Rea Carmen Mutiangpili Chapter 12: Heart 1.

Functions of the Heart Generating blood pressure- required to force blood through the blood vessels. Routing blood- heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations, which ensures the flow of oxygen rich blood to tissues. Ensuring one-way blood flow- walls of the blood. Regulating blood supply- heart adapts to the metabolic needs of the tissue, whether to change the rate or force of contractions. 2. Size, form and location of the Heart Adult heart- shaped like a blunt cone. Larger in physically active body. Heart decreases in size after the age of approx. 65. Apex- blunt, rounded point of the heart. Base- larger, flat part at the opposite end. Heart is located at the thoracic cavity between two pleural cavities that surrounds the lungs. It is surrounded by pericardial cavity Lies obliquely to the mediastinum, with its base directed posteriorly and slightly superiorly. Apex directed to the left. Base is located deep to the sternum 3. Anatomy of the Heart Pericardium Forms the pericardial cavity Also called pericardial sac Consists of two layers: Fibrous pericardium- tough, fibrous connective tissue; outer layer Serous pericardium- thin layer of connective tissue with flat epithelial cells; inner layer Portion of the serius pericardium lining the fibrous is parietal pericardium. Visceral pericardium- portion covering the heart surface; also called epicardium Pericardial fluid- produced by serous pericardium, helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardium. External Anatomy Right and left atria- located at the base of the heart Right and left ventricle- extend from the base of the heart toward the apex Coronary sulcus- extend around the heart, separates the atria from the ventricles

Anterior interventricular sulcus- extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus on the anterior surfsce if the heart Oosterior interventricular sulcus- extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart. Veins- from organs to heart Large veins Superior vena cava- from the superior part (brain) to the right atrium Inferior vena cava- from the inferior part (other organs excluding brain) to the right atrium 4 Pulmonary veins- carry blood from lungs to the heart to thr left atrium. Arteries- from heart to organs Pulmonary trunk- from heart to lungs Aorta- from heart to other organs of the body Heart Chambers and external anatomy Right and left atria receive blood from veins Primarily functions as reservoir, collects blood returning from veins before it enters the ventricles. Right atrium receives blood from 3 major openings. Superior and inferior vena cava drain blood from most of the body, and smaller coronary sinus drains blood from most of the heart muscle. Left atrium receives blood from four pulmonary veins, which drains blood from the lungs. Two atria are separated by interatrial septum. Right and left ventricle Major pumping chambers Eject blood into the arteries and force it to flow to the circulatory system. Right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta. Two ventricles are separated by interventricular septum. Wall of the left ventricle is thicker and it contracts more forcefully and generates great blood pressure than the right side Pump nearly the same volume of blood Heart valves Separates the atrium and ventricle of the same side? Atrioventricular valve- right atrium and right ventricle;

Valves- allow blood to flow from atria to the ventricles but prevent it from flowing back into the atria. has 3 cusps called tricuspid valve has 2 cusps called bicuspid valve. Aortic and pulmonary trunk contains aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves. Each valve consists of 3 cusps Cardiac skeleton- plate of connective tissue; consists of fibrous rings that surround the atrioventricular and semilunar valves Route of blood flow through the heart. Refer to book, p. 324 4. Histology of the Heart Heart wall Composed of 3 layers: Epicardium- the visceral pericardium, smooth outer surface of heart; squamous epithelium Myocardium- middle layer of the heart, responsible for contraction of heart chambers Endocardium- smooth inner surface of the heart, allows blood to move easily through the heart. Trabeculae carneae- ridges and columns of cardiac muscle, modifies the surface of the interior walls of ventricles Cardiac muscle Elongated branching cells Contains actin and myosin myofilaments organized to form sarcomere. Connected to one another through Intercalated disks (cell-tocell contacts) 5. Electrical Activity of the Heart Action potentials in cardiac muscle Exhibit depolarization followed by repolarization. Prolonged compared to skeletal muscle Prolonged action potential ensures that contraction and relaxations prevent tetany. Conduction system of the heart...make flow chart Electrocardiogram Action potentials during cardiac cycle produce electrical currents. Recording device that can detect small electrical changes Normal ECG consists of P wave, a QRS complex and T wave. P wave- results from depolarization of atrial myocardium, and beginning of P wave precedes the onset of atrial contraction.

QRS complex- results from depolarization of the ventricles, and beginning of QRS complex precedes ventricular relaxation. T wave represents repolarization of ventricles, and its beginning precedes ventricular relaxation.

Cardiac cycle 6. Heart Sounds Stethoscope- developed to listen to the sounds of lungs and heart and is now used to listen to other sounds of the body as well. 2 main heart sounds: First sound "lubb" Lower pitch than second Occurs at theeginning of ventricular systole and results from closure of AV valves. Second sound "dupp" Occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole Results from closure of semilunar valves Murmurs- abnormal heart sounds, usually a result of faulty valves. Stenosed- narrowed opening of a valve 7. Regulation of Heart Function Cardiac output- volume of blood pumped by either ventricle of the heart each minute. Stroke volume- volume unit of blood pumped per ventricle each time the heart contracts Heart rate- number of times the heart contracts each minute Intrinsic Regulation of the Heart Refers to mechanisms contained within the heart itself. Venous return is the amount of blood that returns to the heart, and the degree to which the ventricular walls are stretched at the end of a diastole. Starling's law of the heart- relationship between preload and volume. Afterload- refers to the pressure against which the ventricles must pump blood. Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart Baroreceptor Reflex- mechanism of the nervous system that plays an important role in regulating heart function. Baroreceptor are stretch receptors that monitor blood pressure. Chemoreceptor Reflex-epinephrine and norepinephrine released from adrenal medulla also influences heart's function. Medulla oblongata of the brain contains chemoreceptors that are sensitive to pH and carbon dioxide levels.

A decrease in pH (caused by increase of carbon dioxide) results in parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. 8. Effects of Aging on the Heart Cardiac output decreases Hypertrophy of the left ventricle may cause edema Decrease in maximum heart rate Aortic semilunar valve becomes incompetent Coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure can develop