CT Requirements of Distance Relays

Example MiCOM P43x range

Rudolf Simon, Dr.-Ing.

Product Manager Schneider Electric Energy Frankfurt / Germany

Agenda

Impact of CT saturation on distance measurement easu e e Determination of relays CT requirements CT sizing based on application data

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011

Impact of CT saturation on distance measurement

CT saturation causes measurement errors
Example based on Fourier Filtering: Fundamental current magnitude measurement value is too small impedance gets bigger 300 250 St ti I>> / Z< Starting 200 - may pick up delayed or 150 - falsely reset temporarily i'' (t) in A 100
p

() is (t) in A

50 0 -50 -100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Fourier

-150

t / [ms]

120 100 80 Ip in A Is in A 60 40

Impact depends p p on methods !

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011

20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 t / [ms] 60 70 80 90 100

Impact of CT saturation on distance measurement

CT saturation causes measurement errors
Using Fourier Filtering: Fundamental current magnitude measurement value is too small impedance gets bigger Starting I>>/Z< may p g y pick up delayed p y or falsely reset temporarily Fundamental current is phase-shifted anti-clockwise, further lagging to voltage impedance gets turned clockwise reactance becomes bigger
(in extreme situations, directional decision would be endangered ?)

fault impedance during transient saturation

steady-state fault impedance initial load impedance p zone 1

I Impedance may not get immediately i t i t t d t ti di t l into instantaneous tripping zone ti i Distance protection tends to underreach (= lack of dependability).

Effect depends on zone characteristic and impedance calculation method(s) method(s). Transient CT saturation causes transient measurement errors, effective for about 2 x Tp only. only
Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011 4

Agenda

Impact of CT saturation on distance measurement easu e e Determination of relays CT requirements CT sizing based on application data

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011

Determination of relays CT requirements CT dimensioning factor

CT dimensioning formulae:
Secondary accuracy limiting voltage
( Kneepoint voltage) (= Ealreq per IEC 60044 or 61869)

or Rated CT accuracy limit factor

To avoid saturation, dimensioning factor has to be

But saturation is acceptable

CT dimensioning factor depends on application and device. g p pp Determination by manufacturer!

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011 6

Determination of relays CT requirements Test system model

B DIST

A DIST

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011

Determination of relays CT requirements Impact of CT model

Accurate CT model
B

+ CT model simplification requires less calculation bandwidth. b d id h - B t model i But d l inaccuracy results in determination of higher CT requirements

Neglecting Hysteresis g g y

Linearised characteristic
BS

B
BS =
HS

N1 1 S 2 2 = R2 + (L2 ) 2 n I1n N2 A N2 A
2

H
L 1 N 1 + 2 2 n I1n HS = 1 R l T2 2

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011

Determination of relays CT requirements Testsequence

Test series
= Variation of all parameters

Test cycle
=D t Determination of CT dimensioning i ti f di i i for a given set of parameters

Test process
= Reduction of dimensioning factor, until incorrect protection operation occurs in at least 1 out of 10 repetitions

Individual test I di id l t t
= shot test and comparison of actual with ideal operation

Parameters: Un Nominal voltage (ref.) Isc Short-circuit current (ref.) Fault location (% X1) ( ) SIR Source impedance ratio F Type of fault Point on wave TP Primary system time constant rL0, rS0, xL0, xS0 ratio of zero- to positive-sequence line (source) resistance (reactance) TS CT secondary side time const. XS/RS Burden quality

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011

Determination of relays CT requirements Result

30 25 20
= 95%

K em p

15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100

= 90% = 85%

120

140

160

Xp/R p

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011

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Agenda

Impact of CT saturation on distance measurement easu e e Determination of relays CT requirements CT sizing based on application data

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011

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CT sizing based on application data General check points

1: Check correct backward decision (security case) 2: Check correct forward decision (dependability case) 3: Check at Zone 1 reach limit (dependability case) 4: Check Zone 2 operation at line end (security case)
Source: CIGRE B5-02 Co-ordination of Relays and Conventional CTs (draft) Equivalent to IEC 60255 121 (CD) considerations 60255-121

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011

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CT sizing based on application data Recommendation

Usually, it is sufficient to determine the required dimensioning based on the maximum short-circuit current for faults at the zone 1 end reach. The instantaneous zone 1 operation then is ensured acc. to the permitted tolerances mentioned on previous slide. For close up faults in backward direction it is essential to take the correct directional decision. This is secured even with minimum CT dimensioning factor (per curve (3) on previous slide), if the short-circuit current is less than twice the maximum short-circuit current at zone 1 reach end. Otherwise, with bigger short-circuit currents for faults in backward direction, a second calculation of the required dimensioning factor needs to be done, using that fault current and the (possibly different) primary system time constant for that fault scenario.

It is generally recommended to use CTs of accuracy class 5P g y y (or equivalent).

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011 13

CT sizing based on application data Consideration of Auto Reclosing Auto-Reclosing

Example 1-shot unsuccessful AR
Additional dimensioning factor to consider
magnetization of CT core due to current flow during initial fault (duration = t) t) de-magnetization of CT core during dead time (small TS advatangeous linearized TPZ core)

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011

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CT sizing based on application data

Your experience Yo r e perience ???

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F Rudolf Simon November 2011

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