硕士论文：the Integration of Yue Dialect Words Into Modern Written Chinese

The Integration of Yue Dialect Words into
Modern Written Chinese

Wong Hiu Lam Sally
黃曉林

M.A. Dissertation

The University of Hong Kong
June, 2006
Abstract of thesis entitled
“The Integration of Yue Dialect Words into
Modern Written Chinese”
Submitted by
Wong Hiu Lam Sally
for the degree of Master of Arts
at The University of Hong Kong
in June 2006
There is a language dilemma in Hong Kong: on the one hand, its unique
social‐cultural environment calls for a kind of written Chinese that has a local flavour,
while on the other hand, there are strong expectations for the use of more
“standardized” varieties. The use of “Yue dialect words” is thus an important and
controversial topic. These “non‐standard” words include traditional Yue dialect
words, locally generated words, loan words, local abbreviations and some standard
words with extended meaning.
To maintain language standards, some scholars have proposed “dialect words
integration principles”, making use of Ferguson’s theory of ʺDiglossiaʺ(1959). They
believe that formal use of language should be based on the standard language as
defined by the Central government, which accommodates only a relatively small
number of dialect words.

This research aims to understand the use of local dialect words in Hong Kong
written Chinese. Dialect words are collected from a local newspaper to form a
database which can be studied on four axes: (1) the occupational domains where the
words are used; (2) the different functions of the words in the text; (3) the different
roles the words play in a sentence; and (4) the origins of the words. Interviews were
conducted with experienced journalists to provide further data.
It was found that there is no correlation between dialect words usage and the
degree of formality of different sections of the newspaper. However, dialect words
are not used in an arbitrary manner. The rationale for the usage is explored in two
ways: language attitudes of the journalists and the practical motives of achieving
different communicative goals.
DECLARATIONS
I declare that this thesis represents my own work, except where due
acknowledgement is made, and that it has not been previously included in a thesis,
dissertation or report submitted to this University or to any other institution for a
degree, diploma or other qualifications.
__________________________________________
15th June 2006
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Luke Kang
Kwong, for his guidance, tolerance and valuable advice in the design,
implementation and writing up of this thesis. His perceptive remarks and support
at various stages of this study were of great help to me.
I would also like to thank all the journalists who have generously contributed
their time and ideas in the interviews.
2
CONTENT
Declarations
Acknowledgements
Content
List of Tables and Charts
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH ISSUE
1.1 The Research Background (Page 9)
1.2 The Research Issue (Page 12)
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The Language Question in the Written Language in Hong Kong (Page 13)
2.2 The Characteristics and Evaluations of the Language Used in the Hong Kong
Mass Media (Page 15)
2.2.1 The Overview: The Prevalence of Dialect Words (Page 15)
2.2.2 The Language Styles of Different Types of Mass Media (Page 18)
2.2.3 The Words Appearing in the Mass Media are Influential to Language
Learners (Page 20)
2.3 The Reason for the Prevalence of Local Dialect Words in the Written Language
(Page 21)
2.4 The Academic Research and Proposals in Standardizing the Written Language in
Hong Kong (Page 23)
3
2.4.1 The Urge for Standardization Research for Written Language (Page 23)
2.4.2 The Principles Proposed by Hong Kong Linguists (Page 25)
2.4.3 The Integrating Progress of Yue Dialect Words in the Standard Language
and the Working Focus in the Future (Page 28)
2.5 Arguments Against the Integration of Yue Dialect Words into the Standard
Language (Page 30)
CHAPTER III THE RESEARCH
3.1 The Scope of the Research (Page 32)
3.2 The Basis and Aim of the Research (Page 33)
3.3 The Hypothesis (Page 35)
3.4 The Methodology of the Research (Page 36)
3.4.1 Research Materials (Page 36)
3.4.2 Creating a Database with Four Dimensions with Local Dialect Words from
a Newspaper (Page 37)
3.4.3 Interviewing Five Experienced Journalists (Page 41)
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Overview of the Findings in the Newspaper Study (Page 42)
4.2 The Results of Sorting Word Data with the Four Axes (Page 44)
4.3 General Features and Internal Differences between the Local Dialect Words in
Each Sample Section (Page 46)
4.3.1 General Features and Internal Differences of Local Dialect Words on
Important News and Local News (Section A Pile I) (Page 46)
4
China News and International News (Section A Pile II) (Page 51)
4.3.3 General Features and Internal Differences of Local Dialect Words of the
sample section on Financial news and Property news (Section B) (Page 55)
Entertainment News (Section D) (Page 59)
4.3.5 General Features and Internal Differences of Local Dialect Words on Life
Supplementary Features (Section E) (Page 63)
4.3.6 General Features and Internal Differences of Local Dialect Words in the
sample section on Educational news (Section F) (Page 67)
Sports News (Section S) (Page 71)
4.4 Jusitifications for the Internal Differences within the Local Dialect Word Data
and the Reasons for the Integration (Page 75)
4.4.1 Motives for Journalists to Integrate Local Dialect Words into the Chinese
Written Language (Page 78)
4.4.1.1 The Insufficiency of the Present Principles for Dialect Word
Integration
4.4.1.2 Using Dialect Words to Demonstrate Reality
4.4.1.3 Using Dialect Words to Act as a Rhetorical Means of Expression
4.4.1.4 Using Dialect Words to Appeal to Local Readers
4.4.1.5 Using Dialect Words to Create an Icon of Hong Kong’s Identity
4.4.1.6 Using Dialect Words to Enhance Readers’ Comprehension
Efficiency
4.4.2 Conscious Application of Local Dialect Words (Page 88)
5
CHAPTER V THE CONCLUSION
5.1 The Result of the Research (Page 91)
5.2 Towards Principle Setting for Language Standardization in Hong Kong (Page 92)
Appendix A: The Full List of Newspaper Study Results (Page 95)
Appendix B: The List of Local Dialect Words Sorted By Their Sources (Page 109)
Appendix C: The List of Local Dialect Words Sorted By Their Grammatical Functions (Page
117)
Appendix D: The List of Local Dialect Words Sorted By the Word Origins (Page 126)
Bibliography (Page 136)
Research Material: The sample pages studied in the newspaper study (Page 140)
6
LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS

TABLES
Table 1: The coding, the main content and size of each sample section.
Table 2: The overall result of the newspaper study.
CHARTS
Figure 1: Pie chart showing the proportion of local dialect words found in each
sample section.
Figure 2: Pie chart showing the proportion of local dialect words found with
different sources of text functions.
different grammatical functions.
Figure 4: Pie chart showing the proportion of local dialect words found in different
origins.
Figure 5: Column chart showing the general features and internal characteristics in
the sample section on Important news and Local news (Section A Pile I).
the sample section on China news and International news (Section A Pile II).
the sample section on Financial news and Property news (Section B).
the sample section on Local and Overseas Entertainment news (Section D).
7
the sample section on Supplementary Life features (Section E).
the sample section on Educational news (Section F).
the sample section on Sport news (Section S).
Figure 12: Horizontal accumulative bar chart showing the percentage proportion of
dialect words used in different text sources of each sample section.
dialect words used in different grammatical functions of each sample section.
dialect words used in different origins of each sample section.
8
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH ISSUE

1.1 THE RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Since “Modern Written Chinese” was adopted in the 1950s, “the language of
northern China based on the Beijing dialect” has became the common language of
mainland China. Basically, all the words licensed by the standard language are
limited to the ones existing in the written language of the “May‐Forth” writers. It
excludes dialect words in the standardization process.1
In the last few decades, China has gone through an era of tremendous political,
economical and cultural development. The language measures are generally
loosened. 2 Chinese linguists and lexicologists who work on language
standardization have switched their focus to firstly, enhancing the flexibility and
accommodating ability of the standard language; secondly, making computational
dictionaries and machine translators, in order to catch up with an era of intensive
generation of new words. In the 2005 edition of the Chinese dictionary “Xiandai
Hanyu Cidian”《現代漢語詞典》 edited by Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan Yuyan
Yanjiu suo (中國社會科學院語言研究所) which has been one of the authoritative
pieces of literature, has introduced over 6,000 new words into the dictionary, over
1 賈植芳主編(2002)《開端與終結：現代文學史分期論集》。上海：復旦大學出版社。
2 宋劍華(2005)《前瞻性理念︰三維視角中的中國現代文學史論》。北京：文化藝術出版社。
9
one third of which originated from the Yue region.3
Chinese cities and provinces along the southeast coast, especially Yue province,
have been flourishing with cultural development. With increasing vitality, Hong
Kong is especially influential in various aspect of life. Since the 1980s, some Hong
Kong dialect words (most of which are traditional Yue dialect words and loan words)
have been gradually accepted by people in mainland China as a part of their word
use.4
In contrast, the language standard and language proficiency is criticized
extensively in Hong Kong.5 The use of Yue dialect words and its grammatical
collocations has become a controversial topic. Academic research has been done
with an open attitude in studying the language use in the mass media 6 . The
standpoints are fairly one‐sided. Hong Kong educational linguists have closely
studied the principles and guidance of dialectal word use in Chinese language
teaching7. Principles proposed are dynamic according to the different word origins.
Their common ground lies in considering the frequency of appearance of the words
in the formal written languages, as well as there being no other replaceable words in
the standard language. Most of these academic researches apply the theory
3 中國社會科學院語言研究所詞典編輯室編(2005)《現代漢語辭典》
（第五版）
。北京：北京商務印書館。
4 韓敬體(1997)《從對現代漢語的影響及在學術界的反映看香港的方言詞語》
，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文
集》
。香港：香港中國語文學會。Page 235‐259
5 Some of the recent criticisms can be found in 黃煜、盧丹懷、俞旭著(2000)《並非吹毛求疵──香港中文報章的語言
與報道問題評析》。香港：三聯書店 and 莊澤義主編(2000)《香港書報語誤評說》。香港：三聯書店。
6 Some academic researches in positive attitude can be found in 伍慧珠(2000)《香港傳播媒介語言的特色及對語文教學
的影響》
，見《中文教育論文集第九輯：語文教育的反思》
。香港：香港教育學院，Page 246‐261; 邵敬敏(1997)《香港
報紙用語的層次等級及其對策》
，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文集》
。香港：香港中國語文學會。Page 204‐212;
黎楊蓮妮、湯志祥(1997)《香港商業廣告語句的創意的特色》
。香港：香
港中國語文學會。Page213‐228, etc
7 Various researches are conducted by 鍾嶺崇(2000)《香港中文教師對香港詞彙進入書面語的觀感與態度研究》香港：
香港大學博士論文; 楊利成(1999)《中大學生對規範書面語的認知和運用》
，見《語文與評估》
。香港：香港教育學院，
Page 412‐423 and 康寶文(2000)《香港中小學生作文中的方言成分》
，見《二零零零國際語文教育研討會論文集》
（光碟）
。
香港：香港大學教育學院。
10
introduced by Ferguson, Charles A (1959) ʺDiglossiaʺ in that they expect formal
languages of the High Varieties to be based on the official language.
11
1.2 THE RESEARCH ISSUE
Chung wonders if the theoratical predictions and aspirations must be realized.8
While the use of dialect by Hong Kong students has been thoroughly researched,
this research tries to reveal the present phenomena in dialectal word use in Hong
Kong mass media, another influential local word user and producer. Local dialectal
words are deliberately used in certain “high varieties” and “low varieties” in every
sections of a local newspaper. Also, the study may shed light on the real motives
behind the word use so as to figure out the reasons for its conservative resistance to
the total adoption of the standard language.
8 鍾嶺崇(2000)《香港中文教師對香港詞彙進入書面語的觀感與態度研究》香港：香港大學博士論文
12
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

This section reviews recent academic findings in five aspects. It summarizes (1)
the language question in the written language in Hong Kong; (2) the general
characteristics and evaluations of the language used by the mass media (3) the
reason for the prevalence of local dialect words in the written language; (4) the
academic research and proposals in standardizing the written language in Hong
Kong; and (5) arguments against the integration of Yue dialect words into the
standard language.
2.1 THE LANGUAGE QUESTION IN THE WRITTEN
LANGUAGE IN HONG KONG
A controversial Hong Kong language question was seriously discussed in the
1997 Chinese Language Conference that Cantonese dialect words were integrating
into the standard written language in Hong Kong. The two Chinese languagees
varieties seem to be mutually influencing each other.
The opening speech9 of the mentioned conference summarized that though
Modern Standard Chinese is recognized as the frame of reference in language use, it
lacks words representing local concepts and new ideas. While the sense of Hong
9 陳方正(1997)《開幕詞：中文的規範與進化》，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文集》。香港：香港中國語文學
會。Page 1‐5
13
Kong’s identity was growing after the 1967 riots, people valued their own culture
instead of following the imposed “standard”. Moreover, Hong Kong was enjoying
its superior international status economically, socially and culturally. Foreign ideas
and advanced concepts were rapidly imported into Hong Kong within the region of
Chinese societies. These situations demanded new words. A positive view is stated
that language is always undergoing evolution as it does throughout its development.
Hong supported this view in the conference by proving the integration of the dialect
words in the standard language as an inevitable fact. 10
集》
14
2.2 THE CHARACTERISTICS AND EVALUATIONS
OF THE LANGUAGE USED IN THE HONG KONG
MASS MEDIA
2.2.1 The Overview: The Prevalence of Dialect Words
An overview study of language use in the mass media was carried out by Ng in
200011. Hong Kong’s mass media likes to use colloquial language in formal articles,
phrases and words, localized foreign terms, numbers, abbreviations and
homonymic words in their publications. These languages are found to be highly
expressive and full of varieties to suit the market interests. The writer appeals to
editors to reinforce the accuracy as students are always learning from the mass
media.
Cantonese words are frequently seen in major types of formal written
languages in Hong Kong. The book “Contrasting Hong Kong Chinese Language
(translated)”《港式中文兩面睇》12 states it is an undeniable fact that Hong Kong
Chinese has already become the formal written language in this society. This
aggressive view predicts the present principles in the standard language may be
overthrown later. Word examples from important news reports (“hard news”) are
quoted from Singdao Daily issued from 2003 to 2004 while this newspaper
11 伍慧珠(2000) 《香港傳播媒介語言的特色及對語文教學的影響》
，見《中文教育論文集第九輯：語文教育的反思》
。香
港：香港教育學院，Page 246‐261
12 石定翔(2006)《港式中文兩面睇》
。香港：星島出版有限公司。
15
publisher has upheld the use of standard language strictly. Readers should know
about the differences of word use in Cantonese and the standard language. Hong
Kong people need to communicate correctly and efficiently with people in other
societies.
In the chapter entitled “Written Cantonese in Modern Hong Kong” of the book
“Cantonese as Written Language” (2004)13, Don Snow describes the high degree of
social acceptance of Cantonese writing (partly, or even in the whole text) nowadays.
It is even accepted by people in academic fields. Written Cantonese appears in the
mass media including advertisements, magazines, newspapers, paperbacks and
comic books. The writer proves its significant role in Hong Kong society. Written
Cantonese texts are not only appearing in “low variety languages” only, but also are
associated with text in “high varietiess” especially in light topics.
The popularity of using local dialect words in the mass media is shown by
Chan14. Samples of local dialect words are found from the “soft news” sections, even
in “hard news” sections in local newspapers, in advertisements, pop song lyrics and
comics. Local dialect words are proved to be significant in the Hong Kong
community. They are featured by the flexible use of parts of speech, presence of
affixes, newly created monosyllabic verbs, transliterated and adapted oral sounds,
loan words from other societies, etc. Chan accepts the presence of dialect words in
the low varieties, but she criticizes the presence of them in high varieties before the
dialect words could be generally known to Chinese societies.
13 Snow, Don B. (2004) Cantonese as Written Language, Written Cantonese in Modern Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Hong
Kong University Press. Page 125‐174
14 陳月紅(1997)《粵方言與香港中文書面語的詞彙》，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文集》。香港：香港中國語
文學會。Page 274‐281
16

A focus study of Hong Kong loan words was performed in 2001.15 It compared
the differences in loan words used in Hong Kong and mainland China. The
characteristics of loan words used in Hong Kong are summarized and the positive
and negative impacts of such word use were revealed. The loan words suggest the
high status of foreign cultures in Hong Kong. Besides, the post‐colonial culture,
prestigious economy and education system created in the colonial era affected the
use of words. Loan words are integrated in written articles.
Loan words in Hong Kong are firstly introduced by the mass media16. The
majority of the loan words are transliterated or borrowed directly from alphabetical
words instead of translated by paraphrasing. It serves the aim of keeping pace with
the fast information circulation. 17 The words will undergo a process of
specialization such that the meaning of the original word is localized. It means some
words keep part of the original meaning while some word meanings are extended
locally. Based on the loan words, some new words have been generated by the
media too.
15 邵敬敏(2001)《香港方言外來詞比較研究》
，見《語言文字應用》2000:3, Page 3‐12
16 邵敬敏(2001)《香港方言外來詞比較研究》
17 鄭寶璇(2004)《傳媒翻譯》
。香港：香港城巿大學出版社。
17
2.2.2 The Language Styles of Different Types of Mass Media
Focused research on the use of dialect words in each type of the mass media
has been carried out.
Language proficiency of newspapers in Hong Kong, mainland China, Taiwan
and Singapore was graded in 1997.18 The grading criterion was the frequency of
dialectal words and community words used. Hong Kong newspapers possess the
highest frequency of local dialect words. The cause of the phenomenon was
discussed. The writer urged for a language reform in language being used in formal
occasions.
The style of Hong Kong advertisements’ language was studied.19 Word use
was especially analyzed. Locally generated words were characterized by their
ability to reflect and reconstruct the value system of the general public. Some of
these words were generated based on Cantonese words. The fabrication is not
restricted by any part of speech and many semantic agreements of commendatory
and derogatory use of a word. In some sentences, grammar is sedulously violated
for the sake of commercial promotions.
Hong Kong comic language has been studied20. Their dialectal word use was
discussed. Comic language preserves a style of traditional Chinese novels by
18 邵敬敏(1997)《香港報紙用語的層次等級及其對策，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文集》
。香港：香港中國語
19 黎楊蓮妮、湯志祥(1997)《香港商業廣告語句的創意的特色》，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文集》。香港：
香港中國語文學會。Page213‐228
20 鍾嶺崇、鄭文亮(1997)《香港流行連環圖的語言學考察》，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文集》。香港：香港
中國語文學會。Page 239‐252
18
keeping a lot of idiomatic phrases, four‐syllable words and the classical language
which gives a sense of written language. Besides, Cantonese words, slapstick, triad
society language and foul language are also widely used in Hong Kong comic
books.
19
2.2.3 The Words Appearing in the Mass Media are Influential to
Language Learners
In a research of local dialect words used in student compositions21, the result
was not convincing that Hong Kong students’ compositions are much affected by
Cantonese dialect words, especially in primary students’ work. In the same aspect, it
was discovered that students’ performance deteriorated as they progressed to
secondary school. By comparing the work done by secondary students and primary
students, it reveals that their reading habits and the knowledge area may affect their
performance. Words used in the mass media are found to be very influential on
teenagers. In reality, the words’ impact also on local Chinese teachers in that they are
sometimes incompetent in identifying dialect words when the words repeatedly
appear in formal written language.
Whether the use of dialect words lowers the language proficiency of university
students was revealed by other research by Yeung22. University students can obtain
the ability to distinguish between Cantonese words and the standard language
words. However, university students deliberately do not follow the standard
language. University graduates do not admit that this is a phenomenon involving
the lowering of Chinese language proficiency. The article supports the fact that
Cantonese dialect words can enlighten idea expression but they should be aware of
their target readers to make sure the language serves the desired aim.
21 康寶文(2000)《香港中小學生作文中的方言成分》
（光碟）
。香港：香港大
學教育學院。
22 楊利成(1999)《中大學生對規範書面語的認知和運用》
，見《語文與評估》。香港：香港教育學院，Page 412‐423
20
2.3 THE REASON FOR THE PREVALENCE OF LOCAL
DIALECT WORDS IN THE WRITTEN LANGUAGE
Dialect words that have been integrated into the standard language have been
studied. 23 They are words representing local ideas and new objects. There are no
replaceable options found in the standard language and are distinct by their
expressiveness. However, cases where some local words are integrated into the
standard language without a convincing reason are also found.
Tin (2005)24 explains the deviations in Hong Kong written language. Hong
Kong possesses a specific historical background and economic status in the
geographical region. The language naturally has features deeply influenced by
English and Japanese language, traditional Yue dialect words, ancient words and
community words. A lot of transliterated words are used to represent various
imported concepts and advanced inventions. The new loan words are likely to be
used directly in the form of Latin letters. They are localized and modified from time
to time and integrated into the standard language in the final stage.
In the same article, Tin further explains Hong Kong community words, as well
as the way of generating words and phrases, show regional distinctiveness.
Homophonous characters are borrowed from the standard language transliterating
Cantonese sounds. Some characters, even using parts of the Latin alphabet, are
集》
24 田小琳(2005)《現代漢語和香港社會之研究》
，見單周堯、陸鏡光主編《語言文字學研究》中國社會科學出版社，2005:12。
21
generated to represent other Yue dialect sounds. Some words in the classical
language are left behind in the dialect. These features are closely related to Hong
Kong’s cultural life and the language environment in Hong Kong (proved in Tin’s
1989 work25 and 2002 work26). Political measures, economic development, education
reform, technology and social life generate and enrich local dialect words. Therefore,
Tin adopts an open attitude towards dialect words (especially the locally generated
ones) but standard glossary lists are needed for the sake of mutual understanding
between Chinese societies.
25 田小琳(1989)《香港流通的詞語和社會生活》
，陳恩泉主編《雙語雙方言》，中山：中山大學出版社。
26 田小琳(2004)《香港社區詞研究》
，見《第七屆國際漢語教學討論會論文選》
。北京：北京大學出版社。
22
2.4 THE ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND PROPOSALS
IN STANDARDIZING THE WRITTEN LANGUAGE
IN HONG KONG
2.4.1 The Urge for Standardization Research for Written
Language
After pointing out the predominant style of written Chinese language in Hong
Kong, both Miu27 and Hong28 agree although the languages variety has its own
features in word use, the basic structure is close to the standard one. They propose
that a tailored writing standard should be made for Hong Kong society. A case
study of “quantifiers”29 finds how measuring units differ in Hong Kong, mainland
China and Taiwan without a proper control. A standard is needed to eliminate any
misunderstandings especially in proper activities. This is the reason for linguists to
urge for the highest efforts to give an account of and guidelines for a healthy lexical
development: keeping the liveliness of the standard language without damaging the
communicative function of the language.
Another article by Wong30 shows the demand of intervention measures to
27 繆綿安(1997)《香港當前的語言狀況和合理可行的規劃》，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文集》。香港：香港
中國語文學會。Page 76‐82
集》
29 朱永鍇、譚成珠(1997)《度量衡及其他──詞語研究拾零》
，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文集》。香港：香
港中國語文學會。Page 282‐286
30 王培光(1997)《粵語與普通話的平衡點──一個展望 1997 的社會語言學觀點》
，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會
23
control unhealthy integration. As a matter of fact, Hong Kong people are loyal to
Cantonese, yet they have to adopt the social norm of using the standard language in
work and study. Luckily, Wong’s 1995 work31 proves that people of other Chinese
provinces favour Cantonese due to Hong Kong’s leading prosperity status. Hong
Kong people may want to preserve their unique identity by using Cantonese, their
dialect. The social factor indirectly promotes merging of local Hong Kong words
into the standard language.
The concept of “Hong Kong Chinese” is proposed.32 The written language in
Hong Kong has the distinctive style of profound absorption of local dialect words,
phrases and English (and other foreign languages) in the “high varieties”. The lack
of language policy and standardization work in Hong Kong is criticized. Teachers
and students are not provided with any reference to check the accuracy of word use.
There is no one trying to develop a “correct language concept” for the Hong Kong
standard language. Lee33 also has a similar point of view. He has done a research
basing on Chinese historical and lexicographical works to prove his point.
論文集》
31 王培光(1992)《普通話敎學新探討》。香港：廣角鏡出版社。
32 于君明(1997)《
「港式中文」形式的原因及後果》
。香港：香港中國語文
學會。Page 169‐174
33 李建國(1997)《傳統語文規範及其現實觀照》，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文集》。香港：香港中國語文學
會。Page 147‐155
24
2.4.2 The Principles Proposed by Hong Kong Linguists
Actually, some work has been done by Chinese linguists in Hong Kong. Tsang
published a book in 2002 providing a list for cross referencing between local dialect
words (mainly traditional Yue dialect words) and oral Putonghua words. It records
14,000 Cantonese terms.34 The words are further classified according to the degree
of occurrence in the standard language. Type I is a group of ancient words which is
not used in both written and oral language. Type II is a group of words that is
seldom used in Putonghua but frequently appears in Cantonese. Most are
monosyllabic. Type III refers to dialect words that also appear in the standard
language. This view is similar to the integration principles proposed by Lee35. Lee
stresses his requirement of checking the activeness of ancient words and dialect
words. Nevertheless, this shows linguists have been conscious of the topic of dialect
words integration.
In his article published in 199336, Lee proposed three principles for integration
of dialect words into the written language: the frequency of the dialect word
appearing in the standard language; the general demand for the word in that it
gives a specific meaning; and the meaning explicitness of the word. In short, a
popular dialect word which has a specific meaning (or explicit associative meaning)
is qualified to be integrated with the standard language for effective communication.
34 曾子凡(2002)《廣州話‧普通話語詞對比研究》光碟版。香港：三聯書店。
35 李家樹(1993)《什麼是真正的文言詞》
，見《漢語詞彙講話》
，香港：現代教育研究社。page 39‐42 and 李家樹(1993)
《過去的就讓它過去》，見《漢語詞彙講話》
，香港：現代教育研究社。page 43‐46
36 李家樹(1993)《吸收方言詞的標準》，見《漢語詞彙講話》，香港：現代教育研究社。page 47‐51
25
This argument is elaborated upon in his 1989 work37. The main point is, in licensing
the use of dialect words in the standard language, people should check if the
extended meaning or metaphoric meaning is explicit.
In 200038, these principles were applied to justify the quality of using Cantonese
words in written language (in which words are extracted randomly from the mass
media including newspapers and magazines.) Expressive dialect words are proved
to be able to enhance the communicative function of the standard language itself,
but further standardization work is needed to maintain language proficiency.
The Chinese linguist Tin Siu‐lam has done thorough research on Hong Kong
popular words since the 1980s till now. In 1993, she suggested a new concept of
“community words”39. In short, “community word” refers to the group of words
that is only used in a particular society. The words reflect a district’s culture
especially politics, economy and other life aspects. Deliberate use of community
words shows the growth of citizen identity. It differs from traditional dialect words
in that they are not subjected to a change of form when leaving the area. Mutual
influences may take place between community words from different societies from
time to time. She elaborates40 by distinguishing community words from classical
words, traditional dialectal words and loan words.
From the close relationship between words and Hong Kong cultural life, Tin
37 李家樹(1989) 《以運用方言土語時是否符合詞義衍生方式作為民族共同語吸收方語的標準》，見《語文研究和語文教
學》
。香港：商務印書館。Page 88‐95。
38 李家樹、陳遠止、謝耀基(2000)《港式中文以粵語詞入文平議》，見《第七屆國際粵方言研討會論文集》。北京：商務
印書館。Page 12‐18。
39 田小琳(1993)：
《語文和語文教學》。濟南：山東教育出版社。
40 田小琳(1997)《由社區詞談現代漢語詞匯的規範》
，見《香港中文教學和普通話教學論集》
。北京：人民教育出版社。
26
sets out the rules for language standardization by including community words in
the standard language. Tin defines Cantonese words41 both in a narrower sense and
a broader sense. The narrower sense refers to terms where their meanings refer to
particular phenomena in Hong Kong while the broader sense refers to Cantonese
words which have a higher potention incorporate into the Chinese common
language.
Lacking a strong language policy, the burden of setting and adjusting
standardization principles is lowered onto the shoulders of Hong Kong educators.
There are articles discussing the difficulties teachers encounter in upholding the
principles of the standard language.
Educational linguist Chung Ling‐sung42 studied the attitude of Hong Kong
Chinese language teachers in treating local dialect words in compositions. The
article published in 1993 finds out that language teachers are willing to accept the
dialect words to a certain extent. Widely used nouns and transliterated words are
mostly accepted. The 2000 thesis43 summarizes three basic requirements for teachers,
with a list of “selection requirements” for “licensing” Cantonese words to be used in
written language. A much clearer principle or guideline is needed to catch up with
the trend of word changing in Hong Kong.
Language standardization works of Modern Standard Chinese is still going on
under strong governmental support. 44 The statisitics of word use frequency is
41 田小琳(2004)《香港社區詞研究》
。北京：北京大學出版社。
42 鍾嶺崇、張瑞文(1993)《中學中文教師對學生作文中使用香港方言詞語的語言態度問卷調查報告》，見《教育曙光》
1993:34
43鍾嶺崇(2000)《香港中文教師對香港詞彙進入書面語的觀感與態度研究》香港：香港大學哲學碩士論文
44 許嘉璐(1997)《中國語言文字的現狀和對策──兼論 1997 後的香港語文》，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文
27
always used as one of the standard for “word licensing”. The method is introduced
by Chan45. He granted licenses for some newly generated “idioms” which are built
from loan words in Hong Kong, Taiwan and other Chinese societies. This also
suggests a type of integration principle.
2.4.3 The Integrating Progress of Yue Dialect Words in the
Standard Language and the Working Focus in the Future
The integrating progress of Yue dialect words in the standard language started
from the 1980s, and has persistently increased in the 90s till now. The article “A
Quantitative Analysis of the Lexical Distribution in different Chinese Communities
in the 1990s”46 describes the word use landscape based on the extensive Chinese
Corpus (中港台漢語詞庫) built by the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, containing
over 5 million Chinese characters. Similarities and the varieties in community word
use of important cities of mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong are compared.
The research is quantitative. By the concordance of the corpus and its corresponding
analysis, the conclusions are objectively presented. Basic words are found to be the
same in these societies, but words which are only used in one or a few societies are
also listed and discussed.
A latter study (1997)47 proves mutual absorptions and adaptations incandesce
集》
45 新學超(2001)《新時期慣用語與現代漢語教學》，見香港大學教育學院課程系編《語文教育的創新和突破》，香港：香
港大學出版社。
46 陳瑞端、湯志祥(1999)《九十年代漢語詞彙地域分佈的定量研究》
。見《語言文字應用》1999:3, Page 10‐18
47 陳建民(1997)《大陸新詞語融入香港的初步調查與未來中港詞語互相融合的預測》
，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討
會論文集》
28
as time passes. Both “community words” and “traditional Yue dialect words” are
gradually integrating into the standard language. However, the reason for the
integration has changed. The importance of economic status, entertainment business
and cultural phenomena spread by the mass media outweigh political and
educational enforcement. Local dialect words from Hong Kong always carry new
concepts and lively ideas; readers in mainland China could easily accept a variety of
new words and Yue dialect words that describe the particular condition in Hong
Kong. On the other hand, this creates problems for any Chinese who are
unconnected to Hong Kong to comprehend words with modified meaning by the
Hong Kong mass media.48
Benefiting from information technology development, several important and
professional corpuses have been developed by the leading universities in China like
Beijing University and Qinghua University. With different foci including semantics,
translation, grammar and statistics on word use frequencies, much research has
been done. To eliminate and include dialectal words in the mature corpuses is
always one of the key foci in the discussion process. The platform provides a tool for
quick analysis and integration of “useful words” in the future.
29
2.5 ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE INTEGRATION OF
YUE DIALECT WORDS INTO THE STANDARD
LANGUAGE
Hong49 gives examples from different occupational fields of dialect words that
have been included into modern Chinese corpuses already. From the lexicographer’s
point of view, intense arguments from the supporters and the opponents are listed.
The topic is very controversial that the discussions are especially keen. The use of
loan words and letter words should be based on word use frequencies, popularity
and expressiveness. The discussion revealed that there is a large amount of
transliterated words in the written language. Most researchers blame the overflow
of loan words and letter words since there are not enough explanations and
researches done. They think that sufferers are the language learners.
Chow50 contrasts the word use in mainland China and Hong Kong and points
out the inappropriateness of direct adaptations of dialect words in Putonghua
teaching. The cited arguments are mainly predicates and functional words since
they are especially contrastive. As a matter of fact, the words show cultural
differences of the two places no matter whether in terms of weather, clothes,
transportation or eating habits. For language learners, they need to grasp the
cultural differences to handle the words well. The role of the teachers is to annotate
active words in Hong Kong, to uphold those still aligned with Chinese traditions,
集》
50 周燕語(2000)《芻議香港普通話教學和文化語言學的關係》
，見《中文教育論文集第六輯》
。香港：香港教育學院，Page
246‐261
30
and to avoid words which only describe the national conditions in mainland China.
Leung 51 arrived at the same conclusion by contrasting the word senses of the
standard language. She suggests the medium of instruction of Chinese language
should be changed to Putonghua to alleviate the “unpleasant fact” of dialect word
intervention.
51 梁雅玲(1997)《普通話與語文教學》，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文集》
。香港：香港中國語文學會。Page
423‐431
31
CHAPTER III
THE RESEACH

3.1 THE SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH

As the leading financial city of the Zhu‐jiang Delta, Hong Kong has been very
influential for the region in the recent couple of decades. Her language is not an
exception. The research topic concentrates on Hong Kong dialect words and their
integration into the standard written language, Modern Standard Chinese.
Within the literature, there are two main senses in defining “Yue Dialect
Words”. In a narrower sense, it refers to the oral language words in Guangzhou. In a
broader sense, it refers to words that are widely used but regionally confined within
Yue province. The research adopts the latter definition, in order to figure out the
relationship between the dialect words and the ease of integration into the standard
written language. It proposes that internal difference between different types of
dialect words may give the clue.
32
3.2 THE BASIS AND AIM OF THE RESEARCH
The language dilemma in Hong Kong’s written language is clear: while
Modern Standard Chinese is regarded as the standard language in mainland China,
written language in Hong Kong is expected to follow the standard language
especially in formal publishing. However, the literature reveals that the written
language in Hong Kong is affected by other factors. More importantly, Hong Kong
needs this particular style of language , “Hong Kong Chinese”, in different aspects
of life. Scholars are asking for a localized language standard (in a stricter sense) or
an “integration principle” (in a more open sense) as the Modern Standard Chinese,
in order to maintain the language proficiency and efficiency for Hong Kong society.
One of the marked styles of Hong Kong written language is its word use. The
use of non‐standard words is controversial. It includes the use of traditional Yue
dialect words, locally generated words, loan words (including letter words,
transliterated words and paraphrased translations), non standardized local
abbreviations by combining two associated words “randomly”, and some
“abnormal” ways in using the standard words. In most cases, they are used as
different parts of speech with extended metamorphic or analogical meaning from
the root. The degree of tolerance varies towards different origins of non‐standard
word use, different occupational disciplines, different functions of the text, and
different roles it plays in a sentence.
The aim of the research is to reveal the present phenomena of local dialect
word integration in the standard written language in Hong Kong. It is going to
33
justify the degree of dialect words tolerance, to explore the motive of using dialect
words and reasons for Hong Kong people to resist the total adoption of the standard
language. Hence, the findings can be helpful for the local language standardization
work.
34
3.3 THE HYPOTHESIS
While journalists are conscious of their language use as a part of their
professionalism, limited local dialect words use is expected. It is assumed that Yue
dialect words have been integrated into the various written contexts. The hypothesis
is that the frequency of local dialects decreases with the seriousness of the nature of
the news.
35
3.4 THE METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH

3.4.1 Research Materials
Taking advantage of the thriving advancement of information technology, the
efficiency of information spreading has greatly increased. The language used in the
mass media reaches every social stratum and everyone who is willing to browse the
internet. Many word use phenomena are firstly introduced by the mass media that
they are described as the “language demonstrator” ‐ it has been said that language
learners should read newspapers for language improvement. Journalists seem to
pocess every right to use words in every way and to loan words from other
languages. They are even “word creators”. Language appearing in local newspapers
is very abundant, practical, sticking to life, and very lively which qualifies as
material for undertaking research into words. Journalists’ help is also needed for the
explanation and justification of the local word use.
Among the miscellaneous news providers, newspaper publishers can easily
build an image of seriousness and professionalism in journalism, by keeping an eye
on the upholding of the use of the standard language. The Singdao Daily is a typical
example. This makes the newspaper suitable for the study of the dialect word
integration issue. Besides, five experienced journalists, including 3 editors and 2
reporters, are interviewed to uncover principles in refining the Hong Kong written
language by balancing the use of the standard language as well as the dialect words.
36
3.4.2 Creating a Database with Four Dimensions with Local
Dialect Words from a Newspaper
The chosen Hong Kong newspaper is the “Singdao Daily” issued on 27th
April 2006. Local dialect words are extracted from this sample newspaper to form
ONE database. In the study, the database is sorted four times according to four
different axes: (1) occupational disciplines where the dialect words are used; (2)
different functions of the dialect words in the text; (3) different roles the dialect
word plays in a sentence; and (4) the origins of the dialect word.
To ensure the sample newspaper reflects the recent language development, a
newspaper issued on 27th April 2006 is chosen. It is a Thursday and a normal
working day. The newspaper reports news from a typical routine life of Hong Kong
society.
Language used in the Singdao Daily newspaper is widely recognized as “above
average” 52 by linguists, scholars and literary authors in Hong Kong. The
headquarters of the Singdao Daily has also released memos to their journalists from
time to time insisting on the use of the standard language 53 . Words that the
newspaper uses reflect journalists’ professionalism in licensing the terms to be used
together with the written language.
The newspaper includes several sections with different reporting foci:
52 The idea is provided by 莊澤義主編(2000)《香港書報語誤評說》
。香港：三聯書店。,石定翔(2006)《港式中文兩面睇》
。
香港：星島出版有限公司。etc
53 Provided by Journalists A and B
37
♦ Section A (pile I) reports on important news and local news.
♦ Section A (pile II) reports on China news and international news.
♦ Section B and Section C reports on financial news and property news.
♦ Section D reports on entertainment news from local and international events.
♦ Section E is the supplement of the newspaper which shows features from
different aspects of life.
♦ Section F reports on local educational news, including pages for student
readers.
♦ Section H reports on news from local horse races.
♦ Section S reports on local and international sports news.
In addition to these sections, there are two separate supplementary sections, which
contain the featured topics, with all contents provided by specific business firms –
one is an educational firm and the other is a financial firm. In the study, dialect word
samples are taken from every section of the newspaper, excluding three sections. In
order to maintain the validity of the samples, the mentioned two separate
supplementary sections and Section H are eliminated for the language used is
generally not censored by the journalists of the Singdao Daily.54
In view of the difference in number of pages in each section, the sample size of
each section is further adjusted by maximizing the number of pages in each section
up to ten pages. Table 1 below shows the details of the study sample size.
Name of the Newspaper: Singdao Daily
Dated on 27th April 2006
54 Provided by Journalists A and B
38
Sections Main Content of the News Section Total Number of
Sample Pages
Section A (pile I) Important news and Local news 10 pages
Section A (pile II) China news and International news 6 pages
Section B and Financial news and Property news 10 pages
Section C
Section D Entertainment news 10 pages
Section E Supplementary Life features 10 pages
Section F Educational news 8 pages
Section S Sports news 6 pages
Table 1: The coding, the main content and size of each sample section.
In each of the sample pages, ALL words, including the page headers and
footers, the name of the news column, as well as all the titles, the leads, the text, the
captions for figures for the main content, as well as all words in the advertisement
are closely studied and examined. All words, besides the names of person,
organizations or brands, are looked up in the “Xiandai Hanyu Cidian” 現代漢語詞
典 (July 2005 edition)55 published by the Commercial Press (Beijing) which is the
latest representation of word use in Modern Standard Chinese. The selected words
are double checked in the 2003 CD‐ROM of lists of Cantonese words developed by
Tsang Zi‐fan (曾子凡)56, a linguist who has been studying Cantonese words for
many years. All words that are not present in the mentioned dictionary are listed in
the study result. In this study, they are named and referred to as the dialect words.
Each “present Yue dialect word” is listed and counted once per news section.
At this stage, all the sample data is collected. The database is then developed
with a tagging job according to the four axes mentioned in the first paragraph in
55 中國社會科學院語言研究所詞典編輯室編（2005）
《現代漢語辭典》（第五版）
。北京：北京商務印書館。
56 曾子凡 Tsang Tze‐fan (2002) 《廣州話‧普通話語詞對比研究》光碟版。香港：三聯書店。
39
3.4.2.
In the first axis, the occupational domains where the dialect words are used are
considered. All the dialect words are sorted according to the sample sections, which
is dominated by certain occupational domains as mentioned previously. Appendix
A shows the sorted results.
In the second axis, different functions of the dialect words in the text are
considered. Collected words are marked according to the source of the Yue dialect
word. The categories are: “The title, the lead and the column names” as words
serving the purpose of accouchement and attraction; “main text and the caption” as
words serving as descriptive purpose in that languages are in the third person and
written objectively; “quoted statements” are words that serve a descriptive purpose
written in the first person and written subjectively and the category of
“advertisement”. Appendix B shows the sorted results.
In the third axis, different roles the dialect word plays in a sentence are
considered. The collected words are categorized by thematic roles in the sentence
according to their grammatical functions. The categories are subjects/agents,
predicates, adjectival or adverbial phrases as well as functional words. Appendix C
shows the sorted results.
In the fourth axis, the origins of the dialect words are considered. The collected
words are tagged with their origins with categories of “locally generated words”
referring to regional confined ideas, “non‐standardized abbreviations”, “loan
words” (including letter words, transliterated words and paraphrased translated
40
words which are locally generated), “traditional Yue dialect words” (the narrow
sense of Yue dialect words) and “standard words which possess a new local
meaning”.
3.4.3 Interviewing Five Experienced Journalists
Five experienced journalists, including reporters and editors from Hong Kong
newspaper companies are interviewed. The newspaper companies chosen are
understood to be conscientious and careful publishers57. Individual interviews are
conducted with questions on principles in dialect words used under their
supervision. Interviewees are also asked to justify the study result. Their basic
information is as follows:
1. Journalist A, Editor (Department of Supplementary Life features), Singdao Daily,
aged 47
2. Journalist B, Reporter (Department of Local news), Singdao Daily, aged 34
3. Journalist C, Editor (Department of Education news), MingPao, aged 51
4. Journalist D, Editor (Department of Entertainment news), Wen Wei Po, aged 55
5. Journalist E, Reporter (Department of Local news), Da Gongbao, aged 35
57 he idea is provided by 莊澤義主編(2000)《香港書報語誤評說》
。香港：三聯書店。,石定翔(2006)《港式中文兩面睇》。
香港：星島出版有限公司。etc
41
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 OVERVIEW OF THE FINDINGS IN THE
NEWSPAPER STUDY

All the local dialect words collected are shown in the appendices. There are
1,334 target local dialect words found in the sample sections. On average, there are
26.7 words per page. The proportion of the dialect words found from each sample
section is then calculated for a clear comparison with the average proportion of
14.3% per section. The full list can be found in Appendix A. The summarized figures
are shown in the following table and the figure.

Sample Section No. of local Average no. of local Proportion
dialect words dialect words (%)
Important news and Local news 150 words 15 words per page 10%
(Section A Pile I)
China news and International 59 words 9.9 words per page 7%
news (Section A Pile II)
Financial news and Property 293 words 29.3 words per page 20%
news (Section B)
Entertainment news (Section D) 414 words 41.4 words per page 29%
Supplementary Life Features 226 words 22.6 words per page 16%
(Section E)
Educational news (Section F) 135 words 16.8 words per page 12%
Sports news (Section S) 57 words 9.5 words per page 7%
The mean
Total/Average 1,334 words 26.7 words/ page
is 14.3%
Table 2: The overall result of the newspaper study.
42
sample section.
With the help of word count technology and the website of the Singdao Daily58,
it is roughly found that the average number of words per page within the
newspaper was about 5,000 words (a word is defined as an item of vocabulary, not a
character). This sharp ratio proves that the intervention of local dialect words
remains low throughout the newspaper.
The result from each sample section varies dramatically. The decreasing order
of proportion of the dialect words towards the sample sections are Entertainment
news (Section D) 29%, Financial news and Property news (Section B) 20%,
Supplementary Life features (Section E) 16%, Educational news (Section F) 12%,
Important news and Local news (Section A pile I) 10%, and followed by China news
and International news (Section A pile II) 7% and Sports news (Section S) 7%. The
line of the mean average cut across at 14.3%, which indicates the former three
sections had a higher frequency of dialect words.
58 Singdao Daily (Hong Kong)「星島日報網頁」, “http://singtao.com/＂, viewed repeatedly from 15th April, 2006 to
30th May, 2006
43
4.2 THE RESULTS OF SORTING WORD DATA WITH
THE FOUR AXES

The Yue dialect words collected were then sorted in four ways, which is shown
in the appendices of this thesis. This chapter should be read together with Appendix
A for the full list of study results which is sorted by sample sections, Appendix B for
the full list of results sorted by the source of the words, Appendix C for the list of
local dialect words sorted by their grammatical functions, Appendix D for the list of
local dialect words sorted by word origin. The figure below shows the overall
proportion to word source, grammatical functions and word origins.
different sources of text functions.
44

Figure 4: Pie chart showing the proportion of local dialect words found in
different origins.
45
4.3 GENERAL FEATURES AND INTERNAL
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE LOCAL DIALECT
WORDS IN EACH SAMPLE SECTION

4.3.1 General Features and Internal Differences of Local Dialect
Words on Important News and Local News (Section A Pile I)
4.3.1.1 Brief Descriptions of the Sample section
In the sample section about important news and local news (Section A Pile I),
30 columns of articles and 10 advertisements were studied. 150 dialect words were
found.
Together with two full pages of advertisements, the leading articles reported on
the major headline of the day of 27th April 2006, the report released by the Audit
Commission of the Hong Kong government. The report revealed how several
government bodies were managing public funding improperly. Three full pages
were dedicated to the reporting of, responding to and discussion of the topic. The
discussions were especially keen on the criticism of Radio Television Hong Kong
(RTHK). The other pages reported other important local news on commercial
activities in Hong Kong.
46
4.3.1.2 The Distinguishable Statistical Features of the Local Dialect
Words in This Sample Section
A considerable amount of dialect words were found in this sample section.
They spread out in various type of text in the sample section. Most of them are
locally generated referring to regional confined ideas. They are used with various
grammar functions. Typical examples are 大花筒春茗落斜雙重獎賞.
In news reporting, i.e. the most important and controversial issue in society
(which is a kind of “hard news”59), the style and language used are expected to be
formal as it reports the most influential news, events and speeches in a serious
manner60. However, against expectations, the study result shows the proportion of
local dialect words within this sample section is neither too high nor too low. The
percentage figure of 10% is just below the average line (which is 14%). Pages on
China news, international news and sport news possess a much lower proportion of
dialect words to this sample section (consisting 7%). (ref. Appendix A)
59 莊澤義主編(2000)《香港書報語誤評說》。香港：三聯書店。
60 許嘉璐(1997)《中國語言文字的現狀和對策──兼論 1997 後的香港語文》，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文
集》
47

sample section
Compared to other sample sections, the local dialect words are quite evenly
distributed. The standard deviation value is rounded up to 22. This means dialect
words appear in a random manner in the title, article leads, column names and the
main text, the captions, quoted statements and even in advertisements. (ref.
Appendix B)
Analyzing the result in grammatical functions, the largest proportion (38%) of
the dialect words is found to be subjects or agents in the language expressions.
However, the significant amount of predicates, and adjectival or adverbial phrases
should also be noticed as they occupy a percentage of 28% and 29% respectively. (ref.
Appendix C)
With respect to the origins of word, the dialect words in this sample section
48
originate from different aspects in quite an even manner. Among them, words that
are newly created by society are usually referred to as local concepts61 and a series
of traditional Yue dialect words dominates. Yet, though only occupying 14%, the
category of standard words with locally developed metaphorical and analogical
meaning possesses a considerably big proportion with reference to other sample
sections. (ref. Appendix D)
61 伍慧珠(2000)《香港傳播媒介語言的特色及對語文教學的影響》，見《中文教育論文集第九輯：語文教育的反思》。香
港：香港教育學院，Page 246‐261
49

Figure 5: Column chart showing the general features and internal characteristics
in the sample section on Important news and Local news (Section A Pile I).
50
Words on China News and International News (Section A Pile
II)
4.3.2.1 Brief Description of the Sample Section
In the sample section on China news and international news (Section A Pile II),
38 columns of articles and 10 advertisements were studied. 59 dialect words were
found.
The sample section contains a relatively small number of pages (including two
full pages of advertisements). It reflects there is not much important news in the
section reported on that day. The main content of the China pages reports on a series
of crimes in mainland China. The focus topic of the pages on international news and
Taiwan news falls on topics of diplomacy.
51
Words in this Sample Section
A small amount of dialect words are found in this sample section. Most of
the dialect words are subjects and agents that refer to non local concepts. The
words are from various origins such that a lot of non‐standard abbreviations and
loan word are used; the style is congruent with the recent language development
in mainland China. Typical examples are 招商引資影音組合置業警魔變態
As the news sources of the press releases and figures are provided by news
agencies like Xinhua News Agency, Central News Agency (CNA), Associated Press
(AP), Agence France‐Presse (AFP) and Reuters, the reported news are selected,
translated and further integrated by the journalist‐translators62. The proportion of
local dialect words within this sample section is one of the smallest, consisting of 7%
of all the extracted words. The dialect words collected in this sample section are
mainly from the pages on China news while the words are mostly the terminologies
describing the crimes particularly in China. (ref. Appendix A)
The majority (54%) of the dialect words are extracted from the main text and
captions. The context hints that there cannot be any statement quoted from
Cantonese speakers, so the relative percentage should be ignored. Since the average
ratio of 1:35 is found63 in the word count of the title to the main text on a normal
page of the newspaper, the ratio of dialect words appearing in this section is marked
62 Combined ideas from Journalist B, C and D
63 Combined ideas from Journalist A and E
52
at 31:54. This is further proved by the small standard deviation value (around 23).
The dialect words do not appear in a random manner in the title, article leads,
column names, the main text, the caption and also in advertisements. (ref. Appendix
B)
Analyzing the result in terms of grammatical function, the largest proportion of
the dialect words is found to be subjects or agents in the expressions. Over half of
the dialect words (53%) are used for concept definition, followed by adjectival or
adverbial phrases (consisting of 25%, which is the least amongst the sample sections)
and predicates (consisting of 22%). Interestingly, there is no functional dialectal
word found in this sample section. (ref. Appendix C)
Considering the origin of the dialect words in this sample section, the
proportion is seemingly spread in a very even manner. However, the result is very
interesting in that it opposes the general trend in three ways: firstly, there are a lot of
non‐standardized abbreviations used (21%) which is the highest proportion of all
the sample sections. Secondly, it uses a considerable amount of loan words,
translated words and transliterated words. Thirdly, only eight traditional Yue dialect
words are found from the whole sample section, which is the smallest proportion of
all. (ref. Appendix D)
53
in the sample section on China news and International news (Section A Pile II).
54
Words of the sample section on Financial news and Property
news (Section B)
In the sample section on financial news and property news (section B), 66
columns of articles and 23 advertisements were studied. 293 dialect words were
found.
On the specific day of 27th April 2006, financial news and property news were
basically reporting in a routine way: describing the general achievements of the
stock market, to analyze and predict the price value of key shares, to provide the
latest information on companies motivating force in the market.
A large amount of local dialect words are found in this sample section. They
are mainly found in the main text. Word uses are flexible and borrowed from
jargon of various occupational domains and difference sources for descriptive
purposes. New words are generated for the advanced financial ideas. Typical
55
examples are 力谷掛牌揭盅攀升.
As an international financial centre, the Heng Sang index is an indicator of
Hong Kongʹs financial performance of the day while the performance of the
property market shows her economic performance for a longer period of time. The
financial and property news widely interest both by Hong Kong citizens and people
in other neighbouring financial centres, and in the terminology of journalism,
financial news is demarcated as ʺhard newsʺ64. The language used in these pages is
supposed to be formal, serious and accessible to the general public65. However, the
newspaper dialect words study reveals that this is not the case.
The proportion of local dialect words within this sample section is surprisingly
big such that it occupies about one‐fifth (21%) of all the sample words, which is
about 6% above the average line. The frequency of the dialect words just came
second below the entertainment pages. Reading the sample words closely, the
meaning of them tend to reflect the advanced financial concepts and are descriptive
in showing the fluctuation and undulation of the performance of the stock market.
(ref. Appendix A)
Dialect words collected are mainly from the source of the main text (while the
number of captions is negligible within the sample section) so that it occupies a
three‐quarter proportion (75%) which is the highest among all the sample sections.
Contrastingly, the words used in the advertisements within the sample section are
mostly in the standard language so that only 25 words are found (containing 9% of
56
the sample section). The proportion of dialect words found in the title and the news
lead is about average. The data is found to be extreme and the standard deviation
value is the highest (34) of all the sample sections. (ref. Appendix B)
Analyzing the result in grammatical functions, the largest proportion of the
dialect words lies in adjectival or adverbial phrases (consisting of 41%), followed by
subjects or agents (consisting of 33%) and by predicates (consisting of 21%). A small
amount of dialectal function words are found in this sample section. Generally
speaking, the dialect words appear in various grammatical functions so that it gives
an average appearance. (ref. Appendix C)
Considering the origin of the extracted dialect words in this sample section, the
proportion shows the words are dominated by certain types of origin. A lot of
traditional Yue dialect words (consisting of 37%), locally created words (30%), and a
relatively high proportion of non‐standardized local abbreviations (17%) exist. (ref.
Appendix D)
57

in the sample section on Financial news and Property news (Section B).
58

Words on Entertainment News (Section D)
In the sample section on local and overseas entertainment news (Section D), 47
columns of articles and 7 advertisements were studied. 414 dialect words were
found.
Entertainment news is quite diversified in the sample section. It reports on the
life of film stars and singers like preparing entertainment products, disputes and
public activities. It also provides entertainment information and the schedule for
television programmes, for example. Lots of statements were quoted directly, with
lots of colourful pictures and tables included to create an image of liveliness
throughout the whole sample section.
The dialect word section is the largest among all. Most of them are found in
quoted speeches. Most of them are commentary terms originating in the Yue
dialect. The dialect words mainly play the role of description in a sentence and
59
most are adjectival and adverbial phrases.
The entertainment news section reports on details of local stars and
entertainment activities, as well as all sorts of information about celebrities in the
world. The ruling principles for journalists when highlighting the news are the
general interests of the readers. In Hong Kong’s situation, there is usually no
mastering factor in entertainment news to society development. The reporting style
and content, including relevant advertisements are reader interest oriented.66 On
the other hand, the new focus is able to lift up a popular trend, or even stir up a
great mass fervour. The language used in the entertainment news section is
supposed to be informal and able to serve the purpose of leisure for the general
public.67
The general study result fits the expectation. The proportion of the dialect
words is the highest (consisting of 29%) of all the sample sections. It stands out by
15% from the average line. Reading the sample words closely, the meaning of the
dialect words tend to be emotional, descriptive words, and quite a number of them
are commentary terms. They are provocative and offensive so that they can carry
obvious meanings of appreciation or non‐appreciation. (ref. Appendix A)
Proportionally speaking, dialect words are mostly found in the direct
quotations of local stars and singers (where the proportion is up to 27%). The
proportion of dialect words appearing in third person narratives is relatively lower.
With reference to the overall ratio of reported texts to quotations of this sample
60
section, the proportion of the dialect words found in the direct quotations is
overwhelmingly outweighed by those found in the main texts (which is below the
average line by 15%). Similar phenomena are noticed in the section of “the title and
the lead” in each news column in overseas entertainment news. This shows a
conscious preference of journalists to balance the language used between the article
title, the main text and the quoted statements. As a result, the dialect words densely
spread out in this sample section. The standard deviation value is the lowest of all
the sample sections, though it has a special preference in the quoted statements. (ref.
Appendix B)
Analyzing the result in grammatical functions, over one half of the dialect
words are found to be adjectival or adverbial phrases (consisting of 54%), which is a
dominating figure. A similar proportion of subject/agents or predicates (consisting
of 26% and 16% respectively) is found. A certain amount of dialectal function words
are found in this sample section especially in the quoted statements. (ref. Appendix
C)
When the data of this sample section is sorted according to the origins of the
dialect words, three extreme proportions are found to be against the main trend.
The sample section contains the least proportion of locally generated words and
non‐standardized local abbreviations (consisting of 19% and 10% respectively only)
which figure is the lowest of all the sample sections. Another distinctive figure goes
to the huge proportion of traditional Yue dialect words which consists of nearly 60%
out of the 414 words found in the sample section. (ref. Appendix D)
61

in the sample section on Local and Overseas Entertainment news (Section D).
62
Words on Life Supplementary Features (Section E)
In the section on Supplementary Life features (Section E), 36 columns of articles
and 9 advertisements were studied. 226 dialect words were found.
The main content of this sample section of Supplementary Life features
introduces the thoughtful services of the shopping malls, new fashions released by
well‐known brands and fashion shows, fashionable dishes and accommodation for
luxury vacations. The dialect words extracted are found to refer to these fashionable
objects with a new context. The sample section also includes one page of prose and
essays for eminent writers and caricaturists to share their life experiences and
thoughts. The language used represents the fact that every one of them has a
distinctive style in his or her work.
Comparatively speaking, word use is conservative in this sample section.
There is very few dialect words used deliberately. Locally generated words are
usually modified by morphemes of the standard language. Dialect words are
63
used only when there are no alternatives that there are no standard words to refer
to some new contexts so the proportion of subject and agent is dominating.
The section on “Supplementary Life features” is a kind of daily magazine
which reveals the latest news and trends in the four essential requirements of the
people: food, clothing, housing and transportation in upholding a quality
metropolitan life. The word ʺqualityʺ is upheld in that the news is supposed to be
trend building and proclaimative. Lots of ʺthe bestʺ in different life aspects is to be
presented in this daily life magazine.68 The language used needs to be convincing to
readers in order to keep up with authoritative tone in the features.69
The overview figure shows that the proportion of appearance frequency of the
dialect words is slightly higher than the general average figure in that there are 22.6
dialect words on each page in this sample section on average. The proportion of the
dialect words came third after the entertainment news and business news such that
it makes up 16% of the word data. The dialect words collected are new names and
concepts related to the reported theme. Very few functional and structural words
are found. Most of them are non‐commentary terms. (ref. Appendix A)
When studying the spread of data according to the source of the dialect words,
it is one of the most extreme cases in the sample sections such that the standard
deviation value rises to 33. Comparatively speaking, the proportion of the dialect
words found in ʺthe title, the lead and the column namesʺ is the smallest (consisting
of 9% only); while the one found in the main text and the caption is one of the
64
highest (consisting of 74%). This fact suggests that the journalists have been
deliberately avoiding the use of dialect words in the title and the article lead unless
it is needed to describe a new thing. All words found are ʺcontent wordsʺ
(contrasting to function words) in this sample section. (ref. Appendix B)
Once the data is sorted according to grammatical functions, the result clearly
shows there is a predominant proportion of dialect word playing the role of stating
the subject or agent in sentences (consisting of 53% of the listed data). All other
categories, including predicate, adjectival or adverbial phrases and function words
are proportionally lower than the average line. (ref. Appendix C)
When the dialect words of this sample section are sorted by origin, the result is
quite balanced and evenly distributed, while the figures even lie on the average line
in proportion except one. This result means the dialect words used in this sample
section are developed from various origins. The only figure worth mentioning is the
relatively big proportion of loan words used, which includes letter words, translated
words and transliterated words. Most of these loan words refer to imported ideas
and trends. (ref. Appendix D)
65

in the sample section on Supplementary Life features (Section E).
66
Words in the sample section on Educational news (Section F)
In the sample section on Educational News (Section F), 27 columns of articles
and 15 advertisements were studied. 135 dialect words were found.
The main content of this sample section reports on the newest Form three
Territory‐wide System Assessment (TSA) of the day. University policies, as well as
student pages discussing some language foci are also printed. Words extracted are
found to be referring to the educational policies and ideas introduced after the
adoption of educational reform in 2000. There is no dialect word found in the study
guides and articles written by language educators and advertisements released by
education institutes.
Articles are basically aligned with the standard language. The dialect words
found are evenly spread in terms of different functions in the text and in the
grammatical roles, except that it is dominated by a large proportion of locally
67
generated terms, the terms that refer to the new practices in the Hong Kong
education reform since 2000.
The education news section contains local educational news and student pages.
The former contents mainly report on the progress of the recent education reforms
and the feedback from society. The latter is used to discuss tertiary education
information and advice together with some articles written as study guides and
some in‐depth discussions on language topics by linguists. 70 Language used
should be suitable for students, learners of the standard language, to read. 71
The proportion of the dialect words found occupies 12% of the total amount
found, which proportion is below the average line; around 16.8 dialect words are
found on each page within this sample section on average. Most words collected are
locally confined as they refer to the specific education policy set for Hong Kong
circumstances. There are relatively large amounts of dialect words concentrating in
the advertisement part; the advertisements are found in the classified recruitment
pages within the sample section. Many dialect words are used to describe the nature
of the offered jobs. (ref. Appendix A)
The collected data is found evenly from different sources. With the standard
deviation value of 24, the news tends to use dialect words in titles, the main content,
the quoted opinion as well as in advertisements. Amongst all the sample sections,
the proportion of the dialect words found in the advertisements is the biggest
(occupying 23% of this sample section). Besides getting a certain proportion of
68
dialect word presence in the quoted statements by Cantonese speakers (around 4%),
the other two figures of proportion of dialect words are found in ʺthe title, the lead
and the column namesʺ (consisting of 14%); the proportion found in the main text
and the caption (consisting of 59%) are normal figures fitting into the main stream
perfectly. This fact suggests that the journalists have been very self disciplined with
regard to the written language when producing articles in the education news
section. (ref. Appendix B)
Once the data is sorted according to grammatical functions, the result shows
that both the proportion of “subject or agent” and “adjectival or adverbial phrases”
are parallel wings. They make up 44% and 45% of the words found correspondingly
and are percentages lingering around the mean. The proportion of predicates is the
smallest (accounting for 9% only) of all the sample sections. (ref. Appendix C)
The dialect words of this sample section are sorted according to origin. The
proportion of the locally generated words is very high in that it accounts for 37% of
the data section, in quick secession by the proportion of traditional Yue dialect
words (consisting of 36%) and non‐standardized local abbreviations (13%). The
proportion shared by the other two categories (including loan words and standard
words with locally developed meanings) are similar to the other sample sections,
consisting of 8% and 6% correspondingly.. (ref. Appendix D)
69

in the sample section on Educational news (Section F).
70
Words on Sports News (Section S)
In the section on Sports News (Section S), 45 columns of articles were studied.
There were no advertisements in this sample section. 57 dialect words were found.
The sports news of the day in the sample section had several reporting foci.
Unluckily, there was no main sports competition on the day. Instead, the news
focused on some preparatory events for the upcoming World Cup, the retirement of
several important football stars as well as some criticisms and predictions for the
coming events. The words collected are mostly commentary terms that are
emotional and descriptive carrying explicit meanings of appreciation or
non‐appreciation.
Small amounts of dialect words are found in this sample. The words are
mainly found in the title of the news articles. The words are very descriptive
which is dominated by adjectival and adverbial phrases. Flexible uses of
descriptive standard words are also found.
71

The sport news reports international sport events and sports stars, local sports
events followed by the news describing the relevant gambling market.72 As the
function of sports news is similar to that of entertainment news, it is a section with
an entertaining function. Language used is supposed to be attractive, refreshing and
descriptive to let the readers enjoy the news. 73
An astonishing fact is that the proportion of the dialect words found in this
sample section occupied 7% of the total amount, which is one of the lowest
proportions among all the sample sections. Only 9.5 dialect words were found on
each page within this sample section on average. Most of the dialect words collected
was relatively vulgar, yet vivid in describing sports related activities and the
responses of their audiences. (ref. Appendix A)
Considering the sources of the data, all the local dialect words listed are found
in the title, the main text and the caption. As the sports news is dominated by
international sports news, all the quoted statements are translated in the standard
language. Since there are no advertisements to be found in this sample section, the
percentage portion is invalid. The standard deviation value is 24 as a result of this
uneven distribution. Compared to the general result, the proportion of the dialect
words found in the title and the article news is outstanding and tripled the normal
proportion (up to 49%), while the dialect words extracted from the main texts is
therefore relatively low in general (51%) (ref. Appendix B)
72
On the axis of grammatical functions, the dialect word data shows the largest
proportion of “adjectival or adverbial phrases” which consists of 61% and the
smallest proportion of “subject or agent” which consists of 21% only among all the
sample sections. The proportion of predicates is higher than the average line by 6%.
(ref. Appendix C)
With reference to the origins of the dialect words, the proportion of the
standard words with locally generated metaphorical and analogical meaning is the
highest in that it accounts for 18% of the data section; the proportion of loan words
is the least of all (consisting of 2%). Besides, the use of traditional Yue dialect words
is higher than the average to a certain extent (consisting of 42%). There are also
dialect word samples which originate from locally generated words and
non‐standardized abbreviations which occupy a similar proportion to other data
(occupying 22% and 16% respectively). (ref. Appendix D)
73

in the sample section on Sport news (Section S).
74
4.4 JUSITIFICATIONS FOR THE INTERNAL
DIFFERENCES WITHIN THE LOCAL DIALECT
WORD DATA AND THE REASONS FOR THE
INTEGRATION
In this subsection, the interview results with the journalists are contrasted with
the newspaper study. The journalists’ motives for using local dialect words in formal
news writing are collected. The overall interview results are compiled and the
performance in the sample sections is analyzed based on the four dimensions.
Different types of dialect words are purposefully organized. It shows the rationale
behind the journalists’ convention in the integration of dialect words. The figure
below shows the detailed composition of the analysis with the four dimensions for
reference in this subsection.
75

Figure 12: Horizontal accumulative bar chart showing the percentage proportion
of dialect words used in different text sources of each sample section.
of dialect words used in different grammatical functions of each sample section.
76

of dialect words used in different origins of each sample section.
77
4.4.1 Motives for Journalists to Integrate Local Dialect Words
into the Chinese Written Language
Present principles of dialect word integration are not effective in newspaper
production due to practical factors which demand dialect words. Proper use of
dialect words can show the reality, enhance expressiveness, appeal to the market,
create an icon of Hong Kong identity and help readers to comprehend the
message.
4.4.1.1 The Insufficiency of the Present Principles for Dialect Word
Integration
In spite of the frequent complaints of the lowering of the language standard in
formal newspapers74, the interviewed journalists criticized the fact that not all the
academic principles could be adopted in reality. Instead, the adoption of absolute
standard language words hinders them in fulfilling their profession.
The greatest limitation of words in the standard language is that they fail to show
the professionalism of the local journalists who are the servants of fact and fact hunters
(referring to the target readers). (Journalist E)
Although the public read different sections of the newspaper for various aims, the
basic motivation for them remains the same, to get extensive information and to gather
74 石定翔(2006)《港式中文兩面睇》。香港：星島出版有限公司。
78
concerned facts for a new view of life. (Journalist C)
Language and the words used show your professionalism in balancing the dignity
of the mass media and your target readers. (Journalist A)
The finding shows that journalists from each section of the Singdao Daily are
still upholding and preserving the “micro language culture” within each news
section established throughout the recent years. Out of the 6 experienced journalists
interviewed, all agree that this is the only way to ensure the survival of the news
section and the market value of the whole piece of the newspaper.
The findings in the newspaper study and the journalist interviews reveal the
reason why newspaper are purposefully using dialect words.
4.4.1.2 Using Dialect Words to Demonstrate Reality
The outstanding amount of local dialect words in the financial news and
property news is outstanding and against the assumption that formal language is
used in important pages of “hard news”.75 The words found in financial news are
locally created and newly generated referring to economic concepts like 「邊際利
潤」、「藍籌」 . This point is further supported by the high percentage of
subjects/agents of the grammatical function which are usually nouns.
On the other hand, due to the lack of financial activities in China before 1980s,
75 鄭寶璇(2004)《傳媒翻譯》
79
standard words in describing intense commercial activities are rare; the only choice
for efficient journalists is to use lots of Yue dialect words to describe the fluctuation
and undulation of the performance of investors since that period of time. This habit
is kept till now. Words like 大跌大熱 and 快刀斬亂麻 are found in the sample
paper. Besides, the abundant number of standard words with locally generated
metaphorical and analogical meanings like 巨無霸擋箭牌蠱惑縮水 it also proved
that the words used reflect the needs of the business field. Though these words are
getting more familiar in Mainland China in describing other situations, they are
obviously development from Yue dialect words to demonstrate business activities.
When reporting events outside Hong Kong, the demand for dialect words
usage obviously decreases. The supporting argument comes from the lowest
percentage of dialect words in the section of China page and the international page.
According to the usual practice in newspaper companies, the articles in these pages
are not written by Hong Kong journalists themselves but they are usually bought
from international agencies. The messages bought will be translated, edited or
rewritten; also the titles of the news will be rewritten to attract and pinpoint the
emphasis of the message from the point of view of Hong Kong people. However,
unlike the exceptionally high percentage of the presence of dialect words in sports
news, dialect words were seldom discovered throughout the titles, main texts and
the captions as no dialect words are needed to describe the concepts and cases
outside Hong Kong society.
80
4.4.1.3 Using Dialect Words to Act as a Rhetorical Means of
Expression
In his book76, Don Snow suggests local dialect words appear in newspapers
especially in the title of articles. Using the WiseNews internet system, it is found
that the majority of titles of headlines and important local or international news use
local dialect words, or even dialect statements.
As the use of words is determined by the function of the text, journalists’
opinions are summarized as follows.
The function of a quality news article title, the news lead and the news column is
not only to summarize and integrate the main point of the reported content, most
importantly, it reveals why and how the context is important and meaningful to know
about it. In short, the function of it is information announcing. This is the basic ground
of attraction and tension. (Journalists C)
The function of the main text of the news article is to narrate and to describe.
Information is highly condensed and concise while important messages should be
detailed and attention seeking. Besides presenting the importance of news in
descending sequence, the particulars can also build a focus of attention for readers.
(Journalist B)
76 Snow, Don B. (2004) Cantonese as Written Language, Written Cantonese in Modern Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Hong
Kong University Press. Page 125‐174
81
In the study, a careful word count was done with the help of the website of the
Singdao daily77. It was found that the average ratio between the word counts in
article titles (including article leads and column names) to the word counts in the
main text is rounded up to one to thirty‐five, while the ratio from the findings in the
sample sections is 17:59 (rounded up to one to three point five words). This
numerical data is used to bring out the theme: the editors deliberately and
intensively use local dialect words in the titles. Reading the proportion of dialect
words used in the titles in different sample sections (Appendix B) is quite similar to
each other.
Important figures are found in descriptive news sections: they occupy a
relatively high proportion of local dialect words which are adjectival and adverbial
phrases, traditional Yue dialect words, and ordinary words with locally extended
meanings. All the three kinds tended to be very expressive words.
Local dialect words that are found in the main text have occupied the highest
percentage of traditional Yue dialect words (in terms of the word sources) and the
highest percentage of adjectival and adverbial phrases (in terms of grammatical
functions). The result shows compatibility with the need in the main text suggested
by the journalists. In fact, for the same purpose, not only dialect words are used,
many original words are borrowed for their descriptive abilities. Standard words,
words conventionally describing horse races, or even illegal activities are borrowed.
Their meaning is extended metaphorically and analogically in various senses: in
descriptive news sections like local news (story reporting), sports news (describing
sports events and the agitated feelings of the sports fans) and Supplementary Life
77 Singdao Daily (Hong Kong), “http://singtao.com/”, viewed repeatedly from 15th April, 2006 to 30th May, 2006
82
features (describing the objects found in the popular trends).
4.4.1.4 Using Dialect Words to Appeal to Local Readers
An obvious example of the outstanding proportion of dialect word appearance
in the entertainment news section has always been noticed78. Dialect words are used
in all sorts of mass media as the tool for soliciting customers where there are no
local entertainment pages or local magazines with purely the standard language.
The reason why dialect words are appealing is that they can be checked with
Cantonese use within the general masses, who are the target readers. The bright,
animated and lively expressions in Cantonese words and terminologies are also
sensational and appealing for readers’ involvement. As a kind of soft news serving a
similar function as entertainment to accommodate different interests, the percentage
of dialect words found in the sports news section is uncommonly small.
Although the figure seems to serve as a counter argument to the proposition,
the clownish role played by dialect words is generally needed. The clue can be
figured out by the extraordinary ratio between the dialect words found in the title
and the main text in that the ones in the title are disproportionately outweighed by
the ones found in the main text. The inner secret of this phenomenon is revealed in
an individual interview.
In the executive practice of the newspaper publisher, all the foreign news,
78 陳月紅(1997)《粵方言與香港中文書面語的詞彙》
。香港：香港中國語
83
including the serious international news, and entertainment news as well as sport
news, the English articles are firstly translated in the translation department,
comprised of a small group of professional translating personnel. The translated news
draft is sent to the section editor for article naming process. (Journalists A and B)
The difference in proportion of dialect words used in the main text and the
titles is explained by the fact that they are written by persons of different disciplines.
All the translated work in the sample sections are written with smooth sentences
with very few interventions of any dialect words. Under the judgment of the sports
news editors, attracting readers is much more important than obtaining good
language proficiency. Glancing through other newspapers with translation work
done by the journalists within the news section, the language used is much livelier
with all sorts of secular words appearing frequently.
4.4.1.5 Using Dialect Words to Create an Icon of Hong Kong’s
Identity
As an interesting phenomenon, articles with whole pieces written in Cantonese
can only be found in a few columns in the section on “Supplementary Life features”.
All are works by local writers specially arranged by the section leading editors.
They are the only groups who are privileged and allowed to write in Cantonese as a
sort of anti‐tradition to the language image of the newspaper. The reason for the
editor to arrange this kind of writer is shown below.
This adds variety to the prose page. (Journalist A)
84

The standpoint of this kind of writer is especially to the point. They are speaking
for the ones who are deeply connected to Hong Kong. (Journalist C)
The cultural identity of this kind of writer is appealing. (Journalist D)
The prose page needs popular writers to survive. These writers have already
obtained a group of regular readers. Readers’ responses to these articles is obviously
more than the others (Journalist E)
All the interviewed journalists regard the Hong Kong identity of the writers
using written Cantonese as the main reason for continuing their contracts. Besides
similar content written from time to time, the use of Yue dialect words in writing is
impressive and sets the trademark for editors and readers.
Languages and words used in quotations are especially grouped together.
Besides the absence of quoted statements in some sections of the sample which have
become invalid, the valid data forms a worthwhile discussion point. Dialect words
are present in the quoted statements of the entertainment section, important and
local news section and education news section while it is absent in the financial
pages, China news and international news pages, Supplementary Life features as
well as sports pages. Besides the special function of the Cantonese statements in the
Entertainment news section (which has been mentioned in the above section), the
only ones are found in local “hard news”. Referring to the contents where the
dialect words are used, they appear in the statements of comments and feedback of
certain social measures.
85

While predicates and function words of Yue dialects are least acceptable79 in
the written language, most of them happen to appear in the quoted statements.
Dialect words are present in quoted statements of the entertainment section,
important and local news section and education news section while it is absent in
the financial pages, China news and international news pages, Supplementary Life
features as well as sports pages. Besides the special function of the Cantonese
statements in the Entertainment news section (which has been mentioned in the
above section), the only ones are found in local “hard news”. Referring to the
contents where the dialect words are used, they appear in the statements of
comments and feedback on certain measures by Hong Kong citizens. Treated and
kept with complete sentences with no slip of the tongue, the effect of these
statements is probably not the actual record of the quoted statement, but gives a
sense of reality and tries to persuade the readers that they are finding the right
person, that is, representing a genuine ʺHong Kongerʺ.
4.4.1.6 Using Dialect Words to Enhance Readers’ Comprehension
Efficiency
It cannot be denied that abstract financial concepts expressed by the dialect
words may create obstacles for some readers, especially those who are not in the
79 康寶文(2000)《香港中小學生作文中的方言成分》
（光碟）
。香港：香港大
學教育學院。
86
business field. However, as the targeted readers, people from the Hong Kong
financial sector can make use of the dialect words to enhance their comprehension
speed greatly. These words are tools for conceptualizing common objects and ideas
in the financial field.
On the axis of the dialect word origin, the dialect words collected from the
sample section of financial news are mostly non‐standardized abbreviated words.
These abbreviated words are grouped into two or more words that are widely used
in Hong Kong society. The components include words from the standard language,
Yue dialect words, as well as newly and locally generated words. Some examples
are 企跳低水低吸宏調按息認購增持. There are different types of negative
comments on this kind of “economical use” of words80. The abbreviations may
hinder the speed of understanding and limit the scope of article circulation. 81
However, as a matter of fact, the most information oriented pages including the
financial news section and the local news section posses the largest proportion of
this kind of abbreviated word. In contrast, in the non‐important pages like
entertainment pages, the proportion of non‐standardized abbreviated words is
small. The comparison of the proportion of abbreviated words shows the internal
demand for efficient idea transfer, due to the fact that much sophisticated
information is needed to be reported.
81 于君明(1997)《
。香港：香港中國語文
學會。Page 169‐174
87
4.4.2 Conscious Application of Local Dialect Words
The use of local dialect words in the local newspapers is checked by three
groups of people: the newspaper publishing companies, the journalists and the
standard‐language‐ believing market.
“There is a strict memo of language usage released by the newspaper company. In
reality, all the news articles are censored by the chief editors who are native Putonghua
speakers. Hong Kong dialect words are only used when there is no word available in the
standard language to serve the same purpose after multiple times of justifications.” 82
The language policies adopted by local newspaper publishing companies of all
the journalists are relatively strict. All the attitudes of the interviewed journalists’
about writing are very conscious and “too conservative” (as the journalists describe
it themselves). The two journalists in the Singdao Daily are very cautious of
avoiding loan words and transliterated words. When they are referring to imported
ideas, they will try to use the words which align with those used in mainland China
instead of using any arbitrary transliterations, while these transliterations take place
in a lot of formal writing in Hong Kong. Besides, the appearance of function words
and predicates (which give the sense of colloquialism and are more possible to find
precise homologous words in the standard language) are found to be very rare.
Facing the dilemma of the authoritative memo and the sophisticated needs of
society, a strange pattern of word use has resulted. A lot of locally generated words
82 Quoted from one of the individual journalist interviews, company name concealed for privacy reason.
88
are found to be “repaired” by the journalists. These words show the highest efforts
are input to give them a sense of “standard language”. Morphemes of words in the
modern written language are borrowed in the generation of new local words. In the
example of 反賭波另類良民布藝, characters underlined are morphemes of
standard words. In extreme cases, morphemes of the Chinese classical language are
incorporated like 頓成為. Though different views are put forward for this kind of
word, they clearly show the aim of the journalists, to use “proper words”. This kind
of example is noticed in all sample sections in quite a similar proportion, even in the
entertainment news section.
Presently, journalists employed are trained in different disciplines in the four
newspaper publishers. Only 7% (on average) of the journalists are journalism major
graduates. Two experienced editors tell the general prerequisites of a reporter in
their newspaper company.
“Analytical thinking skills, the speed of writing and translating, and language
proficiencies are the three basic requirements to be a journalist.” (Journalists D)
“In reality, most of the journalists have a love of language so that they tend to stick
with the language beauty of the standard languages. If there is a choice for them, they
would rather choose to write with the standard ones.” (Journalists C)
Unlike the skeptical views of the public, the journalists are accomplished
enough to write in impressive sentences and precise wording.
There are pages that do not need to use much local dialect words, such as
89
China news and international news or educational news. In these news sections,
high language proficiency is assessed according to the standard of modern written
language. This rough test on language attainment may suggest the disciplinary
culture of the journalists. Moreover, there is a general value among the general
public. They trust the ideas written with the standard language more. In the direct
quoted statements, unlike the sentences quoted in the pages of the local news and
the educational news which are the feedback of Hong Kong citizens written with
more dialect words, the quotations from economists in the financial pages do not
contain any dialect words, and especially no function words are found. The
language tries to build the authority and trustable image of the economists in order
to give readers an image that the news is reported in a professional way.
90
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

5.1 THE RESULT OF THE RESEARCH

With reference to the results and findings quantitatively and qualitatively, there
is no correlation between frequency of local dialect words and the seriousness of
news nature. Therefore, the hypothesis is proved to be not true.
The seriousness or importance of news nature is ordered with the news section
letter. The dialect words appear to spread randomly so that no trend of
development can be noted. The descending order of dialect words proportion is
Entertainment news (Section D) (29%), Financial news and Property news (Section B)
(20%), Supplementary Life features (Section E) (16%), Educational news (Section F)
(12%), Important news and Local news (Section A Pile I) (10%), China news and
International news (Section A Pile II) (7%) and Sports news (Section S) (7%).
Journalists are conscious of their language use as it is a part of their
professionalism. They actively minimize any misuse of characters, words and
sentence structures. However, various degrees of local dialect words are needed to
be integrated in news writing to enhance the quality of local newspapers. A
desirable news article should contain some necessary local dialect words.
91
5.2 TOWARDS PRINCIPLE SETTING FOR
LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION IN HONG KONG

Among all the phenomena in language evolutions, the change of words use is
always the fastest. New words are easily developed while old words are lagging
behind on the way of society development. The newest prevailing local dialect
phrase in Hong Kong is probably the phrase “巴士阿叔” (which literally means “the
middle aged man on the bus”). The phrase comes from a popular film clip in the
internet. It embraces a sophisticated feeling: the obligation to lead a stressful life.
This hit the cockles of many Hong Kong people’s hearts. On 3rd June 2006, the
phrase appeared in the title of the news headline of the Oriental Daily. The phrase
also appears in other important local newspapers in Hong Kong. Sometimes the
phrase is even used as an adjectival phrase, which appears together with the
“modern written language” in newspapers without any quotation marks. Although
there are different degrees of acceptance of this kind of “word use” in formal news
writing, as the readers of local newspapers, Hong Kong people have to accept the
fact of language integration.
Newspapers are one of the main components of the mass media. Words
appearing in newspapers are reaching far and becoming popular quickly. Academic
articles in the literature review already revealed the degree of penetration of local
dialect words in formal writing. Due to the unique social‐cultural environment in
Hong Kong, language researchers, teachers and learners here are facing problems in
word use in modern written Chinese. Various principles are proposed for language
standardization in Hong Kong. The majority of the academic literature tends to
92
tolerate the use of local dialect words when the formality of texts decreases.
However, though being the target of educators’ and linguists’ attack, newspapers
keep using local dialect words frequently. Local dialect words appear in every
section of the local newspaper, and in the title of news headlines.
Internal differences of the local dialect words collected are analyzed and
studied in four dimensions. With the findings in the newspaper study and the
interview results of the experienced journalists, it is found that the dialect words are
not used in an arbitrary manner. The characteristics of dialect words use are
distinctive in every sample section. This research is extended to explore the rationale
of journalists using dialect words.
Journalists are the announcers of important social messages and the
demonstrators of the written language in Hong Kong. They use language
consciously and expressively. A newspaper, as the epitome of the world, assembles
the words needed by different important fields in society. Hong Kong readers have
expressed their demands that dialect words should continue to play vital roles in
higher echelons news reporting. The overall quality of a newspaper is mainly
attained by its context, while the context is enhanced by suitable use of local dialect
words. “Language formality” becomes a negligible factor. Speaking from this aspect,
journalists are professional pioneers in generating and applying local dialect words.
In other words, society demands a language with words that is able to serve
their daily needs. These words should also be standardized and to be understood by
the general public. Dialect words have already integrated into different domains of
Hong Kong society. They are not used in an arbitrary manner. There is a rationale
93
for the usage that dialect words are used in the Hong Kong written Chinese in two
ways: disciplined language attitudes and the practical motives of achieving different
communicative goals. In proposing the principles in Chinese written language
standardization in Hong Kong, the word functions in each specific content
boundary should be taken into consideration.
94
APPENDIX A
THE FULL LIST OF NEWSPAPER STUDY
RESULTS

APPENDIX A.1 THE OVERVIEW OF THE RESULTS
Average no. of
Sample Focus of No. of dialect
dialect words per %
Section the Content words
page
Section A Important news and 150 words 15 words 10 %
(Pile I) Local News
Section A China News and 59 words 9.9 words 7 %
(Pile II) International News
Section B Financial News and 293 words 29.3 words 20 %
Property News
Section D Local and Overseas 414 words 41.4 words 29 %
Entertainment News
Section E Supplementary Life 226 words 22.6 words 16 %
Features
Section F Educational News 135 words 16.8 words 12 %

Section S Sports news 57 words 9.5 words 7 %
1,334 words 26.7 words per 100%
page
95

sample section
APPENDIX A.2 THE FINDINGS FROM EACH SAMPLE
SECTION
SECTION A PILE I IMPORTANT NEWS AND LOCAL NEWS
Brief information of this sample section
Sample size: 10 pages
Number of text columns: 30 columns
Number of Advertisement columns: 10 pieces
96
Sources Page Dialect words found (including standard words %
No. used with localized meaning)
The title/ A1 超豪一手致至係 19%
the article A2 公數自己友食飯補水大花筒跟足力數豪花
lead/ 春茗超時
column A3 抨
names A4
A5 任滿大熱呼聲落敗
A6 超支蠱惑空頭支票
A7 捅背囊可卡因
A8 商機
A9
A10 大跌新招吸
The main A1 57%
text/ the A2 衡工量值強政勵治補薪合領無計小眾
Captions 擋箭牌一借無回頭訂明外判利益衝突定單
問題私營化 xx 化使錢抹黑縮水
A3 糊塗帳言論自由編輯自主逼使春茗掏腰包
貼錢打工踢出快刀斬亂麻造好利好增幅
長債孳息專門抨為僵化
A4
A5 拉來迭創新高巨無霸恒指宏觀調控把關班子
坦言原先業界揭盅眼下落實頓成為老行尊
行員
A6 入座率多出開支造價轉介泊車衝燈食肆
身歷聲耳筒公司化空調
A7 暗格　開捅落斜尾隨撞倒大懵兜截變態
怪客
A8 打 golf 暗批人工順帶走寶
A9
A10 回落攪珠開彩投注投注額等你專線
Quoted A1 9%
Statements A2
A3 真係最緊係先為件事好唔同唔係話呢
掣肘
A4
A5 不捨得未見過講
A6
97
A7
A8
A9
A10
Adverts A1 驚喜優惠換購換領耳筒無線路由器推廣期 15%
A2
A3 氹氹轉
A4
A5
A6
A7 現樓換樓潮優尚生活尊尚開揚尊逸交投
收樓雙重獎賞貴族式搶閘
A8 親子 Fun Fun 傢俱
A9
A10 令退場
150 words are found. 100%
SECTION A PILE II CHINA NEWS AND INTERNATIONAL NEWS
Sample size: 6 pages (maximum)

The title/ A27 警魔變態團夥背心熱賣 31%
the article A28
lead/ A29 一站式加強版安樂窩置業即場梳化至潮
column A30 官腐海歸省招牌五五分帳
names A31 企位新招數
A32
The main A27 一條龍團夥冰毒抓捕從小玩到大小姐坐枱 54%
text/ the 平躺寛頻網絡製假售假侵權高仿真版
98
Captions A28
A29 影音組合人氣產品頂尖度身泊車激新激賞
A30 造假打假寧缺毋濫法寶產業轉移拍板反恐
選邊招商引資 GDP 港資反恐
A31 雷射來頭
A32
Quoted A27 0%
Statements A28
A29
A30
A31
A32
Adverts A27 15%
A28 梳化布全線演繹
A29
A30
A31
A32 金援坦承搭上地下情幹部試煉
59 words are found.. 100%
SECTION B FINANCIAL NEWS AND PROPERTY NEWS

The title/ B1 大幅招股價 17%
the article B2 業績折讓泊位反彈力撐一手蝕
lead/ B3 巿佔率按息掛牌認購路演
column B4 唱好料
names B5 勁賺民航業銀根
99
B6 疏爽助定靚價學嘢老總力谷 3G XX 版
Fans
B7
B8 強積金近頂
B9 博值博率大巿巿況息口見頂追得過落注
心急未止
B10 過夜即巿跑一轉有賣點博回軟升幅諗吼
The main B1 75%
text/ the B2 神勇證券界房產股巿盈率坐擁招股價
captions 策略投資集資額泊位策略股東認購掛牌揭盅
業績上揚噸藍籌發威國指令捱一段時間
造好恒指平均綫大縮水沉到底部除息散戶
經辦人宏調熱融資細併購
B3 按揭息率轉按樓按令水浸資產泡沫見頂
XX 股私人名義料帳面透明度聆訊路演
放緩對盤大型招股交收放盤亮麗接班
換班證券樓面巿道信貸博彩桌攀升
B4 飆升鬆綁跑嬴大巿舵手總裁上軌道證券業
撇帳高檔次度身訂造個人化
B5 水泥勁產能持平派息借殼轉型過熱落戶
另一邊廂撒手鐧閂水喉出招避風頭喘定
B6 疏爽驟眼咁大隻蛤蚧隨街跳呎泊車位滯後
回報率折讓上巿搵銀算係搵錢啲畀
好頭痕心情靚靚夠晒一向用開催谷收番威
用唔到得個睇字炒作無甚睇頭力撐捱靚
炒作有看頭炒賣息口隻撈貨水位唔細
偷雞唔到蝕揸米回軟
B7 激起貿易額升值息口跌 GSM
B8 打工仔保本基金保證暢旺波幅單一蝕
均衡基金邊際利潤豪華壽險沽售一隻勢頭
走勢偏軟利好回吐闖關隔夜
B9 沽空焦炭個別發展開刀見光死一早陪跌
出貨後巿利好寒暑表增持到價短炒熱炒
紅股回收機回收罐聯營進軍幹細胞急挫
沽出歸邊料
B10 低水嘅仲係高水少少個唔淡得去邊巿
好似咁好勁喺好走頭心水無個別故其
誰料喘定叫博龍頭仲有水位叫吼企得咁硬
100
揸實值博洗倉消化炒股博彩業務掃貨長綫
低吸現價擂台擂主短綫出籠大舉逆巿
卓越重估純利虧蝕窄幅
Quoted B1‐ 0%
Statements B10
Adverts B1 一級全線強勁壯腰健腎連鎖店超筍高纖 9%
低脂精製活化去水腫至尊緊緻軟骨順氣
B2
B3
B4 投資王賣旗慈善籌款點蟲蟲商號截標嬴取
B5 承租聆訊
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
SECTION D ENTERTAINMENT NEWS

The title/ D1 睇 15%
the article D2 變臉扯火唔好新人王勁流行榜掟
lead/ D3 提吓都火滾變臉扯火唔好大曝光擦無線鞋
column D4 食鹹魚要抵得渴新人王流行榜搶耳姊弟戀
names D5 通街攬女鬼剃頭家姐攬著扮骨妹氹上心
D6 撐靚位
D7 開鑼自爆不熟慘變廁所介意搶風頭宿一宵
101
處男碌地沙不文個唱真金不怕洪爐火旺場
家姐
D8 爭索鬼片難得開騷
D9 激加料污 wet 衰格爆秘聞狂轟唔放賤事
坐監肉酸爆料靚老豪宅污糟嘢嚇親開鑼
狂踩
D10 閒言韌帶
The main D1 43%
text/ the D2 首映禮 IFC 碎屍電鋸扑死麻包袋半帶 DVD
Captions 檔期拉大隊依家不和是非新聞翻生蚊暗寸
邊個同數臭添都睇吓奇異果手停口停
無得撈老闆娘 Service Apartment 貼錢擺甫士
賣口乖激光
D3 劃清界線無名火起冤住親熱戲牀戲怕醜踩
烏龍百出貪玩得意男仔上心鹹豬手大膽
外景 CNN 趣致進軍私隱搵食收視紀錄
收視點
D4 喺娛樂圈稍為行差踏錯一世俾啲乜嘢搵
梗係忟憎嘅唔會洗咗呢 Box 囉秘密練兵
搶耳型格鐵定力捧自由行大肆犯太歲酬金
踢爆親熱戲
D5 捉手搭膊逢女追激心嬲短片狗仔隊抽佣
D6 熊抱繞手偷食面黑力撐妙樓王纖幼啤酒肚
猛片獨生女搶女友鬼妹仔性格 CEO 生招牌
硬照
D7 除衫碌地沙下體手指公好正好 High 看慣捧場
拖手咀嘴底綫兼有底褲我間房廳得著
自行型男電燈膽蜜運
D8 拍拖紙碎紅斑狼瘡鬼上身攞番平頂儀式
獎門人闔府統請潮爆好仔新抱非常鬼馬
第一把交椅全接觸諸事喱勁歌醒目女牙擦蘇
敢死隊唔易
D9 踢爆沒相干夠薑騎呢開衩揸住猛鬼交足貨
搶盡風頭捧場擁躉麻麻差唔多大肚婆堅
D10 親善大使義工難民雞啄唔斷細碟橋段翻唱
制服誘惑撐拐扙行路招人話柄頂硬上顴骨
收視即棄隱形形眼鏡擦鞋嫁雞隨雞另類有用
Quoted D1 15%
102
Statements D2 綁手綁腳鐵鏈鬧加保夠膽算唔算唔開心喇
而家咩佢過檔嬲諗畀好有略略咗畀
嘢嗰期咩新寵顴骨做 Mask 搵唔使
D3 唔好死唔斷氣講無厘啦更勤力呢啲
飲無線奶大大樽坐低睇
D4 一紙婚書話唔定有日走去唔定架諗唔會
佢份人好唔貪小便宜心急想通對稿
D5 呢今次睇碟咁令介意賤男行得正，企得正
平時乖仔順氣屋企睇波零食上樓先
又屙又嘔抱病聲沙唔會我哋私事按膊囉
嗰日便利店貪方便係
D6 夾硬有得度期勾義嫂食飯連學校都無撬牆腳
靚仔狗仔隊斯文淡定
D7 唔知都點解請佢啲去撐特登揀打友情牌
依家吓梗係唔係啦上嚟探啩
D8 靚仔咁喎無抓損咗游水生癬咖埋雞　
D9
D10
Adverts D1 調補精華素神疲消脂成個人醒哂瞓得好 27%
fit 過後生仔咗唔知點解無緣無故情緒化
又病痛唔止靚後生肝陽頭暉眼花頭重腳輕
火熱臟腑一級宏大急毒慢毒
D2
D3 嘟賞配方氨基酸淨腸全方位
D4 笑足三餐好似咗係果位抵死爆笑
D5 型格橫掃活地
D6
D7 set 了一個典範睇唔過眼咁嘅嘢緊要係
唔係咁識同埋佢照字面睇膽識乜晒影射性
搏上位若非狂摑過癮四大天王反轉
D8
D9 搭上
D10
103
SECTION E SUPPLEMENTARY LIFE FEATURES

The title/ E1 坐姿搶客熱賣直擊尿片 9%
the article E2
lead/ E3 為食黏底受落 Fushion 菜新丁煮食速食
column E4
names E5
E6
E7 熱捧瀛女東魅
E8 潮裝劇迷
E9 Slip‐on figure 上位吋
E10
The main E1 溶溶爛爛無腰骨盆骨自由行戰利品尊貴 ifc 74%
text/ the 血拼認真一袋二袋翻熱備忘紙布藝 IKEA
captions 合心水咕　令咕　套未食五月稯，寒衣不入籠
E2
E3 黏鑊煲滾超值醒胃五星級迷你新派醃料
BB 綿蟹籽薑蓉蝦膏酒展酒澤冷面口癮
灼燙彈牙透心南瓜蓉蘿蔔蓉食神炮製
蕃茄醬爆香拌混椰漿食指 Fans 烤焗焗爐
燴焗
E4
E5 合法良民檔主裝餘 BNO CI
E6 懷表讀時首製金表新表尤甚機芯表徑
軍表針盤表冠密實啪
E7 壓摺公主袖外套花生騷啞色熱選漆皮
小牛皮貴氣縛帶傳媒猛片騷插針難入貓行
104
救護員 CD 堆砌露底低腰總壇超豪架勢堂
狀態大勇強勢一級老佛爺矜貴貴價織邊
扭花細條造工鏤刻喱士近季番鬼老 impact
擁躉副綫織棉
E8 New Yorker 腕表廣為人識瞬即 Power 旗鑑店
全綫古著配襯
E9 手慢主題醒神風頭擔正搪膠潮牌別注帽
殿堂級賊仔帽新品內籠紳士帽 Graphic 潮人
E10 背板深喉追交球評爆粗講價紙紥開波
Ｔ恤狗仔隊偷聽偷錄特首針分分鐘大聲公
反賭波維艱黑箱作業大潮謀財害命奶粉另類
茶餘飯後今時今日做手腳邊無所遁形咁犀利
真係 □ 盜高一尺、魔高一丈
Quoted E1‐E10 0%
Statements
Adverts E1 激賞糧油雜貨貼士煙煙韌韌口感 17%

E2 啤
E3
E4 鋁窗老字號摺門捲布平彈捲花籠泥水
收口門面間格天面牆身地台冇有怕伸縮縫
簷縫花槽爛石屎鬆浮批盪紙皮石瓦仔
防蚊網
E5
E6
E7
E8
E9 團費直航精選團航空團約準四星級包炒爆
E10
105
SECTION F EDUCATIONAL NEWS

The title/ F1 真情對話 Tip 題大準 14%
the article F2 智優 XX 導向過關系統評估驚到震國際校
lead/ 網友拍拖肥雞餐
column F3 玩殘
names F4 懂性八達通
F5 預享轉認一舉數得
F6
F7
F8 未見過
The main F1 戰績出出賽虛不受補隨口噏 Tip 中 Topic 59%
text/ the sense 盛事肚內一條蟲 task design 差眾所周知
captions mock 卷
F2 面無表情驚到震驚到唔識講仲講錯達標殺校
落車透明度有利英中中中調適適切誇區
名校學額心儀令一條龍象徵式辦團名氣
收生網友拍拖網上情人網上情緣點蟲蟲官小
肥雞餐教改網友拍拖
F3 例牌透明度精英制大件事照舊出街話
鐵腕政策
F4 賭枱撻著 IQ 題
F5 做小班教學專題研習緊貼提提你 Game Over
死撐 level 齣啟智頻道新增點操練寬頻
丁屋校本評核
F6
F7
106
F8 三三四未見過不多才出奇順手律師行喂哎呀
Quoted F1 4%

Statements F2
F3 通識指數公司化操練系統評估
F4 懂性
F5
F6
F7
F8
Adverts F1 23%
F2 校網一條龍
F3 先
F4
F5
F6 底薪佣厚跟單屋苑豪宅薪佣月入過萬直銷
包薪拆佣盤足理賬積賬傢俬模具清盤
代聽傢具什件慳上工日更夜更通宵更
五星級酒店學校新班特廉改名契
F7
F8
SECTION S SPORTS NEWS
107
The title, S1 失機冠軍相換血宴客 49%
the article S2 掛靴下滑鬥型仔轟
lead/ S3 靚車派頭擂台躉梅花間竹
column S4 扳平轟搶鏡三頭馬車發威飲恨大換血
names S5 食胡摘星地頭曳博盡細交投
S6 「維」剿睇高一綫地頭
The main S1 今仗十二碼悶和射失坦言千古罪人有賴 51%
Text/ the S2 交易籌碼一箭定江山收咧
captions S3 緊盯光顧搵食大熱門坦言梗頸玩票
平分秋色漏 Pin
S4 收復失地進帳失威清洗
S5 仗力保今季
S6 殺手若然勝望腳風
Quoted S1 0%
Statements S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Adverts S1 0%
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
108
APPENDIX B
THE LIST OF LOCAL DIALECT WORDS
SORTED BY THEIR SOURCES

APPENDIX B.1 THE OVERVIEW OF THE RESULTS
The Source Number of Words %
The Title, the lead and the column names 228 words 17%
Main text and the caption 787 words 59%
Quoted statements 129 words 10%
Advertisements 190 words 4%
different source of text functions.
109
APPENDIX B.2 THE FINDINGS FROM EACH SOURCE
OF THE DIALECT WORDS
The Title, the lead and the column names
Sample % Dialect words found (including standard No. of
Section words used with localized meaning) Words
Important 13% 一手力數大花筒大跌大熱公數可卡因 29
news and 任滿自己友吸呼聲抨空頭支票春茗 words
Local news 背囊致至係食飯捅商機超支超時
超豪新招落敗補水跟足豪花蠱惑
China news 8% 一站式五五分帳加強版企位安樂窩至潮 18
and 即場官腐省招牌背心梳化海歸新招數 words
International 置業團夥熱賣警魔變態
news
Financial and 21% 3G Fans XX 版 XX 股 XX 業一手力谷 49
Property news 力撐大巿大幅升幅反彈心急巿佔率 words
巿況未止回軟有賣點老總助定即巿
吼折讓見頂招股價泊位近頂勁賺
按息值博率息口料追得過唱好強積金
掛牌疏爽博跑一轉業績落注路演
過夜蝕認購銀根諗靚價學嘢
Local and 28% 上心大曝光不文不熟介意火滾加料 64
Overseas 污 wet 污糟嘢肉酸自爆坐監扯火扮 words
Entertainment 狂踩狂轟姊弟戀旺場爭索勁流行榜
news 食鹹魚要抵得渴個唱唔好唔放家姐
真金不怕洪爐火秘聞衰格骨妹鬼片
鬼剃頭宿一宵處男通街都掟廁所
提吓開騷開鑼閒言韌帶睇搶耳搶風頭
新人王碌地沙慘變豪宅撐賤事靚老
靚位激嚇親擦無線鞋爆爆料難得變臉
攬女攬著氹
Supplementary 9% figure Fushion 菜 Slip‐on 上位吋坐姿 21
Life features 尿片受落東魅直擊為食速食煮食搶客 words
新丁劇迷潮裝熱捧熱賣黏底瀛女
Educational 8% Tip 題 XX 導向一舉數得八達通大準 19
110
news 未見過系統評估拍拖玩殘肥雞餐 words
真情對話國際校智優過關預享網友
懂性轉認驚到震
Sports news 12% 「維」剿三頭馬車下滑大換血失機交投 28
地頭曳扳平冠軍相型仔派頭食胡 words
宴客鬥掛靴梅花間竹細博盡換血發威
飲恨睇高一綫搶鏡摘星靚車擂台躉轟
100% 228
words
Main text and the caption
Important 11% 　開 XX 化一借無回頭人工入座率大懵 85
news and 小眾公司化外判巨無霸打 golf 打工 words
Local news 合領回落多出開支老行尊耳筒行員
利好利益衝突宏觀調控尾隨快刀斬亂麻
把關投注投注額私營化言論自由走寶
身歷聲使錢坦言定單怪客拉來抹黑
抨為泊車空調長債孳息春茗計訂明
迭創新高食肆恒指原先班子捅兜截
問題專門專線強政勵治掏腰包眼下
造好造價揭盅無等你貼錢開彩順帶
暗批暗格業界落斜落實補薪逼使
頓成為僵化增幅撞倒糊塗帳編輯自主
衝燈踢出擋箭牌衡工量值縮水轉介攪珠
變態
China news 4% GDP 一條龍人氣產品小姐反恐平躺打假 32
and 冰毒坐枱抓捕來頭招商引資拍板法寶 words
International 泊車侵權度身高仿真版從小玩到大
news 產業轉移造假頂尖港資雷射團夥
寧缺毋濫製假售假影音組合激新激賞
選邊寛頻網絡
Financial and 28% 嘅 GSM XX 股一向用開一早一隻力撐 219
Property news 上巿上軌道上揚大巿大型大縮水大舉 words
升值少少心水心情靚靚水位水泥水浸
巿巿盈率巿道令出招出貨出籠叫吼
叫博另一邊廂平均綫打工仔用唔到交收
111
仲有仲係企得咁硬回吐回收機回收罐
回軟回報率好似好走頭好勁好頭痕
收番有看頭低水低吸利好呎均衡基金
坐擁宏調折讓沉到底部私人名義見光死
見頂走勢併購到價卓越房產股招股
招股價放盤放緩沽出沽空沽售波幅
泊位泊車位炒作炒作炒股炒賣長綫
咁咁大隻蛤蚧隨街跳畀亮麗信貸
保本基金保證勁威度身訂造後巿急挫
按揭持平故其洗倉派息紅股重估
閂水喉恒指值博借殼個個人化個別
個別發展唔唔淡得去邊息口息率料
消化神勇窄幅純利逆巿除息隻高水
高檔次偷雞唔到蝕揸米偏軟國指夠晒
帳面得個睇字接班捱掃貨掛牌現價
產能疏爽細聆訊舵手造好透明度
陪跌博彩桌博彩業務喘定單一寒暑表
揭盅換班散戶焦炭無無甚睇頭發威
短炒短綫策略投資策略股東貿易額跑嬴
跌進軍開刀集資額催谷勢頭幹細胞
業績經辦人落戶資產泡沫路演過熱
隔夜搵銀搵錢壽險對盤撇帳暢旺
滯後算係蝕認購豪華增持撈貨
撒手鐧樓按樓面熱熱炒誰料靚噸
擂主擂台激起融資龍頭總裁聯營
虧蝕避風頭歸邊藍籌轉型轉按闖關
鬆綁攀升證券證券界證券業邊際利潤
飆升驟眼啲喺揸實
Local and 22% Box CEO CNN DVD Service Apartment 176
Overseas IFC 一世力捧力撐乜嘢下體上心大 words
Entertainment 肚婆大肆大膽不和手指公手停口停
news 牙擦蘇半帶另類外景平頂儀式扑死
犯太歲生招牌交足貨全接觸同好仔
好正好 High 收視收視紀錄收視點有用
老闆娘自由行自行行差踏錯行路
即棄隱形眼鏡妙樓王我間房沒相干男仔
私隱依家制服誘惑咀嘴呢奇異果底褲
底綫怕醜拉大隊招人話柄抽佣拐扙
112
拍拖拖手狗仔隊非常勁歌型男型格
是非新聞洗咗看慣紅斑狼瘡面黑首映禮
俾兼有冤住唔易唔會娛樂圈差唔多
捉手烏龍百出秘密練兵紙碎蚊除衫
鬼上身鬼妹仔性格鬼馬偷食啤酒肚堅
夠薑得著得意捧場梗係添猛片猛鬼
第一把交椅細碟貪玩逢女追都頂硬上
麻包袋麻麻敢死隊無名火起無得撈短片
硬照稍為貼錢進軍開衩睇吓嫁雞隨雞
搭膊搶女友搶耳搶盡風頭新抱暗寸
碎屍碌地沙義工酬金電燈膽電鋸搵
搵食劃清界線熊抱蜜運撐數臭潮爆
獎門人諸事喱賣口乖趣致踢爆踩擁躉
橋段激心激光獨生女親善大使親熱戲
醒目女擦鞋檔期嬲擺甫士繞手翻生
翻唱闔府統請雞啄唔斷騎呢邊個難民
鹹豬手鐵定囉纖幼廳顴骨啲喺
忟憎揸住攞番牀戲嘅
Supplementary 21% □ BB BNO CD CI Fans Graphic ifc 167
Life Features IKEA impact New Yorker Power Ｔ恤 words
一級一袋二袋口癮大潮大聲公小牛皮
五星級今時今日內籠公主袖分分鐘
反賭波尤甚手慢主題令古著另類
外套奶粉布藝未食五月稯，寒衣不入籠全綫
合心水合法良民老佛爺自由行血拼低腰
冷面別注帽扭花灼燙咕　咕　套拌混
狀態大勇狗仔隊花生騷表冠表徑近季
金表咁南瓜蓉架勢堂炮製盆骨矜貴
背板軍表風頭食指食神首製烤焗
特首針真係紙紥茶餘飯後迷你追交
酒展酒澤配襯針盤做手腳偷錄偷聽
副綫啪啞色堆砌密實強勢救護員
深喉猛片球評細條紳士帽造工透心
焗爐備忘紙喱士尊貴插針難入無所遁形
無腰骨犀利番鬼老盜高一尺、魔高一丈腕表
貴氣貴價超值超豪開波黑箱作業傳媒
搪膠新表新品新派椰漿殿堂級
溶溶爛爛裝餘賊仔帽煲滾旗鑑店漆皮
113
綿維艱認真廣為人識彈牙潮人潮牌
熱選蝦膏醃料戰利品擁躉擔正機芯
縛帶蕃茄醬謀財害命貓行醒胃醒神
壓摺檔主燴焗瞬即總壇薑蓉講價
黏鑊織棉織邊翻熱懷表爆香爆粗
蟹籽邊鏤刻騷露底讀時蘿蔔蓉
Educational 10% Game Over IQ 題 level mock 卷 sense 79
news task design Tip 中 Topic 一條龍丁屋 words
三三四大件事小班教學不多才出奇中中
心儀令出出街出賽未見過仲名校
名氣收生有利死撐肚內一條蟲例牌
官小拍拖肥雞餐哎呀律師行英中
面無表情差校本評核做專題研習教改
啟智殺校盛事眾所周知透明度喂
提提你虛不受補象徵式順手新增點照舊
落車誇區話達標精英制緊貼網上情人
網上情緣網友寬頻調適賭枱適切學額
戰績撻著操練辦團隨口噏頻道講錯
點蟲蟲齣鐵腕政策驚到唔識講驚到震
Sports news 4% 一箭定江山力保十二碼千古罪人大熱門 29
今今季仗失威平分秋色交易籌碼光顧 words
收咧收復失地有賴坦言玩票若然射失
梗頸殺手清洗勝望悶和進帳腳風
搵食漏 Pin 緊盯
100% 787
words
Quoted statements
Important 10% 不捨得未見過先呢係為件事好唔同 13
news and 唔係真係最緊掣肘話講 words
Local news
China news 0% 0 words
and
International
news
Financial and 0% 0 words
114
Property news
Local and 85% 　一紙婚書又屙又嘔上樓上嚟大樽 110
Overseas 今次介意勾義嫂心急令加保去撐 words
Entertainment 平時打友情牌生癬先好好有有日
news 有得死唔斷氣而家行得正，企得正坐低
夾硬我哋抓損私事走去佢佢份人
佢啲乖仔依家咖埋雞呢呢啲抱病
狗仔隊咁畀便利店係咩屋企度期
按膊架食飯唔唔好唔使唔定唔知
唔係唔開心唔會特登做 Mask 啦夠膽
探梗係略略貪小便宜貪方便連 XX 都無
都喇揀斯文淡定游水無無厘啦更
順氣飲無線奶大喎睇睇波睇碟勤力
想通新寵綁手綁腳話唔定過檔零食搵
對稿算唔算撬牆腳請賤男鬧諗靚仔
聲沙講點解嬲鐵鏈囉顴骨吓咗
咗嗰日嗰期嘢
Supplementary 0% 0 words
Life features
Educational 5% 公司化系統評估指數通識操練懂性 6 words
news
Sports news 0% 0 words
100% 190
words
Advertisements
Sample % Dialect words Found (including standard No. of
Important 12% Fun 令交投收樓耳筒退場推廣期 23
news and 現樓傢俱尊尚尊逸換領換樓潮換購 words
Local news 無線路由器貴族式開揚搶閘親子
優尚生活雙重獎賞驚喜優惠氹氹轉
China news 5% 全線地下情坦承金援梳化布幹部搭上 9
and 試煉演繹 words
International
news
Financial and 13% 一級去水腫全線至尊低脂壯腰投資王 25
Property news 承租活化高纖健腎商號強勁聆訊 words
115
軟骨連鎖店超筍順氣慈善籌款截標
精製緊緻賣旗嬴取點蟲蟲
Local and 34% fit set 了一個典範一級又乜反轉火熱 64
Overseas 四大天王全方位同埋好似成個人宏大 words
Entertainment 狂摑肝陽佢抵死果位咁嘅係型格
news 後生後生仔急毒活地若非唔止唔知
唔係咁識晒氨基酸消脂病痛神疲
笑足三餐配方情緒化淨腸無緣無故
睇唔過眼搭上搏上位照字面睇過過癮
嘟慢毒精華素緊要影射性調補賞靚
橫掃醒哂頭重腳輕頭暉眼花膽識點解
爆笑臟腑咗嘢瞓得好
Supplementary 20% 口感天面冇有怕包平瓦仔石屎地台 38
Life features 收口老字號伸縮縫批盪防蚊網泥水 words
炒爆直航花槽花籠門面約準四星級
紙皮石航空團啤捲布貼士間格
煙煙韌韌團費摺門精選團彈捲鋁窗
激賞牆身糧油雜貨鬆浮簷縫爛
Educational 16% 一條龍上工五星級酒店學校什件日更 31
news 月入過萬代聽包薪先佣厚改名契夜更 words
底薪拆佣直銷屋苑校網特廉清盤
理賬通宵更傢具傢俬新班跟單豪宅
慳模具盤足積賬薪佣
Sports news 0% 0
words
100% 129
words
116
APPENDIX C
SORTED BY THEIR GRAMMATICAL
FUNCTIONS

APPENDIX C.1 THE OVERVIEW OF THE RESULTS
Grammatical Function Number of Dialect Words %
Subject / agent 472 words 37%
Predicate 203 words 16%
Adjectival/ adverbial phrase 562 words 44%
Functional words 48 words 4%
Total 1,285 words 100%
117

APPENDIX C.2 THE FINDINGS FROM EACH SAMPLE
SECTION
Important news and Local news
Grammatical % Dialect words found (including standard words No. of
Functions used with localized meaning) Words
Subject/ 38% 人工入座率小眾公數可卡因外判巨無霸 47
agent 任滿老行尊耳筒自己友行員利益衝突 words
宏觀調控投注額言論自由呼聲定單怪客
空調空頭支票長債孳息春茗背囊食飯食肆
恒指班子商機專線造價超支超時開彩
新招暗格業界落敗補水補薪增幅糊塗帳
編輯自主擋箭牌衡工量值攪珠
Predicate 28% 　開 XX 化力數打 golf 打工未回落吸 35
尾隨把關投注見走寶使錢坦言拉來 words
118
抹黑抨泊車計訂明捅揭盅貼錢暗批
落斜落實話逼使僵化撞倒衝燈踢出講
轉介
Adjectival/ 29% 一借無回頭大花筒大跌大熱大懵不捨得同 36
adverbial 合領多出開支好利好快刀斬亂麻身歷聲 words
phrase 咁至係迭創新高原先捅兜截問題專門
強政勵治掏腰包眼下造好最緊掣肘無
等你超豪順帶跟足頓成為豪花縮水蠱惑
變態
Functional 5% 一手呢先係唔過 15
words words
100% 124
words
China news and International news
Grammatical % Dialect words found (including standard words No. of
Functions used with localized meaning) Words
Subject/ 53% GDP 人氣產品小姐五五分帳反恐企位 27
agent 冰毒安樂窩即場官腐法寶侵權背心 words
梳化海歸高仿真版產業造假港資新招數
雷射團夥製假售假影音組合激賞警魔
寛頻網絡
Predicate 22% 引資平躺打假抓捕招商拍板泊車度身 11
置業選邊轉移 words
Adjectival/ 25% 一站式一條龍加強版至潮坐枱來頭 13
adverbial 省招牌從小玩到大頂尖寧缺毋濫熱賣激新 words
phrase 變態
Functional 0% 0
words words
100% 51
words
Financial and Property news
Grammatical % Dialect words found (including standard No. of
Functions words used with localized meaning) Words
Subject/ 33% 3G Fans GSM XX 版 XX 股 XX 界 XX 率 82
agent XX 業 XX 價大巿升值升幅心水水位 words
119
水泥巿況巿道平均綫打工仔回收機
回收罐回報老總低水均衡基金宏調
私人名義走勢招股沽出波幅泊位泊車位
長綫信貸保本基金保證後巿按息按揭
恒指息口息率窄幅純利高水國指帳面
強積金現價產能舵手透明度博彩桌
博彩業務寒暑表散戶焦炭短炒短綫
策略投資策略股東貿易額勢頭幹細胞
業績經辦人資產泡沫路演搵銀搵錢壽險
銀根樓按樓面擂主擂台融資虧蝕藍籌
證券邊際利潤
Predicate 21% 力谷力撐上巿出招出貨出籠交收收番 51
吼坐擁折讓併購放盤沽售炒作炒股 words
炒賣洗倉派息重估閂水喉借殼料消化
除息唱好接班捱掃貨掛牌聆訊博
揭盅換班發威進軍開刀催谷落注對盤
撇帳認購撈貨諗激起龍頭總裁避風頭
轉按闖關鬆綁
Adjectival/ 41% 一向上軌道上揚大型大幅大縮水大舉 102
adverbial 反彈心急心情靚靚水浸叫吼叫博未止 words
phrase 用唔到用開仲有仲係企回吐回軟少少
好似好走頭好勁好頭痕有看頭有賣點
低吸利好助定即巿沉底見光死見頂
到價卓越放緩沽空泊位近頂咁
咁大隻蛤蚧隨街跳畀亮麗勁勁賺威
度身訂造急挫持平故其值博個人化個別
個別發展唔淡得去邊神勇逆巿追得過
高檔次偷雞唔到蝕揸米偏軟夠晒得個睇字
疏爽細造好陪跌喘定單一無無甚硬
跑嬴跌睇頭落戶過夜過熱隔夜暢旺
滯後算係蝕豪華增持撒手鐧熱熱炒
誰料靚靚靚價學嘢聯營歸邊轉型
攀升飆升驟眼揸實
Functional 5% 一手一轉一隻一呎嘅噸令啲喺個 13
words 另一邊廂唔得 words
100% 248
words
120
Local and Overseas Entertainment news
Subject/ 26% Box CEO CNN DVD IFC Service Apartment 86
agent 下體大肚婆手指公牙擦蘇外景生招牌 words
收視收視紀錄收視點污糟嘢老闆娘自由行
即棄隱形眼鏡妙樓王男仔私隱咖埋雞
奇異果姊弟戀底褲底綫拐扙拍拖拖手
狗仔隊便利店勁歌型男是非新聞流行榜
紅斑狼瘡首映禮個唱娛樂圈家姐秘聞
骨妹鬼片啤酒肚得著猛片第一把交椅
細碟處男麻包袋敢死隊短片硬照開衩
閒言韌帶新人王新抱碌地沙義工酬金
電燈膽電鋸蜜運豪宅儀式撬牆腳獎門人
諸事喱賤男靚仔靚老靚位擁躉橋段
親善大使親熱戲醒目女擦鞋檔期難民
鹹豬手廳顴骨牀戲
Predicate 16% 力捧力撐上樓加料扑死生癬污 wet 54
自爆行路坐低坐監扮抓損狂踩狂轟 words
制服誘惑咀嘴拉大隊抽佣爭索按膊
秘密練兵做 Mask 宿一宵探捧場掟游水
貼錢進軍開騷開鑼間房睇搭膊暗寸
過檔搵食熊抱撐數臭請踢爆擺甫士
繞手翻生翻唱爆爆料攬女攬著揸住
攞番氹
Adjectival/ 54% 一世一紙婚書又屙又嘔上心上嚟大肆 180
adverbial 大樽大膽大曝光不文不和不熟今次介 words
phrase 意勾義嫂心急手停口停火滾加保半帶
去撐另類平時平頂打友情牌犯太歲
交足貨先全接觸同好好好仔
好正好 High 好有有日有用有得死唔斷氣
而家肉酸自行行差踏錯行得正，企得正夾硬
我哋扯火沒相干私事走去佢佢份人
佢啲乖仔依家呢呢啲怕醜招人話柄
抱病旺場狗仔隊非常咁畀係勁咩
型格屋企度期架看慣面黑食飯
食鹹魚要抵得渴冤枉唔唔好唔使唔定唔
放唔易唔知唔係唔開心唔會差唔多
121
捉手烏龍百出特登真金不怕洪爐火紙碎
衰格除衫鬼上身鬼妹仔性格鬼剃頭鬼馬
偷食啦堅夠膽夠薑得意梗係猛鬼
略略貪小便宜貪方便貪玩通街連 XX 都無
逢女追都頂硬上麻麻喇揀提吓
斯文淡定無無名火起無厘啦更無得撈稍為
順氣飲無線奶大喎睇睇波睇碟睇吓
勤力嫁雞隨雞想通搶女友搶耳搶耳
搶風頭搶盡風頭新寵碎屍碌地沙綁手綁腳
話唔定零食搵劃清界線對稿慘變算唔算
潮爆賤事賣口乖趣致踩鬧諗激激心
嚇親擦無線鞋聲沙講嬲闔府統請
雞啄唔斷騎呢難得鐵定鐵鏈囉纖幼
變臉吓嗰日嗰期嘢忟憎
Functional 4% 蚊添嘅乜嘢呢咗俾兼有邊個啲 15
words 喺令咗點解都 words
100% 335
words
Supplementary Life features
Subject/ 53% BB BNO CD CI Fans figure Fushion 菜 99
agent Graphic ifc IKEA impact New Yorker Slip‐on words
Ｔ恤口癮大聲公小牛皮內籠公主袖
反賭波主題外套奶粉布藝全綫合法良民
老佛爺自由行低腰冷面別注帽坐姿尿片
扭花灼燙受落咕　咕　套東魅狗仔隊
花生騷表冠表徑金表南瓜蓉架勢堂盆骨
軍表風頭食指烤焗特首針酒展酒澤
針盤副綫救護員猛片球評紳士帽造工
焗爐備忘紙喱士煮食番鬼老腕表貴氣
黑箱作業傳媒搪膠新表新品椰漿裝餘
賊仔帽旗鑑店漆皮劇迷潮人蝦膏醃料
戰利品擁躉機芯蕃茄醬貓行檔主燴焗
總壇薑蓉織棉織邊懷表瀛女蟹籽鏤刻
騷蘿蔔蓉
Predicate 10% 拌混直擊背板追交配襯做手腳偷錄 18
122
偷聽堆砌透心開波搶客煲滾壓摺講價 words
翻熱爆香爆粗
Adjectival/ 36% □ Power 一級一袋二袋上位大潮五星級 67
adverbial 今時今日分分鐘尤甚手慢古著另類 words
phrase 未食五月稯，寒衣不入籠合心水血拼狀態大勇
近季為食炮製矜貴食神首製真係紙紥
茶餘飯後迷你啪啞色密實強勢深喉
細條速食尊貴插針難入無所遁形無腰骨
犀利盜高一尺、魔高一丈貴價超值超豪新丁
新派殿堂級溶溶爛爛綿維艱認真
廣為人識彈牙潮牌潮裝熱捧熱賣熱選
擔正縛帶謀財害命醒胃醒神瞬即黏底
黏鑊露底讀時
Functional 2% 吋咁邊令 4
words words
100% 188
words
Educational news
Subject/ 44% IQ 題 level mock 卷 sense task design Topic 42
agent 丁屋八達通三三四小班教學中中公司化 words
名校名氣系統評估官小肥雞餐律師行
指數英中校本評核真情對話國際校
專題研習教改盛事通識透明度新增點
精英制網上情人網上情緣網友寬頻賭枱
學額戰績操練辦團頻道點蟲蟲鐵腕政策
Predicate 9% Tip 題出拍拖做殺校落車話預享撻著 9
words
Adjectival/ 45% Game Over Tip 中 XX 導向一條龍一舉數得 43
adverbial 大件事大準不多才出奇心儀出街出賽 words
phrase 未見過仲收生有利死撐肚內一條蟲例牌
玩殘哎呀面無表情差啟智眾所周知喂
提提你智優虛不受補象徵式順手照舊
誇區達標過關緊貼調適適切隨口噏
懂性講錯轉認齣驚到唔識講驚到震
123
Functional 1% 令 1
words word
100% 95
words
Sports news
Subject/ 21% 三頭馬車地頭冠軍相型仔派頭食胡靚車 12
agent 擂台躉十二碼千古罪人腳風殺手 words
Predicate 18% 「維」剿交投轟力保搵食緊盯清洗光顧 10
坦言射失 words
Adjectival/ 61% 下滑大換血失機曳扳平宴客鬥掛靴 35.
adverbial 梅花間竹細博盡換血發威飲恨睇高一綫 words
phrase 搶鏡摘星一箭定江山大熱門今今季仗
失威平分秋色交易籌碼收咧收復失地有賴
玩票若然梗頸勝望悶和進帳漏 Pin
Functional 0% 0
words words
100% 57
words
Advertisements
Subject/ 41% 耳筒推廣期現樓傢俱換樓潮無線路由器 77
agent 親子全線地下情氹氹轉金援梳化布幹部 words
試煉投資王慈善籌款軟骨連鎖店商號
四大天王點蟲蟲賣旗後生仔急毒活地
氨基酸淨腸精華素影射性瓦仔石屎地台
老字號伸縮縫防蚊網泥水花槽花籠門面
紙皮石航空團五星級酒店學校什件日更
改名契夜更底薪直銷屋苑校網清盤
通宵更傢具傢俬豪宅模具薪佣簷縫
糧油雜貨鋁窗精選團間格膽識口感天面
嘢配方牆身炒爆捲布賞團費摺門
124
拆佣直航臟腑消脂病痛
Predicate 8% 交投收樓退場換領換購演繹去水腫 15
聆訊嬴取截標狂摑上工嘟收口批盪 words
Adjectival/ 46% Fun Fun fit set 了一個典範一級一條龍反轉 86
adverbial 月入過萬火熱冇有怕代聽包包薪平 words
phrase 全方位全線好似成個人至尊佣厚低脂
壯腰宏大肝陽坦承承租抵死果位咁嘅
型格後生活化約準四星級若非唔止唔知
唔係咁識晒特廉神疲笑足三餐高纖健腎
啤強勁情緒化理賬尊尚尊逸無緣無故
貼士貴族式超筍開揚順氣睇唔過眼搭上
搏上位搶閘新班煙煙韌韌照字面睇跟單
過過癮慢毒精製緊要緊緻慳彈捲
盤足調補靚橫掃激賞積賬醒哂
頭重腳輕頭暉眼花優尚生活雙重獎賞鬆浮
爆笑爛驚喜優惠瞓得好
Functional 5% 又乜令先同埋佢係點解咗 9
words words
100% 187
words
125
APPENDIX D
SORTED BY THE WORD ORIGINS83

APPENDIX D.1 THE OVERVIEW OF THE RESULTS
Name of the Sub‐Category No. of Words %
Locally generated words84 123 words 10%
Locally generated non‐standard abbreviations85 52 words 4%
Loan words (including translated and transliterated 247 words 19%
words86)
Traditional Yue dialect words87 335 words 26%
Standard words with locally developed metaphorical and 186 words 15%
analogical meaning88
83 鍾嶺崇(2000)《香港中文教師對香港詞彙進入書面語的觀感與態度研究》香港：香港大學博士論文。
84 As defined in 田小琳(1997)《由社區詞談現代漢語詞匯的規範》
，見《香港中文教學和普通話教學論集》。北京：人
民教育出版社。
85 As defined in 湯志祥(1997)《香港中文語法的靈活性──香港中文語法變異》
論文集》
86 As defined in 邵敬敏(2001)《香港方言外來詞比較研究》
87 Words can be found in 曾子凡(2002)《廣州話‧普通話語詞對比研究》光碟版。香港:三聯書店。
88 The meaning is checked in 中國社會科學院語言研究所詞典編輯室編（2005）
《現代漢語辭典》
（第五版）
。北京：北
京商務印書館。
126
different origins.
APPENDIX D.2 THE FINDINGS FROM EACH SAMPLE
SECTION
Important news and Local news
Name of the % Dialect words found (including standard No. of
Sub‐Category words used with localized meaning) words
Locally 25% 入座率外判自己友投注額言論自由呼聲 31
generated 定單空頭支票長債孳息春茗食肆恒指 words
words 造價開彩暗格落敗補薪編輯自主
衡工量值攪珠 XX 化回落投注揭盅撞倒
合領迭創新高問題兜截強政勵治順帶
Locally 19% 公數任滿行員商機專線超支超時業界 23
generated 增幅力數吸坦言訂明落斜貼錢衝燈 words
non‐standard 轉介多出開支利好超豪頓成為豪花企跳
abbreviations
127
Loan words 10% 小眾可卡因耳筒利益衝突空調班子 12
打 golf 暗批落實身歷聲造好一手 words
Traditional 33% 人工　開一借無回頭大花筒大跌大熱 40
Yue dialect 大懵不捨得打工未先同好老行尊 words
words 快刀斬亂麻見使錢呢拉來招泊車
咁至係係背囊計食飯原先唔捅眼下
最緊無等你補水話跟足逼使過
糊塗帳講
Standard 14% 巨無霸宏觀調控怪客擋箭牌尾隨把關 17
words with 走寶抹黑抨僵化踢出專門掏腰包掣肘 words
locally 變態縮水蠱惑
extended
meaning
100% 123
words
China news and International news
Locally 33% 一站式一條龍五五分帳加強版平躺打假 17
generated 企位即場抓捕海歸高仿真版置業 words
words 寧缺毋濫製假售假影音組合轉移警魔
Locally 21% 反恐引資至潮官腐招商侵權產業造假 11
generated 港資團夥選邊 words
non‐standard
abbreviations
Loan words 21% GDP XX 版人氣產品冰毒梳化頂尖雷射 11
熱賣激新激賞寛頻網絡 words
Traditional 15% 安樂窩來頭泊車度身省招牌背心 8
Yue dialect 從小玩到大新招數 words
words
Standard 10% 小姐坐枱拍板法寶變態 5
words with
locally
extended
meaning
100% 52
words
128

Financial and Property news
Locally 30% XX 版 XX 股 XX 界 XX 率 XX 業 XX 價 57
generated XX 額上巿上揚大巿大幅升值升幅 words
words 巿況巿道叫吼叫博回吐回軟回報
好走頭有看頭有賣點即巿均衡基金坐擁
折讓卓越放盤放緩沽出沽售炒作亮麗
信貸保本基金保證後巿持平恒指逆巿
高檔次偏軟強積金掃貨疏爽聆訊造好
透明度博彩桌博彩業務喘定單一揭盅
換班散戶策略投資策略股東貿易額催谷
業績落戶資產泡沫對盤撇帳暢旺豪華
銀根樓面聯營歸邊藍籌轉型攀升飆升
Locally 17% 出貨交收回收機回收罐低水低吸利好 42
generated 助定宏調併購招股沽空波幅炒股近頂 words
non‐standard 急挫按息洗倉派息重估值博息率料
abbreviations 窄幅除息高水唱好國指現價產能短炒
經辦人壽險滯後認購增持樓按熱熱炒
融資轉按鬆綁
Loan words 9% 3G Fans GSM 一手一呎一噸平均綫 22
私人名義長綫按揭個人化個別個別發展 words
純利接班焦炭短綫勢頭幹細胞過熱
證券邊際利潤借殼
Traditional 37% 嘅一向一隻一轉力谷力撐大縮水反彈 91
Yue dialect 少少心水心急心情靚靚水泥水浸令 words
words 出招出籠另一邊廂打工仔未止用唔到
用開仲有仲係企好似好勁收番吼
沉底見光死見頂到價泊位泊位泊車位
炒賣咁咁大隻蛤蚧隨街跳畀勁勁賺威
度身訂造故其閂水喉個唔唔淡得去邊
息口追得過偷雞唔到蝕揸米夠晒帳面得
得個睇字捱掛牌細陪跌博無無甚
發威硬跑嬴跌睇頭落注過夜隔夜
搵銀搵錢算係蝕撈貨撒手鐧諗靚
靚價學嘢擂主擂台龍頭虧蝕避風頭
驟眼啲喺揸實
129
Standard 7% 上軌道大型大舉水位好頭痕老總走勢 17
words with 消化神勇舵手寒暑表進軍開刀路演 words
locally 激起總裁闖關
extended
meaning
100% 247
words
Local and Overseas Entertainment news
Locally 19% 一紙婚書下體不和不熟手停口停半帶 63
generated 另類外景全接觸收視收視紀錄收視點 words
words 自由行自行即棄隱形眼鏡妙樓王抓損
沒相干私事私隱制服誘惑奇異果姊弟戀
招人話柄抱病爭索便利店勁歌是非新聞
流行榜看慣紅斑狼瘡面黑首映禮娛樂圈
捉手秘密練兵鬼上身鬼妹仔性格得著捧場
處男貪小便宜貪玩斯文淡定稍為閒言
勤力想通搶耳酬金電鋸熊抱儀式趣致
激心親善大使檔期聲沙難民鐵鏈顴骨
牀戲
Locally 10% IFC 不文加保有日有用自爆抽佣旺場 34
generated 度期按膊個唱秘聞衰格骨妹猛片猛鬼 words
non‐standard 逢女追短片貼錢搭膊搶女友新寵暗寸
abbreviations 碎屍義工對稿慘變豪宅數臭賤事翻唱
爆料纖幼攬女
Loan words 6% Box CEO CNN DVD Service Apartment 21
大曝光污 wet 底綫狗仔隊狗仔隊型男 words
做 Mask 第一把交椅細碟硬照新人王潮爆
獎門人擺甫士騎呢
Traditional 59% 嘅一世力捧力撐又屙又嘔乜嘢上心上 199
Yue dialect 樓上嚟大肚婆大肆大樽大膽今次介意 words
words 勾義嫂心急手指公火滾令加料去撐
平時平頂打友情牌扑死犯太歲生招牌生
癬交足貨先同好好仔好正好 High
好有有得死唔斷氣污糟嘢而家肉酸
行差踏錯行得正，企得正行路坐低坐監夾
130
硬我哋扯火扮狂踩狂轟男仔走去佢
佢份人佢啲乖仔依家咀嘴呢呢啲底褲
怕醜拉大隊拐扙拍拖拖手咁畀係勁
咩屋企架食飯食鹹魚要抵得渴俾兼有
唔唔好唔使唔定唔放唔易唔知唔係
唔開心唔會家姐差唔多烏龍百出特登真
金不怕洪爐火紙碎蚊除衫鬼片鬼剃頭
鬼馬啦啤酒肚堅夠膽夠薑得意探
梗係添略略通街連學校都無都頂硬上
麻包袋麻麻掟喇揀提吓敢死隊游水
無無名火起無厘啦更無得撈開衩開騷
間房韌帶順氣飲無線奶大喎睇睇波
睇碟睇吓嫁雞隨雞搶風頭搶盡風頭新抱
碌地沙話唔定過檔電燈膽零食搵搵食
算唔算蜜運撐撬牆腳請諸事喱賤男
賣口乖踢爆踩鬧諗靚仔靚老靚位
擁躉激親熱戲醒目女嚇親擦無線鞋擦鞋
講點解嬲繞手翻生雞啄唔斷爆邊個
鹹豬手囉攬著廳吓咗啲喺嗰日
嗰期嘢忟憎揸住攞番氹
Standard 5% 牙擦蘇老闆娘咖埋雞非常型格冤枉偷食 18
words with 宿一宵貪進軍開鑼綁手綁腳劃清界線 words
locally 橋段闔府統請難得鐵定變臉
extended
meaning
100% 335
words
Supplementary Life Features
Locally 28% 一級上位公主袖反賭波另類布藝 53
generated 合法良民自由行低腰冷面別注帽扭花 words
words 灼燙受落拌混盆骨背板烤焗紙紥針盤
啞色強勢救護員紳士帽造工焗爐備忘紙
煮食貴氣貴價搪膠新丁新派椰漿
殿堂級賊仔帽旗鑑店漆皮維艱劇迷
廣為人識擔正縛帶醒胃醒神壓摺燴焗
131
總壇黏底黏鑊懷表蟹籽露底
Locally 19% 口癮坐姿東魅表冠表徑近季金表 35
generated 南瓜蓉軍表食指首製追交酒展酒澤 words
non‐standard 配襯猛片球評腕表超值超豪搶客新表
abbreviations 新品裝餘潮人潮牌潮裝熱捧熱賣熱選
薑蓉織棉織邊爆香蘿蔔蓉
Loan words 16% BB BNO CD CI Fans figure Fusion 菜 30
Graphic ifc IKEA impact New Yorker Power words
Slip‐on Ｔ恤古著全綫血拼咕　咕　套
狗仔隊直擊花生騷迷你副綫喱士
黑箱作業貓行瀛女騷
Traditional 28% □ 一袋二袋大聲公小牛皮今時今日內籠 52
Yue dialect 分分鐘尤甚手慢令外套奶粉 words
words 未食五月稯，寒衣不入籠吋合心水尿片咁
架勢堂為食矜貴真係茶餘飯後做手腳
偷錄偷聽啪密實深喉細條插針難入無
腰骨犀利番鬼佬盜高一尺、魔高一丈開波
溶溶爛爛煲滾綿彈牙蝦膏醃料擁躉
機芯蕃茄醬謀財害命檔主講價翻熱爆粗
邊
Standard 9% 大潮五星級主題老佛爺狀態大勇風頭 16
words with 食神堆砌速食透心尊貴無所遁形傳媒 words
locally 認真戰利品鏤刻
extended
meaning
100% 186
words
Educational news
Locally 37% XX 導向一條龍一舉數得丁屋八達通 35
generated 三三四小班教學中中公司化心儀出賽 words
words 名氣系統評估官小肥雞餐律師行指數
英中校本評核真情對話國際校專題研習
教改通識透明度象徵式誇區精英制
網上情人網上情緣學額操練頻道懂性
鐵腕政策
132
Locally 13% 大準殺校智優新增點達標預享緊貼 12
generated 網友調適適切辦團轉認 words
non‐standard
abbreviations
Loan words 8% Game Over IQ 題 level mock 卷 sense 8 words
task design Topic 寬頻
Traditional 36% Tip 中 Tip 題大件事不多才出奇令出未 34
Yue dialect 見過仲收生名校有利死撐肚內一條蟲 words
words 例牌拍拖玩殘哎呀面無表情差做
眾所周知喂提提你順手照舊落車話
賭枱撻著隨口噏講錯點蟲蟲齣
驚到唔識講驚到震
Standard 6% 出街啟智盛事虛不受補過關戰績 6 words
words with
locally
extended
meaning
100% 95
words
Sports news
Locally 22% 一箭定江山十二碼三頭馬車大換血大熱門 12
generated 交易籌碼扳平玩票冠軍相搶鏡腳風 words
words 漏 Pin
Locally 16% 力保失機交投坦言射失勝望博盡 9 words
generated 悶和緊盯
non
standardized
abbreviations
Loan words 2% 型仔 1 words

Traditional 42% 下滑今今季仗失威平分秋色地頭 23
Yue dialect 收咧曳有賴派頭若然食胡鬥梗頸 words
words 梅花間竹細發威飲恨睇高一綫搵食
靚車擂台躉
133
Standard 18% 千古罪人光顧收復失地宴客掛靴殺手 10
words with 清洗換血進帳轟 words
locally
developed
meaning
100% 55
words
Advertisements
Locally 32% 一級一條龍日更全方位地下情至尊 59
generated 伸縮縫批盪投資王改名契防蚊網夜更 words
words 底薪拆佣炒爆型格屋苑活化
約準四星級校網梳化布氨基酸消脂
笑足三餐航空團配方商號情緒化推廣期
清盤理賬軟骨通宵更連鎖店傢俱尊尚
尊逸換樓潮貴族式開揚慈善籌款新班
跟單慢毒摺門精華素精製精選團緊緻
影射性賣旗鋁窗橫掃親子優尚生活
雙重獎賞鬆浮臟腑驚喜優惠
Locally 20% 口感代聽包薪去水腫交投收樓佣厚 37
generated 低脂壯腰宏大肝陽坦承承租直航 words
non‐standard 金援急毒特廉退場高纖健腎捲布
abbreviations 淨腸現樓換領換購超筍團費截標
豪宅彈捲模具盤足調補積賬膽識
薪佣爆笑
Loan words 8% fit Fun set 了一個典範全線全線直銷 14
活地啤聆訊無線路由器貼士演繹賞 words
激賞
Traditional 39% 又乜上工什件反轉天面月入過萬 71
Yue dialect 冇有怕令包四大天王平瓦仔石屎先 words
words 同埋地台好似成個人收口老字號耳筒
狂摑佢抵死果位泥水花槽花籠門面
咁嘅係後生後生仔若非唔止唔知
唔係咁識晒病痛紙皮石強勁傢俬
無緣無故間格順氣睇唔過眼搭上搏上位
煙煙韌韌照字面睇過過癮嘟緊要慳
134
靚嬴取醒哂頭重腳輕頭暉眼花牆身
點解點蟲蟲糧油雜貨簷縫爛咗嘢
氹氹轉瞓得好
Standard 2% 火熱神疲搶閘 3 words
words with
locally
extended
meaning
100% 184
words
135
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Ferguson, Charles A (1959) ʺDiglossiaʺ Word 15:325‐340
2. Singdao Daily (Hong Kong)「星島日報網頁」, “http://singtao.com/”, viewed
repeatedly from 15th April, 2006 to 30th May, 2006
3. Snow, Don B. (2004) Cantonese as Written Language, Written Cantonese in
Modern Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Page 125‐174
4. 于君明(1997)《
，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研
討會論文集》。香港：香港中國語文學會。Page 169‐174
5. 中國社會科學院語言研究所詞典編輯室編（2005）
《現代漢語辭典》
（第五版）
。北
京：北京商務印書館。
6. 王培光(1992)《普通話敎學新探討》
。香港：廣角鏡出版社。
7. 王培光(1997)《粵語與普通話的平衡點──一個展望 1997 的社會語言學觀點》

，見
《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文集》。香港：香港中國語文學會。Page
99‐104
8. 田小琳(1989)《香港流通的詞語和社會生活》
，陳恩泉主編《雙語雙方言》
，中山：
中山大學出版社。
9. 田小琳(1993)《語文和語文教學》
。濟南：山東教育出版社。
10. 田小琳(1997)《由社區詞談現代漢語詞匯的規範》，見《香港中文教學和普通話教
學論集》
。北京：人民教育出版社。
11. 田小琳(1997)《香港詞滙研究初探》
，見《語言文字應用》1997:2
12. 田小琳(2004)《香港社區詞研究》
。北京：
北京大學出版社。
13. 田小琳(2005)《現代漢語和香港社會之研究》
，見單周堯、陸鏡光主編《語言文字
學研究》中國社會科學出版社，2005:12。
136
14. 石定翔(2006)《港式中文兩面睇》
15. 伍慧珠(2000)《香港傳播媒介語言的特色及對語文教學的影響》，見《中文教育論
文集第九輯：語文教育的反思》
。香港：香港教育學院，Page 246‐261
16. 朱永鍇、譚成珠(1997)《度量衡及其他──詞語研究拾零》，見《一九九七與香港
中國語文研討會論文集》。香港：香港中國語文學會。Page 282‐286
17. 宋劍華(2005)《前瞻性理念︰三維視角中的中國現代文學史論》。北京：文化藝術
出版社。
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139
RESEARCH MATERIAL
THE SAMPLE PAGES STUDIED IN THE
NEWSPAPER STUDY
140

硕士论文：the Integration of Yue Dialect Words Into Modern Written Chinese

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硕士论文：the Integration of Yue Dialect Words Into Modern Written Chinese

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The Integration of Yue Dialect Words into

controversial topic. These “non‐standard” words include traditional Yue dialect

4.4.1.6 Using Dialect Words to Enhance Readers’ Comprehension

economical and cultural development. The language measures are generally

loosened. 2 Chinese linguists and lexicologists who work on language

accommodating ability of the standard language; secondly, making computational

Hanyu Cidian”《現代漢語詞典》 edited by Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan Yuyan

2.1 THE LANGUAGE QUESTION IN THE WRITTEN

OF THE LANGUAGE USED IN THE HONG KONG

phrases and words, localized foreign terms, numbers, abbreviations and

mass media including advertisements, magazines, newspapers, paperbacks and

IN STANDARDIZING THE WRITTEN LANGUAGE

2.4.1 The Urge for Standardization Research for Written

44 許嘉璐(1997)《中國語言文字的現狀和對策──兼論 1997 後的香港語文》，見《一九九七與香港中國語文研討會論文

Benefiting from information technology development, several important and

YUE DIALECT WORDS INTO THE STANDARD

transliterated words in the written language. Most researchers blame the overflow

transliterated words and paraphrased translations), non standardized local

abbreviations by combining two associated words “randomly”, and some

Among the miscellaneous news providers, newspaper publishers can easily

integration issue. Besides, five experienced journalists, including 3 editors and 2

according to their grammatical functions. The categories are subjects/agents,

referring to regional confined ideas, “non‐standardized abbreviations”, “loan

words” (including letter words, transliterated words and paraphrased translated

newspaper companies are interviewed. The newspaper companies chosen are

4.1 OVERVIEW OF THE FINDINGS IN THE

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE LOCAL DIALECT

grammar functions. Typical examples are 大花筒 春茗 落斜 雙重獎賞.

However, the significant amount of predicates, and adjectival or adverbial phrases

Words on China News and International News (Section A Pile

in mainland China. Typical examples are 招商引資 影音組合 置業 警魔 變態

television programmes, for example. Lots of statements were quoted directly, with

dominating figure. A similar proportion of subject/agents or predicates (consisting

people: food, clothing, housing and transportation in upholding a quality

emotional and descriptive carrying explicit meanings of appreciation or

non‐standardized abbreviations which occupy a similar proportion to other data

DIFFERENCES WITHIN THE LOCAL DIALECT

WORD DATA AND THE REASONS FOR THE

metaphorical and analogical meanings like 巨無霸 擋箭牌 蠱惑 縮水 it also proved

language proficiency. Glancing through other newspapers with translation work

entertainment pages, the proportion of non‐standardized abbreviated words is

Section A Important news and 150 words 15 words 10 %

Section A China News and 59 words 9.9 words 7 %

Section B Financial News and 293 words 29.3 words 20 %

Section D Local and Overseas 414 words 41.4 words 29 %

Section E Supplementary Life 226 words 22.6 words 16 %

Section F Educational News 135 words 16.8 words 12 %

Section S Sports news 57 words 9.5 words 7 %

1,334 words 26.7 words per 100%

Sources Page Dialect words found (including standard words %

Sources Page Dialect words found (including standard words %

Sources Page Dialect words found (including standard words %

Sources Page Dialect words found (including standard words %

Adverts E1 激賞 糧油雜貨 貼士 煙煙韌韌 口感 17%

Sources Page Dialect words found (including standard words %

Quoted F1 4%

THE LIST OF LOCAL DIALECT WORDS

The Title, the lead and the column names 228 words 17%

Main text and the caption 787 words 59%

Quoted statements 129 words 10%

Advertisements 190 words 4%

Subject / agent 472 words 37%

Predicate 203 words 16%

grammar functions. Typical examples are 大花筒春茗落斜雙重獎賞.

in mainland China. Typical examples are 招商引資影音組合置業警魔變態

metaphorical and analogical meanings like 巨無霸擋箭牌蠱惑縮水 it also proved

Adverts E1 激賞糧油雜貨貼士煙煙韌韌口感 17%