(Hi) Distributed Application and Data (3-tier): This provides the solution like the database and data

access layer being placed at its own database server. Application logic is placed at its own application server. At the dent computer, there is the presentation logic. (iv) Internet-Based Computing Architecture (multi-tier): Presentation layer and a presentation logic layer that are implemented on the web-client (browser) by using the content that is downloaded from the web server. The presentation logic layer is connected to database server behind Internet e) Database Server: Handles one or more databases that are shared. It also implements all the service commands of the information system, together with the database commands. i) Types of Database Servers: a) Transaction Server: Handle services that are used to ensure that all databases are updated for each transaction, whether successful or not Eg: IBM CICS. Microsoft Transaction Server. b) Application Server: Handle application logic and information system services. It needs to be connected at the front-end of the client computer, and at the back-end of the database server, for the purposes of data entry and update. The application server is often integrated with transaction server. c) Message Sever: Handles the e-mail service, calendar and other work group functions. These functions can actually be integrated to information system applications. Eg: Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange. d) Web Server: Handle the Internet or website. Communicates with clients by sending back HTML document and XML data to the clients. Some of the web servers are specially developed for handling electronic transaction application, like Netscape Commerce. f) Choosing the Programming Language: The process of developing application architecture is defined in the form of the programming language, other software, and the hardware to be used. i) Software for Centralised Computing: e) Editor and Assembler-COBOL: f) Transaction Controller - CICS; and g) File Management System VSAM. DB2 ii) Software for dent-Server h) 2-Tier Programming language based on client with building connectivity - in SQL to one or more database engines of the server. Eg: Power Builder. Visual Basic i) j) 3-Tier: Programming language that is capable of providing facilities like 2-tier, added with other extra capabilities. Eg: UNIX. Smalltalk, C++. Language for CKent-Server (Internet & Intranet): This programming language is built based on four core standards, which are HTML. XML. CGI and Java. Eg: Sun Java Workbench. 9 ) Ap p l i c a t i o n D e ve l o p m e n t k) System Development Phase: is a process done to develop, install, and test the components that make up a system l) System Implementation Phase: also involves testing the systems capability to operate with varieties of workload in the real environment. This phase aims to implement all the planning that has been made at the beginning. m) Four steps in the Development Phase: i) Design: As explained previously, design work is to be performed by referring to the documents that were produced from an earlier (analysis) phase. (1) The documents being referred to are: Data flow diagram (DFD). Entity-relationship diagram (ERO), Source documents; and Any other documents that help the programmer to understand the functions that need to be included in the programs. ii) Coding: Will convert all the process logic into a program that can be executed by the computer. Hi) Testing: After coding is done, and even during coding, the programmer will test the program codes produced, iv) Documentation: Will record any kind of facts, information and specifications for a certain information system.