Biology Form 4 Chapter 7 Respiration

Biology Form 4 Chapter 7 Respiration
DEFINITION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
6. 7. 8. 9.
7. 8. 9.
8. 9.
9.
LUNGS
A human respiratory system consists of a series of tube-like structures connecting a pair of lungs to the atmosphere. The tube-like structures consists of a nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi (singular: bronchus) and bronchioles.
LUNGS
The lungs are the large sac-like organs, which are made up of mainly the bronchioles, alveoli and a network of blood capillaries. The left lungs has two lobes while the right lung has three lobes.
PASSAGE OF AIR
Nasal passage
Air enters
Tongue
Pharynx Larynx/voicebox Airway Trachea is held open by Cshaped rings of cartilage Bronchioles takes air to and from alveoli Epithelial cells enable 02 and CO2 to dissolve
Alveoli
Outer surface of each alveolus is line with blood capillaries Biology Form 4 Chapter 7 Respiration
NASAL PASSAGE OR NASAL CAVITY

Frontal sinus Nasal Cavity
Sphenoid sinus
NASAL PASSAGE OR NASAL CAVITY
Air enters through the nostrils (nasal cavity) Dust and microorganisms are trapped by mucus and sweep towards the back of the mouth to be swallowed or coughed out. The inhaled air is warmed, filtered and moistened in the nasal cavity.
TRACHEA / BRONCHI / BRONCHIOLE
TRACHEA
A large tube that is supported by C-shaped cartilages which keeps the trachea open permanently to receive air. Epithelium cells of the trachea are lined with cilia. Between the epithelium cells are goblet cells which secrete mucus. The mucus traps dust and microorganisms. Air is warmed to body temperature and moistened. Air enters the bronchi.
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BRONCHI
Two tubes which branch from the trachea Enters the left and right lungs respectively Is called bronchus in singular Traps the dust and microorganisms when the air passes by. Carries the air to the bronchioles
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BRONCHIOLES Each bronchus subdivides repeatedly to form smaller tubes called bronchioles. They lack cartilages. Carries the air to the alveoli.
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ALVEOLI
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ALVEOLI
Also called air-sacs. Small, moist, thin-walled air sacs (0.2 mm in diameters) Gaseous exchange between the blood and the lungs.
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GASEOUS EXCHANGE
Capillary
Capillary wall
Carbon dioxide is dropped off Oxygen is picked up
Red blood cell
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GASEOUS EXCHANGE
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ADAPTATION OF THE ALVEOLI FOR GASEOUS EXCHANGE
i) A large surface area The total surface area of the alveoli in the lungs is about 75m2. This is 80 times the total skin surface area of an adult human.
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ii) Very thin walls The alveolar wall is only one-cell thick so that diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide can occur readily.
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iii) A moist surface The inner surfaces of the alveoli are covered with a thin layer of fluid. Gases have to dissolve in this fluid before they can diffuse across the alveolar wall.
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iv) A rich supply of blood 80% of the alveolar walls are covered with the blood capillaries. They provide a rich blood supply to transport gases to and from the alveoli.
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INHALATION / EXHALATION
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INHALATION / EXHALATION
Air enters Rib cage moves up and out Air leaves
Rib cage moves down and in.
Lung expands Diaphragm moves down inhalation exhalation
Lungs get smaller
Diaphragm moves up
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INHALATION The external intercostal muscles contract while the internal intercostal muscles relax. As a result, the ribs and sternum move upwards and outwards. The diaphragm muscles contract and the diaphragm flattens.
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INHALATION
The movements of the rib cage and the diaphragm increase the volume of the thoracic cavity. Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity lowers the pressure inside the thoracic cavity until it is less than the atmospheric pressure. Air is drawn into the lungs.
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EXHALATION The internal intercostal muscles constract while the external intercostal muscles relax. As a result, the ribs and sternum move downwards and inwards back to its resting position. The diaphragm muscles relax and the diaphragm arches upwards.
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EXHALATION
The movements of the rib cage and the diaphragm decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity. Decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity increases the pressure inside the thoracic cavity until it is greater than the atmospheric pressure. Air is forced out of the lungs.
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE INHALATION AND EXHALATION
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1. What are two names for structure no. 9? i) Trachea ii) windpipe
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2.What is the structure that filters the air as it is inhaled? No. 1 Nasal Cavity
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3. What is the no. and name of the muscle responsible for breathing? No. 6 diaphragm
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4. Where does the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place? Air sacs 5. Which of the following activities does not take place during inhalation? Ribs are pulled downloads 6. State four structures which are involved in the human gaseous exchange system? Trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus
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A MODEL OF THE HUMAN LUNGS

Problem : How does the diaphragm help in breathing?
Hypothesis: Contraction of the diaphragm, muscles results in inhalation. Materials: Rubber sheet, balloons and string.
Apparatus: Bell jar, glass tube and bung with one hole.
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Figure 1
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Method:
1. A balloon is tied to the tube. 2. The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 1. 3. The rubber sheet is stretched across the open end of the bell jar. 4. The change in size of the balloon is recorded when the rubber sheet is pulled downwards and pushed upwards.
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Results 1. When the rubber sheet is pulled downwards, the balloons expanded. 2. When the rubber sheet is pushed upwards, the balloons contracted. Conclusion The diaphragm contracts (when the rubber sheet is pulled downwards) during inhalation.
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Parts of the bell jar model that represent parts of the human respiratory system.
BELL JAR MODEL tube balloon Rubber sheet Bell jar
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Homework
Discuss the similarities and differences between a human respiratory system with that of other organisms:Group A ~ fish Group B ~ frog Group C~ insect
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Internet Reference:
1. http://yucky.kids.discovery.com/flash/body /pg000138.html 2. http://www.lung.ca/children/grades7_12 /respiratory/index.html 3. http://www4.tpgi.com.au/users/amcgann/body /respiratory.html 4. http://www4.tpgi.com.au/users/amcgann/body /respiratory_facts.html 5. http://users.pandora.be/educypedia/education /respiratory.htm 6. www.geocities.com/medinotes/nasal_cavity.htm
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Reference Books:
1. Gan Wan Yeat, Biology Form 4, Bakaprep Sdn. Bhd. Petaling Jaya 2005
2. Gan Wan Yeat, Biology Form 4: Practical Book, Bakaprep Sdn. Bhd. Petaling Jaya, 2005 3. Memory Mastery Through Mind Maps Diagrams Biology SPM, PNI Neuron Sdn. Bhd. Selangor, 2006
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The End
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Biology Form 4 Chapter 7 Respiration

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