UNIT I 1.What is law?

Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior of the people. 2.When were the first laws registered? The first laws were registered in about 1758 BC 3.What was the role of the religion in the enforcement of law? Most civilizations attributed their laws to their gods and goddesses. 4.What do you know about different types of punishments applied for different offences? Punishments applied for different offences were: the principle of revenge an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, and also was applied death penalty. 5.What offences did the first legal codes covered? The first legal codes covered such offences as: murders, injuries, theft etc 6.What fields were covered by the laws issued by Hammurabi? Laws issued by Hammurabi covered such fields as: crime, divorce, marriage, the rights of slave owners and slaves, the settlement of debts, inheritance, property contracts. 7.Do you think punishments for different offences were fair? I think that punishments were often too harsh. 8.What is the origin and the meaning of the term Draconian? The term draconian usually is applied to extremely harsh measures, because under Dracos Code death was the punishment for most offences. 9.Comment on the principle :an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth! This principle means that criminals had to receive the same punishment as those injuries and damages they had inflicted upon their victims. 1.When was the US constitution adopted? The us Constitution was adopted on September 17,1787. 2.Wich are the three branches of the national government? The three branches of the national government are: legislature, the bicameral Congress; an executive branch led by the President; and the judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court. 3.What is the first oldest constitutional documents still in use in the world? The first Constitution still in use is: the 1600 Statutes of San Marino. 4.How many amendments does the constitution have and how are the first ten called? The US Constitution was amended twenty-seven times, and the first ten amendments are known as the Bill of rights. 1.When was the Moldovan Constitution adopted? The Moldovan Constitution was adopted on July 29, 1994. 2.What does the Constitution primarily contain? The Constitution primarily contain democratic values and establishes a national, sovereign, independent, unitary, indivisible and neutral state. 3.What is the Judicial branch composed of? The judicial branch is composed of ordinary Courts, Courts of Appeal and Supreme Court. 4.What does civil law tradition mean? Civil law tradition means that only Constitution and other Statutory legislation constitute a source of law. UNIT II LEGAL PROFESSION IN UK AND USA 1.What do you know about the divisions of the legal professions in Britain and the US? In England the legal profession is divided into two distinct branches: barrister and solicitor, while America only knows the one professional status of lawyer. 2.Wich do you think is the most interesting and rewarding kind of legal work? I think that lawyer is the most interesting and rewarding legal work. 3.Wich is the most demanding? And lawyer is the most demanding work.

4.Wich professional title do you associate with high financial gain? I associate notary profession with high financial gain. 5.Wich of them confers the highest social prestige? I think that judge profession confers the highest social prestige. 6.Where do you go for a legal advice? Solicitor 7.What kind of probationary stages are lawyers required to go through? Bar final examination-for barrister and Law Society Final examination for-solicitors. 8.What kind of lawyers is expected to do more fieldwork? Solicitor. 9.Do solicitor and barrister co-operate closely? Yes, barristers are employed by solicitors. 10.Who has the greatest power of representation? Barrister 11.Who gets more involved in criminal cases and why? Solicitor, because he work with the case, he make the preparation work. 12.What are the main differences between barrister and solicitor? Barrister specialize in arguing cases in front of the judge, and have the rights of audience in the highest courts, while solicitor do much of the initial preparation for cases which they hand to barrister and they have the right of audience only in lower courts. 13.Does the degree in law guarantee access to the profession? No, because professional examination must be passed 14.What is the difference between the legal professions in USA and UK? In UK legal profession is divided in barrister and solicitor while in USA is only one profession- lawyer. 15.What are the distinctive features of the English bar? The distinctive features of the English bar are: I their very small number, their centralized structure and their homogeneity; II their relationship to the bench; III their orality of appellate proceedings; IV their traditions of competence and integrity and the degree to which they are expected to have regard to the public interest as well as their clients interests. THE AMERICAN LEGAL PROFESSION 1.What is the main roles of the lawyers in factual investigation? Counselor, negotiator, litigator. 2.What does the art of negotiation involves? Lawyers will work with opposing counsel to try to get favorable resolution for the client. The art of negotiation involves many techniques individual to particular attorneys and the circumstances. 3.What are the rights of the client in negotiation process? The client always retain the right to accept or reject a settlement negotiated or offered by the opposing party. 4.State the main differences between the American and English legal profession! In England the legal profession is divided between office lawyers, known as solicitor, and courtroom lawyers, known as barristers. In US, there is no division of the profession and a lawyer frequently does both office work and courtroom work. JUDGES AND JURY IN GREAT BRITAIN 1.How are the vast majority of judges called in Britain? Magistrates or Justice of the Peace. 2.What is the difference between the High Court Judges and Magistrates? Magistrates are ordinary citizens who are selected not because they have any legal training but because they have sound common sense, while High Court Judges are paid salaries by the State and have considerable legal training and they deal with most serious crimes. 3.Who appoints senior judges to the Court of Appeal and High Court? The Queen following the recommendation of the Prime Minister, currently on the advice of Lord Chancellor. 4.What body is responsible for the training of judges, lay magistrates and members of tribunal in England and Wales and what is its function?

JSB,its function is to make an induction course, to organize visits to penal establishments, organize meeting with personnel from the Probation Service. 5.What kind of sentence can judge give in civil courts? They can fine, commit to imprisonment not more than 6 months, give a suspended sentence. 6.What is jury? Jury is a body of lay men and women randomly selected to determine facts and to provide a decision in a legal proceeding. 7.How were cases resolved before jury system emerged? Trials were usually decided by ordeals, in which it was believed God intervened, revealing the wrongdoer and upholding the righteous. 8.Why was there a need for jury system? It was needed because Catholic Church decided that trials by ordeals was superstition and priests were forbidden to take part. 9.What was the functions of the first juries? A jury was convened to say the truth on the basis of its knowledge of local affairs. 10.How did the function of the jury change through the centuries? In 14th century the role of the jury became that of the judgment of evidence. By the 15th century trial by jury became the dominant mode of resolving a legal issue. Some centuries later jury assumed its modern role of deciding facts on the sole basis of what is heard in court. JUDGES AND JURY IN THE USA 1.Why the American always feared the jury service? Because in colonial days jurors were locked in a room until they gave a verdict and if they gave a wrong verdict they too were charged with crime. 2.In what conditions were jurors kept in colonial days?Why? Jurors were locked in a small room with no ventilation and were denied food and water in an attempt to inspire a quick verdict. 3.How was trial procedure changed through the years? As more and more laws were passed, the rules of evidence expanded and trials became longer, which resulted in more technical and increasingly boring hours for jurors. 4.Why is the right to a jury trial considered to be so important for the US citizens? Americans should look upon it as an opportunity to serve their country, their community and their fellow citizens. JURY SERVICE AN IMPORTANT JOB AND A REWARDING EXPERIENCE 1.What is the job of a juror? The job as a juror is to listen to all evidence presented at trial and to decide what really happened. 2.What is the job of a judge? The judge makes decisions on legal issues that come up during the trial. 3.What qualities should a good juror have? The qualities of a good juror are to be open minded, be concentrated on the evidences being presented, use their common sense, and be fair and honest, be impartial. 4.What requirements should one meet to be eligible for jury service? To be eligible , you must be over 12 years old, a citizen of the US, a resident of the country in which you are to serve as a juror, able to communicate in English and if you have been convicted of felony, you must have had your civil rights restored . 5.What are the reasons for a person to be excused from a jury service? People who have illnesses that would interfere with their ability to do a good job, would suffer great hardship if required to serve or are unable to serve for some other reasons, these people can be excused from a jury service. 6.What is jury pool? Is a group of people from which trial juries are chosen. UNIT III HOW DID THE BRITISH LAW DEVELOPED

1.Was there any written law in medieval England? There was no written law 2.How was justice administered in early medieval England? Each feudal lord or baron administered justice personally. 3.What are precedents? A precedent is a legal case that is the standard for judging other cases like it. 4.What is common law based on? Common law is based on traditions, customs, and trade practices of the people. 5.Who examines cases and pronounce judgments in the Court of Equity? Chancellor. HOW ARE LAWS MADE IN THE UK 1.What is the most important job of the MPs? To make legislation. 2.Where does the new legislation start in Britain? In House of Lords. 3.What does the first and the second readings consists of? The first reading lets MPs known that the Bill is coming up for discussion. The second reading explains the purpose of the Bill, and the House has to vote on it. 4.What does the committee stage involves? It involves a small group or committee of about 18 MPs looking in detail at the Bill and suggesting amendments. 5.What does the third reading involves? The third reading gives the House of Commons a chance to look at the bill as a whole. 6.Enumerate the stages through which a Bill must pass during the consideration of the House of Lords. As in the Commons , the Bill goes through a number of stages. The first reading introduces the Bill, the second reading explains it in more details, then it goes to the Committee stage, this stage is followed by the report stage and then the third reading, were the Lords gets their last chance to look at the Bill as a whole. 7.What does the Royal Assent procedure imply? It imply the bill signification by the queen. KINDS OF LAWS IN THE US 1.What is the cause of differences among legal system in different states? The difference among legal systems exist because each of the original 13 states was previously sovereign. 2.What is Constitutional law? Body of law derived from a country's written constitution. It lays down and guides the duties and powers of the government, and the duties and rights of its citizens and residents. 3.What is Statutory law? The written law established by enactments expressing the will of the legislature, as distinguished from the unwritten law or common law. 4.What is administrative law? Administrative law is the body of law that governs the activities of administrative agencies of government. 5.What is the Case law? Precedent is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts. UNIT IV WHAT IS THE EU? 1.How many countries are members of the EU? 27 2.What do the stars of the EU flag symbolize? The 12 stars in a circle symbolize the ideals of unity, solidarity and harmony among the people of the Europe. 3.What was the aim of the creation of the EU? It was created as a purely economic union. 4.What does EU promotes through its politics?

It promotes human rights and democracy and has the most ambitious emission reduction targets for fighting climate change in the world. A PEACEFULL EUROPE-THE BEGINNING OF COOPERATION 1.Wich was the starting force of the EU? Second World War 2.Name the six founders of the EC Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,Luxembourg,Netherlands. 3.What are the four freedoms? Movement of goods,services,people,and money. 4.Where does the name Schengen come from? A small village in Luxembourg gives its name to the schengen agreements that gradually allows people to travel without having their passports checked at the borders. THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA There are three types of law in RM: Ordinary laws and regulations adopted by majority vote of the members present, taken only in one reading. Organic laws adopted by a majority vote of the elected deputies, after considering at least two readings. Constitutional law-a draft organic law on budget, finance, economy, requiring significant financial resources, project of complex laws and draft laws on other important issues to address Parliament and may be considered on third reading. Adopting a law in RM contains 4 stages: first reading, second reading, third reading , and promulgation of the President of RM. First reading includes: representation of the project by the author, hearing the report of the Standing Committee responsible for the project, speeches of deputies, pass a law if its ordinary,pass a draft of law, approve the bill and prepare it for second reading,reject the draft law. Second reading includes:hearing the report of the responsible commission, discussion of the draft articles on, vote on the draft articles. Third reading includes: transfer of amendments under paragraph, conduct by the decision of the Parliament of these amendments, discussion of the report of the Standing Committee, the conclusion of the Government and the examination of the result. And then is promulgation of the president of RM.