describe the installation of a GCHP system? This forum will focus on setting expectations for good GCHP design. Monday, January 31, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM

Forum 2 (Intermediate) Should ASHRAE Develop a Certification or Education Programs on CFD? Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 2 Sponsor: 04.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling Chair: Amy Musser, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Vandemusser Design, PLLC, Asheville, NC Members of TC 4.10 have been struggling for some time about how best to serve the growing ASHRAE CFD user community. This forum will be an open discussion of the need and potential market for publications, educational programs or certification programs. The goal for the forum will be to discuss options that exist within ASHRAE, to assess the size and needs of the user community, and to discuss approaches that the TC might take. Monday, January 31, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Forum 3 (Intermediate) What Energy Recovery Technologies in Labs Are Being Utilized? Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 4 Sponsor: 09.10 Laboratory Systems Chair: Wade Conlan, P.E., Member, X-nth, Maitland, FL Labs are applying more and more forms of energy recovery as required by ASHRAE Std 90.1, but, also due to the sustainable movement, owners, operators and designers are applying energy recovery to labs as well. There is a huge debate on the type of technologies that should be applied to labs (all varieties) and this session is hoping to shed light on what is being installed and where the bar for "standard of care" is being established. The information will be utilized for the "ASHRAE Lab Design Guide" revision as well as the Standards Sub-Committee to ensure that labs are being incorporated correctly. Monday, January 31, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Seminar 23 (Intermediate) Cutting-Edge Japanese Technologies for Zero-Energy Buildings (Part 2) Track: Net Zero Energy Room: Pavilion 1 Chair: Shinsuke Kato, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, IIS,University. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan This session presents the new HVAC technologies employed for ZEBs (Zero-Energy Buildings) in Japan. The heat pump and the fuel cell are the key technologies for ZEBs. Directly embedding the adsorbent on the surface of the air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger for direct heating and direct cooling enables this system to regenerate the adsorbent at the condensation temperature of the heat pump (around 40C). Japanese manufacturers started selling polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) for CHPs in 2009. The newly developed solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) for CHPs, which have a power efficiency of over 45%, are also explained. 1. Humidity and Temperature Individual Control Air-Conditioning System with Highly Effective Compact Desiccant Unit Nobuki Matsui, Daikin Industries LTD, Osaka, Japan The compact heat pump driven desiccant system, which controls the temperature and humidity separately, was developed to achieve a significant energy reduction. By directly embedding the adsorbent on the surface of the fintube heat exchanger, the adsorbent was directly heated for regeneration and cooled for adsorption process. This system enables the regeneration of the adsorbent at the condensing temperature of the heat pump (approximately 40C). Because of this technology, an overwhelmingly high performance, about 2.5 times higher, and a drastic volume reduction, about 1/3, as compared to that of conventional desiccant dehumidifiers have been achieved. 2. Fuel Cell Technologies and Their Applications

Yoshitaka Kayahara, Osaka Gas CO., LTD., Osaka, Japan Japanese manufacturers and gas companies started selling polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) for CHPs in 2009. With government subsidies, these systems are being used as energy saving systems in houses. New solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), for CHPs with over 45% more efficiency and over 40,000-h durability, have been developed. The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan, and the New Energy Foundation (NEF) have supported demonstrative research on SOFC since 2007. Several companies will manufacture and bring SOFC into the market in some years. The state-of-the-art Japanese fuel cell technologies and their applications will be explained. Monday, January 31, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Seminar 24 (Intermediate) Historical Perspectives: Las Vegas Casino Design Past to Present Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 3 Sponsor: Historical Committee Chair: Lee Riback, Member, Southern Nevada ASHRAE Chapter, Las Vegas, NV Three noted HVAC design engineers in Las Vegas discuss the history of system designs. Each covers a different topic regarding changes in the designs and demands of the city's biggest industry, casino resorts. There have substantial changes in the needs of the industry, driven by the demands of clients to improve not only the attractions, but their systems, as well. These needs have pushed HVAC designers to find innovative and creative ways to meet the customer's needs. 1. Las Vegas HVAC Designs: How It All Started Ralph Joekel, P.E., Member, JBA Consulting Engineers, Las Vegas, NV 2. How the Changing Codes and Standards Have Impacted Ventilation Design for Las Vegas Casinos over the Past 25 Years Don Koch, P.E., Member, DG Koch & Associates, Las Vegas, NV 3. The Evolution of Energy Efficient Design for Large Las Vegas Resorts Rob Finnegan, P.E., Member, Finnegan Erickson & Associates, Las Vegas, NV Monday, January 31, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Seminar 25 (Intermediate) Seismic Code Compliance for HVAC Equipment Track: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R Industry Room: Pavilion 11 Sponsor: 02.07 Seismic and Wind Restraint Design Chair: E. Doug Fitts, P.E., Life Member, Fitts HVAC Consulting, LLC, Sunrise Beach, MO The IBC Building Code requires that HVAC equipment be certified for special seismic design and inspections. A discussion of how this certification takes place and what is required is presented. 1. New AHRI Seismic Qualification Standard James A. Carlson, P.E., Member, Seismic Source International, Springfield, NE American Heating Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) is in the final stages of publishing a first of a kind standard for equipment seismic qualification. The standard addresses two types of qualification: testing and analysis. A complete process has been developed for qualification of equipment by test. Process includes defining the capacity based on demand response spectrum to the accepted functional criteria. 2. ICC-ES AC 156 Acceptance Criteria for Seismic Qualification by Shake Table Testing of Non-Structural Components and Systems

Greg L. Meeuwsen, Member, Ingersoll Rand-Trane, La Crosse, WI AC156 is the standard for seismic qualification of mechanical equipment by test. The application of this test procedure for HVAC equipment, along with experience and case studies, is presented. Monday, January 31, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Seminar 25-2 (Intermediate) Commissioning the Worlds Largest LEED-Certified Building: The Palazzo Track: Integrated Design Room: Pavilion 10 Sponsor: 07.09 Building Commissioning Chair: Bill McGuire, P.E., Member, X-nth, Inc., Maitland, FL At the time of its grand opening the Palazzo was the largest LEED-certified building in the world when it achieved LEED Silver Certification. The sheer size of the facility created some interesting challenges for the commissioning efforts, and overall construction process and schedule. In addition, the eco-friendly objectives of this facility posed many challenges and lessons learned for engineers, owners and the commissioning authority. Issues such as balancing indoor air quality, scheduling, space pressurization, and demand controlled ventilation, and others are discussed. Commissioning Large Facilities Bill McGuire, P.E., Member, X-nth, Inc., Maitland, FL With thousands of fan coil units, hundreds of air handling units and connecting to the exiting utilities of the casino the commissioning team encountered unique challenges on the Palazzo. The building automation system programmer's needs are magnified with larger facilities and the interaction with the commissioning and design team will reviewed. A simple but multifarious demand control ventilation strategy for the casino and hotel will be highlighted. These experiences, and others, will be utilized to discuss creative solutions and lessons learned for commissioning large facilities. An Owner's Perspective on Large Hotel Resort Casinos and Their Challenges John Hess, P.E., Las Vegas Sands Corp., Las Vegas, NV Large hotel resort and casinos have extremely large floor spaces (gaming, restaurants and stores) that appear compartmentalized but are truly open to each other and can present interesting integration complications between the air systems. Their potential for avoiding energy costs is exacerbated by their ever-changing occupancy and continuous operation. Also, constructing large additions to these communicating spaces can present schedule and unforeseen risks for owners. Learn firsthand the challenges of schedule, balancing indoor air quality, space pressurization and implementing energy effective strategies. Monday, January 31, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM Conference Paper Session 8 (Intermediate) Data Center Studies Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 3 Chair: Ecton English, Department of Defense, Ft. Meade, MD As high density electronic equipment in mission critical facilities such data centers continue to evolve, better cooling strategies and air management techniques are needed to effectively cool the electronic equipment while maintaining reliability and increasing energy efficiency. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to perform data center thermal modeling can be an effective tool for maximizing cooling effectiveness and can determine the effect of the lack of cooling during a power outage. The papers presented in this session provide valuable information on CFD methods and analysis techniques to analyze and optimize cooling within data centers. 1. Unique Airflow Visulization Techniques for the Design and Validation of Above-Plenum Data Center CFD Models (LV-11-C025)

Michael Lloyd, Member1 and Leon Glicksman, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE1, (1)Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA This paper summarizes the unique validation process of a CFD simulation for a small data center test cell located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The validation method features point velocity and temperature measurements and the use of small neutrally-buoyant bubbles to visualize the airflow patterns above a raised-floor plenum. 2. Rate of Heating Analysis of Data Centers During Power Shutdown (LV-11-C026) Kishor Khankari, Ph.D., Member, Syska Hennessy, Ann Arbor, MI This paper is a follow-up analysis of the previous work, Thermal Mass Availability for Cooling Data Centers during Power Shutdown. With the help of a mathematical model this paper will describe that the rate of heating of a data center during the power outage situation starts at a certain maximum level, and then, gradually reduces to a certain minimum level. This paper will introduce a few indices that can help in evaluating vulnerability of a data center for rapid heating during the power outage and the extent of protection that rack thermal mass can provide in controlling this rate. Monday, January 31, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM Conference Paper Session 9 () Integrated Design Track: Integrated Design Room: Pavilion 4 Chair: Joel Primeau, P.Eng., Member, GENIVAR, Ottawa, ON, Canada The integrated design process is a collaborative building design method focused on optimum building performance and cost effectiveness often utilized in the sustainable design. This is a holistic building design approach in which systems are considered interdependent and independent decision making is minimized. 1. Building Development High Performance Teamwork for High Performance Buildings (LV-11-C027) David S. Allen, P.E., Member1, Rick Norman2 and Bob Pennisi2, (1)Allen Consulting, LLC, Chelmsford, MA, (2)Strategyn, Wilmington, NC This paper will explain the lessons learned from proven product development practices and what is now beginning to be effectively used in the building industry. Specifically, it will focus on two best practices: breaking down the functional silos between architecture, engineering, and construction and accomplishing more with less through cross-functional teams. The other best practice allows these teams to learn what High Performance means to customers, the people who will work in and pay for the building; this practice helps teams transform that knowledge into measurable performance criteria they can commit to and focus on for success. 2. Implementation of Integrated Design as a Paradigm for the Design of Low Energy Office Buildings (LV11-C028) Michael Jorgensen, Ph.D.1, M. W. Neilsen1 and J. B. Stromann-Andersen1, (1)Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark In this paper a case representing an actual architectural competition implementing integrated design is presented. The design process is carried out at an architectural office and attended by both engineers and architects working towards a mutual goal of architectural excellence, low energy consumption and a high level of indoor environment. By means of this case the integration of technical knowledge concerning building performance in the conceptual design stage is investigated. Great attention is given to how the engineering input is presented and how it can facilitate the design development. 3. High Performance Buildings Using Whole Building Integrated Design Approach (LV-11-C029) Mohamed Abaza, Member, Gilbane Building Company, San Diego, CA High performance building (HPB) programs have become a model for greater resource and energy-efficient practices for selected renovations and new construction projects. The goal of the HPB program is to produce a permanent improvement in standard design practices among building designers and owners that result in higher efficiency and lower utility costs. While the engineer of record (EOR) will perform energy analysis to determine

the proper selection of equipment to meet building loads, this Whole Building Energy Model is different; rather than selecting equipment, this model will demonstrate the performance of equipment in the operation of the facility. Monday, January 31, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM Conference Paper Session 10 (Intermediate) Recent Research in Acoustics for Healthcare Facilities Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 2 Chair: Chris Papadimos, Member, Papadimos Group, San Rafael, CA This session presents recent research findings on acoustical conditions in hospitals. The first paper is a case study on how acoustic conditions in hospitals can influence patient health based on noise measurement and patient satisfaction surveys. The second paper presents case studies on how a poor hospital acoustical environment may affect patients and employees and the importance of appropriate methodologies to characterize hospital acoustical conditions. 1. Hospital Noise and Occupant Response (LV-11-C030) Erica Ryherd, Ph.D., Member1, Selen Okcu, Student Member1, Timothy Hsu, Student Member1 and Arun Mahapatra1, (1)Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA The Georgia Tech Hospital Acoustics Research Group is involved in a unique collaboration with specialists in medicine, nursing, engineering, architecture, and psychology to evaluate the modern hospital soundscape and the associated psycho-physiological responses of occupants. Case studies and findings from this body of work will be discussed. The results are advancing the understanding of how various aspects of the soundscape impact occupants, how to best measure and quantify these aspects, and how to improve the hospital acoustic climate to make hospitals healthier for occupants. 2. Measured Levels and Patient Perception of Hospital Noise Before, During and After Renovation of a Hospital Wing (LV-11-C031) Lily Wang, Ph.D., P.E.1 and Cassandra H. Wiese, Student Member1, (1)University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE Acoustic conditions in hospitals can negatively influence a patients physical and psychological health. This paper reports on noise levels measured before, during, and after renovation of a hospital wing in an Omaha, Nebraska, facility that regularly receives unsatisfactory noise scores on patient satisfaction surveys. Monday, January 31, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM Forum 4 (Advanced) The Technical Basis of the Federal Walk-In Efficiency Standard Track: Refrigeration Update Room: Pavilion 6 Sponsor: 10.05 Refrigerated Distribution and Storage Facilities, 10.07 Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display and Storage Chair: Jon McHugh, P.E., Member, McHugh Energy Consultants Inc., Fair Oaks, CA Prior to the passage of EISA 2007, walk-in refrigeration was unregulated. USDOE is developing performance standards that would be adopted January 2012 and affect all walk-in component manufacturers by 2015. New test standards have been written (AHRI 1250) and DOE has developed a preliminary technical support document. This forum provides the opportunity for experts to discuss the key technical issues associated with developing standards for walk-in refrigeration. Monday, January 31, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM

Seminar 26 (Intermediate) Design, Commissioning and Verification Considerations for Net-Zero Energy Buildings Track: Net Zero Energy Room: Pavilion 1 Sponsor: 07.09 Building Commissioning Chair: Mike Eardley, P.E., Member, Cannon Design, Boston, MA Net-zero energy buildings require clear performance goals and clear communication between different parties that have varying levels of involvement from early design through building operation. The design process is critical in putting the elements and specified interactions in place that allow the building to function in a net-zero energy manner. Commissioning is essential in defining functional and performance goals and verifying that they are met during the different project phases and operation. This session defines and details critical elements of both designing and commissioning net-zero energy buildings. 1. Design and Energy Modeling for Net Zero Energy John Swift Jr., P.E., Member, Cannon Design, Boston, MA A net-zero energy building is the culmination of a partnership between design and client needs, driven by performance ideals pushing the boundaries of our creative and technical abilities. Success is dependent on establishing achievable goals to be held as a standard throughout the building life-cycle. Once goals are established, strategies such as lv2011able energy systems, cogeneration, and high performance mechanical/electrical/envelope systems may be considered and integrated into a commissioning process. The presentation will detail different design considerations for NZEBs as well as a case study to illustrate the challenges and lessons learned during the rigorous process of designing a NZEB. 2. Commissioning as Quality Assurance for Net-Zero Energy Buildings Manus McDevitt, P.E., Member, Sustainable Engineering Group, Madison, WI A successful quality assurance program is essential to the success of any building projectwithout commissioning a finished building is at risk of not meeting the owners objectives. The concepts and systems used in low- to netzero energy buildings are unfamiliar to a majority of building designers and contractors so the possibility for misinterpretation is significant. The commissioning process is essential to define a clear and agreed-upon set of criteria for design and construction of the building and to ensure that the often unconventional building systems are designed, installed and operated correctly. Monday, January 31, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM Seminar 27 (Intermediate) District GHP Systems, Part 2: 1500+ Ton Sustainable Utilities Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 10 Sponsor: 06.08 Geothermal Energy Utilization, 09.04 Applied Heat Pump/Heat Recovery Systems Chair: Lisa Meline, P.E., Member, Meline Engineering, Sacramento, California While part 1 of this two-part seminar introduces the idea of district ground source heat pump systems, part 2 presents two different district or campus GHP systems. Are GHP district systems the key to an energy independent future? Is the large campus system (approaching 1500 tons and large) viable as a sustainable utility for the future? 1. Geothermal District Systems - A Sustainable Utility Kirk T. Mescher, P.E., Member, CM Engineering, Inc., Columbia, MO From the inception of geo-exchange heating and cooling systems, they have been characterized as unitary products with associated ground loop heat exchangers. The concept of a district heating and cooling system for a geothermal application was ellusive. The advent of a diversified one-pipe network with multiple users and heat exchangers has made the concept of a green thermal utility possible. Work at Lakeland Community College in Mattoon, Ill. has demonstrated that a campus with multiple buildings with multiple heat exchangers offers insight into the development of a sustainable utility.

2. GeoExchange on a Campus Scale Lee Tapper, P.E., Member, MEP Associates, Eau Claire, WI In the summer of 2009, the design of the largest geoexchange project in the nation, and possibly the world, was started at Ball State University in Muncie, Ind. The project is for the conversion of the campus HVAC system from coal fired steam to geoexchange for both heating and cooling. When completed, the system will supply 152 MMBHU of heat and 12,000 tons of chiller capacity to the campus. This project is taking geoexchange design and technology to the next level. This presentation will address the steps and considerations when designing this type of system. Monday, January 31, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM Seminar 28 (Intermediate) Integrating Solar and Hydronic Heating for Residential and Small Commercial Systems Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 9 Chair: Fredric Milder, Ph.D., SolarLogic, LLC, Santa Fe, NM Solar heating integrates most easily with hydronic heating systems because solar thermal panels provide hot fluid at temperatures that are compatible with normal heat loads. However, in order to make the best use of the solar heat when it is available and minimize parasitic heat loss and pump (electric) power, a heating system design must treat all heat sources, loads and storage components as an integrated system. This session presents best practices for a simple, optimally efficient system design for residential and small commercial applications that is modular, easily adaptable and scalable. 1. Advantages of Primary/Secondary Plumbing Design Bristol Stickney, Affiliate, SolarLogic, LLC, Santa Fe, NM A plumbing system design based on primary and secondary loops allows heat to be transferred from a conventional heat source to any load connected to the primary loop. This concept can be successfully extended to two primary loops connected through a heat exchanger for a system utilizing both solar and backup heat sources. The advantages are numerous, but can be summarized as the ability to move heat from any place in the system to any other place at will. Even components that alternately function as both heat loads and heat sources can be easily dealt with in this configuration. 2. Advantages of Integrated System Control Fredric Milder, Ph.D., SolarLogic, LLC, Santa Fe, NM Taking fullest advantage of the primary/secondary loop design strategy (refer to previous presentation) requires that the controlling logic must know about temperatures at numerous points in the system, as well as the on/off status of all pumps and valves. In short, the control of pumps, valves and heat sources must be centralized. The highest system energy efficiency and ease of implementation is achieved by using a single computer to receive all information and make prioritized control decisions with software algorithms. Additionally, by controlling the system in this manner, diagnostics can be done via the internet, minimizing ongoing maintenance costs. Monday, January 31, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM Seminar 29 (Intermediate) Low Energy Design for Casinos: Integrating CHP Systems Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 11 Sponsor: 01.10 Cogeneration Systems Chair: Richard Sweetser, Member, Exergy Partners Corp., Herndon, VA Hotels and casinos represent an excellent but underutilized market for combined heat and power (CHP). According to the U.S. EPA, of the nearly 48,000 hotels in the United States, about 10,000 have the energy characteristics suitable for current CHP technology. More than 1,000 of these sites are likely to meet a simple

payback on their investment within five years or less. The Rio was the first Las Vegas hotel and casino to incorporate CHP in 2004 and MGM City Center is the second system commissioned in 2009. These two projects provide important insight into CHP system design, operation and economic which is the subject of this seminar. 1. The Rio Hotel & Casino Experience: A 4.9 MW CHP System Generating 40% of the Electricity, 60% of the Hot Water and 65% of the Heat for the Hotel Gearoid Foley, Member, Integrated CHP Systems Corp., Princeton Junction, NJ This All Suite Hotel and Casino includes more than 2,500 suites, 15 restaurants, theaters and lounges, gaming rooms, and other facilities. The hotel and casino's CHP system is the first CHP system at a Las Vegas casino. It was installed in 2004 to reduce the hotel and casino's $9 million annual energy bill. The CHP system consists of six natural gas-fired reciprocating engines with a total capacity of 4.9 MW. By generating power and thermal energy the CHP system saves $1.5 million annually and has been available and operating more than 95 percent of the time. 2. Las Vegas MGM Mirage City Center's CHP Facility Delivers 8 MW of Electricity and 800 BHP of Steam Bruce Hedman, Ph.D., ICF, Arlington, VA CityCenters 18 million square feet and spanning 67 acres is by far the largest development Las Vegas has ever seen. The megaresorts power plant also contains the first CHP plant on the Strip. Two 400 BHP waste heat boilers the exhaust from two four MW advanced natural gas turbines into about 25 MMBTU of hot water. CityCenter officially opened for business in January of 2010. How the CHP plant performed operationally, environmentally and economically will be presented. Monday, January 31, 2011, 2:15 PM-3:45 PM Public Sessions 1 (Intermediate) A Practical Guide for Reducing Air Leakage in HVAC Air Systems Track: Low Energy Design Room: N256 Sponsor: TG3 HVAC Contractors and Design Build Firms Chair: Mike McLaughlin, Associate Member, Southland Industries, Dulles, VA Excessive air leakage in HVAC Systems is known to be a significant source of energy waste in HVAC Systems. Given this fact, the engineering, contracting manufacturing community has had a common goal of reducing air leakage in HVAC systems to provide a low energy design solution and provide yet another step towards achieving a zero energy design. Over the years, numerous standards, guidelines, project specifications and procedures have been developed that both directly and/or indirectly influence the ability to achieve this goal. In some cases, the combination of these documents impedes the ability to reduce air leakage and/or add significant costs to a project without additional benefit. This seminar reviews the pertinent information necessary for the engineer, contractor and manufacturer to refine these documents and develop a practical guide for reducing air leakage in HVAC Air systems. We identify the current standards, guidelines and project specification that influence air leakage and where conflicts can arise. We provide background information on duct construction and air leakage testing and how these components can contribute to reducing air leakage in a cost effective manner. Finally, we highlight the roles and responsibilities of the engineer, contractor and manufacturer and the interdependent actions that are required to assure we meet our common goal of reducing air leakage in HVAC systems. The seminar is presented by industry professionals representing the engineering, contracting and trade association community. 1. A Practical Guide for Reducing Air Leakage In HVAC Air Systems Mark Terzigni, Member1, Robert Delawder2 and Mike McLaughlin, Associate Member2, (1)SMACNA, Chantilly, VA, (2)Southland Industries, Dulles, VA Excessive air leakage in HVAC Systems is known to be a significant source of energy waste in HVAC Systems. Over the years, numerous standards, guidelines, specifications and procedures were developed to assist with reducing air leakage and providing a low energy design solution. In some cases, the combination of these documents impede the ability to reduce air leakage and/or add significant costs to a project without additional

benefit. This seminar reviews the pertinent information necessary for the engineer, contractor and manufacturer to refine these documents and develop a practical guide for reducing air leakage in HVAC Air systems. Monday, January 31, 2011, 2:15 PM-3:45 PM Seminar (Intermediate) Performance Deficiencies & Strategies for Improving Exhaust Ventilation Systems Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 10 Sponsor: TC 4.3 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration Chair: Craig Wray, P.Eng., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA OPEN SESSION: no badge required, no PDHs awarded, presented during the TC's meeting. Exhaust systems are ubiquitous in large buildings, and have many of the same problems that are found in supply and return systems. Specifically, leaks in exhaust ducts and excess airflows mean that fans must draw more air than needed to meet required minimum ventilation rates at exhaust inlets. These deficiencies have substantial energy implications related to fan power, and the heating and cooling of excess infiltration air. The seminar describes recent work related to exhaust system leakage and imbalance; their effects on infiltration and ventilation, fan performance, and energy use; and strategies for improving these systems. Monday, January 31, 2011, 4:00 PM-5:00 PM Forum (Intermediate) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis and Risk Management in Data CentersAnd Other Important Matters to Consider Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 3 Sponsor: 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment Chair: Vali Sorell, Member, Syska Hennessy, Charlotte, NC OPEN SESSION: no badge required, no PDHs awarded, presented during the TC's meeting. In todays everexpanding data center environment, owners and operators are becoming more concerned about failures in their facilities causing downtime of their core business operations. Whether the need for continuous uptime is based on governmental regulations, business operational requirements, security, or life safety, it is something that design engineers, contractors, equipment/system manufacturers, and end users now have to address directly. The need for Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) studies and the Risk Management that comes from such studies has been increasing with the goal of reducing failures in the systems supporting the critical loads. ASHRAE TC 9.9 wishes to set goals toward defining a methodology to identify failure modes and quantifying risk in order to gain a better understanding of how to approach these studies. Attendees are encouraged to provide input and expertise. Other issues relating to mission critical design will also be entertained. All input relating to the direction for TC9.9, relative to research and programs, is welcome and encouraged. Tuesday, 02/01 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Conference Paper Session 11 (Intermediate) Modeling Extreme Events Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 3 Chair: Amy Musser, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Vandemusser Design, PLLC, Asheville, NC

Engineers are often asked to model typical or design conditions in buildings. Much more rarely, the opportunity presents itself to model unusual or extreme conditions. To do so successfully, we are challenged to think about what we do in different ways and to sometimes use modified techniques. This session deals with questions like, how do we define unusual boundary conditions? What are the limits of our usual modeling methods? What are the statistical implications of working with extreme conditions? 1. Some Building Design Issues Related to Extreme Winds (LV-11-C032) David Banks, Ph.D., Member, CPP Wind Engineering and Air Quality Consultants, Ft. Collins, CO The author will address the need to understand the fundamentally unstable nature of wind flow around buildings. 2. Extreme Events: Examining the Tails of a Distribution (LV-11-C033) Eric W. Adams, Ph.D., Member1 and Samarin Ghosh, Ph.D.2, (1)Carrier, Syracuse, NY, (2)Indianapolis, IN Statistics teaches us that extreme events are very-unlike the normal distribution that we tend to apply in regression and other elementary problems. In fact, extreme events happen much more frequently than predicted by theories based on the normal distribution. Statisticians describe extreme value distributions as heavy tailed as a result. In this paper, models of extreme values are discussed and examples relevant to HVAC are given. Finally, models will be demonstrated for how often extreme values can happen together. 3. Quantifying Chemical/Biological Event Severity with Vulnerability-Based Performance Metrics (LV-11C034) Jason W. DeGraw, Ph.D., Member1 and William P. Bahnfleth, PhD, PE, Fellow2, (1)Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, (2)Penn State University, University Park, PA Quantifying the impact of chemical or biological releases on a building and its occupants is a necessary part of risk assessment. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Conference Paper Session 12 (Intermediate) Regulatory Efforts for Energy Efficiency in Canada and Europe Track: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R Industry Room: Pavilion 11 Chair: Toby Lau, P.E., Member, BC Hydro, Burnaby , BC, Canada Energy efficiency regulations are now being developed at many jurisdictional levels. This session discusses some current examples of these regulatory efforts in Canada and Europe. 1. European Efforts Towards NZEBs and Energy Conservation in Hellenic Buildings (LV-11-C035) Constantinos A. Balaras, Ph.D., P.E., Member, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece The European Union has set an ambitious target for improving energy efficiency in the building sector so that all new buildings as of 2021 should be near zero energy. A major effort is under way for the implementation of the European Directive on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD). This paper presents an overview of the relevant European legislative efforts and focuses on an example for Greece, its national efforts to meet these objectives and an assessment of potential energy conservation in the Hellenic building stock. 2. British Columbia's Energy Efficient Buildings Strategy (LV-11-C036) Andrew Pape-Salmon, P.Eng., Member1, Erik Kaye1 and Katherine Muncaster1, (1)BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resource, Victoria, BC, Canada British Columbias Energy Efficient Buildings Strategy established targets for significant energy and emission reductions in new and existing buildings by the year 2020. It promotes systemic market transformation through the introduction, adoption and eventual regulation of new energy efficient building designs, products and technologies, and ensures that demand-side management programs and government leadership, incentives and regulations lead to permanent changes in the market. This paper outlines key policy measures, estimates energy savings and identifies a framework for evaluating the Strategys progress, including indicators of success. 3. Transforming the Window and Glazing Markets in BC through Energy Efficiency Standards and Regulations (LV-11-C037)

Andrew Pape-Salmon, P.Eng., Member1 and Warren Knowles, P.Eng.2, (1)BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resource, Victoria, BC, Canada, (2)RDH Building Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada This paper provides an overview of a collaborative market transformation strategy implemented by the Ministry of Energy, Mines, and Petroleum Resources to promote and improve the energy efficiency of windows and glazing system products for new and existing buildings in British Columbia (BC). Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Conference Paper Session 13 (Intermediate) The Real Cost of Zero Energy Buildings: Applications Track: Net Zero Energy Room: Pavilion 6 Chair: Andrew Price, Stanley Consultants, Muscatine, IA This session includes papers offering broad applications and utility system integration for net zero buildings. 1. Finding the "Switching Point": Cost Optimization for New NZE Commercial Buildings (LV-11-C038) Erik Bonnett, Student Member1, Michael Bendewald1 and Victor Olgyay, Member1, (1)Rocky Mountain Institute, Boulder, CO This paper presents the application of Adapted Commercial Building Energy Optimization process to the Archbold Biological Station Lodge and Learning Center. In this project, significant cost savings were achieved during step three, EEM packaging. 2. Smart Net Zero Energy Buildings and Their Integration in the Electrical Grid (LV-11-C039) Meli Stylianou, CanmetENERGY, Varennes, QC, Canada This paper will discuss these Smart NZEBs and explore the relationship between NZEBs and DRBs in the context of the Smart Grid. It will also examine technologies that will facilitate the emergence of Smart NZEBs, such as Building Information Modeling and the application of open communication standards described by the 2010 NIST Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability. 3. Reducing Plug and Process Loads for a Large Scale, Low Energy Office Building: NRELs Research Support Facility (LV-11-C040) Chad Lobato, Associate Member1, Shanti Pless, Member1, Michael Sheppy, Associate Member1 and Paul Torcellini, Ph.D., Member1, (1)National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO The National Renewable Energy Laboratorys (NREL) new 220,000-ft2 Research Support Facility (RSF) is completed and is expected to be the largest net zero energy office building in North America. This paper will document the process developed by the NREL researchers to identify and reduce plug and process loads as part of the net zero energy design process for the RSF. 4. Gas Roadmap to Zero Energy Homes (LV-11-C041) Ryan Kerr1 and Doug Kosar, Member1, (1)Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL The objective of this paper is to report on an analysis of natural gas usage scenarios in high performance homes through to net-zero energy. The technical analysis of energy usage trends led into investigations regarding the impact these homes have on gas and combined utilities, equipment manufacturers, builders, and homeowners. To best address the spectrum of utilities and building markets, a national Zero Energy Homes research methodology was used as the platform for analysis. The U.S. Department of Energys (DOE) Building America program has been researching Zero Energy Homes for over 10 years. 5. Estimating Industrial Building Energy Savings Using Inverse Simulation (LV-11-C042) Franc Sever, Student Member1, Kelly Kissock, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, Dan Brown, P.E., Member2 and Steve Mulqueen, Associate Member2, (1)University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, (2)Cascade Enery Engineering, Portland, OR This paper describes the development of statistical inverse energy signature models and how to modify the models to estimate savings. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM

Seminar 30 (Intermediate) Micro-Combined Heat and Power Systems, Part 1: Applications, Best Practices and Technologies Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 10 Sponsor: 09.05 Residential and Small Building Applications, 01.10 Cogeneration Systems Chair: Mark W. Davis, Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD Micro-combined heat and power (micro-CHP) systems generate electricity for residential or small-commercial buildings at the point of use. Overall efficiencies approaching 90% can be achieved by utilizing the systems waste heat for hot water or space heating, which results in significant primary energy and carbon savings when compared to electricity generated at large, central power plants. This first of two seminars discusses the potential applications, best practices and technologies that can be used in micro-CHP systems. 1. Micro Cogeneration: A Novel Way for Heat and Power Generation In Residential Buildings Evgueniy Entchev, CanmetENERGY Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada There is a class of new technologies being developed to meet the buildings energy need featuring combined heat and power generation at a residential level or so-called micro cogeneration. The presentation will focus on the latest technology advances in micro cogeneration systems and will discuss their performance and impact on the energy use while installed in a research building and integrated with the existing mechanical equipment. Performance results from field and laboratory trials of a residential size fuel cell, Stirling engines and an IC engine will also be presented. 2. Best Practices and Applications for Micro-CHP Systems Mike Cocking, Marathon Engine Systems, East Troy, WI The adaptation of micro-CHP systems into the North American marketplace is relatively new and fraught with many barriers. Therefore, it is important that these systems be utilized in the best applications to overcome the resistance to this new technology. The focus of this presentation will be to explain the concept of small scale heat and power generation and to outline the criteria for these applications. In addition, a discussion of what microCHP is and is not and how it is best utilized to make it a respected and accepted technology for use in solving our future energy needs. 3. Domestic Combined Heat and Power Unit Based Upon Fuel Cells Bob Flint, Ceres Power Limited, Crawley, United Kingdom Residential micro-CHP devices are becoming available as an alternative to the standard gas boiler. The industrys focus is increasingly on fuel cells to provide the next technological leap, addressing many of the issues experienced with engine-based micro CHP such as: heat to power ratio; efficiency; noise and vibration; and weight. Mass market residential micro CHP has a unique set of requirements and is a demanding application. This presentation examines these requirements and indicates how technologies need to address them in order deliver a full set of benefits to consumers and other stakeholders such as energy companies and their regulators. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 31 (Advanced) Next Generation Heat Exchangers for Net-Zero Design Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 9 Sponsor: 08.04 Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment Chair: Edward A. Vineyard, P.E., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Striving towards net-zero energy buildings mandates new levels of HVAC&R systems efficiency improvements. Air-to-refrigerant heat exchangers are integral parts of most HVAC&R systems. This seminar highlights the impact of heat exchanger efficiency on the system performance and provides insight on how new designs may affect efficiency regulations. Furthermore, novel heat exchanger designs are presented along with the projected and demonstrated performance improvements.

1. Experimental Investigations of Ultra-Compact Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchanger Omar Abdelaziz, Ph.D., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Novel heat exchangers (HX) rely on smaller refrigerant flow channel to increase heat transfer efficiency. The current limitation to advancing HX performance is the airside performance. A new HX design prototyped using micro-sized individual flow channel was tested and showed great potential for efficiency improvements over current state of the art. The prototype heat exchanger comprises 144 needle-like tubes, each of 0.4 mm outside diameter. Experimental results were also used to validate a multi-scale simulation approach showing multi-scale simulations to have acceptable accuracy. 2. Novel Heat Exchangers: Pathways to New Levels of Efficiency Michael M. Ohadi, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Raising heat exchanger efficiencies to new levels requires novel concepts. Heat exchanger efficiency improvement can be achieved by adapting new geometries, materials, flow configurations as well as other active enhancement techniques. This presentation highlights some of the recent efforts in improving heat exchanger efficiency and the associated performance improvements.

3. Overview of Energy Efficiency Regulations In Germany for Optimized System Design and Influence on Heat Exchangers Stanislav Perencevic, Member, Gntner AG & Co. KG, Frstenfeldbruck, Germany System optimization, correct selection and proper operating conditions of heat exchangers carry significant potential for energy savings in a refrigerant plant. Capturing these savings requires a reduction of the temperature difference between heat source and heat sink as well as efficient heat exchangers with surface enlargement, thermodynamic and fluidic optimization and advanced technical solutions. This presentation addresses recommendations for practically feasible temperature differences that occur depending on the use cases and under the following categories: sizing, control, environment, and maintenance. Many of the listed measures are in place in existing energy efficiency regulations and may only need to be optimized. 4. Air-Side Performance of Finned Tube Heat Exchangers with Small Size Tube Diameter Man-Hoe Kim, Ph.D., Member, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea This presentation presents air-side heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of fin tube heat exchangers with small sized diameter tube of 5.0 mm O.D. under dry and wet conditions. The results will be compared with those of finned tube heat exchangers with outer diameter of 9.52mm. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 32 (Basic) Prescriptive Standards Result in Bad Buildings Track: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R Industry Room: Pavilion 2 Sponsor: College of Fellows Chair: Richard Rooley, Presidential Fellow Life Member, Rooley Consultants, Stoke Poges, Buck, United Kingdom This is the third in the series of College of Fellows debates. Where ASHRAE is now writing both prescriptive and performance standards is there management guidance to designers on which type of standard will help them to produce buildings which are perceived to be good, efficient and sustainable. There is evidence on both sides of the argument. The speakers from America, England as a typical European country and Pakistan as a typical developing

country will debate their opinions. The audience will also contribute argument. The speakers will demonstrate that powerful argument can be presented by the same person on either side. Speaker Gordon Holness, P.E., Presidential Fellow Life Member, ,, West Palm Beach, FL Panel discussion. 1. Speaker Kent Peterson, P.E., P2S Engineering, Inc., Long Beach, CA Panel discussion. 2. Speaker Farooq Mehboob, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, S Mehboob & Co., Karachi, Pakistan Panel discussion. 3. Speaker David Arnold, Ph.D., DBA, Reading, United Kingdom Panel discussion. 4. Speaker Robert Baker, Fellow ASHRAE, BBJ Environmental LLC, Riverview, FL Panel discussion. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 33 (Basic) Want Peak System Efficiency from Your Water-Cooled System? Quit Cooling Dirt! Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 4 Sponsor: 08.06 Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers, SPC 191, 03.06 Water Treatment Chair: Scott Mayes, Associate Member, LAKOS, Olathe, KS Airborne dirt and suspended solids produced by the system have to be removed in order to maximize water and energy savings, improve water treatment effectiveness and reduce maintenance of water cooled systems. The presentations provide valuable information including, Fundamentals of Filtration and How Much Filtration Do I Need?, and the results of a comprehensive study on the effect of filtration on energy efficiency. This seminar is a must for anyone involved with cooling towers. 1. Rx for Cooling Towers: HVAC Filtration Allyn Troisi, Member, LAKOS, Fresno, CA The requirement for increased efficiencies and savings across the board is increasingly important. Particle contamination of HVAC systems are a leading cause of losses in system efficiency in both open and closed loop systems. The build-up of unwanted contaminates threatens both health and safety concerns, as well as many different system issues that include: Fouling of heat transfer equipment resulting in reduced heat transfer system efficiencies; Wasted energy; Increased water usage; Increased maintenance/shutdown/cleaning intervals; and Increased chemical costs. Filtration can assist in reducing the level of these particulates in a conventional HVAC system. 2. Basin Sweeping for Cooling Tower and Evaporative Condenser Maintenance and Year-Round System Cleanliness Allison Trollier, Associate Member, Mazzie Injector Corporation, Bakersfield, CA Particle contamination is a leading cause for heat exchanger fouling, system shut-downs for cleaning, and health and safety risks. The buildup in cooling water basins is a problem often remedied only by costly cleaning routines. Filtration is an important step in preventing these problems from occurring. However, the solids that settle do not get to the filtration device are left in the basin to accumulate still need to be removed regularly. Basin sweeping can prevent the need for semi-annual cleaning, by creating a directional, turbulent flow, which pushes the settled solids toward a centralized drain point acting as the filtration loop suction point. 3. Best Practices of Filtration In Industrial Cooling Water Treatment

Phillip Yu, Associate Member, Nalco, Naperville, IL The suspended solids in the cooling water systems caused fouling of critical heat exchange equipment, which decreases plant efficiency and increases operating costs. This presentation discusses many benefits associated with removing particulate matter that causes deposition in cooling systems. By choosing the proper filtration system, the end-user is expected to increase unit output, improve heat transfer efficiency, lower total system operating costs and optimize water treatment program cost and performance. 4. Energy Savings through Filtration: A Comparison of Different Types of Filtration with Respect to Energy Savings George Ornaski, Associate Member, Energy Systems Group, Newburgh, IN This presentation will report on Colorado state energy utility study to determine the amount of energy savings obtained using different types of filtration on industrial cooling equipment. New plate and frame heat exchangers with different types of filtration systems and energy usage and costs were recorded via building management systems and visual inspections through the cooling season. The energy data was computer analyzed and verified by the companys internal energy use department. In addition to energy costs, additional expenses such as cleaning costs, chemical usage, and water treatment effectiveness were measured, as well as the impact the separators had on year-end cleaning procedures. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 34 (Advanced) Zero Energy Buildings Arround the World Track: Net Zero Energy Room: Pavilion 1 Sponsor: ASHRAE Associate Society Alliance Chair: Branislav Todorovic, Ph.D., Fellow, University Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia This seminar presents examples of zero energy buildings in in different countries arround the globe. What is understood with zero energy among engineers and architects in various regions and different climats. Examples of such buildings. of China, India, Sout east Europe, USA. How the climate influences such buildings. Energy independent buildings. Zero energy buildings and sustainable settlements concerning water needs.Zero energy houses near the see side. Management systems as the condition to achieve zero energy buildings.Overview of such buildings that are already built and their atributes 1. Toward Net Energy Buildings In India Ashish Rakheja, Ph.D., Member, Spectral Services Consultants, Noida, India The present pace of energy consumption in building construction industry in India is highly unsustainable. To reduce its negative impacts on the environment, energy conservation measures need to be implemented during the buildings lifecycle. A net-zero energy building can be achieved by incorporating these measures in a way that building becomes energy independent, producing required energy on-site. Such a building requires an integrated building design approach and collaborative effort for project delivery. In this presentation, these new innovative ways to conserve energy will be highlighted along with a case study of a net zero energy building in India. 2. Zero Energy Residential Buildings for Varying Climates Ursula Eicker Eicker, Ph.D., University of Applied Science, Stuttgart, Germany Two residential buildings were designed, constructed and tested in Shanghai/China for a hot and humid climate and Madrid/Spain (hot /dry). Monitoring and simulation based analyses were carried out to determine the optimum building construction and lv2011able supply for the two climatic conditions. Active systems based on evaporative exhaust air cooling in the ventilation system as well as a reversible heat pump powered by photovoltaic electricity is used for maximum load conditions. The Shanghai system contains a hybrid HVAC system which combines an air-cooled absorption chiller and a reversible heat pump to meet the domestic hot water, cooling and heating demand. 3. Zero Energy Buildings-a Reality Today Drury Crawley, Member, DOE, Washington, DC

Many organizations are challenging the buildings community to push beyond incremental change in energy savings towards buildings that operate at zero net energy on an annual basis. This presentation will provide an overview of the zero energy buildings that are already built and their key attributes. The presentation will briefly summarize current US activities in high efficiency residential building R&D, for existing and new buildings. Specific building envelop and HVAC/WH system test results from a site in Tennessee will be highlighted. 4. Net Zero Energy Mediterranean Settlement Marija Todorovic, Dr.Ing., P.Eng., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia This paper presents investigation of potential solutions, and preliminary design of a completely sustainable ecovillage. There is neither water nor electricity grid at the village site. Integrated multidisciplinary engineering assessment did result in preliminary design of sustainable village of energy efficient buildings approaching zero energy building, and confirmed technical feasibility of villages sustainability by the investigation of the reliable implementation of RES technologies and sustainable sea water desalination and village drinking water supply. HVAC and other buildings technical systems are to be powered exclusively by RES (solar thermal and photovoltaic, wind and biomass). Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Conference Paper Session 14 (Intermediate) Absorption and Alternate Refrigeration Technologies Track: Refrigeration Update Room: Pavilion 6 Chair: Vikas Patnaik, Ph.D., Member, Trane Co., Lacrosse, WI As depletion of natural resources and accompanying environmental impact grows with growing population, careful energy consumption from the use of natural resources becomes critical. Towards this end, alternative technologies that are amenable to integration with multiple energy systems for improved overall source energy efficiencies are of growing interest to the HVAC&R practitioner. This session focuses on recent research and development of such technologies. 1. Experimental Apparatus for Measuring the Performance of a Precooled Mixed Gas Joule Thomson Cryoprobe (LV-11-C043) Harrison Skye, Student Member1, Sanford Klein, Ph.D., Member2 and Greg Nellis, Ph.D., Member2, (1)University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, (2)University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Cryosurgery is a technique for destroying undesirable tissue such as cancer tumors using a freezing process. A commercially available cryoprobe system has been modified and extensively instrumented in order to provide precise measurements at key locations and therefore completely characterize the cryoprobe performance. Temperatures, pressures, and mass flows are measured at various locations in order to identify thermodynamic states and calculate heat and work transfer rates. Temperature measurements within the recuperator are used to determine the pinch point temperature difference and infer the conductance of the device under various operating conditions. Preliminary experimental data are presented. 2. Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Based on Capillary Force (LV-11-C044) Atusushi Tsujimori1 and Masakazu Ohnuki1, (1)Kanto-gakuin University, Yokohama, Japan This paper presents an absorption refrigeration cycle which is driven by capillary pumping. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Forum 5 (Intermediate) The Commissioning Process ASHRAE Standard: What Should Be Included? Track: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R Industry Room: Pavilion 11 Sponsor: 07.09 Building Commissioning, SGPC 0 Chair: Gerald Kettler, P.E., Life Member, Air Engineering and Testing, Dallas, TX

ASHRAE has published Commissioning Process Guidelines for over 20 years. The development od a Commissioning Standard was approved by the Board of Directors as Standard 202, Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems. This forum discusses the potential contents in the new standard. Also of importance is the application of the Commissioning Process Standard to other standards, documents, programs and the code language variations. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Forum 6 (Advanced) The Role of Solar and other Renewable Energy Sources on the Strategic Energy Planning Track: Net Zero Energy Room: Pavilion 1 Sponsor: 06.07 Solar Energy Utilization, 6.8, 1.10, 2.5, AASA, 06.08 Geothermal Energy Utilization Chair: Marija Todorovic, Dr.Ing., P.Eng., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia Forum questions and search answers: (1) Is the Strategic Energy Planning worldwide appropriate with the reference to the current RES technologies and RES technical potential status, particularly in buildings sectors, or could and should it be more offensive (taking in account threatening global warming caused events?; (2)Searching especially important answers among the most developed and the most intensively developing countries and regions (US, EU, China, India); (3) Recent EU Analysis of options to move beyond 20% greenhouse gas emission reductions and assessing the risk of carbon leakage; and (4) Revisits the UN Environment Conference 1972 closing message Only One Earth. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Seminar 35 (Basic) Coils and Water Dont Mix Well: Avoiding Scale Build Up in Mechanical Plumbing System Design Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 9 Chair: Larry Linkens, American Hometec, Inc., Wilmington, DE One of the longest running plumbing design challenges has been a fundamental one; put simply, electrical components and water are an inefficient combination. Even in the best possible system, coils that come in contact with water begin to scale causing an immediate deterioration in the life of a water heating system and its efficiency. In this session, attendees learn how to minimize scale problems in plumbing design through indirect water heating. By removing the direct contact between coils and water, both engineers and building contractors can extend equipment lifetimes and take energy efficiency to the next level. 1. Coils and Water Don't Mix Well: Avoiding Scale Build up In Mechanical Plumbing System Design Larry Linkens, American Hometec, Inc., Wilmington, DE One of the longest running plumbing design challenges has been a fundamental one; put simply, electrical components and water are an inefficient combination. Even in the best possible system, coils that come in contact with water begin to scale causing an immediate deterioration in the life of a water heating system and its efficiency. In this session, attendees learn how to minimize scale problems in plumbing design through indirect water heating. By removing the direct contact between coils and water, both engineers and building contractors can extend equipment lifetimes and take energy efficiency to the next level. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Seminar 36 (Intermediate) HVAC Software Applications for Smart Phones and Tablet Computers Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 3

Sponsor: 01.05 Computer Applications Chair: Stephen Roth, P.E., Member, Carmel Software, San Rafael, CA Smart phones and tablet computers are being used more frequently by HVAC mechanical engineers, technicians and architects to perform analysis in the field or to monitor and control building automation systems. This panel includes speakers from companies that have developed popular applications for the Apple iPhone/iPod touch/iPad and Android that are specifically geared toward HVAC mechanical engineers, technicians and home owners. 1. Smart Apps for HVAC System and Building Analysis Stephen Roth, P.E., Member, Carmel Software, San Rafael, CA Stephen will be discussing smart phone software that is geared toward HVAC mechanical engineers, technicians, and architects including the following subtopics: 1) What types of HVAC software tools are available on mobile smart phones today. 2) How do these software tools differ from those available on desktop computers. 3) Discuss the advantages/disadvantages of using software tools on smart phones versus those on desktop computers. 4) New types of HVAC software that could only be created for smart phones. 5) How ASHRAE is developing specialized applications for smart phones for their various standards and tools. 6) The future of smart phones. 2. Smart Apps for Home Building Automation Systems Stuart Lombard, Ecobee, Toronto, ON, Canada Stuart will be discussing smart phone applications that are used to remotely control and monitor home automation systems. He will address the following subtopics: 1) A description of how this type of software works and the required features and functionality. 2) How the user interface differs on a smart phone versus a desktop computer. 3) The advantages/disadvantages of using smart phone software to monitor home automation systems. 4) The types of comments and feedback customers have provided regarding using this type of software. 5) How software for smart phones increases sales for accompanying hardware. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Seminar 37 (Intermediate) Integrated Design Build Delivery: Project Case Studies Track: Integrated Design Room: Pavilion 4 Sponsor: TG3 - Contractors and Design Build Firms Chair: Michael McLaughlin, P.E., Associate Member, Southland Industries, Dulles, VA Integrated design build delivery continues to offer significant benefits to the engineer, contractor and owner. This seminar includes several case studies of projects using an integrated design build delivery process and shares the methods for success, the collaboration achieved and the results of the project. 1. A Campus Central Plant Renovation for Masonic Homes Daniel Kerr, P.E., Member, McClure Company, Harrisburg, PA Faced with escalating maintenance and repair costs and a desire to reduce heating plant air emissions, the Masonic Homes of Elizabethtown, PA, agreed to decommission their aging coal fired high pressure steam system in favor of a dual fuel hot water plant and a small scale combined heat and power system. The solution yielded a 30% net gain in operating efficiency, a 90% reduction in air pollution emissions while, by implementing adaptive re-use, exhibiting more than an 8% internal rate of return. Learn how the project was best conceived, advanced, and delivered by an integrated design/build team. 2. Case Study of Using a Single BIM Model for Engineering and Construction Michael McLaughlin, P.E., Associate Member, Southland Industries, Dulles, VA BIM models are an important emerging tool for the engineers, contractors and owners. The use of a single BIM model, however, by both the mechanical engineering and contractor poses unique and significant challenges to the team. This presentation provides a case study of a major healthcare project where a single BIM model was used by both the mechanical engineer and contractor and reveals the challenges, benefits, and results of the project.

Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Seminar 38 (Basic) Mentoring Young Technical Employees for Success Track: Professional Skills Room: Pavilion 2 Sponsor: 01.07 Business, Management & General Legal Education, Conferences and Expositions Committee Chair: Joel Primeau, P.Eng., Member, GENIVAR, Ottawa, ON, Canada Many engineering consulting firms struggle to provide the right level of technical support to new hires. This seminar lays out a step-by-step approach to ensuring that new employees feel part of the team, understand their role, see their long-range path within the firm and have a clear personalized program to improve their skills. Additionally, this session speaks directly to the particular nature of employees from the Y-generation: they do not respond to the same incentives and have different needs as employees. 1. Mentoring Technical Employees for Success Joel Primeau, P.Eng., Member, GENIVAR, Ottawa, ON, Canada 2. Mentoring Technical Employees for Success Julia Keen, Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Seminar 39 (Advanced) When Zero Makes You a Hero Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 10 Sponsor: 07.08 Owning and Operating Costs Chair: Charles Dale-Derks, P.E., Member, McClure Engineering, St. Charles, MO Owning and operating costs are much greater than the initial project cost over the life of a building. This seminar provides case studies and information with actual owning and operating cost data for a LEED-EB Platinum campus and how they sustain the high performance. It presents a case study on a Nantucket Block Island project design and cost benefits for an off the grid residence. 1. Off the Grid: High Efficiency Technology at a Nantucket Block Island Residence Klas C. Haglid, P.E., Member, Haglid Engineering & Associates, Inc., Hillsdale, NJ A case study on the future of high efficiency technologies used at a Nantucket Block Island residence. 2. Sustaining High Performance on a LEED-EB Campus Ward Komorowski, Johnson Controls, Milwaukee, WI Sustaining the high performance of a Platinum LEED-EB campus is the focus of this presentation. We will share successes and lessons learned with owning and operating costs and experiences. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Conference Paper Session 15 (Intermediate) The Real Cost of Zero Energy Buildings: Modeling and Design Track: Net Zero Energy Room: Pavilion 4 Chair: E. Mitchell Swann, P.E., Member, MDC Systems, Paoli, PA This session includes papers describing activities in system modeling and performance protocols for buildings approaching net zero energy. 1. Using an Energy Performance Based Design-Build Process to Procure a Large Scale Replicable Zero Energy Building (LV-11-C045)

Shanti Pless, Member1, Paul Torcellini, Ph.D., Member1 and Dave Shelton2, (1)National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, (2)DesignSense Inc., Olathe, KS This paper will review a novel procurement, acquisition, and contract process of a large-scale replicable net zero energy (ZEB) office building. 2. Modeling a Net-Zero Energy Residence: Combining Passive and Active Design Strategies in Six Climates (LV-11-C046) Brent Stephens, Student Member, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX If NZEBs are widely adopted in the future, the electric grid may not always be able to handle excess on-site generation and energy storage options will be required to maintain the balance. In addition, regional differences in the fraction of hourly demand met by PV production raise questions about the net effect of NZEBs on power plant emissions. 3. Essential Methods, Models and Metrics for Net Zero Energy Buildings (LV-11-C047) Thomas Marseille, P.E., Member, WSP Flack & Kurtz, Seattle, WA No matter how the term is defined, setting and achieving a goal of net zero energy (NZE) use in buildings is audacious. Yet, market and regulatory trends are poised today to take us incrementally in that direction. And, while there is reason to be optimistic that new technologies will be developed to make NZE more attainable for a larger portion of the building stock, arguably the most rational and moral choice we have is not to wait, but to approach each new building project with a mindset of NZE. 4. The Role of Modeling when Designing for Absolute Energy Use Intensity Requirements (LV-11-C048) Adam Hirsch, Ph.D., Member1, Shanti Pless, Member1, David Okada, P.E., Member2 and Porus Antia, Member2, (1)National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, (2)Stantec, San Francisco, CA This paper will detail the models used in the design process and how they informed important program and design decisions on the path from preliminary design to the completed building. 5. Zero Net Energy Buildings and Title 24 Energy Code (LV-11-C049) Clark C. Bisel, WSP Flack+Kurtz, San Francisco, CA Zero Net Energy has become a pressing issue in our industry, yet our current approach is not up to the regulatory task. While there is a desire for such buildings there is a lack of definition on the meaning and implied impacts we need this clarity first. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 11:00 AM-1:00 PM Poster Paper (Basic) Poster Session Track: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R Industry Room: Ballroom B Chair: Tiffany D. Cox, ASHRAE Staff, Atl, GA Presentation of 16 1. A Methodology for the Comprehensive Evaluation of the Indoor Climate Based on Human Body Response: Environment and Man - Theoretical Principles (LV-11-013) Miloslav Jokl, Ph.D., Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic As part of every design, a comprehensive evaluation of the indoor microclimate should be conducted. The evaluation should be based on two criteria: the physical-physiological that enables the indoor environment to be evaluated from the view point of the physiology of the human organism, and the physical psychological that makes it possible to evaluate the impact of the environment on the psychological impact of the individual components of the environment. The impetus for this work were difficulties that arose from the application of optimal operative temperatures based on PMV in order to derive credible values for new or revised standards. 2. A Methodology for the Comprehensive Evaluation of the Indoor Climate Based on Human Body Response: Hygrothermal Microclimate Evaluation Based on Human Body Physiology (LV-11-014) Miloslav Jokl, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic

In this paper a new methodology for the comprehensive evaluation of the thermal condition of environment based on operative temperature thermal levels, so called decitherms, is presented. One of its strengths is that it takes into account the fact that a decrease in operative temperature is perceived the more strongly at lower temperatures. The concept of the decitherm allows a direct numerical comparison with decibels, used for noise evaluation, and with deciodors, used for odour assessment, and additionally the total environment can be assessed by adding the individual levels multiplied by corresponding impact factors. 3. Analysis Tools and Guidance Documents for Evaluating and Reducing Vulnerability of Buildings to Airborne Threats, Part 1: Literature Review (LV-11-015) T. Agami Reddy, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE1, Steven Snyder, Associate Member1, Justin Bem, Associate Member2 and William P. Bahnfleth, PhD, PE, Fellow3, (1)Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, (2)James Posey Associates Inc, Baltimore, MD, (3)Penn State University, University Park, PA This paper classifies and describes analysis methods, tools, and simulation programs that allow prediction of airborne chemical/biological dispersal and transport dynamics in indoor environments subject to different risk scenarios. These methods are distinguished by the level of mathematical and scientific rigor in modeling the phenomena, in the spatial and temporal resolution in solving the modeling equations, and in the types of boundary conditions and the numerical parameters that appear in the model. The paper also describes various general guidance documents and vulnerability assessment protocols and software available in the open-source literature to assess and reduce vulnerability in buildings. 4. Analysis Tools and Guidance Documents for Evaluating and Reducing Vulnerability of Buildings to Airborne Threats, Part 2: Comparison of Tools (LV-11-016) T. Agami Reddy, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE1, Steven Synder, Associate Member1, Justin Bem, Associate Member2 and William P. Bahnfleth, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE3, (1)Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, (2)James Posey Associates Inc, Baltimore, MD, (3)Penn State University, University Park, PA Assessing and reducing vulnerability of building occupants to intentional indoor airborne releases of chemical and biological agents has acquired some importance in the past two decades. This paper reports on the evaluation and comparison of a set of available tools (described in the companion paper) which have been developed for practical and pragmatic use by building security professionals, consulting engineers, building owners and maintenance personnel to evaluate vulnerability of a building, and determine the effect of implementing specific countermeasures. These tools have been applied to a few carefully selected buildings so that their responses can be evaluated. 5. Applications of a Simplified Model Calibration Procedure for commonly used HVAC Systems (LV-11017) Guopeng Liu, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA A calibration procedure for simplified building energy simulation models for commonly used HVAC systems has been developed through an ASHRAE sponsored project (ASHRAE 1092-RP). The procedure is applied to five buildings. This paper presents the calibration procedure, summary results of five case studies. A two-level calibration procedure provides a good approach for model calibration. The case studies strongly indicate that the simplified model calibration procedure developed can be used to accurately calculate long-term energy consumption data using short-term field energy measurement data for different types of buildings with different systems. 6. Comparison of Vertical Display Cases: Energy and Productivity Impacts of Glass Doors versus Open Vertical Display Cases (1402-RP) (LV-11-018) Brian A. Fricke, Ph.D., Member1 and Bryan R. Becker, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE1, (1)University of MissouriKansas City, Kansas City, MO The objective of this project was to compare a typical open refrigerated display case line-up to a typical glassdoored refrigerated display case line-up with the aim of quantifying the difference in overall energy consumption and the difference in food product sales for each case type. For this research project, two supermarkets were identified as test sites: one supermarket received a new open refrigerated display case line-up and the other

supermarket received a new doored refrigerated display case line-up. The door opening duration data validates the door opening procedure used in the method of test described in ASHRAE Standard 72 (2005). 8. Determining the Average R-value of Tapered Insulation (LV-11-019) Jonathan Ochshorn, Member, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY The impact of curved heat flow trajectories on the efficiency of the tapered forms is a function of taper angle or slope, and becomes significant only at slopes much steeper than those found in typical tapered roof insulation applications. Equations are derived, and tables are presented, for the efficiency of tapered insulation considering volumetric forms typically encountered in practice. Examples illustrate how these tools can be used to accurately calculate heat loss through a roof assembly with tapered insulation. Improvements to a Methodology for Estimating Potential Energy Savings from Existing BuildingCommissioning/Retrofit Measures (LV-11-020) Jingjing Liu, Student Member1, Juan-Carlos Baltazar, Ph.D., Member1 and David E. Claridge, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE1, (1)Texas A&M University, College Station, TX TBA 10. Methods for Estimating Heating and Cooling Degree-Days to any Base Temperature (LV-11-021) Didier Thevenard, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Numerical Logics Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada This paper examines several methods for calculating heating and cooling degree-days to any base, by relying on temperature statistics such as the monthly mean temperature and the standard deviation of daily average temperature. It is found that the method developed by Schoenau and Kehrig works best, and is usually able to estimate monthly heating and cooling degree-days to within 3 C-day or 5.4 F-day (in a root mean square error sense) of their true value. The paper also presents an extension of the Schoenau and Kehrig method to the case when only monthly mean temperatures are known. 11. Net Zero Energy Air Conditioning Using Smart Thermosiphon Arrays (LV-11-022) Bidzina Kekelia, Student Member1, Kent S. Udell, Ph.D.1 and Phil Jankovich, Student Member1, (1)University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT Smart thermosiphon arrays (STAs) use standard passive thermosiphon mechanisms to transfer energy out of soil, and controlled rate transfer of energy into the soil using standard machinery. This paper describes how STAs can provide seasonal energy storage to meet all climate control needs. The passive mode of soil freezing and the pump assisted operation of air conditioning are modeled and the resultant simulations are shown. Compared to conventional vertical borehole exchangers, simulations show the same total heat transfer can be obtained with 40% of the depth using STAs with drilling costs per length of borehole an order of magnitude lower. 12. Numerical Analysis and Measures for the Evaluation of Comfort: Inside Buses Used for Public Transportation (LV-11-023) Roberto de lieto Vollaro, Ph.D., University of Roma 3, Rome, Italy This work analyses the thermo hygrometric conditions inside buses used for public transportation. The technical solutions found through the analysis of the thermo-hygrometric conditions inside trains, were also set out and extended to buses. This was in order to maximize the conditioning system and the installation of the air distribution terminals. A pattern for the simulation of the thermo fluid dynamics has been researched, in order to evaluate possible improvements in the conditioning system and the installation or in the distribution system. 13. Numerical Modeling of Thermally Enhanced Pipe Performances in Vertical Ground Heat Exchangers (LV-11-024) Jasmin Raymond, Student Member1, Alexandre Leger, P.E.2, Rene Therrien, Ph.D., P.E.3, Marc Frenette, P.E.4 and Eric Magni5, (1)Universite Laval, Laval, QC, Canada, (2)IPL Plastics, Saint-Lazare, QC, Canada, (3)Unversite Laval, QC, Canada, (4)Centre Specialise de Technologie Physique du Quebec, QC, Canada, (5)IPL Plastics, Saint-Damien, QC, Canada The installation cost of a ground source heat pump system can be minimized by optimizing the length of the ground heat exchanger. For a given system, the length depends, among other factors, on the pipe thermal conductivity, which can be increased by mixing additives to the polymer resin used to extrude the pipe. Two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations were used to evaluate the performance of the thermally enhanced pipe in

vertical ground heat exchangers used with ground-coupled heat pumps. The borehole thermal resistance and the water temperature inside the pipes during heat exchange were evaluated numerically. 14. Ongoing Commissioning Approach for a Central Cooling and Heating Plant (LV-11-025) Danielle Monfet, Student Member1 and Radu Zmeureanu, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, (1)Concordia University, Verdun, QC, Canada This paper presents a new approach for the development and use of benchmarking models in the context of ongoing commissioning. Different techniques are explored to establish the benchmarking models: (1) a static approach, which is based on pre-defined training set size and established different models for week days and weekend & holidays, or (2) window techniques, which are either augmented or sliding. The performance of each approach is evaluated for two chillers installed in an existing central cooling and heating plant. Optimal Operation of a Chilled Water Storage System Under a Real Time Pricing Rate Structure (LV-11026) Zhiqin Zhang, Ph.D., Student Member1, William D. Turner1 and Song Deng1, (1)Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Under a real-time-pricing rate structure, the focus of operating a chilled water storage system is to determine the optimal starting and ending time of charging and discharging the tank. This paper proposes a simple method to determine the optimal operation. 15. Optimization of the Cooling Tower Condenser Water Leaving Temperature Using a Component-Based Model (LV-11-027) Zhiqin Zhang, Ph.D., Student Member1, Hui Li, Ph.D.1 and William Turner, Ph.D., P.E.1, (1)Texas A&M University, College Station, TX This study investigates the optimization of the cooling tower condenser water leaving temperature using a component-based model. This model consists of a chiller, a condenser water pump, and two cooling towers. This optimization problem is formulated as that of minimizing the total power of the chiller, pump, and fans by selecting an optimal cooling tower condenser water leaving temperature at given weather conditions, chiller load, chilled water leaving temperature, and condenser water flow rate. The model is applied in an example chiller CW system and a generalized reduced gradient solver is used to search the optimal cooling tower approach setpoint. 16. Parametric Analysis to Support the Integrated Design and Performance Modeling of Net-Zero Energy Houses (LV-11-028) William T. O'Brien, Ph.D., Student Member1, Andreas K. Athienitis, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Ted Kesik, Ph.D., P.E., Member2, (1)Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, (2)University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada This paper is divided into two parts. The first part presents a methodology for identifying the critical parameters and two-way parameter interactions. The second part uses these results to identify the appropriate level of modeling resolution. The methodology is applied to a generic model for net-zero or near net-zero energy houses, which will be used for an early stage design tool. The results show that performance is particularly sensitive to internal gains, window sizes, and temperature setpoints and they indicate the points at which adding insulation to various surfaces has minimal impact on performance. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 40 (Intermediate) Advancing Energy Efficiency in Commercial Refrigeration Track: Refrigeration Update Room: Pavilion 6 Sponsor: 10.07 Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display and Storage, Refrigeration Committee Chair: Cynthia Gage, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC For many building types, significant progress has been made to move towards a net-zero energy building. However buildings which have refrigeration systems remain a considerable challenge. Means to calculate LEED energy credits and/or to build refrigeration facilities which consume 50% less energy are still works in progress. This session presents information on advancing the energy efficient operation of commercial refrigeration systems.

Presentations include best practices for energy efficiency, options for modeling energy credits, a case study of designs for 50% reduction in energy consumption, and national energy impacts from recent standards imposed on refrigeration equipment. 1. Best Practices for Commercial Refrigeration Edward A. Vineyard, P.E., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN This presentation focuses on best practices for commercial refrigeration systems related to reducing energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions. These include secondary loop systems, alternative refrigerants, modulating refrigeration systems, and modeling tools for assessing refrigeration system designs. The goal is to provide information to assist the marketplace in improving the adoption of energy efficient and alternative refrigerant technologies. 2. A Proposed Methodology for LEED Baseline Refrigeration Modeling Kristin Field, Associate Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO Are you trying to estimate energy conservation savings for a supermarket or restaurant? Trying to calculate LEED energy credits for these buildings? When using whole-building energy modeling to predict savings, inaccurate modeling of refrigeration systems has the potential to significantly skew overall savings numbers, as refrigeration can represent a significant portion of overall energy consumption. When estimating savings for LEED calculations, incorrect assumptions can also artificially enhance or diminish a building's LEED rating. This presentation proposes a methodology for creating reasonable baseline models of refrigeration equipment. The supermarket DOE Commercial Reference Building is used to show effects on model outputs. 3. Case Study of the Design Process of An Advanced Refrigeration System for a Commercial Supermarket Ian Doebber, Associate Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO A large supermarket chain is preparing to build a store consuming 50% less energy than today's prototypical design. To reduce energy use for refrigeration, the team evaluated how to cost effectively: minimize parasitic power draw, reduce refrigeration load, balance system efficiency with reduced charge, and maximize water and air heat reclaim. A baseline system was established, and four OEMs were solicited to propose their own design solution. Detailed simulation and measurement from existing stores were used to further refine the design and control. This presentation steps thru this study from the RFP thru the final design. 4. National Energy Savings Impacts of DOE Rulemakings on Commercial Refrigeration Equipment Sriram Somasundaram, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Navigant Consulting, Richland, WA This presentation will focus on the national energy savings and energy cost savings that are expected to be achieved due to the standards rulemakings implemented by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in 2009. The presentation will also describe the design options and technologies that were part of the energy savings analyses resulting in the final DOE standard levels for commercial refrigeration equipment (CRE) and refrigerated beverage vending machines (BVM). These national manufacturing standard levels for CRE and BVM go into effect in January 2012 and August 2012 respectively. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 41 (Intermediate) Codes and Standards Impacting Healthcare Facility Energy Use Track: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R Industry Room: Pavilion 11 Sponsor: 09.06 Healthcare Facilities Chair: Michael Meteyer, P.E., Member, Cogdell Spencer ERDMAN, Madison, WI There are numerous codes and standards that have a direct impact on HVAC design and their subsequent energy consumption. Understanding the basis of the newer codes and standards will be key for designers to provide higher performing, more energy efficient HVAC systems serving healthcare facilities. 1. Standard 189.2 Elements Impacting Energy Use In Health Care Facilities Michael Sheerin, P.E., Member, TLC Engineering for Architecture, Orlando, FL

Standard 189.2 Green Healthcare Facilities is in the draft and review stage of its development. ASHRAE envisions it to be adopted by government agencies and organizations that want a code enforceable level of sustainability in healthcare facility design and construction practices. This session will provide a general overview of the key elements impacting our ASHRAE membership. It will have a significant impact on design and operation. Its critical to keep the membership appraised of its development and to provide opportunities for feedback to its authors. 2. Standard 170 Understanding the Basis of Table 7-1 Design Parameters Farhad Memarzadeh, Ph.D., P.E., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD The 2010 edition of the Guidelines for Design & Construction of Health Care Facilities has integrated ASHRAE Standard 170 Ventilation of Health Care Facilities in its entirety. Table 7-1 Design Parameters includes key criteria that directly effects the HVAC design and directly impacts energy use. Parameters include relative air pressure relationship between areas, air changes per hour of total supply, recirculated and outside air. This session will provide a deeper understanding of these parameters leading to more sustainable design and operations of new healthcare facilities. 3. LEED for Health Care Overview Michael Meteyer, P.E., Member, Cogdell Spencer ERDMAN, Madison, WI USGBC will have just released a new LEED program specifically for heathcare. This session will present an overview of the new elements and criteria. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 42 (Intermediate) European Net-Zero Energy Activities and Buildings Track: Net Zero Energy Room: Pavilion 1 Sponsor: REHVA Chair: Francis Allard, Dr.Ing., Member, REHVA President, Universit de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, FranceKarel Kabele, Dr.Ing., REHVA President-Elect, Czech Technical University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic In 2010, the framework of Energy Performance of Building Directive was recast (2010/31/EU) modifying the original EPBD from 2002 and defining new means of improving the energy performance of buildings including building energy performance certification and the concept of "building with almost zero energy consumption, which should be implemented in all new buildings by 2020. New requirements to the building materials, technologies and concepts will impact to the building industry mainly for intelligent buildings, new high-efficient building services systems and new building materials. Examples of technologies and building concepts used in low energy houses in Europe are presented. 1. Recast of the Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings Karel Kabele, Dr.Ing., REHVA Vice President, Czech Technical University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic Reduction of the energy use in the buildings is the objective, that the European community aimed already at the beginning of this millennium in the framework of Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD 91/2002). In 2010 was issued a Directive recast (2010/31/EU) modifying the original EPBD from 2002 and defining new means of improving the energy performance of buildings including building energy performance certification and the concept of "building with almost zero energy consumption, which should be implemented on all new buildings latest in 2020. 2. Indoor Environment Quality in Low Energy Buildings Michael Schmidt, Dr.Ing., University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany We shall have and already have low energy buildings and zero energy buildings. In terms of the indoor environment quality, i.e. temperature, humidity, indoor air quality, are these buildings different from our traditional ones? Which design values do we have to apply for summer and winter conditions? Does this conflict with our intention for the reduction of energy use? Is it achievable on real projects? 3. HVAC Technologies for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings

Maria Virta, Member, Green Building Council Finland, Helsinki, Finland This presentation gives an overview of HVAC-technologies used in low and nearly zero energy commercial buildings in Europe. Many of these technologies have been known long, but the demand for low energy consumption has made them popular again. It is important to know their benefits but also be aware of limitations and potential risks when using them. This presentation discusses e.g. chilled beams and ceilings, displacement ventilation, energy recovery solutions, natural and hybrid ventilation, heath pumps, earth tubes, night purge ventilation as well as adiabatic and desiccant cooling. 4. Experience from Operation of a Low-Energy Intelligent Building Frank Hovorka, Service Developpement Durable, Paris, France The advanced system presented is implemented in a new 20 000 m office building in Munich which was distinguished by a gold DGNB certification. In HVAC-efficient buildings, the benefits of reduced solar loads and installed power of lighting (from 10-15 W/m2 to 5-9 W/m2 in the short term) are impaired by higher running time, even with dimming and presence sensors. Lighting can then account for up to 40% of the primary energy balance of the building. We show how integrated building and facade conception with innovative sunblinds can both significantly reduce global primary energy consumption and increase occupant comfort. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 43 (Intermediate) Micro-Combined Heat and Power Systems, Part 2: Case Studies Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 10 Sponsor: 09.05 Residential and Small Building Applications, 01.10 Cogeneration Systems Chair: Mark W. Davis, Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD Micro-combined heat and power (micro-CHP) systems generate electricity for residential or small-commercial buildings at the point of use. Overall efficiencies approaching 90% can be achieved by utilizing the systems waste heat for hot water or space heating, which results in significant primary energy and carbon savings when compared to electricity generated at large, central power plants. This second of two seminars presents performance data from an installed system and two modeling case studies. 1. Installed Performance of a Micro-CHP System In a New York State Multifamily Building Dominique Lempereur, Steven Winter Associates, Norwalk, CT Because of predictable thermal and electrical loads, multifamily buildings have been identified as appropriate applications for micro-CHP systems. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, two 4.7 kW micro-CHP units were installed in a 63-unit green affordable housing building in the Bronx, NY. This presentation will discuss the challenges of this new application, present the results of monitoring and further discuss the uniqueness of deploying this new application industry-wide. 2. A Techno-Economic Comparison of Micro-CHP Systems with District Energy Systems Birol Kilkis, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey Two residential heating, cooling, power, and domestic hot water supply alternatives, namely a 40 kW micro-CHP and central district energy systems were compared. Both scenarios were compared with respect to total investment cost, simple payback period, rational exergy management efficiency, compound carbon emissions, and customer satisfaction. Results show that a precise conclusion must be made on a case-by-case basis considering thermal load and electrical load profiles, thermal to power load ratio, etc. The study provides parametric guides that may be used for similar projects and scenarios. 3. Using Building Energy Simulations to Predict Energy, Cost and Carbon Savings of Micro-CHP In a Net Zero Energy Home Mark W. Davis, Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD Effectively using the waste heat generated while producing electrical power, micro-combined heat and power devices can potentially decrease energy use and energy costs in residential and small commercial applications. The benefits for net-zero energy dwellings will be explored using a building energy simulation of a net-zero energy

house being constructed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Specifically, the consumption of primary energy, carbon emissions, energy costs, and installed cost for net-zero energy homes with and without micro-combined heat and power will be presented. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 44 (Advanced) Micro/Nano Fluids and Systems in HVAC&R Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 3 Sponsor: 01.03 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, 08.05 Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers Chair: Satheesh Kulankara, Member, Johnson Controls, York, PA Nano-fluids and micro-systems research are at the edge of thermal/fluid sciences, and there are still many unknowns that need to be investigated. This seminar reviews some of the new studies in this area with the possible applications in HVAC&R industry. This topic is critical to current and future ASHRAE research, and is along the 2010-2015 strategic plans. Such popular seminars had presented to the ASHRAE community in the past with successful results, and it was rated as one of the best by the audience. 1. Development of Nanofluids Research for HVAC&R Applications Amir Jokar, Ph.D., Member1 and Ken Schultz, Member2, (1)ThermoFluids Tech, Vancouver, WA, (2)Trane, LaCrosse, WI Nanofluids consist of mixtures of metal or oxide nanoparticles, such as Al2O3, dispersed in a base fluid, such as water. Many investigators report that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids is enhanced compared to their base fluids. In some cases, the enhancement is reported to be significantly greater than predicted by conventional particle/fluid mixture models. The majority of the investigations conducted on nanofluids have been fundamental in nature with commercial application of this phenomenon still in its infancy. This presentation reviews the state of the art of nanofluids research in recent years, and discusses possible future applications in HVAC&R. 2. Enhanced Mobility of CO2 Using Nano Particles Michael M. Ohadi, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Maryland, College Park, MD In this presentation the author will review most recent work aimed at improving conductivity and/or enhacement of fluid mobility and diffusion with the aim of nano particles. Examples will also include use of fluid itself as the nano fluid, with the aim of micro emulsion technique. 3. Boiling with Refrigerants and Nanolubricants Mark A. Kedzierski, Ph.D., Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD Is it possible to improve refrigerant/lubricant boiling with nanoparticles? If so, what size of particles should be used? Whats the particle material and in what concentration should they be applied to obtain the best improvement in performance? These are some of the questions that are currently driving the refrigerant boiling with nanolubricant research at NIST. The presentation will share what has been learned, including very recent results at NIST in this ongoing investigation. 4. Visualization of LiBr/Water Absorption In a Single Micro-Channel Ebrahim Al-Hajri, Ph.D., Member, Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates The work represents a flow visualization study of absorption and desorption in a rectangular single microchannel using LiBr/water as the refrigerant. The tests we arranged to conduct a study of the effects of channel aspect ratio and length on the mixing of LiBr and water in the absorber as well as the separation in the desorber. The results of this work will illustrate the different flow regimes that exist inside the channel which therefore can help to identify how efficient the absorption and desorption processes in microchannels compared to the conventional channels. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 45 (Intermediate) Putting Your Meter - and Submeter - To Work for You

Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 2 Sponsor: 01.09 Electrical Systems Chair: Steven Faulkner, Member, Georgia Power Company, Atlanta, GA How does a facility manager design and implement the best metering/submetering system to enable effective energy management? To effectively manage energy use in a facility or multi-facility campus, one must monitor energy use of key loads and processes. 1. Implementing Federal Metering Guidelines: How Many Meters and Where Do They Go? Terry Sharp, P.E., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Description of federal metering guidelines/requirements. Presentation of a tool used by federal agencies to implement these submetering guidelines on a federal multi-building campus. Examples and case studies will be given. Relevance to private sector campuses or individual buildings will be described. 2. Designing Your Metering System to Help You Manage Your Energy Use Jim Plourde, Schneider Electric North America, LaVergne, TN Describe the options available in choosing meters, and data collection and data analysis systems. How to specify enhanced metering to ensure it helps reduce energy use and cost. Integrating metered and submetered information into building energy management system. 3. Using Metered Data to Enhance Your Measurement and Verification of Energy Savings Bruce B. Lindsay, Member, Johnson Controls, Inc., Madison, WI Measurement and verification of energy savings measures is key issue in energy efficiency projects, especially those financed using performance contracting. when appropriate metering and submetering data are available, these can be combined with weather and occupancy information to remove much of the uncertainty and approximation in estimating and verifying energy savings. This presentation describes how to use metering to help ensure persistence of energy savings and to implement more rigorous M&V methods consistent with ASHRAE Guideline 14. 4. The Utility's Role In the Installation of Smart Meters for a Large Customer Kris Findley, Member, Mississippi Power, Gulfport, MS Discuss how the electric utility can help large facilities define their metering needs and make smart choices for "smart meters" within utility metering and smart grid programs. Present case studies on how the utility helped an Air Force Base select metering systems and tie the submetering in with facility energy management systems to better manage energy use and to meet the facilities' energy management goals. Describe how the Air Force base enlisted the utility's help to design their advanced metering infrastructure and the steps a private sector facility can take to obtain similar support. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Technical Paper Session 4 (Intermediate) Computer Models for Design of Smoke Control Systems Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 9 Sponsor: 05.06 Control of Fire and Smoke Chair: Paul Turnbull, Member, Siemens Industry, Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL Computer models can be very valuable in helping designers of smoke control systems predict system performance under a variety of design options and fire scenarios. Models in common use today accurately predict smoke movement near the fire, or remote from the fire, but not both. To model smoke movement within an entire building, designers currently use both types of models, manually transferring data obtained from the first model into the second. This session discusses new models that predict smoke movement in both near and far fields at the same time, eliminating the need for designers to transfer data between programs.

1. Algorithm for Smoke Modeling in Large, Multi-Compartmented Buildings (1328-TRP): Development of a Hybrid Model (LV-11-010) Ahmed Kashef, Dr.Eng., P.Eng., Member, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, ON, Canada This paper describes the development of a new hybrid model to simulate smoke and heat movement in multicompartment buildings. The hybrid model is comprised of two integrated models: a zone model and a network model. The two-zone model simulates fire and smoke movement inside the room of fire-origin and neighboring compartments. The network model, which predicts both mass and energy flow, is used to simulate smoke movement in compartments that are far from the fire. The two models were combined to produce a hybrid model that allows accurate simulation of fire dynamics in both the near- and far-field. 3. Algorithm for Smoke Modeling In Large, Multi-Compartmented Buildings (1328-TRP): Implementation of the Hybrid Model (LV-11-011) George Hadjisophocleous, Ph.D., Member, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada This paper presents the implementation of a hybrid model to simulate fires in different building geometries. The hybrid model combines two independent models: a zone model and a network model. The two-zone and network models were first tested individually, and then the models were integrated, where the solutions (temperature and mass flow rate) of the two-zone model become source inputs for the network model. The performance of the integrated model was investigated using a number of tests with different building geometries. The performance of a newly-developed adaptive time-step method was also investigated. Comparisons were made with existing CFAST and CONTAM models. 2. Computer Modeling of Stairwell Pressurization to Control Smoke Movement During a High-Rise Fire (LV-11-012) William Black, Ph.D., Member, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Computer programs can guide the design of any fire safety plan, particularly in buildings that present demanding design and smoke management challenges. This paper describes a software package that can be used to help select air-handling equipment to maintain a smoke-free environment in stairwells during a fire. When the stairshaft is constructed with air-tight materials and openings in the shaft are tightly sealed, the software suggests that equipment with modest capacity can achieve that goal. The capacity of the pressurization fans must be increased when construction leakage increases above ideal conditions, or when a door in the stairwell is opened. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 2:15 PM-3:45 PM Public Sessions 2 (Intermediate) What You Need to Know about the Energy Standard for Buildings -- ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010 Track: Low Energy Design Room: N256 Sponsor: 07.06 Systems Energy Utilization, SSPC 90.1 Chair: Keith I. Emerson, P.E., Member, Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association, Westminster, CO The new ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ANSI Approved; IESNA Co-sponsored), has been a benchmark for commercial building energy codes for over 35 years and indispensible for engineers and other professionals involved in the design of buildings and building systems. Now, with well over 100 addenda incorporated since the 2007 edition, Standard 90.1-2010 will significantly change in the way buildings are built as these new modifications find their way into the world's energy codes. This session highlights some of the major changes that you can expect to see in building envelope requirements, mechanical system and lighting requirements. In addition, the results of those changes on building energy efficiency since 2004 will be shown. This session for anyone who wants advanced insight into the new standards expected impacts on the industry. 1. Envelope Improvements In 90.1-2010 Len Sciarra, Member, Gensler, Chicago, IL

Significant improvements and upgrades have been made to the building envelope requirements in the 2010 edition of ASHRAE IES Standard 90.1-2010. This presentation will discuss some of the requirements for building envelopes, highlighting the major changes made between the 2007 and 2010 editions. 2. Mechanical System Improvements In 90.1-2010 Drake H. Erbe, Member, Airxchange, Inc., Rockland, MD Significant improvements and upgrades have been made to the building mechanical system requirements in the 2010 edition of ASHRAE IES Standard 90.1-2010. This presentation will discuss some of the requirements for mechanical systems, highlighting the major changes made between the 2007 and 2010 editions. 3. Lighting System Improvements In 90.1-2010 Eric Richman, Member, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA Significant improvements and upgrades have been made to the building lighting system requirements in the 2010 edition of ASHRAE IES Standard 90.1-2010. This presentation will discuss some of the requirements for lighting systems, emphasizing the major changes made between the 2007 and 2010 editions. 4. Analysis of Energy Savings for 90.1-2010 Bing Liu, Member, PNNL, Richland, WA ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2004 has been used as a baseline to determine savings for future generations of the 90.1 Standard. This presentation shows how the analysis has been performed to determine the savings between the 2004 and 2010 editions. With over 100 changes between just the 2007 and 2010 editions this represents a significant effort and thousands of computer simulation runs. Among other things, the result will be used to determine how quickly this new edition of the Standard will be adopted into energy codes that you will be using in the future. Tuesday, February 1, 2011, 5:00 PM-6:00 PM Forum (Intermediate) Is ASTM G85 Annex 3 (SWAAT) the Correct Corrosion Test for Stationary Applications? Track: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R Industry Room: N263C Sponsor: 08.04 Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment Chair: Mark Johnson, Associate Member, Modine Mfg., Racine, WI, USA, Racine, WI OPEN SESSION: no badge required, no PDHs awarded, presented during the TC's meeting. This forum is opportunity for the ASHRAE community to discuss corrosion testing of air to refrigerant heat exchangers. Currently there is no standard rating or method of test for corrosion life of stationary heat exchangers. Automotive test specifications like 85 Annex 3, or SWAAT, are being used for stationary applications in the absence of a stationary test standard. Industry representatives in TC8.4 have voiced concern about the lack of corrosion testing guidance for stationary applications. The feedback from this forum will support future ASHRAE research that will lead to guidelines and possibly test standards for corrosion testing in stationary applications. Wednesday, 02/02 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Conference Paper Session 16 (Intermediate) Air Quality Studies Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 6 Chair: Richard Fox, Member, Honeywell Aerospace, Tempe, AZ The U.S. Department of Energy goal to achieve net zero-energy in 50% of U.S. commercial buildings by 2050 poses technical challenges to traditional ventilation technology. The use of controlling air quality through increased ventilation, and monitoring carbon dioxide concentration is no longer a viable approach. This session

visits issues related with zero energy removal of ozone in residences, the effect of varying HVAC on volatile organic contaminant (VOC) interactions, the effect of varying HVAC airflow rates on resuspension of primary and secondary layers of dust on indoor surfaces, and VOC removal efficiency using photocatalytic oxidation in conjunction with ozone. Zero-Energy Removal of Ozone in Residences (LV-11-C050) Elliott Gall, Student Member1, Jeffrey Siegel, Ph.D., Member1 and Richard Corsi, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, (1)1 University Station, Austin, TX Ozone is present indoors largely as a result of the transport from outdoors. Conventional strategies to remove ozone require energy and thus are not appropriate for zero-energy buildings. We explore the use of passive reactive materials (PRMs), indoor surfaces that remove ozone with no additional energy input and without producing byproducts, to reduce indoor ozone concentrations. This work presents the results of a Monte Carlo simulation to assess the ozone removal effectiveness of active and passive methods of indoor ozone removal. We compare two different PRMs to stand-alone activated carbon filtration and HVAC filtration. 1. Effects of HVAC Operations on Sorptive Interactions (LV-11-C051) Priscilla Guerrero, Student Member1 and Richard L. Corsi, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, (1)University of Texas, Austin, TX In this study we explore the effects of HVAC system operations on sorptive interactions between two indoor pollutants and two indoor materials. 2. Air Cleaning by Photo Catalytic Oxidation: An Experimental Performance Test (LV-11-C052) Ragib Kadribegovic, Student Member, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenberg, Sweden The paper presents the results from an experimental evaluation of a novel air cleaner based on UVC radiation at 253.7 nm in combination with a titanium dioxide (TiO2) catalytic converter. 3. Monolayer and Multilayer Particle Resuspension from Indoor Surfaces (LV-11-C053) Brandon E. Boor, Student Member, University of Texas, Austin, TX This paper presents research related to the development of an experimental methodology to determine particle resuspension of monolayer and multilayer particle deposits exposed to a variety of flow conditions. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Conference Paper Session 17 (Basic) Net Zero Energy in Hot Climates Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 10 Chair: Renison Tisdale, P.E., Member, Vansant & Gusler, Inc., Norfolk, VA This session presents a two-part paper on new tools and methods and experimental feedback and another paper on a parametric study for integrated design optimization of low-energy buildings. 1. A Parametric Study for Integrated Design Optimization of Low-Energy Buildings (LV-11-C054) Birol Kilkis, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE1 and Siir Kilkis, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE1, (1)Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey Beyond a low-energy and low-exergy building concept, the mechanical system that converts energy resources to useful mechanical power and HVAC functions need to be optimized for maximum efficiency with minimum energy waste and exergy destruction. This paper provides a new analytical algorithm, which optimizes the CHP, absorption chiller, heat pump, alternative energy and power systems like wind and solar, TES, PES, and HVAC terminal unit combinations and capacities for a given building. A case study is presented for several mechanical system scenarios. Results show that near-zero energy buidings may be obtained even when fossil fuels like natural gas is used. 2. Towards Net Zero Energy Buildings in Hot Climates: Part 1, New Tools and Methods (LV-11-C055) Francois Garde, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, Mathieu David, Ph.D., P.E.1 and Aurelie Lenoir, Student Member1, (1)University of La Reunion, Le Tampon, France

The paper presents the results of a French National research project on Net zero energy design that just ended in late 2009. 3. Towards Net Zero Energy Buildings in Hot Climates: Part 2, Experimental Feedback (LV-11-C056) Aurelie Lenoir, Student Member1, Francois Garde, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Francoise Thellier, Ph.D., P.E., Member2, (1)University of La Reunion, Le Tampon, France, (2)University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France The paper deals with the feedback of the measurements conducted in the first zero energy building EnerPos constructed in the French tropical Island of La Reunion. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Conference Paper Session 18 (Intermediate) Smoke Control for Tall Buildings Track: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R Industry Room: Pavilion 11 Sponsor: 05.06 Control of Fire and Smoke Chair: Ray Sinclair, Ph.D., RWDI, Guelph, ON, Canada High performing sustainable buildings are achieved by an integrated design process that seeks to achieve comfort and safety for the building occupants. Fire life safety is an important aspect of these buildings. Tall buildings in particular have special challenges for smoke control. Three presentations in this seminar share current understanding of unique engineering design issues and code requirements for tall and super tall buildings. The audience will gain knowledge and awareness that will be applicable to new projects. 1. Super Tall Buildings: Special Smoke Control Requirements? (LV-11-C057) William A. Webb, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, WEBB FIRE Protection Consulting, LLC, Brooksville, FL Super tall buildings are defined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) as at least 300 meters high. Super tall buildings present special challenges. A means to provide safe egress for the occupants is of greater significance than for the conventional high-rise building because it is impractical in super tall buildings for occupants to use the stairs to exit to grade. Elevators and refuge areas or floors must be protected from fire and smoke until the emergency is controlled. A smoke control system integrated with the building HVAC system is necessary, but not Special? 2. Smoke Control for Tall and Super Tall Buildings An Integrated Approach (LV-11-C058) Jeffrey Tubbs, P.E., Member, Arup, Cambridge, MA The 2009 Edition of the International Building Code (IBC) has sweeping changes for the design of tall and super tall buildings. There have also been a range of incremental changes to the IBC for these facilities over the past three cycles. Ventilation systems have an important role in the overall fire and life safety program. Examples include requirements for additional evacuation stairs, smoke purging and the possibility of including evacuation elevators. These new concepts and requirements will significantly effect HVAC design. This presentation will review these recent code changes and compare these changes with international good practices. 3. Stairwell Smoke Control by Ventilation (LV-11-C059) Dr. John H. Klote, P.E., Member, Fire and Smoke Consulting, Lansdowne, VA Smoke purging has the potential to revolutionize smoke control of stairs and elevator shafts. In the early days of smoke control, some building codes included smoke purging, but smoke purging requirements were dropped because the design analysis of such systems was not possible then. Since then analytical methods have advanced so that it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of smoke purging systems. These advances are in the areas of smoke transport and human responses to fire and smoke. The results of computation fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of smoke purging systems are presented.

Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 46 (Intermediate) Achieving Zero Energy Design with Absorption Cooling Track: Net Zero Energy Room: Pavilion 1 Sponsor: 08.03 Absorption and Heat Operated Machines Chair: Ersin Gercek, P.E., Associate Member, Concord Engineering Group, Voorhees, NJ This session includes three presentations discussing efforts towards sustainability in absorption cooling technologies through lv2011able energy sources and advanced working fluids. Two of the presentations review applications and key design considerations involved in engineering solar hot water fired absorption systems. Third session reviews design challenges regarding advanced working fluids and presents findings from an experimental investigations on crystallization behavior. 1. Design Considerations of a Solar-Fired Chiller System Isaac Mahderekal, Ph.D., P.E., Associate Member, IntelliChoice Energy, Las Vegas, NV This presentation discusses the key design considerations involved in engineering a solar hot-water-fired absorption chiller system. Using a fully-data-logged 5-ton solar fired chiller in Tempe, Arizona as a case study, the system performance is fully analyzed so recommendations on collector sizing, type, and orientation can be suggested. Furthermore, recommendations for the sizing and temperature settings of the storage/back up water heater tank are also proposed. Because the collector used in this case study is a single axis tracking Fresnel-type collector, the effect of the spillage losses on the overall system are also discussed. 2. 30-Ton Absorption Chiller Installation on Vacuum Solar Collector Piyush V. Patel, Associate Member, Thermax Ltd., Northville, MI This presentation discusses installation of a 30-ton absorption chiller on vacuum solar collectors at Madrid, Spain with technical aspects and specifications. 3. Water-LiBr Enabling Technologies Using Chemical Additives Omar Abdelaziz, Ph.D., Associate Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN The main challenge while using water-LiBr absorption cycle is to avoid crystallization. Newly reported chemical additives to water-LiBr solution provide means to change the crystallization behavior. A review of the water-LiBr system design challenges are presented followed by a review of suggested technologies to address these challenges. Finally, findings from a recent experimental investigations on crystallization behavior will be presented. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 47 (Intermediate) Building Envelopes for Mechanical Engineers: It's All in the Handbooks! Track: Professional Skills Room: Pavilion 4 Sponsor: 04.04 Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance Chair: Sean O'Brien, P.E., Member, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, Inc., New York, NY The complexity of modern building envelopes makes it increasingly difficult for mechanical designers to accurately calculate heating, cooling, and moisture loads. Fortunately, the ASHRAE Handbooks contain a wealth of information on modern building envelopes, including details and constructions, material properties, and calculation methods. This presentation covers the basics of building envelopes in the handbooks, calculation method and analyical technuques, and typical details and systems as they pertain to the mechanical engineering practice. 1. Reaching Dew Point: A Brief History of Building Envelopes In ASHRAE Handbooks William B. Rose, Member, University of Illinois Building Research Council, Champaign, IL

This session describes the basic history of how building envelopes have been dealt with in ASHRAE Handbooks up to and including the most recent handbook editions. 2. Hygrothermal Loads and Performance Assessment Fundamentals Chapters 25-26 Hartwig Kuenzel, Member, Fraunhofer-Institut Bauphysik, Holzkirchen, Germany This session presents the basic information and calculation/analysis methods in the Fundamentals Handbook. 3. Effective Moisture Control and the Building Envelope Applications Chapter 43 Peter Adams, P.Eng., Member, Morrison Hershfield Limited, Toronto, ON, Canada This session describes the contents of the Building Envelopes chapter in the Applications Handbook. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 48 (Intermediate) Cool New Tools for Finding and Fixing Problems in Buildings and HVAC Systems Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 9 Sponsor: 01.12 Moisture Management in Buildings Chair: Neil Leslie, P.E., Member, Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL Sooner or later every contractor, engineer, architect and building owner has problems that he or she must investigate and solve. The problems of air leakage and moisture accumulation have been more important lately, and the traditional problems of poor temperature and humidity control always seem to be with us. In recent years, building investigators have found (or invented) innovative, practical and economical tools and techniques for locating and diagnosing problems. This seminar focuses on new hardware and innovative techniques for building investigations. 1. What's Hot and What's Not: The Secret Guide to Using Thermal Cameras for Effective Building Investigations Holly Bailey, P.E., Member, Bailey Engineering Corp., Jupiter, FL Thermal cameras are very effective in helping locate and diagnose moisture problems in buildings. The slight evaporation of moisture cools moist materials just enough to be visible to a thermal camera. But interpreting the images is not always a simple matter, because there are many reasons other than moisture for odd surface temperature patterns. This presentation will show examples of images and what they mean, along with some tips and traps when using thermal cameras for building investigations. 2. Long Ago and Far Away: Cool Tools for Web-Based Long-Term Remote Monitoring and Diagnosis of Problems In Buildings Lew Harriman, Member, Mason-Grant Consulting, Portsmouth, NH Understanding what's happening in real time in a remote building is rarely easy. Building automation systems gather data, but it's either expensive or impossible to access that data. Portable dataloggers are helpful, but you dont have any useful information until after you retrieve the logger, drain the data and graph it. Recently, real-time data collection and display through the web has become simple and economical, even for residential troubleshooting. The presentation will show graphic displays of data gathered in real time from two different systems for web-based remote monitoring of temperature, humidity and moisture content of materials. 3. Huffing and Puffing: Cool Tools and Techniques for Locating and Quantifying Air Leaks In Green Buildings Terry Brennan, Member, Camroden Associates Inc., Westmoreland, NY To avoid problems the enclosure must manage the flow of rain, heat, water vapor and air. This presentation covers airtightness target for a building, inspection during construction, fan pressure testing to quantify enclosure tightness and cool tools for finding the leaks. The most powerful tools for finding holes are experience, training and paying attention. However, you can learn a lot using blower doors, smoke bottles, micromanometers, infrared scanners, tracer gases and last - but most effective at convincing everyone theres a big leak in the soffit theatrical fog.

Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 49 (Intermediate) Recent Research Developments in HVAC Energy Reduction in Cleanrooms, Labs and Critical Spaces Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 3 Sponsor: 09.11 Clean Space, 09.10 Laboratory Systems Chair: Peter Gardner, P.E., Member, Torcon, Inc., Red Bank, NJ Energy consumption and significant reduction is a hot topic in cleanrooms, labs and healthcare critical spaces which use much more energy than general offices and they are also performance-critical. Recent research has identified new approaches to improve cleanroom/lab particle contamination control and de-contamination performance while reducing energy. These presentations will illustrate not only theoretical modeling and computer simulations, but also demonstrate lab or field testing to validate the findings and recommendations. For decades cleanroom airflow rate determination was not through software calculation, but through selecting a rate from an over-simplified table disregarding site specific information. 1. Air Change Rate and De-Contamination Performance In Airlocks/Anterooms for Cleanrooms, Labs and Healthcare Critical Spaces Wei Sun, P.E., Member, Engsysco Inc., Ann Arbor, MI Airlock or anteroom is commonly used in cleanrooms, labs and healthcare critical rooms to minimize airborne particle and microbial migrations when the doors which separate clean and contaminated areas have to be opened for personnel, equipment and material traffics while the pressure differential between the areas disappears much quicker before the doors are closed. This presentation will provide audience the understanding and knowledge about airlocks transient characteristics, de-contamination performance, air change rate requirement, and energy conservation methods through testing findings and CFD simulation, energy efficient design recommendations for four types of airlocks will also be presented. 2. Development of Theoretical Airflow Rate Model for Mixed Type Cleanroom and Energy Conservation Strategies Chung -Chieh Lee, Ph.D., Member, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan This presentation proposes a new model for prognosticating ventilation requirements for mixed-type cleanroom with mini-environment based on airflow change rate and contamination generation rate. Previous models ignored many crucial components including recirculation flow rate of mini-environment in cleanroom. New calculation method is based on mass balance of contaminant in a cleanroom space by taking into account of ventilation air from cleanroom into mini-environment as well as discharge of contaminated air from mini-environment into cleanroom. It shows that the new model is more complete and promising than previous models, energy reduction strategies are also quantified and illustrated. 3. Effect of Air Change Rate and Perforated Floor Panel on Room Particle Concentration and Energy Consumption In Cleanrooms Shih-Cheng Hu, Ph.D., Member, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan Influence of air change rate and free area ratio of perforated floor panels on indoor airborne particle concentration were studied in a full-scale non-unidirectional cleanroom. Test results indicated that influence of free area ratio of perforated floor panels on indoor particle concentration was more significant in high than low air change rates. Evaluation on energy conservations shown that 40% of energy can be reduced in recirculation fan system with decreased air change rate and increased free area ratio of floor panels without apparent increasing on indoor particle concentration. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM Seminar 50 (Intermediate) Residential Power Factor and EMI (FCC) Requirements for VSDs Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications

Room: Pavilion 2 Sponsor: 01.11 Electric Motors and Motor Control Chair: Derrick Vigil, Member, Baldor Electric Company, Greenville, SC Variable speed motor usage is on the rise in residential systems. This presents some increasing challenges for single phase power systems in the areas of power factor and electromagnetic interference. This seminar aims to explain the cause, compare different motor type/control topologies, present possible solutions and understand FCC regulatory compliance. 1. Green Power Factor for Residential Systems? Robert W. Helt, Member, Helt Engineering, Portland, ME Variable speed motors and systems applied to single phase power systems represent some challenges for power factor and harmonic distortion. The cause and possible solutions will be discussed in detail. This persentation follows a forum on the same topic that generated much interest. Variable speed residential HVAC systems will be discussed and comparisons made to variable speed equipment sold in the US but designed and manufactured off shore. How have other industries, like computer network servers solved this problem? Should we be concerned? 2. Variable Speed Drives and Residential Power Factor/EMI Requirements Daemon Heckman, LCR Electronics, Inc., Norristown, PA When designing motor controls, EMI considerations must be considered during the initial design phase so that an optimum cost effective control design is achieved. Steps that one must take in order to minimize the impact of EMI on the resultant design will be described as well as how the impact of EMI varies with each type of control being designed. In summary, this presentation will provide a introductory survey comparing the efficiency gains to be found in the electronic control of motors and the transition to more efficient electronically commutated motor types. Considerations of cost, efficiency, performance (in terms of EMC, PF and harmonics), and regulatory compliance will also be provided. 3. Simple and Cost Effective EMI Characterization of Variable Speed Drive Systems for Determining EMI Compliance Jason Anderson, Professional Testing (EMI), Inc., Round Rock, TX There is a cost benefit to assessing the EMI performance of a system in the development phase. Understanding useful pre-compliance EMI measurement techniques will allow the incorporation of EMI control/filtering components earlier in the design cycle, which can reduce compliance test time. Retrofitting EMI solutions late in the development cycle is difficult and leads to increased lab time and cost. This can effectively increase the time to market; compounding the cost effects. This presentation will provide an overview of applicable EMI standards, their respectable limits, and methods for determining pre-compliance with reasonable confidence. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Conference Paper Session 19 (Intermediate) HVAC Design Considerations for Justice Facilities Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 2 Chair: E. Doug Fitts, P.E., Life Member, Fitts HVAC Consulting, LLC, Sunrise Beach, MO This program provides the owner, design engineer, contractors, and local authorities with information regarding some design considerations for various types of justice facilities. 1. Special Design Considerations for Institutional and Correctional Facilities (LV-11-C060) Richard Vehlow, P.E., Member, New York State Office of General Services, Albany, NY Designing HVAC systems for institutional and correctional facilities require special care to ensure security, strength and resilience of mechanical components in hostile environments. This conference paper focuses on some of the elements of facility design that need to be included to help prevent tampering and abuse by inmates, block unauthorized access by inmates or unqualified personnel, reduce complications in providing maintenance and optimize reliability, system performance and energy savings. Applicable codes are also discussed.

2. Application Issues for Chilled Beam Technologies (LV-11-C061) Boggarm Setty, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Setty and Associates, Fairfax, VA Recently, many discussions and papers relating to radiant panels have been published. Radiant panel usage has become rampant along with Dedicated Outside Air Systems (DOAS). Paper discusses the fallacies relating to filtration, induction effect, certification and energy consumption. In most cases, only the energy savings relating to reduced air qualities are not real. Many designs do not include energy consumption due to additional water pump horsepower. Paper discusses myths about its usages and cost effectiveness. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Conference Paper Session 20 (Intermediate) Ventilation Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 9 Chair: Rick Peters, P.E., TBS Engineering, Inc., Bainbridge Island, WA This session discusses the importance of correct ventilation the sizing and placement of systems. 1. Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons from the Field: How to Avoid Common Problems (LV-11-C062) Brad Acker1 and Kevin van den Wymelenberg1, (1)University of Idaho, Boise, ID Demand control ventilation (DCV) has the potential to save energy by reducing ventilation rates in accordance with occupancy levels provided by the surrogate indication of CO2 levels. However, improperly installed, designed, or operated systems do not save energy, reduce indoor air quality, and have the potential to foul the image of an otherwise viable energy efficiency measure. This paper reports the results from a field study that was carried out to determine energy savings from DCV systems. 2. Reducing Sidewall Vent Plumes and Increasing Equipment Installation Flexibility in Low Energy Design (LV-11-C063) Larry Brand, Member1, Paul Glanville, P.E., Associate Member1 and Yanjie Yang1, (1)Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL This paper investigates sidewall vent plume formation and the potential for ice formation on nearby structures in very cold climates. A review of the literature on turbulent buoyant round jet formation and transition from momentum-driven to buoyancy-driven flow is discussed as well as results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of several geometries. CFD is a finite difference model that calculates the fluid parameters based on the physics of the fluid flow and surrounding conditions. Recommendations are made for improving sidewall vent performance and supporting flexible Low Energy Design practices. 3. Unitary HVAC Premium Ventilation Upgrade (LV-11-C064) Reid Hart, Member1, Jack Callahan, P.E., Associate Member2, Kenneth Anderson, Associate Member1 and Patrick Johanning, Associate Member1, (1)PECI, Portland, OR, (2)Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR Rooftop packaged HVAC units (RTUs) serve over 40% of commercial building space with relatively reliable air conditioner and furnace operation; however, improper settings and failed controlsespecially economizers negatively impact indoor air quality and energy use. A field survey of over 300 packaged units found 91% with at least one problem and 64% with two or more problems. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Forum 7 (Intermediate) Energy Conservation and Circulator Fans Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 4 Sponsor: 05.01 Fans Chair: Christian Taber, Member, Big Ass Fan Company, Lexington, KY

With the current efforts to move toward net-zero buildings, finding low energy means of increasing occupant comfort are vital. Recent changes to ASHRAE Standard 55 and the ASHRAE Thermal Comfort Tool allow for more accurate quantification of the effects of elevated air speed on building occupants. The goal of this forum is to define the necessary criteria to develop a standard method of test for circulator fans in comfort cooling and destratification applications. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Forum 8 (Basic) Right Sizing: What Does It Mean Track: Professional Skills Room: Pavilion 6 Sponsor: 07.01 Integrated Building Design Chair: Dennis Knight, P.E., Member, Liollio Architecture, Charleston, SC A new buzz word has crept into our HVAC vocabulary called "Right Sizing". This forum discusses what right sizing may mean and what are its implications with respect to load calculations, equipemnt selection, operation and maintenance in the near-zero energy future. Is there room for safety factors, general assumptions, and guesswork in HVAC design anymore? How might a design engineer prepare for potential claims of over or under design and still provide systems that are energy efficient and also readily adaptable to future uses? Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Seminar 51 (Basic) Acoustics Codes, Standards, and Design Guidelines: A Primer Track: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R Industry Room: Pavilion 11 Sponsor: 02.06 Sound and Vibration Control Chair: Ralph Muehleisen, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois Acoustics is an important consideration in the sustainable design of HVAC systems because of the impact of acoustics on indoor environmental quality. While long neglected, acoustics has, in the last few years, become a larger part of some building codes, design guidelines, design standards and building rating systems. This seminar provides a primer of acoustic measurement standards and criteria and reviews recent changes to acoustics in codes, standards, guidelines, and rating systems including changes to ASHRAE, ANSI, ASTM, ISO, USGBC and ICC codes and standards. 1. Addressing Building IEQ - Acoustics Needs - through Standards, Guidelines and Rating Systems Kenneth P. Roy, Ph.D., Member, Armstrong World Industries, Lancaster, PA Post occupancy surveys (CBE) show that acoustics has lagged in occupant satisfaction, so actions are being taken on several fronts to ensure that improvements can be expected in the future. This presentation reviews recent changes to standards of ASTM, ANSI, USGBC, ASHRAE and ISO to address the identified need for better acoustic design and performance of all building types including education, healthcare and offices. 2. Changing Criteria for Design Noise Levels Neil Moiseev, Member, Shen Milsom & Wilke, LLC, New York, NY This presentation will briefly review the basic acoustic rating systems currently in general use and discuss planned changes. Of particular focus will be the pending changes in the design noise level criteria in the ASHRAE Handbooks and the new criteria that is found in the "Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings" book. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Seminar 52 (Basic)

How to Claim and Document Government Sponsored Tax Credits and Incentives Available for Engineering Firms Track: Professional Skills Room: Pavilion 10 Chair: Lynda Cruise, Alliantgroup, Irvine, CA This seminar addresses research and development tax credits. The legal and technical description based on the law that was finalized by Congress in 2004. The law was part of the 2001 Jobs Creation Act to encourage companies to use their United States labor force and not outsource. This session explains how the law applies to engineering, design build contractors, and ALL manufacturing companies. 4 Part Test: ( Activity must pass these 4 parts) 1. New (to just the company). Any New or Improved Business Component 2. Technological in Nature 3. Uncertainty of outcome 4. Testing Also, this seminar addresses export tax incentives -- costs related to engineering design labor performed in the United States for projects to be built outside of the of the United States. 1. R&D Tax Credits Lynda Cruise, Alliantgroup, Irvine, CA The legal and technical description based on the law that was finalized by Congress in 2004. The law was part of the 2001 Jobs Creation Act to encourage companies to use their United States labor force and not outsource. This will explain how the law applies to engineering, design build contractors, and ALL manufacturing companies. There is a four part test: (activity must pass these 4 parts): 1. New (to just the company). Any New or Improved Business Component; 2. Technological in Nature; 3. Uncertainty of outcome; and 4. Testing. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Seminar 53 (Advanced) Windows for Net-Zero Energy Homes Track: Net Zero Energy Room: Pavilion 1 Sponsor: 04.05 Fenestration Chair: Brian Crooks, Member, Cardinal Glass Industries, Inc., Eden Prairie, MN Windows and skylights are an important component of net-zero energy homes. Windows can provide heat, light, an insulated boundary, and a means to ventilate buildings. The proper application of window technology depends on the climate in which the building is located. The following presentations explore the role of windows in netzero energy homes. 1. Net-Zero Energy Windows: From Energy Losers to Energy Gainers Christian Kohler, Member, LBNL, Berkeley, CA This presentation expands on prior LBNL studies by showing in detail the impacts of window performance properties (U, SHGC) on annual energy use for a typical house. Our goal is to define the properties necessary for windows to have zero impact on the annual energy use in a typical house (i.e. a Zero Energy Window). Our prior study considered the effects of windows on energy use in a standard house, ie without upgraded envelope insulation. This talk will present the requirements of zero energy windows given various levels of house (wall, attic, roof etc) insulation. 2. Climate Impact in Window Design and Performance Bipin Shah, Member, Winbuild, Faifax, VA The need for electric generation in emerging economies is increasing exponentially and humans awakening to global warming problems are expediting need for adopting aggressive energy efficiency and conservation construction practices. Several countries are developing or have already developed building energy codes, green building and near-zero energy building policies to enforce energy efficient design and construction and are mandating their implementation. These rapid developments have resulted in development of standards or policies without full consideration of product performance in different climates. In this presentation, fenestration energy performance indices are compared using several different environmental boundary condition requirement.

Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM Technical Paper Session 5 (Intermediate) Displaced Carbon Emissions Methodology for Onsite Combined Heat and Power Systems Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 3 Sponsor: 01.10 Cogeneration Systems Chair: Timothy Wagner, Member, UTC Power Program Office at United Technologies Research Center, Hartford, CT According to the U.S. EPA the average efficiency of fossil-fueled power plants in the U.S. is 33 percent and has remained unchanged for 40 years. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems offer significant cost-effective emissions reduction potential by increasing efficient electric and thermal energy supply. Providing a reliable means of calculating carbon, SO2 and NOx emissions of conventional systems (separate heat and power) for comparison to CHP system emissions is essential. These two papers explore a protocol approach where the net emissions are calculated from three primary components: 1. Onsite emissions from the CHP system. 2. Displaced emissions from onsite thermal production (i.e., steam). 3. Displaced emissions from offsite generation of electricity, including transmission losses and cooling if the CHP system has a cooling component. 1. Fuel and CO2 Emissions Savings Calculation Methodology for Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems (LV-11-029) Bruce Hedman, Ph.D., ICF, Arlington, VA Combined heat and power is an efficient and clean method of providing energy services at the point of use. CHP can provide significant energy efficiency and environmental advantages over separate heat and power. This paper provides a suggested methodology for calculating fuel and CO2 emissions savings from CHP, and develops recommendations on the appropriate nature of avoided central station generation and the level of regional aggregation for accurate estimates of energy and emissions savings. 2. Applying a Fuel and CO2 Emissions Savings Calculation Protocol to a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Project Design (LV-11-030) Richard Sweetser, Member, Exergy Partners Corp., Herndon, VA The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative is the first mandatory, market-based effort in the United States to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. President Obamas intentions are for sweeping changes in how Americans use energy and he has made it clear the United States will participate in talks on the successor to the United Nations' Kyoto Protocol. The engineering community is increasingly called upon to accurately calculate the carbon emissions impact of applying a CHP system. This paper covers the design of a data center power and cooling CHP plant and evaluates CO2, SO2 and NOx in various locations throughout the United States. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Conference Paper Session 21 (Intermediate) Applying Rooftop Units and Using Life Cycle Costing Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 4 Chair: Anne Wagner, Member, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA This session examines if life-cycle cost analysis is worth the effort, measures for maintaining low energy use in commercial buildings over their life cycle, oversizing of rooftop HVAC systems and hybrid rooftop packaged air conditioners. 1. Measures for Maintaining Low Energy Use in Commercial Buildings Over Their Life-Cycle Systems Configurations for Hybrid Rooftops (LV-11-C065) Om Taneja, Ph.D., P.E., Manhattan Service Center, Manhattan, NY

This paper outlines various qualitative and quantitative measures that can be practiced to improve and sustain performance of building systems and infrastructure elements. 2. Advancing Development of Hybrid Rooftop Packaged Air Conditioners: Test Protocol and Performance Criteria for the Western Cooling Challenge (LV-11-C066) Jonathan Woolley, Member1 and Mark Modera, Member2, (1)University of California, Davis, CA, (2)University of California, Davis, Davis, CA This paper outlines and discusses the development of test protocol and performance criteria for the Challenge. The choice of laboratory test conditions is discussed, and explanation is given for the determination of performance metrics including nominal cooling capacity and net-total cooling capacity. The assumptions underlying minimum energy performance requirements for the Challenge are summarized, and the key non-performance based criteria for the program are justified. 4. Life Cycle Cost Analysis: Is it Worth the Effort? (LV-11-C067) Kendra Tupper, P.E.1, Aaron Buys, Affiliate1 and Michael Bendewald, Affiliate1, (1)Rocky Mountain Institute, Boulder, CO Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is often considered important for both new and retrofit building construction projects but is rarely implemented, often because it is perceived to be not worth the effort. Is an LCCA worth the effort? This paper can help you answer this question for yourself. It is important to know what the benefits are, and to be clear about what constitutes the effort. The paper demonstrates that, when used in place of a simple payback approach, an LCCA can lead to far different energy-efficiency recommendations. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Conference Paper Session 22 (Intermediate) Performance Modeling Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 3 Chair: Gregory Dobbs, Member, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT This session covers three papers on energy conservation optimization and indoor performance evaluation. 1. Adaptive Optimization Method for Energy Conservation in HVAC Systems (LV-11-C068) Junya Nishiguchi1, Tomohiro Konda1 and Ryota Dazai1, (1)Yamatake Corp., Kanagawa, Japan With the growing concern for international restrictions on CO2 emissions come demands that more should be done for energy conservation in buildings. Approximately 50% of the energy used by the buildings is consumed by Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems, where most set points of individual facilities are not adjusted correctly. Thus, the optimal operation with the existing facilities has a benefit for the costumers due to unnecessary for large facility investments. 2. Performance Evaluation of Indoor Environment Parameters for an Unoccupied Operating Room (LV-11C069) Fu-Jen Wang, Member1, Chi-Mang Lai, Ph.D., P.E., Member2, Tsung-Jung Cheng, Ph.D., P.E.3 and Zhuan-Yu Liu, Student Member4, (1)National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, (2)National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan, (3)Feng Chia University, Taiwan, (4)National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taiwan The HVAC systems for operating rooms are energy-intensive and sophisticated in that they operate 24 hours per day year-round and use large amount of fresh air to deal with infectious problems and to dilute microorganisms. However, little quantitative information has been investigated about trade-off between energy-efficient HVAC system and indoor environment quality especially when the operating room was not occupied. 2. Designing HVAC Systems Using Particle Swarm Optimization (LV-11-C070) Ramiro Bravo, Ph.D., Member1 and Forrest W. Flocker, Ph.D.1, (1)University of the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX Many goals in HVAC systems are related to optimization problems. For example, building operators would like to determine the combination of equipment and set points to obtain the most energy efficient operating conditions at any time. Similarly, HVAC system designers would like to determine the best combination of equipment, components and operating conditions. In both problems that goal is to find an optimal point which is the goal of an

optimization algorithm. The goal of this work is to apply a fairly recent optimization technique known as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) in the design and operation of HVAC systems. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Conference Paper Session 23 (Intermediate) The Real Cost of Zero Energy Buildings: Equipment Track: Net Zero Energy Room: Pavilion 1 Chair: Wangda Zuo, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA This session includes papers that offer equipment applications designed to contribute to the potential for a netzero energy building. 1. Study of Unglazed Transpired Solar Collector Installations in the Twin Cities Minnesota Climate (LV-11C071) Patrick A. Tebbe, P.E., Member1, Saeed Moaveni, P.E., Member2, Louis Schwartzkopf1, Joseph Dobmeier1, Joseph Gehrke2, Matthew Simones1 and Adam Himmer1, (1)Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN, (2)Norwich University, Northfield, VT This paper will begin with a brief background on UTCs and will then discuss typical climate conditions, determined through weather logging, and the resulting solar wall performance, determined from temperature and energy management system logging. The paper will conclude with a discussion of the suitability of unglazed transpired solar collectors for buildings in the Minnesota climate. 2. Energy Farming in the USA (LV-11-C072) Brian Warwicker, Member1 and Dan Cash, Affiliate2, (1)Nottingham University, Nottingham, United Kingdom, (2)Buro Happold Building Services, Nottingham, United Kingdom This paper will discuss the concept of Energy Farming as a method of reducing refrigeration and electrical demands together with the impact on the global climate. The paper will further explore the relationship between refrigeration and electrical demand profiles,whilst considering the benefits of storing energy. This will include the more traditional methods of thermal storage such as ice storage but unconventional operational regimes. The discussion will further extend to the increased use of lv2011able technologies such as wind power and solar power. 3. Role of Radiant Panel Heating and Cooling in Net-Zero Energy Buildings (LV-11-C073) Birol Kilkis, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey For a successful and sustainable net-zero energy building, a careful match and balance between the supply exergy and demand exergy is essential. A parametric study is included in the presentation in order to reveal the benefits of radiant panel systems under these circumstances. A new solar tri-generation system is presented, which acts like a solar PV on the outside and acts as panel cooling in the inside. This system replaces non-load bearing external wall elements and offer substantial energy and carbon emission efficiencies. 4. Energy Use Intensity and Its Influence on the Integrated Daylighting Design of a Large Net-Zero Energy Building (LV-11-C074) Robert Guglielmetti1, Jennifer Scheib1, Shanti Pless, Member1, Paul Torcellini, Ph.D., Member1 and Rachel Petro2, (1)National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, (2)RNL Design, Denver, CO Net zero energy buildings (NZEBs) buildings that generate as much energy as they consume are a significant and vital component in the sustainable future of building design and construction. 5. CFD Simulation of Cross-Ventilation Using Fluctuating Pressure Boundary Conditions (LV-11-C075) James Lo, Student Member1 and Atila Novoselac, Member1, (1)University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX As much of the world gears toward developing energy efficient and healthy buildings, natural ventilation is becoming an important aspect of building design. In this study, we used experimental data and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to determine whether the wind induced indoor airflow can be predicted more accurately. The preliminary finding of this study suggests that even with unsteady winds, time-varying pressure boundary conditions can be used to model and predict complex wind driven indoor airflow characteristics using

CFD. This method can be extremely helpful for engineers who use natural ventilation in their design for energy efficient buildings. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Conference Paper Session 24 (Intermediate) Tunnel Design Considerations Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications Room: Pavilion 2 Chair: Kai Kang, P.E., Member, Jacobs, New York, NY This session addresses advanced analysis techniques in the design of longitudinal tunnel ventilation system using jet fans, impact of fire heat release rate on rail and road tunnels ventilation systems and fixed fire suppression systems. 1. Impact of Tunnel Ventilation on Tunnel Fixed Fire Suppression System (LV-11-C076) Igor Maevski, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Raymond C. Klein, P.E., Member1, (1)Jacobs Engineering, New York, NY Recently there have been major fires in a number of European tunnels that required reevaluation of road tunnel fire loads. This showed that tunnel safety requires applying a fixed fire suppression system in addition to a tunnel ventilation system. This introduces a new challenge when designing tunnel safety systems. The type of ventilation system influences the type of sprinkler system and the sprinkler system design impacts the ventilation system performance. 2. Advanced Analysis Techniques in the Design of Longitudinal Tunnel Ventilation System Using Jet Fans (LV-11-C077) Nader Shahcheraghi, Dr.Ing., Member, AECOM, Oakland, CA This paper presents a case study, where the three dimensional CFD analysis is used in conjunction with one dimensional SES analysis in order to establish the jet fan configuration and demonstrate performance/compliance of jet fans for the emergency ventilation requirements of a road tunnel. 3. Assessing the Impact Fire Heat Release Rate has on Infrastructure Design and Constructability of Rail and Road Tunnels Ventilation Systems (LV-11-C078) Greg Sanchez, MTA-New York Transit, New York, NY This paper will present comparisons for several FHRR and its impact on the design and constructability of the ventilation infrastructure. A direct correlation the FHRR will have on the airflow capacity of the ventilation system, its duty points, fan sizes, and room layout is presented. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 54 (Basic) Dont Roll the Dice with Energy Recovery Ventilation Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment Room: Pavilion 9 Sponsor: 05.05 Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Chair: Carol Marriott, P.Eng., Member, Carol Marriott Consulting, Maple Grove, MN Energy recovery should be considered as a part of building ventilation strategy, heres how to do it and comply with Standard 62.1, and when you must do it to comply with Standards 90.1 and 189.1. Learn about the importance of AHRI 1060 certification and what it means to your designs and specifications. Tips and tricks to design and specify energy recovery devices to cost effectively introduce outdoor air into a building. Case studies cover the theory and practice of using energy recovery to save energy and improve ventilation. 1. ERV Requirements In the Latest ASHRAE and AHRI Standards Paul Pieper, Member, Venmar CES, St-Leonard-d'Aston, QC, Canada

Learn about the latest energy recovery requirements outlined in ASHRAE Standards 189.1, 90.1 and 62.1 and the importance of AHRI 1060 certification when employing air-to-air energy recovery. The standards will be reviewed to help the consulting engineer identify where and when energy recovery is mandated and why. 2. Casino Ventilation In Theory and Practice Boyd Erickson, Member, FEA Consulting Engineers, Las Vegas, NV This seminar will present important design considerations for casino ventilation strategies and how best to cost effectively introduce outdoor air into the space. A variety of energy recovery technologies and performance enhancement strategies shall be explored and practical examples in the form of case studies shall be presented from across North America and (as well as Las Vegas). 3. A Case Study of ERV Application In Religious/Institutional Facilities Matthew Friedlander, Member, RenewAire LLC, Madison, WI This seminar will cover the application of energy recovery ventilation in religious/institutional facility in a case study approach. Lessons learned from the design and application in these types of facilities will be covered, and important information on how to get it right for other applications will be explained. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 55 (Intermediate) Energy Saving Goes Hand in Hand with Comfortable Humidification by Evaporative Cooling in Hot and Dry Climates Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 10 Sponsor: 05.11 Humidifying Equipment, 05.07 Evaporative Cooling Chair: Raul Simonetti, Member, CAREL INDUSTRIES S.r.l., Brugine, Italy All the resources of our world should be efficiently used in order to reduce their quick depletion. Among them, energy is currently one of the most important; water is going to be the next. An efficient use implies that we ought to exploit them as less as possible yet guaranteeing our well being. Water can be wisely utilized for reducing the electrical energy required for mechanical cooling thanks to evaporative cooling; at the same time, its evaporation gives comfortable and convenient living conditions especially in hot and dry climates. 1. Need for Humidifiers In Energy Efficient Homes Eric Brodsky, P.E., Member, Research Products Corporation, Madison, WI To improve energy efficiency, modern construction practices have reduced the natural ventilation rate in homes. This change to tighter homes has contributed to the perception that humidifiers are no longer necessary to maintain acceptable indoor relative humidity (RH) levels. Computer modelling will demonstrate that unless a humidifier is used, indoor RH will drop below acceptable levels for human comfort and preservation for significant periods of time. 2. The Real Health and Comfort Aspects of Humidity Control for a Sustainable Indoor Environment L. Gary Berlin, Member, Nortec, Ottawa, ON, Canada This presentation will review past and current data related to low levels of indoor relative humidity and its influence on the occupants of the space. Information will be submitted regarding the health, comfort and well being affects and how they relate to absenteeism, productivity and financial costs of the employer, and occupants. 3. Casino VAV with IAQ and ENERGY Savings Too Vijayanand Periannan, Member, Munters Corporation (Deschamps Products Group), Buena Vista, VA IAQ in casino gaming areas can benefit from an all outdoor-air design for their 24/7/365 duty cycle. For Las Vegas climate, a heat-pipe air-to-air heat exchanger combined with a direct-evaporative-cooler/humidifier system can provide free winter humidification while maintaining 55F VAV supply temperature. In summer, the heat-pipe indirect evaporative cooling system can reduce electrical loads by supplying 55F air without mechanical cooling for a significant number of hours. Using the building return air during the monsoon season guarantees lower wetbulb (WB) temperature to the wetted heat-pipe and produces impressive dry evaporative cooling before recooling by the chilled-water coil.

4. Energy Saving by Direct Evaporative Cooling: Real Application In Metro Station and Simulated Application for Offices In Madrid Raul Simonetti, Member, CAREL INDUSTRIES S.r.l., Brugine, Italy Water evaporates spontaneously in contact with the air, absorbing around 680 W/(kg/h of evaporated water) from the air. Direct evaporative cooling (DEC) exploits this simple physical phenomenon to achieve high cooling capacities with low energy consumption, by evaporation of water atomised into very fine droplets to ensure maximum evaporation. This presentation describes the benefits of a direct evaporative cooling system implemented at a Madrid metro station. Following this is an analysis of the annual energy savings achievable from a hypothetical DEC system in an AHU for offices in Madrid. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 56 (Basic) Low Energy Load Calculations Track: Low Energy Design Room: Pavilion 6 Sponsor: 04.01 Load Calculation Data and Procedures Chair: Glenn Friedman, P.E., Member, Taylor Engineering, Alameda, CA Low energy buildings have the same loads as normal buildings; weather data, envelop loads, solar loads, ventilation loads and internal gains. How do energy design targets minimizing these loads? This seminar discusses how low load assumptions can be for low energy load calculations and what happens if the assumptions are too aggressive. 1. Weather Data for Evaporative Cooling Load Calculations Rolando Legarreta, P.E., Member, Alegro Engineering, El Paso, TX The new ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals volume has many choices of weather data. Which data is the correct to select for low energy design? For evaporative cooling what weather data should be used and why is more than one weather data required for complete load calculations? 2. Internal Gain Assumptions for Low Energy Design Chris Wilkins, P.E., Member, Hallam-ICS, South Burlington, VT What do you recommend to an owner for internal gains for low energy design? What are the proper metrics; watts per square foot, watts per office? How much diversity is reasonable for lights, people and plug loads? This session explores the current trends for internal gains. 3. What Are the Consequences of Wrong Load Assumptions? Charles S. Barnaby, Member, Wrightsoft Corporation, Lexington, MA What happens to load calculation if assumptions are low? What happens if our weather data does not properly predict global warming? This session explores the impact on heating and cooling indoor conditions that could result from getting the loads wrong. Wednesday, February 2, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM Seminar 57 (Intermediate) Thermal Comfort Evaluation and Standards: International Developments Track: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R Industry Room: Pavilion 11 Sponsor: 02.01 Physiology and Human Environment Chair: Dennis L. Loveday, Ph.D., Member, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom Designing for acceptable thermal comfort conditions lies at the heart of the building construction process, and is a key determinant of building energy consumption. This seminar provides an update on developments and applications of thermal comfort standards in several regions across the world - China, India, Europe and USA. This international perspective is particularly important in view of the rates of construction in the growing economies of

China and India, and will be an opportunity to hear about developments around thermal comfort standards in these parts of the world. 1. The New Chinese Thermal Comfort Standard Baizhan Li, Ph.D., Member, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Building energy consumption, indoor thermal conditions and thermal comfort research in China are presented. Methodologies include field studies in naturally ventilated buildings, laboratory study in un-conditioned but ventilated space and climate chamber study in climate controlled space. Over 10,000 subjects participated in the field study for the different climate zones in China and over 450 subjects in laboratory studies. The research finds that the ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 comfort temperature range may not suit the Chinese local situation, highlighting the need for a Chinese standard based on local climate and peoples habitat. The presentation promotes understanding of the new Chinese thermal comfort standard. 2. Developments, Evaluation and Application of Thermal Comfort Standards In India Madhavi Indraganti, Ph.D., Member, NIFT, Hyderabad, India This presentation will report findings from a number of thermal comfort field studies conducted in Hyderabad, India. In particular, thermal comfort in naturally-ventilated and top-floor apartments will be addressed, and the role of adaption described. Implications for thermal comfort design and standards for India will be discussed. 3. Recent Work of the International Standards Committee on Thermal Comfort: The European Perspective Kenneth C. Parsons, Ph.D., Member, Loughborough University, Department of Human Sciences, Loughborough, United Kingdom The work of the International Organization for Standardization in the field of thermal comfort will be presented. In particular, developments within the European context will be outlined with respect to thermal comfort and its evaluation. 4. Thermal Comfort Standards: U.S. Developments Peter Simmonds, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, IBE Consulting Engineers, Sherman Oaks, CA The most recent work of ASHRAE as applied to thermal comfort standards developments will be described, and in particular its application from a U.S. design practice perspective will be presented.