Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Lecture 2
Generic Definition An organized genetic unit that is capable of metabolism, reproduction and division
Proteins (summary)
Amino acids - 20 Peptide bonds Polymer of amino acids (hence polypeptide) 1, 2, 3 and 4 structures 2: a-helix and b-sheet Different shapes Function is associated with structure Most enzymes are proteins
Carbohydrates
Act as source of energy Serve as building blocks of other molecules
Simple sugars
(Monosaccharides)
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Starch & glycogen
Glucose polymers with a-linkages
Cellulose
Glucose polymers with b-linkages
Modified Carbohydrates
Lipids
Hydrophobic (water hating) Energy reservoirs Serve as thermal insulation Repel water on surfaces of skin, fur and feathers Play important structural role in membranes Help capture light energy Act as electrical insulator in nerve cells Steroids and vitamins
Simple lipids
- Triglycerides (made up of glycerol + fatty acid)
Phospholipids
Steroids
Signal molecules Similar chemical skeleton Different types
Rhodopsin
Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) & Ribonucleic (RNA) Basic unit: Nucleotide Nucleotide has three components: 1. Sugar: Ribose (RNA) or Deoxyribose (DNA) 2. Base: Purines: Guanine (G) and Adenine (A) Pyrimidines: Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) & Uracil (U) 3. Phosphate Polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotides) DNA is a double-helix Complimentarity (G:C and A:T or A:U pairing) Polarity (i.e., direction) Store/carry genetic information
DNA
RNA
Mostly single-stranded Uracil (instead of thymine) Ribose Sequence Structure
Reading
Life (7th Ed) Chapter 2: Small Molecules; p15-34 Chapter 3: Large Molecules; p35-60
Cells
Fundamental units of life All organisms are composed of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells Require energy Two types:
- Prokaryotic (lacking nucleus) - Eukaryotic (eu = true karyon= kernel)
Eukaryotic Cells
Types Animal cells Plant cells
Plant Cells
Nucleus
- Contains DNA - DNA is bound to proteins - Careful packaging! - Nucleosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Inside area Lumen ~1/10 volume of cell Extensive surface area
Types 1. Rough protein intake & modification; transport 2. Smooth lipid & steroid synthesis; glycogen hydrolysis
Golgi Apparatus
- Cisternae (cis and trans) - Receives proteins from ER for further modification - Concentrates and packages proteins to destinations within and outside the cell
Lysosomes
- 1 mM diameter with featureless interior - Contain digestive enzymes - Sites where macromolecules are broken down - Process phagocytosed (i.e., eaten) stuff - Primary and secondary - Acidic environment - Tay Sachs disease
Mitochondria
- Powerhouse - Bacterial origin - ~1000 / liver cell - Outer & inner membranes - Cristae - Respiration - Have their own ribosomes and DNA - mtDNA is maternally inherited
Chloroplasts
Contain chlorophyll Site of photosynthesis outer & inner membrane
Origin of Mitochondria
Figure 1-34 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition ( Garland Science 2008)
Origin of Chloroplasts
Figure 1-34 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition ( Garland Science 2008)
Peroxisomes
- Degrade hydrogen peroxide
Cytoskeleton
- Maintains cell shape & support -Ropes - Framework for transport Composed of: 1. Microfilaments (actin) 2. Intermediate filaments (fibrous proteins) 3. Microtublues (tubulin)
Molecular Motors
Dynein and kinesin - Move along microtubules
Tree of Life!
Microbes Rule!
Energy Sources
ORGANISM TYPE
Photoautotrophs
(found in A, B & E)
ENERGY SOURCE
Light
CARBON SOURCE
Carbon dioxide
Photoheterotrophs
(some Bacteria)
Light
Organic compounds
Chemolithotrophs
(some B; most A)
Inorganic substances
Carbon dioxide
Chemoheterotrophs
(found in A, B & E)
Organic compounds
Organic compounds
Charateristics
Highly diverse group
Autoheterotrophs Look like corkscrews Extremely small Mostly Gram-positive Some form endospores Live in hot & acidic places Some methanogens; Salt lovers (halophiles)
Reading
Life (7th Ed) Chapter 4: Cells (p61-84) Chapter 27: Bacteria & Archaea (p524-540)