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Stoichiometry
Do you remember how small the mass of a proton and a neutron was? Proton = 1.67262 x 10-24 grams Neutron 1.67493 x 10-24 grams Scientists cant work with these numbers! Therefore, they have come up with a plan: They measure the mass of one atom in something called the Atomic Mass Units (u) An atom from one element was chosen as a standard, and the other elements were compared with it. Carbon was chosen as the standard for the atomic mass scale, it has a mass number of 12. Carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus. Therefore, one Carbon atom has a mass of 12 atomic mass units. Each proton and neutron are almost equal to 1 u (atomic mass unit). Now we can just refer to them as almost being 1 u! An atomic mass unit is defined to be 1/12 the mass of the carbon 12 nucleus.
Molar Mass
One mole = 6.022 x 10^23 atoms. Each elements atomic mass, in amu (u) is equal to the mass (in grams) of one mole, this is called the Molar Mass. Example: sodium (Na) has 22.99 u and its molar mass is 22.99 grams. Therefore 1 mole of sodium equals 22.99 grams.
Molecular Mass
In the same way that we can find the molar mass of an element, we can also find the molecular mass of a molecule. We simply figure out how many of each different types of atoms we have within the molecule and then we add the atomic masses for each different type of atom together. Example: To find the molecular mass of water, H2O, is: H x 2 = 1.008 x 2 = 2.016 grams/mole O x 1 = 16.00 x 1= + 16.00 grams/mole The total molecular mass is: 18.016 grams/mole
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
16.00 g O
C: 3.407 =1 3.406 1.33 x 1 = 1.33 1.33 x 2 = 2.66 1.33 x 3 = 3.99 = 4 H: 4.54 = 1.33 O: 3.406 = 1 3.406 3.406
A sample of a compound of nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) contains 1.52 g of N and 3.47 g of O. The molar mass of this compound is known to be between 90 g and 95 g. Determine the molecular formula and the accurate molar mass of the compound.
Example:
Moles of N = 1.52 g x 1 mol N = 0.108 mol N x 10 = 1 mol N 14.01 g N Moles of O = 3.47 g x 1 mol O = 0.217 mol O x 10 = 2 mol O 16.00 g O Empirical Formula = NO2 Empirical Molar Mass = 14.01 g + 2 ( 16.00 g) = 46.02 grams The molar mass is said to be 90 95 grams. Therefore, the integer multiple of the empirical molar mass and the actual molar mass is 2. Therefore the Molecular Formula must be 2 x the empirical formula. The accurate molar mass = 92.04 grams.
2CuCl(aq) + H2S(g) Cu2S(s) + 2HCl(aq) The numbers in front of the compound(s) or element(s) are called coefficients and they represent the amount, in moles, of each of the elements present.
Synthesis Reaction Or Direct Combination Reaction: Reactant A + Reactant B g Product C A + B g AB Decomposition Reaction: Reactant A g Product Z + Product Y
Many Different Types, Some Examples Are: ABC g AB + BC ABC g A + BC ABC g AC + BC AB g A + B AB g AB + A AB g AB + B AxBy g AvBu
Combustion Reaction:
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water CH4 + 2O2 (g) g CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) Combustion can also have Hydrocarbons with Oxygen in them, such as the following: C6H12O6 + O2 (g) g CO2 (g) + H2O(l)
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moles O2
moles NO
Mass-Energy Problems
Given the thermochemical equation SO2(g) + O2(g) SO3(g) + heat(99.1 kJ) Calculate the heat evolved when 74.6 g of SO2 (molar mass = 64.07 g/mol) is converted to SO3. 74.6 g SO2 1 mol SO2 -99.1 kJ = -115 kJ 64.07 g SO2 1 mol SO2
Another example: Calculate the heat evolved when 266 g of white phosphorus (P4) burn in air according to the equation: P4(s) + 5O2(g) P4O10(s) + heat(3013 kJ)
Limiting Reagents
When chemists carry out a reaction, the reaction usually does not have the exact proportions indicated by the balanced equation (stoichiometric amounts). Some of the reactants are therefore used up while others will have left over amounts at the end of the reaction. The reactant used up first in a reaction is called the limiting reagent. When the limiting reagent is all used up, no more products can be formed. The excess reagents are the reactants that are present in quantities greater than necessary to react with the quantity of the limiting reagent.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NH3 +
40.0 g NH3
O2
50.0 g O2
NO
? g NO
H2O
moles NH3
moles O2
moles NO