PART A: 1. ISDN technology including the channels, data transfer rates for both narrowband and broadband ISDN.

ANS:-Definition:-ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. It is a set of communication standards for simultaneous Digital Transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). ISDN mainly used for voice, image, media and data. It offers much faster call setup than modems by using out-of-band signaling (D channel).It Provides a faster data transfer rate than modems by using the 64-kbps bearer channel (B channel). It also designed to provide a single interface (in terms of both hardware and communication protocols) accessible by computer your telephone, your video calling, your computer, your video-on-demand system. ISDN provides a single, common interface which access digital communication services required by alternate while remaining transparent to the user.ISDN is not restricted to public telephone networks alone; it may be transmitted via packets switched networks, telex,CATV net Works etc. Diagram of ISDN:

``````````` ISDN phone lines are all digital which results in cleaner, error-free, and reliable data transmission. Analog phone lines used by modems are subject to data errors caused by line noise and other numerous transmission interruptions. An ISDN modem will dial and connect

much faster than an analog modem. Many times it can dial, connect, be authenticated and online in less than 5 seconds. Each node in the network is identified by hierarchical ISDN address which is of 15 digits. Types of Channels:B-channel The Bearer ("B") D-channel The Delta ("D") B-channel:The Bearer ("B") channel is a 64 kbps channel which can be used for voice, video, data, or multimedia calls. B-channels can be aggregated together for even higher bandwidth applications. A user channel, carrying digital data, PCM encoded digital voice, or a mixture of lower rate traffic at a fraction of 64 kbps. The information is carried in frame format ,using either high level data link control (HDLC) or PPP as layer 2 protocol.PPP is more robust than HDLC because it because it provides a mechanism for authentication and negotiation of compatible link and protocol configuration . Bearer provides the means to transfer information (voice, data and video) between users without the network manipulating the content of that information. The network does not need to process the information and therefore does not change the content.

D-channel:The Delta ("D") channel can be either a 16 kbps or 64 kbps channel used primarily for communications (or "signaling") between switching equipment in the ISDN network and the ISDN equipment at your site. D-channel, 16 kb/s or 64 kb/s) call signaling information: Who is calling?

Type of call Calling what number Carry common channel signaling information to control circuit switched calls.

Traffic over the D channel the links access procedure on the D channel (LAPD) protocol.LAPD is a data link protocol based on HDLC. May be used for packet switching or low speed data transfer over media when no signaling information is waiting. The D channel operates at a maximum of 16 Kbps. The two channels can operate independently. For example, one channel can be used to send a fax to a remote location, while the other channel is used as a TCP/IP connection to a different location.

Diagram of channels:-

Relationship of b-channel and d-channel:B-channel Digital voice 64-kbps Low bit rate (32 kbps) High speed data Circuit switched Packet switched D-channel Signaling Basic Enhanced Low speed data Videotext

Terminal Other Slow scan video Duplicate Others Emergency services Energy management

Data transfer rates for narrowband and broadband ISDN:Broadband ISDN Narrowband ISDN

Broadband The original version of ISDN employs baseband transmission. Another version, called B-ISDN, uses broadband transmission and is able to support transmission rates of 1.5 Mbps. B-ISDN requires fiber optic cables and is not widely available. ISDN supports very high data rates (100s of Mbps) and has a packet switching orientation. The major technical contribution of the B-ISDN effort has been asynchronous transfer mode, also known as cell relay.

Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (BISDN or Broadband ISDN) is designed to handle high-bandwidth applications. BISDN currently uses ATM technology over SONET-based transmission circuits to provide data rates from 155 to 622Mbps and beyond, contrast with the traditional narrowband ISDN (or N-ISDN), which is only 64 Kb ps basically and up to 2 Mbps.

Narrowband ISDN is based on the use of a 64 kbps channel as the basic unit of switching and has a circuit switching orientation. The major technical contribution of the narrowband ISDN effort has been frame relay.

Narrowband ISDN is further classified into two categories, the Basic Rate Interface (BRI) or the Primary Rate Interface (PRI). The Basic Rate Interface uses standard twisted pair telephone lines, and provides two B (or Bearer) channels and a D (or Delta) channel. The B channels are 64kbps each and the D channel is 16kbps. This provides a total aggregate bandwith of 144kbps, of which 128kbps is available for actual data. The B channels are used to carry the actual information, whether it be voice, data or video, and the D channel is provided for control signaling.

Primary Rate Interface uses trucking technology to provide a total bandwidth equivalent to a T1 line, or 1.544Mbps. This is divided up into 23 64kbps B channels, and one 64kbps D channel. These channels are used in the same way as with BRI, except that there is a lot larger total bandwidth available. In Europe, the PRI actually provides a data transfer rate of 2.048Mbps, having 30 B channels and one D channel. Any of these B channels can be used independently, meaning that multiple types of user data can be multiplexed and then transmitted across the network simultaneously. PART B: 1. Different types of error detection and correction techniques used in data link layer. Ans.