TATA Group A FPO Case Study

WHAT IS FPO?
A follow-on offering (often but incorrectly called secondary offering) is an issuance of stock subsequent to the company's initial public offering. A follow-on offering can be either of two types (or a mixture of both): dilutive and non-dilutive. A secondary offering is an offering of securities by a shareholder of the company (as opposed to the company itself, which is a primary offering). A follow on offering is preceded by release of prospectus similar to IPO: a Follow-on Public Offer (FPO). For example, Google's initial public offering (IPO) included both a primary offering (issuance of Google stock by Google) and a secondary offering (sale of Google stock held by shareholders, including the founders). In the case of the dilutive offering, the company's board of directors agrees to increase the share float for the purpose of selling more equity in the company. This new inflow of cash might be used to pay off some debt or used for needed company expansion. When new shares are created and then sold by the company, the number of shares outstanding increases and this causes dilution of earnings on a per share basis. Usually the gain of cash inflow from the sale is strategic and is considered positive for the longer term goals of the company and its shareholders. Some owners of the stock however may not view the event as favorably over a more short term valuation horizon. The non-dilutive type of follow-on offering is when privately held shares are offered for sale by company directors or other insiders (such as venture capitalists) who may be looking to diversify their holdings. Because no new shares are created, the offering is not dilutive to existing shareholders, but

the proceeds from the sale do not benefit the company in any way. Usually however, the increase in available shares allows more institutions to take non-trivial positions in the company. As with an IPO, the investment banks who are serving as underwriters of the follow-on offering will often be offered the use of a green shoe or overallotment option by the selling company. A non-dilutive offering is also called a secondary market offering.

STAGES OF THE FPO

The FPO process begins with the management making a presentation to the board of directors, with business plan and financial projections, proposing that the company enter the public market. If the directors approve the proposal than the following steps are taken:

1. Pre-Issue a) Due Diligence b) Draft offer document to be filed with SEBI. c) Final Offer document to be filed with SEBI. d) Application for listing with Stock Exchange. e) Promoters contribution to be brought in prior to the issue. f) Appointment of Compliance officer. g) In-principal approval from the Stock Exchange to be obtained and filed with SEBI. h) Issue Advertisement. i) Book-Building and Bidding processes to be followed.

2. Issue j) Subscription list to be kept open for at least 3 days. k) Issue to open within the time prescribed.

3. Post-Issue l) Monitoring reports to be submitted to SEBI. m) Final Post issue monitoring reports. n) Post issue advertisement. o) Dispatch of share certificates etc. and allotment and listing documents.
TATA Group
Tata Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, [3] India. It encompasses seven business sectors: communications and information technology, engineering, materials, services, energy, consumer products and chemicals. Tata Group was founded in 1868 by Jamsetji Tata as a trading company. It has operations in more than 80 countries across six continents. Tata Group has over 100 operating companies each of them operates independently out of [4] them 32 are publicly listed. The major Tata companies are Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Tata Power, Tata Chemicals, Tata Global Beverages, Tata Teleservices, Titan [5] Industries, Tata Communications and Taj Hotels. The combined market capitalisation of all the 32 listed Tata companies was $89.88 billion as of March 2012. Tata receives more than 58% of its revenue from [6] outside India. Tata Group remains a family-owned business, as the descendants of the founder (from the Tata family) owns majority stake in the company. The current chairman of the Tata group is Cyrus Pallonji Mistry, who [7] took over from Ratan Tata in 2012. Tata Sons is the promoter of all key Tata companies and holds the bulk of shareholding in these companies. The chairman of Tata Sons has traditionally been the chairman of the Tata group. About 66% of the equity capital of Tata Sons is held by philanthropic trusts endowed by members of the Tata family. The Tata Group is perceived to be India's best-known global brand within and outside the country as per an ASSOCHAM survey. The 2009, annual survey by the Reputation Institute ranked Tata Group as the 11th most reputable company in the world. The survey included 600 global companies. The Tata Group has helped establish and finance numerous quality research, educational and cultural institutes in India. The group was awarded the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy in 2007 in recognition of its long history of philanthropic activities.

History
The Tata Group was founded as a private trading firm in 1868 by entrepreneur and [13] philanthropist Tata. In 1902 the group incorporated the Indian Hotels Company to commission the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, the first luxury hotel in India, which opened the following year. After Jamsetjis death in 1904, his son Sir Dorab Tata took over as chair of the Tata Group. Under Dorabs leadership the group quickly diversified, venturing into a vast array of new industries, including steel (1907), electricity [14] (1910), education (1911), consumer goods (1917), and aviation (1932). Following Dorabs death in 1932, Sir Nowroji Saklatwala became the groups chair. Six years later Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (J.R.D.) took over the position. His continued expansion of the company into new sectorssuch as chemicals (1939), technology (1945), cosmetics (1952), marketing, engineering, and manufacturing (1954), tea (1962), and software services (1968)earned Tata Group international recognition. In 1945 Tata Group established the Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) to manufacture engineering and locomotive products; it was renamed Tata Motors in 2003. In 1991 J.R.D.s nephew, Indian business mogul Ratan Naval Tata, succeeded him as chairman of the Tata [15] Group. Upon assuming leadership of the conglomerate, Ratan aggressively sought to expand it, and increasingly he focused on globalizing its businesses. In 2000 the group acquired London-based Tetley Tea, and in 2004 it purchased the truck-manufacturing operations of South Koreas Daewoo Motors. In 2001 Tata Group partnered with American International Group, Inc. (AIG) to create the insurance company Tata-AIG.

List of Tata Group Chairmen

Jamsetji Tata (18871904) Dorabji Tata (19041932) Nowroji Saklatwala (19321938) J. R. D. Tata (19381991) Ratan Tata (19912012) Cyrus Mistry (2012present)

[edit]Subsidiaries Main article: List of entities associated with Tata Group

Bombay House, the head office of Tata Group

Tata Bus

Tata Nano

Packages of Tata Tea

HimalayanTata Mineral Water

Tata bus in Sri Lanka

This section lists the Tata companies and details their business: Chemicals Tata Chemicals Rallis India Tata Pigments Limited General Chemical Industrial Products Brunner Mond Advinus Therapeutics Magadi Soda Company

Consumer Products Tata Salt I-shakti Casa Dcor Tata Swach Tata Global Beverages

Tata Tea Limited is the world's second largest manufacturer of packaged tea and tea products. Eight O'Clock Coffee

Tata Ceramics Infiniti Retail (Crom) Tetley Tata Coffee Tata Industries Titan Industries Trent (Westside) Tata Sky TajAir Tata International Ltd. Tanishq Tata Refractories Westland

Energy Tata Power is one of the largest private sector power companies. Tata BP Solar, a joint venture between Tata Powerand BP Solar Hooghly Met Coke and Power Company Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company Tata Power Delhi Distribution Ltd (Formerly Known as North Delhi Power Ltd) Powerlinks Transmission Tata Power Trading Tata Projects

Engineering TAL Manufacturing Solutions Tata AutoComp Systems Limited (TACO) Hispano Carrocera Tata Motors, manufacturer of commercial vehicles(largest in India) and passenger cars Jaguar Land Rover (Manager of Tata's British brands Jaguar cars and Land Rover Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle

Tata Projects Tata Consulting Engineers Limited Tata Cummins

Telco Construction Equipment TRF Voltas, consumer electronics company Voltas Global Engineering Centre Tata Advanced Materials Tata Advanced Systems Tata Motors European Technical Centre Tata Petrodyne Tata Precision Industries Telcon Construction Equipment

Information Systems and Communications Computational Research Laboratories INCAT Nelco Nelito Systems Tata Business Support Services Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. (TCS) is Asia's largest software company. Tata Elxsi Neotel Tata Interactive Systems Tata Technologies Limited Tata Teleservices Virgin Mobile India Tata Communications CMC Limited VSNL International Canada Tatanet, Managed connectivity and VSAT service provider Tata Teleservices Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra)

Services Tata Sons

TKM Global ( Logistics and Supply Chain ) www.tkmglobal.net The Indian Hotels Company Ginger Hotels Roots Corporation Landmark Bookstores Tata Housing Development Company Ltd. (THDC) Tata Limited TATA AIG General Insurance TATA AIG Life Insurance Tata AG Tata Asset Management Tata Financial Services Tata Capital Tata International AG Tata Investment Corporation Tata Advanced Systems Limited Drive India Enterprise Solutions Mjunction services Tata Quality Management Services Tata Realty and Infrastructure Limited Tata Interactive Systems Tata Africa Holdings Tata AutoComp Systems Tata Industrial Services Tata NYK Tata Services Tata Strategic Management Group Taj Hotels

Steel Tata Steel Tata Steel Europe Tata Steel KZN

Tata Steel Processing and Distribution JAMIPOL NatSteel Holdings Tata BlueScope Steel Tata Metaliks Tata Sponge Iron Tayo Rolls The Tinplate Company of India TM International Logistics

Core Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Tata Institute of Social Sciences

[edit]Acquisitions February 2000 Tetley Tea Company, $407 million

[16]

March 2004 Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company, $102 million August 2004 NatSteel's Steel business, $292 million November 2004 Tyco Global Network, $130 million July 2005 Teleglobe International Holdings, $239 million October 2005 Good Earth Corporation December 2005 Millennium Steel, Thailand, $167 million December 2005 Brunner Mond Chemicals, $120 million June 2006 Eight O'Clock Coffee, $220 million November 2006 Ritz Carlton Boston, $170 million January 2007 Corus Group, $12 billion
[17]

March 2007 PT Kaltim Prima Coal (KPC) (Bumi Resources), $1.1 billion April 2007 Campton Place Hotel, San Francisco, $60 million January 2008 Imacid Chemical Company, Morocco
[6]

February 2008 General Chemical Industrial Products, $1 billion March 2008 Jaguar Cars and Land Rover, $2.3 billion March 2008 Serviplem SA, Spain April 2008 Comoplesa Lebrero SA, Spain May 2008 Piaggio Aero Industries S.p.A., Italy

June 2008 China Enterprise Communications, China June 2008 Neotel, South Africa October 2008 Miljo Grenland / Innovasjon, Norway

[edit]Philanthropy The Tata Group has helped establish and finance numerous quality research, educational and cultural [10][11] institutes in India. The Tata Group was awarded the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy in 2007 in [12] recognition of the group's long history of philanthropic activities. Some of the institutes established by the Tata Group are: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Tata Institute of Social Sciences Indian Institute of Science National Centre for Performing Arts Tata Management Training Centre Tata Memorial Hospital Tata Football Academy Tata Cricket Academy Tata Trusts, a group of philanthropic organisations run by the head of the business conglomerate Tata Sons
[18]

The JRD Tata Ecotechnology Centre The Energy and Resources Institute (earlier known as Tata Energy and Research Institute) a non governmental research institute.

The Tata Group has donated a Rs. 220 crore ($50 million) to the prestigious Harvard Business School (HBS) to build an academic and a residential building on the institutes campus in Boston, Massachusetts. The new building will be called the Tata Hall and used for the institutes executive [19] education programmes. The amount is the largest from an international donor in the business school's 102-year-old existence. The recent The Brand Trust Report, India.
[20]

2011 has ranked TATA as the second most trusted brands of

In a 2011 investor poll conducted by equity research firm Equitymaster, TATA Group was voted as the [21] most trustworthy among the Indian corporate houses. Over 61% of the respondents "showed their confidence in the Tata Group". The Tata Group retained its "Most Trustworthy" status in the 2012 edition of the poll.

Ratan Tata, the former chairman of Tata Group.

One Tata project that brought together Tata Group companies (TCS, Titan Industries and Tata Chemicals) was developing a compact, in-home water-purification device. It was called Tata swach which means clean in Hindi and would cost less than 1000 rupees (US $21). The idea of Tata swach was thought of from the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean, which left thousands of people without clean drinking water. This device has filters that last about a year long for a family of five. It is a low-cost product [22] available for people who have no access to safe drinking water in their homes. The advantage of this [23] device is that it does not require the use of electricity. TCS also designed and donated an innovative software package that teaches illiterate adults how to read in 40 hours. The children of the people who have been through our literacy program are all in school, [22] says Pankaj Baliga, global head of corporate social responsibility for TCS. In 1912, Tata Group expanded their CEOs concept of community philanthropy to be included in the workplace. They instituted an eight-hour workday, before any other company in the world. In 1917, they recommended a medical-services policy for Tata employees. The company would be among the first worldwide to organise modern pension systems, workers compensation, maternity benefits, and profit[22] sharing plans. Trusts created by Tata Group control 65.8% of company shares, so it can be said that about 66% of [25] the profits of Tata Group go to charity. The charitable trusts of Tata Group fund a variety of projects, for example the Tata Swach and the TCS project. They founded and still support such cherished institutions as the Indian Institute of Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, the National Centre for the Performing Arts and the Tata Memorial Hospital. Each Tata Group company channels more than 4 percent of its operating income to the trusts and every generation of Tata family members has left a larger [22] portion of its profit to them. After the Mumbai attacks, Salaries of then heavily attacked Taj Hotel employees were paid despite the hotel being closed for reconstruction. About 1600 employees were provided food, water, sanitation and first aid through employee outreach centres. Ratan Tata personally visited families of all the employees that were affected. The employees relatives were flown to Mumbai from outside areas and were all
[24]

accommodated for 3 weeks. Tata also covered compensation for railway employees, police staff, and pedestrians. The market vendors and shop owners were given care and assistance after the attacks. A psychiatric institution was established with the Tata Group of Social Science to counsel those who were affected from the attacks and needed help. Tata also granted the education of 46 children of the victims [26][27] of the terrorist attacks. [edit]Controversies

and criticisms

Despite their public commitment to philanthropy the Tata group has attracted several controversies and criticisms. Here are some: [edit]Munnar,

Kerala

The Kerala Government had filed an affidavit in the high court saying that Tata Tea had 'grabbed' forest 2 land of 3,000 acres (12 km ) at Munnar. The Tatas, on the other hand, say they possess 58,741.82 acres 2 (237.7197 km ) of land, which they are allowed to retain under the Kannan Devan Hill (Resumption of Lands) Act, 1971, and there is a shortage of 278.23 hectares in that. The then Chief Minister of Kerala V.S. Achuthanandan, who vowed to evict all government land in Munnar, formed a special squad for the Munnar land takeover mission and started acquiring back of the encroached government properties. However, later he had to abort the mission as there were many influential land grabbers and faced opposition from his own party. [edit]Kalinganagar,

Orissa

On 2 January 2006, policemen at Kalinganagar, Orissa, opened fire at a crowd of tribal villagers. The villagers were protesting the construction of a compound wall on land historically owned by them, for a Tata steel plant. Some of the corpses were returned to the families in a mutilated condition. When pushed for comment, TATA officials said the incident was unfortunate but that it would continue with its plans to [28] set up the plant. [edit]Dow

Chemical, Bhopal Gas Disaster

In November 2006, survivors of the Bhopal gas disaster were outraged by Ratan Tatas offer to bail out Union Carbide and facilitate investments by Carbides new owner Dow Chemical. Tata had proposed leading a charitable effort to clean up the toxic wastes abandoned by Carbide in Bhopal. At a time when the Government of India has held Dow Chemical liable for the clean-up and requested Rs. 100 crores from the American MNC, survivors groups felt that Tatas offer was aimed at frustrating legal efforts to [29] hold the company liable, and motivated by a desire to facilitate Dows investments in India. [edit]Supplies

to Burmas military regime

Tata Motors reported deals to supply hardware and automobiles to Burmas oppressive and antidemocratic military junta has come in for criticism from human rights and democracy activists. In December 2006, Gen. Thura Shwe Mann, Myanmars chief of general staff visited the Tata Motors plant [30] in Pune. In 2009, TATA Motors announced that it would press ahead with plans to manufacture trucks [31][32] in Myanmar. [edit]Land

acquisition in Singur
[33]

The Singur controversy in West Bengal led to further questions over Tatas social record, with protests by locals and political parties(though the involvement of Mamata Banerjee's party is widely criticized as

an act for political gains) over the forced acquisition, eviction and inadequate compensation to those farmers displaced for the Tata Nano plant. As the protests grew, and despite having the support of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) state government, Tata eventually pulled the project out of West Bengal, citing safety concerns. The Singur controversy was one of the few occasions when Ratan Tata was forced to publicly address criticisms and concerns on any environmental or social issue. Ratan Tata subsequently embraced Narendra Modi, theChief Minister of Gujarat, who quickly made land available for [34] the Nano project. [edit]Dhamra

Port

On the environmental front, the Port of Dhamara controversy has received significant coverage, both [35][36] within India and in Tatas emerging global markets. The Dhamra port, a venture between Tata Steel and Larsen & Toubro, has come in for criticism for its proximity to the Gahirmatha Sanctuary and Bhitarkanika National Park, from Indian and international organisations, including Greenpeace. Gahirmatha Beach is one of the worlds largest mass nesting sites for theOlive Ridley Turtle and Bhitarkanika is a designated Ramsar site and Indias second largest mangrove forest. TATA officials have denied that the port poses an ecological threat, and stated that [37] mitigation measures are being employed with the advice of the IUCN. On the other hand, conservation organisations, including Greenpeace, have pointed out that no proper Environment Impact Analysis has been done for the project, which has undergone changes in size and specifications since it was first proposed and that the port could interfere with mass nesting at the Gahirmtha beaches and the ecology [38][39] of the Bitharkanika mangrove forest. Protests by Greenpeace to Dhamra Port construction is also alleged to be less on factual data and more on hype and DPCL's (Dhamra Port Company Limited) response to Greenpeace questions harbours on [40][41] these facts. [edit]Soda

extraction plant in Tanzania

Tata group, along with a Tanzanian company, joined forces to build a soda ash extraction plant in [42] [42] Tanzania. The Tanzanian government is all for the project. On the other hand, environmental activists are opposing the plant because it would be near Lake Natron, and it could possibly affect the [43] lake's ecosystem and its neighbouring dwellers. Tata was planning to change the site of the plant so it would be built 32 km from the lake, but the [43] opposition still thinks it would negatively disturb the environment. It could also jeopardise the Lesser Flamingo birds there, which are already endangered. Lake Natron is where two thirds of Lesser [44] Flamingos reproduce. Producing soda ash involves drawing out salt water from the lake, and then disposing the water back to the lake. This process could interrupt the chemical make up of the [42] lake. Twenty-two African nations are against the creation of the project and have signed a petition to stop its construction.

TATA STEEL

Tata Steel Limited (NSE: TATASTEEL, BSE: 500470) (formerly Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited(TISCO)) is an Indian multinational steel-making company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, and a subsidiary of the Tata Group. It is the 12th-largest steel producing company in the world, with an annual crude steel capacity of 23.8 million tonnes, and the largest private-sector steel [3][4] company in India measured by domestic production. Tata Steel has manufacturing operations in 26 countries, including Australia, China, India, the [5] Netherlands, Singapore, Thailand and the United Kingdom, and employs around 81,600 people. Its largest plant is located inJamshedpur, Jharkhand. In 2007 Tata Steel acquired the UK-based steel maker [6] Corus in what was the largest international acquisition by an Indian company to date. Tata Steel is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, [7] and the National Stock Exchange of India. It is ranked 401st in the 2012 Fortune Global 500 ranking of [8] the world's biggest corporations. It is the eighth most-valuable Indian brand according to an annual survey conducted byBrand Finance and The Economic Times in 2010.

History
Tata Iron and Steel Company was established by Dorabji Tata on August 26, 1907, as part of his [11][12][13] fatherJamsetji's Tata Group. By 1939 it operated the largest steel plant in the British Empire. The company launched a major modernization and expansion program in 1951. Later, the program was upgraded to 2 MTPA project. In 1990, it started expansion plan and established its subsidiary Tata Inc. in [14] New York. The company changed its name from TISCO to Tata Steel in 2005. In August 2004, Tata Steel agreed to acquire the steelmaking operations of the Singapore-based [15] [16] NatSteel for S$486.4 million in cash. The acquisition was completed in February 2005. In 2005, Tata Steel acquired a 40% stake in the Thailand-based steelmaker Millennium Steel for $130 [17][18] million from Siam Cement. In 2007 Tata Steel through its wholly owned Singapore subsidiary, NatSteel Asia Pte Ltd acquired controlling stake in two rolling mills: SSE Steel Ltd, Vinausteel Ltd located in Vietnam. [edit]Corus

acquisition

Main article: Tata Corus acquisition On 20 October 2006, Tata Steel signed a deal with Anglo-Dutch company, Corus. On 19 November 2006, the Brazilian steel company Companhia Siderrgica Nacional (CSN) launched a counter offer for Corus at 475 pence per share, valuing it at 4.5 billion. On 11 December 2006, Tata preemptively upped its offer to 500 pence per share, which was within hours trumped by CSN's offer of 515 pence per share, valuing the deal at 4.9 billion. The Corus board promptly recommended both the revised offers to its shareholders. On 31 January 2007 Tata Steel won their bid for Corus after offering 608 pence per share, valuing Corus at 6.7 billion.

[edit]Operations Tata Steel is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India and has its marketing headquarters at the Tata Centre in Kolkata, West Bengal. Tata Steel has a presence in around 50 countries with manufacturing operations in 26 countries including: India, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, Dubai, Daggaron, Ivory Coast, Mozambique, South Africa, Australia, United Kingdom, The Netherlands, France and [19] Canada. Tata Steel primarily serves customers in the automotive, construction, consumer goods, engineering, packaging, lifting and excavating, energy and power, aerospace, shipbuilding, rail and defence and [20] security sectors. [edit]Expansion

plans

Tata Steel has set a target of achieving an annual production capacity of 100 million tons by 2015; it is planning for capacity expansion to be balanced roughly 50:50 between greenfield developments and [21][22] acquisitions. Overseas acquisitions have already added an additional 21.4 million tonnes of capacity, including Corus (18.2 million tonnes), NatSteel (2 million tonnes) and Millennium Steel (1.2 million [21][22] tonnes). Tata is looking to add another 29 million tonnes through acquisitions. Major greenfield steel plant expansion projects planned by Tata Steel include:
[21]

a 6 million tonne per annum capacity plant in Kalinganagar, Odisha, India;

[23]

an expansion of the capacity of its plant in Jharkhand, India from 6.8 to 10 million tonnes per [23] annum; a 5 million tonne per annum capacity plant in Chhattisgarh, India (Tata Steel signed a memorandum of understanding with the Chhattisgarh government in 2005; the plant is facing strong protest from [24] tribal people); a 3 million tonne per annum capacity plant in Iran; a 2.4 million tonne per annum capacity plant in Bangladesh; a 10.5 million tonne per annum capacity plant in Vietnam (feasibility studies are underway); and a 6 million tonne per annum capacity plant in Haveri, Karnataka.
[26] [25]

[edit]Major

competitors
[27]

Tata Steel's major competitors include ArcelorMittal, Essar Steel, JSW Steel, SAIL and VISA Steel. [edit]Controversies

The company is facing increasing criticism that the drive for growth and profits is completely overshadowing its once famed philanthropy, and causing lasting social and environmental damage at [28] various locations. In response, Tata cites its programs for environment and resource conservation, including reduction in greenhouse emission, raw materials and water consumption. The company has increased waste re-use and re-cycling, and reclaims land at its captive mines and collieries through forestation. Tata Steel's chief, environment and occupational health, says, "Our capital investment in [29] pollution-abatement solutions was in the vicinity of 4 billion in 2003-04." [edit]Dhamra

Port

The Dhamra Port, a Joint Venture between Larsen & Toubro and Tata Steel, has come in for criticism from groups such as Greenpeace, Wildlife Protection Society of India and the Orissa Traditional Fishworkers' Union. The port is being built within five kilometres of the Bhitarkanika National Park, a Ramsar wetland of international importance, home to an impressive diversity of mangrove species, saltwater crocodiles and an array of avian species. The port will also be approximately 15 km. from the turtle nesting of Gahirmatha Beach, and turtles are also found immediately adjoining the port site. Aside from potential impacts on nesting and feeding grounds of the turtles, the mudflats of the port site itself are breeding grounds for horseshoe crabs as well as rare species of reptiles and amphibians. One such species, the amphibian Fejervarya cancrivora, is the first record for the Indian mainland.