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Archive 1009 II Buddhism in Numbers - 398 different uses of numbers in Buddhism! A Wisdom Archive on Buddhism in Numbers Buddhism in Numbers A selection of articles related to Buddhism in Numbers - 398 different uses of n umbers in Buddhism!: Buddhism in Vietnam is Buddhism that had been localized to Vietnam from India an d later from China. Vietnamese Buddhism has many characteristics different from Buddhism practiced in other countries. Buddhism is the most influential religion in Vietnam, with about 50 percent of Vietnamese being Buddhists The Seon school, which is led by the dominant Jogye order, practices disciplined traditional Seon practice at a number of major mountain monasteries in Korea, o ften under the direction of highly regarded masters. Modern Seon practice is not far removed in content from the original practice of Jinul, who introduced the integrated combination of the practice of Gwanhwa meditation with the study of s elected Buddhist texts. The Korean sangha life is markedly itinerant: while each monk has a "home" monastery, he will regularly travel throu .. See this and more articles and videos below. Glossary related to Buddhism In Numbers Buddhism in Numbers Archives on Buddhism in Numbers 398 different uses of numbers in Buddhism! One-life Bodhisattva A Bodhisattva who is one lifetime away from Buddhahood. The best known example i s the Bodhisattva Maitreya. One-vehicle Dharma The one Yana, the vehicle of Oneness. The one Buddhayana, the One Vehicle, i.e., Mahayana, which contains the final or complete Law of the Buddha and not merely a part, or preliminary stage, as in Hinayana. Oneness Of Delusion And Enlightenment (Jpn.: meigo-funi or meigo-ittai) Also, non-duality of delusion and enlightenme nt. The principle that delusion and enlightenment are, though different in aspec t, one and the same in their essential nature. A bad cause or influence gives ri se to delusion, and a good cause or influence, to enlightenment. Delusion and en

lightenment are two different workings, but both arise from the essential nature of life. This Mahayana concept contrasts with the Hinayana view that enlightenm ent and delusion, or enlightenment and earthly desires, are mutually exclusive a nd incompatible. Two Admonitions Of The Buddha 1. the enlightenment of Devadatta (hence, evil people can become Buddhas 2. the enlightenment of the dragon king's daughter (hence, women can become Budd has) Two Attachments 1. attachments which are inborn, instinctive (sahaja) 2. attachments which are acquired from reasoning and discrimination (vikalpita) Two Buddha Bodies DHARMAKAYA and RUPAKAYA Two Collections Collections of VIRTUE and WISDOM. Two Deaths Two Deaths refer to 1 share-sectioned birth and death 2 changed birth and death Two Extremes Views of eternalism and nihilism. Two Forms of Death 1 Natural death of the life 2 Death form external cause and conditions Two Gates Of Meaning 1. the absolute (silence) 2. the relative (speech) Two Hindrances To Enlightenment 1. hindrance of knowledge 2. hindrance of passion Two Obstacles

Two Obstacles refer to 1 the obstacle of afflictions 2 the obstacle of what is known Two Principals Of Karmic Retribution 1. good and evil deeds produce happiness and suffering 2. results return to none other than the performer of the deeds Two Sects of Hinayana It refers to the Sthaviravadin and Mahasanghika. Two Stages Of Tantra GENERATION STAGE AND COMPLETION STAGE Two Teachings And Five Periods Of Hui-kuan 1. sudden teachings (avatamsakasutra) 2. gradual teachings: a) the distinct teachings of the three vehicles (prajnaparamitrasutra) b) the pervasive teaching of the three vehicles (vimalakirtinirdesa and bramaavi secainipariprccha) c) the restraining and praising teaching (Perfection of Wisdom) d) the identical-goal teaching (Lotus Sutra) e) the teaching of eternal abiding (Nirvana Sutra) Two Truths Relative or conventional, everyday truth of the mundane world subject to delusio n and dichotomies and the Ultimate Truth, transcending dichotomies, as taught by the Buddhas. According to Buddhism, there are two kinds of Truth, the Absolute and the Relati ve. 1. The Absolute Truth (of the Void) manifests "illumination but is always still, " and this is absolutely inexplicable. 2. The Relative Truth (of the Unreal) manifests "stillness but is always illumin ating," which means that it is immanent in everything. (Hsu Heng Chi/P.H. Wei). Pure Land thinkers such as the Patriarch Tao Ch'o accepted "the legitimacy of Co nventional Truth as an expression of Ultimate Truth and as a vehicle to reach Ul timate Truth. Even though all form is nonform, it is acceptable and necessary to use form with in the limits of causality, because its use is an expedient means of saving othe rs out of one's compassion for them and because, even for the unenlightened, the use of form can lead to the revelation of form as nonform" (David Chappell).

Two Truths On Three Levels Common truth 1. being 2. both being and non-being 3. both being and non-being and neither being nor non-being Higher truth 1. non-being 2. neither being nor non-being 3. both not being and not non-being and neither not being nor not non-being Two Types Of Icchantikas 1. those who are momentarily lacking the parinirvana-dharma 2. those who are indefinitely so lacking Two Vehicles 1. Buddhist disciples 2. self-enlightened sages Third Lifetime In the first lifetime, the practitioner engages in mundane good deeds which brin g ephemeral worldly blessings (wealth, power, authority, etc.) in the second lif etime. Since power tends to corrupt, he is likely to create evil karma, resultin g in retribution in the third lifetime. Thus, good deeds in the first lifetime a re potential "enemies" of the third lifetime. To ensure that mundane good deeds do not become "enemies the practitioner should dedicate all merits to a transcen dental goal, i.e., to become Bodhisattvas or Buddhas or, in Pure Land teaching, to achieve rebirth in the Pure Land -- a Buddha land beyond Birth and Death. In a mundane context, these three lifetimes can be conceived of as three generat ions. Thus, the patriarch of a prominent family, through work and luck, amasses great power, fortune and influence (first lifetime). His children are then able to enjoy a leisurely, and, too often, dissipated life (second lifetime). By the generation of the grandchildren, the family's fortune and good reputation have all but disappeared (third lifetime). Three Bases Of Buddha Nature 1. the true basis (real nature; Buddha nature) 2. basis of understanding (wisdom) 3. basis of conditions (practice) Three Baskets (of Scriptures)

(skt. Tripitaka; Pali. Tipitaka) 1. Vinaya-pitaka: origin of the sangha; rules for monks and nuns 2. Sutra-pitaka: discourses of the Buddha 3. Abhidharma-pitaka: writings and discourses on Buddhist psychology and osophy Three Bodhisattvas 1. Manjushiri (wisdom) 2. Samantabhadra (practice) 3. Kuan-yin (compassion) Three Bodies Of The Buddha 1. Dharmakaya: (body of essence; body of the Law) The Dharma-body, or the "body of reality", which is formless, unchanging, transcendental, and inconceivable. S ynonymous with suchness, or emptiness. 2. Sambhogakaya: (body of bliss, purity) the "body of enjoyment", the celestial body of the Buddha. Personification of eternal perfection in its ultimate sense. It "resides" in the Pure Land and never manifests itself in the mundane world, but only in the celestial spheres, accompanied by enlightened Bodhisattvas. 3. Nirmanakaya: (body of magical transformation) the "incarnated body" of the Bu ddha. In order to benefit certain sentient beings, a Buddha incarnates himself i nto an appropriate visible body, such as that of Sakyamuni Buddha. The incarnate d body of the Buddha should not be confused with a magically produced Buddha. Th e former is a real, tangible human body which has a definite life span, The latt er is an illusory Buddha-form which is produced with miraculous powers and can b e withdrawn with miraculous powers (G.C.C. Chang). Three Categories 1. five aggrates 2. twelve entrances 3. eighteen realms of sense Three Classifications Buddha shows that a person is nothing more than a combination of various element s which come together under suitable conditions. They are 1 the Five Skandhas 2 the Twelve Bases 3 the Eighteen Fields Three Delusions In Tien Tai, three doubts in the mind of Bodhisattva, producing three delusions, phil

i.e., 1 through things seen and thought 2 through the immense variety of duties in saving humans 3 through ignorance Three Delusions Or poisons or negativities 1. Ignorance, 2. Aversion/anger 3. Attachment Three Delusions: 1. Ignorance 2. Desire 3. Anger or hatred Three Dogmas They are the Dogma of 1. Void, 2. Unreal 3. Mean. See also Three Meditations of One Mind. Three Doors 1. Body 2. Speech 3. Mind Three Enlightenments the three kinds of Enlightenment: 1 Enlightenment for self 2 Enlightenment for others 3 Perfect enlightenment and accomplishment The first is Arhat. The second is Bodhisattva. When all the three have been atta ined, the being becomes a Buddha. Three Essentials

1. deed 2. word 3. thought Three Evil Paths They are the three lowest realms of the Nine Realms: 1. Hell 2. Hungry ghost 3. Animal Three Falls Of Ts'ao Shan 1. being a water buffalo: fall of an ascetic 2. not accepting food: fall of the precious 3. not cutting off sound and form: fall according to kind Three Gates Of The Yun Men Sect 1. What contains and includes the universe? 2. What stops the flow of reincarnation? 3. What is the state of one wave follwoing another? Three Gates To Nirvana 1. voidness 2. formlessness 3. inactivity Three Good Paths They are 1. Man 2. Asura 3. Deva Paths Three Greatnesses Of Asvaghosa 1. ti: substance 2. hsiang: appearance 3. yung: function Three Higher Trainings

1. Morality (ethics) 2. Concentration (meditation) 3. Wisdom (discriminating awareness) Three Ignorances Of The Arahat 1. the eighteen special (avenika) dharmas of the Buddha which are extremely subt le (paramasuksma) 2. the infinite variety of gross and subtle material aggregates (paramanusancita ) that are distant in place 3. those that are remote in time (viprakrstakala) Three Indestructibles 1. infinite body 2. endless life 3. boundless spiritual possessions Three Jewels (Sanskrit: Rathatraya, Also: Three Precious Ones, Three Jewels Gems, Three Jewel s Refuges) 1. The Buddha 2. The dharma (truth or teachings) 3. The sangha (monastic community) The three essential components of Buddhism. They are the objects of veneration. Buddhists take refuge in them by pronouncing the threefold refuge formula, thus acknowledging themselves to be Buddhists. Sometimes referred to as the Teacher, the Teaching and the Taught. Three Karmas The three conditions, inheritances or karmas, of which there are several groups, including the karmas of 1. deeds 2. words 3. Thoughts Three Kayas see 3 BUDDHA BODIES Three kinds of Prajna 1. Prajna of languages

2. Prajna of contemplative illumination 3. prajna of the characteristics of actuality Three Learnings Of The Mahayana 1. learning of the precepts 2. learning meditation 3. learning wisdom Three Liberations 1. recognition of ego and all dharmas as empty 2. recogniction of all dharmas as formless and without distinctions 3. recognition of existence as unworthy of desire (suffering) Three Marks Of Existence 1. Suffering (dukkha) 2. Impermanence (anicca) 3. No self (anatta). Three Meditations of One Mind Also known as Three Inconceivable Meditations, which is one of the practices in Tien Tai Sect in China. According to Tien Tai, all existence in the universe con sists of Three Dogmas (Truths), namely, Void, Unreal and Mean. These three Dogm as are co-existent and interactive, integrated and interrelated. If one can medi tate this concept with the whole mind, it is call Three Meditations of One mind, or Inconceivable Profound Meditation. 1. meditation of emptiness (sunyata) 2. signlessness (animitta): noncognition 3. wishlessness (apranihita): freedom from desire; nonattachment Three Mysteries Of Rinzai Zen 1. mystery within the body 2. mystery within words 3. mystery within mystery Three Natures Of Yogacara Reality 1. the imagined (parikalpa) 2. the dependent (paratantra) 3. the perfected (parinispanna) Three Necessities Of Rinzai Zen

1. great root of faith 2. great ball of doubt 3. great overpowering will Three Obstructions Also called Three Obstacles. They are the obstructions that hinder the attainmen t of Buddhahood. When the Three Obstructions are cleared, the Three Virtues will be perfected. The Three Obstructions are: 1 Affliction obstruction stupidity. e.g. due to Three Poisons, i.e. greed, hatred and

2 Karma obstruction - e.g. due to Five Offenses, and Ten Unwholesome Deeds, i.e. the Karma in the past. 3 Retribution obstruction hs Three Part Robe 1. undergarment wrapped about loins and thigh (antara-vasaka) 2. overgarment (uttarasanga) 3. cloak (sanghati) Three Periods of Time That is the 1. Past 2. Present 3. Future Three Phases Of Buddhist Teachings Of Pai Chang 1. detachment from everything 2. not abiding in detachment 3. not having any understanding of non-abiding (non-awarness of non-duality) Three Phases Of Understanding 1. seeing its intent 2. practical application 3. transcendence Three Phrases Within A Phrase Of Yun Men e.g. the suffering retribution in Three Evil Pat

1. cutting off the stream 2. covering heaven and earth 3. going along with the waves Three Pillars Of Tibetan Buddhism 1. rules of discipline (vinaya) 2. teachings of Nagarjuna 3. teachings of Asanga Three Pillars Of Zen 1. teaching 2. practice 3. enlightenment Three Poisons or Three Roots, Three root-stains or The three roots of unskillfulness. 1. Craving (Greed or wrong desire) 2. Aversion (Hatred or anger) 3. Delusion (Illusion or stupidity or ignorance) These are the source of all the passions and delusions. Three Principle Aspects Of The Path 1. Renunciation 2. Bodhicitta 3. Wisdom realizing emptiness Three Pure Land Sutras Pure Land Buddhism is based on three basic sutras: 1. Amitabha Sutra (or Shorter Amitabha Sutra, or Smaller Sukhavati-Vyuha, or the Sutra of Amida) 2. Longer Amitabha Sutra (or Longer Sukhavati-Vyuha, or the Teaching of Infinite Life) 3. Meditation Sutra (or the Meditation on the Buddha of Infinite Life, or the Am itayus Dhyana Sutra). Sometimes the last chapter of the Avatamsaka Sutra ("The P ractices and Vows of the Bodhisattva Samantabhadra") is considered the fourth ba sic sutra of the Pure Land tradition. Note: in Pure Land, the Longer Amitabha Sutra is considered a shorter form of th e Lotus Sutra.

Three Realms Sanskrit word is Triloka. It is Buddhist metaphysical equivalence for the triple world of earth, atmosphere and heaven. 1. Realm of Sensusous Desire (Sanskrit word is Kamadhatu) of sex and food. It in cludes the Six Heavens of Desire, the Human World and the Hells. 2. Realm of Form (Sanskrit word is Rupaadhatu) of matter which is substantial an d resistant. It is a semi-material conception. It is above the lust world and co ntains bodies, places and things, all mystic and wonderful. It consists of 18 he avens, including the Heavens of Four Zen (Sanskrit word is Brahmalokas). 3. Realm of Formlessness (Sanskrit word is Arupadhatu) of pure spirit, where the re are no bodies and matters to which human terms would apply, but where the min d dwells in mystic contemplation; its extent is indefinable, but it is conceived of in Four Stages/Places of Emptiness in the immaterial world. It has four heav ens, in which the Sphere/heaven of neither-perception-nor-non-perception is the highest. Three Realms Of Hell 1. fire 2. blood 3. knives Three Refuges Taking refuge and possessing confidence in the 1. Buddha's Awakening 2. in his Teaching 3. and in the Sangha of enlightened disciples. Three Roots The three (evil) roots, i.e. 1. Desire 2. Hate 3. tupidity. Another group is the three grades of good "roots" or abilities, i.e. superior, m edium and inferior. Three Scopes Levels of motivation of a practitioner: Low/initial/small scope: achievement of good REBIRTH, Middle/intermediate scope: achievement of LIBERATION, and Highest/ great scope Three Seals Also known as Three Universal Truths.

1 All phenomena are impermanent. 2 All Dharma are not-self. 3 The eternity is Nirvana. It is called the seal because it is to certify whether it is the Buddha's teachi ng or not. Also see Four Seals. Three Seals 1. sealing mud: for the sort that considers something has been attained and leav es traces 2. sealing water: for whom something is attained but leaves no traces 3. sealing space: for superior ones who attain and leave no trace Three Shastra They are 1 Madhyamaka Shastra 2 Dvadashamukha Shastra 3 Shatika Shastra All three were translated by Kumarajiva, on which the Three Shastra Sect bases i ts doctrines. Three Sovereigns 1. Fu Hsi (J. Fushi) 2. Nu Wa (J. Joga) 3. Shen Nung (J. Shinno) Three Stages On The Path Of Purification 1. sila: moral conduct and character 2. smadhi: mental concentration 3. panna: liberating knowledge of human existence Three Studies or Three Vehicles of Learning 1 Sila, i.e. taking Precepts 2 Dhyana, i.e. concentration and meditation 3 Prajna, i.e. wisdom It is practiced by the Arhats.

Three Subdivisions Of Suffering 1. suffering that consists of suffering (duhkha-duhkhata) 2. suffering that consists in being compounded ( samskara-duhkhata) 3. sufferng that consists in transformation (viparinama-duhkhata) Three Sufferings 1 Feeling of suffering 2 Feeling of happiness - suffering of decay 3 Feeling of neither suffering nor happiness - suffering of the activity of the Five Skandhas. Three Teachings Of Ancient China 1. Taoism 2. Confusianism 3. Buddhism Three Thrones Of The Buddha 1. lion throne 2. lotus throne 3. Mount Meru Three Times 1. Past 2. Present 3. Future Three Trainings: 1. Moral discipline 2. Concentration 3. Wisdom (the essential trainings of the SUTRAYANA) Three Treatises Of Kumarajiva 1. the Middle Way (Chung lun; Madhyamika Sastra by Nagarjuna) 2. Twelve Gates (Shih-erh men lun; Dvadasanikaya Sastra by Nagarjuna) 3. the one hundred verses (Po lun; Sata Sastra by Aryadeva) Three Types Of Actions

Actions of 1. the mind 2. the speech 3. the body Three Types Of Suffering 1. Suffering of suffering (pain, distress) 2. Suffering of change 3. All-pervasive suffering (potential to suffer). Three Types Of Vows 1. Pratimoksha 2. Bodhisattva 3. Tantric Vows Three Universal Truths Also known as the Three Seals. Three Universal Truths are the basic teaching of Buddha, so that they are commonly used to attest Buddhism (also Three Universal Characteristics) The Three Universal Truths are: 1 All phenomena are impermanent, (i.e., Anicca in Sanskrit). 2 All dharmas are non-self, (i.e., Anatta in Sanskrit). 3 The eternity is Nirvana and stillness, All sensations are suffering. Three Unwholesome Roots 1. desire 2. hatred 3. delusion Three Vehicles 1. sravakayan: understanding the truth of the Buddha teachings 2. pratyekabuddhayana: understanding the truth through self-awakening 3. bodhisattvayana: understanding the highest level of wisdom (bodhi) Three Wholesome Roots 1. nongreed (alobha) 2. nonhatred (advesa)

3. nonignorance (amoha) Three Virtues The three virtues of power, 1 the virtue, or potency of the Buddha's eternal, spiritual body, i.e., the Dhar makaya 2 the virtue of his Prajna, knowing all things in their reality 3 the virtue of his freedom from all attachments and his sovereign liberty Three Virtues 1. dharmakaya (the essence of the universe; the dharma; the law) 2. prajna (wisdom) 3. moksa (enlightenment Three Wisdom There are three kinds of wisdom: 1 Sravaka and Praetyka-Buddha knowledge that all the Dharmas or laws are void an d unreal 2 Bodhisattva knowledge of all things in proper discrimination 3 Buddha knowledge or perfect knowledge of all things in their every aspect and relationship past, present and future. In Tien Tai Sect, the Three Wisdom is associated with the Three Dogmas of Void, Unreal and Mean. Three Woeful Paths 1. hell beings 2. hungry ghosts 3. animals Three Worlds One of Buddhist cosmologies, in which the cosmos is divided into three parts 1. Desire 2. Form, 3. Non-form The first and last of these three represent attachment to the senses, and are un desirable. Those in the second level have a body but do not cling to the world o f illusion and senses. In Zen practice the three worlds are also considered leve ls or dimensions of consciousness.

Three-fold Morality 1. Keeping one's vows 2. Collecting virtue 3. Helping sentient beings Threefold Body of a Buddha They are 1 Dharma body, i.e. Dharmakaya - its own essential nature, common to all Buddhas . 2 Retribution body, i.e. Sambhogakaya - a body of bliss, which he receives for his own use and enjoyment. 3 Response and transformation body, i.e. Nirmanatkaya - he can appear in any for m whenever and wherever necessary for the sake of crossing over others. Threefold Cessation Of Chih-i 1. cessation as realizing emptiness 2. cessation as realizing expedient conditions 3. cessation as an end to both discriminatory extremes Threefold Contemplation Of Chih-i 1. contemplating the real (conventional reality) 2. contemplating the unreal (emptiness) 3. contemplating neither the real nor unreal; contemplating both the real and unreal (the Middle Way) Threefold Delusion 1. active at present 2. innate 3. force of habit Threefold Training (trisiksa) 1. training in moral discipline (shila) 2. training in the mind (samadhi) 3. training in wisdom (prajana) Threefold Truth Of Chih-i 1. emptiness; no substantial being = supreme truth 2. convential, dependent co-arising phenomena = worldly truth

3. affirmation of emptiness and convential truth = Middle Way Triple World 1. kamadhatu: realm of sensuous desire 2. rupadhatu: realm of form 3. arupadhatu: formless realm of pure spirit Four Activities In tantric practice: 1. Pacifying 2. Increasing/developing 3. Controlling and subjugating/terrifying Four Alternatives 1. being 2. non-being 3. both being and non-being 4. neither being nor non-being Four Applications Of Mindlfulness 1. mindfulness of body 2. mindfulness of feeling 3. mindfulness of thoughts 4. mindfullness of all things Four Aspects Of Buddha Dharma (1) the teaching (2) the principle (3) the practice (4) the fruit/reward/result Four Bodhisattva Actions 1. dana: giving to others; charity 2. priyavacana: affectionate speech 3. arthakrtya: conduct profitable to others 4. samanarthata: cooperation with others; adaptation of oneself to others

Four Bodhisattva Vows: 1. I vow to rescue the boundless living beings from suffering. 2. I vow to put an end to the infinite afflictions of living beings. 3. I vow to learn the measureless Dharma-doors. 4. I vow to realise the unsurpassed path of the Buddha. Four Books 12th century CE designation for four early Confucian philosophical writings; the y are the 1. The Analects (Lun Yu) 2. The Great Learning (Ta Hsueh) 3. The Doctrine of the Mean (Chung Yung) 4. The Mencius (Meng-tzu). Four Buddha Bodies 1. Svabhavikakaya 2. Jana-dharmakaya 3. Sambho-gakaya 4. Nirmanakaya Four Buddha Realms 1. realm where all classes dwell (Buddha, disciples, outsiders, men, etc) 2. temporary realm where inhabitants are free of unenlightened thoughts but ill be reborn 3. realm of reward, for Bodhisattvas 4. realm of stillness and illumination, the abode of Buddhas Four Castes The class system in ancient India: 1 Brahman - the highest caste, 2 Kshatriyas (royal families) - the warrior, 3 Vaishyas (ordinary citizen), 4 Sudras (slaves) Four Certainties Of A Buddha 1. Dhritarashtra (eastern guardian; Upholder of the Nation) w

2. Virupaksha (western guardian; Wide-Eyed) 3. Vaishravana (northern guardian; Hearer of Many Teachings) 4. Virudhaka (southern guardian; Increase and Growth) Four Continents 1. East, Lpagpo, Noble-body-land 2. South, Dzambuling, Jambu-fruit-land (our human world) 3. West, Balangch, Cattle Enjoyments 4. North, Dramin, Unpleasant Voice. These continents appear in the MANDALA OFFERING, and are part of the symbolic re presentation of the entire universe.: Four Dharmadhatu 1. the phenomenal realm, with differentiation 2. the noumenal realm, with unity 3. the realm of the interdependence of the phenomenal and noumenal 4. the realm of the phenomenal which are also interdependent Four Elements All matters are formed and are composed by four conditioned causes : 1. earth, which is characterized by solidity and durability 2. water, which is characterized by liquid/fluid and moisture 3. fire, which is characterized by energy and warmth 4. wind, which is characterized by gas/air movement. Four Evil Forms Of Being 1. hell beings 2. hungry ghosts 3. animals 4. titans Four False Notions Of The Hinayana 1. illusion that there is a real self (ego) in the five skandhas 2. that this personality is is different from beings on other paths 3. that all beings have an ego born of the five skandhas 4. that the ego has a determined or fated period of life

Four Fearlessness There are four kinds of fearlessness, of which there are two groups: A Buddha's fearlessness arises from 1 his omniscience 2 perfection of character 3 overcoming opposition 4 ending of suffering B Bodhisattva's fearlessness arises from 1 powers of memory 2 power of moral diagnosis and application of the remedy 3 power of ratiocination 4 power of solving doubts Four Formless Meditations 1. dwelling in spheres of ethereal infinity 2. infinity of consciousness 3. nothingness 4. neither ideation nor non ideation Four Foundations Of Mindfulness Mindfulness of 1. Body 2. Feeling 3. Mind 4. Phenomena Four Fruition Also called the "Four Fruits", the "Four Rewards", or the "Four Phala". These ar e four grades of arhatship, namely: 1 Srota-apanna (Srota-apanna in Sanskrit, Sota-panna in Pali) : has entered the stream of holy living; the first stage of the arhat, that of a Sravaka 2 Sakrdagamin (Sakrdagamin in Sanskrit, Sakadagamin in Pali) : comes to be born once more; the second grade of arhatship involving only one birth 3 Anagamin: will not be reborn in this world (i.e. Six Paths), but in the Form R ealm or Formless Realm, where he will attain to Nirvana

4 Arhat: enters Nirvana. All Karma of reincarnation is destroyed. He also reache s a state of no longer learning. He is the highest Saint in Hinayana in contrast with the Bodhisattva as the Saint in Mahayana Four Fruits Of The Way 1. stream enterer 2. once returner 3. never returner 4. arahat who has no more need to study Four Graces 1. grace of parents 2. grace of all beings 3. grace of the Ruler 4. grace of Triratna (Buddha, Dharma, Sangha) Four Great Bodhisattva Manjusri - Universal Great Wisdom Bodhisattva 1. Samantabhadra - Universal Worthy Great Conduct Bodhisattva 2. Ksitigarbha - Earth Store King Great Vow Bodhisattva 3. Avalokitesvara - Guan Shr Yin Great Compassion Bodhisattva. Four Great Bodhisattva They represent the four major characters of Bodhisattva: 1 Manjusri - Universal Great Wisdom Bodhisattva 2 Samantabhadra - Universal Worthy Great Conduct Bodhisattva 3 Ksitigarbha - Earth Treasury King Great Vow Bodhisattva 4 Avalokitesvara - Guan Shr Yin Great Compassion Bodhisattva Four Great Elements All matters are formed and are composed by four conditioned causes : 1. earth, which is characterized by solidity and durability 2. water, which is characterized by liquid/fluid and moisture 3. fire, which is characterized by energy and warmth 4. wind, which is characterized by gas/air movement Four Great Vows

1 Vow to take across the numberless living beings. 2 Vow to cut off the endless afflictions. 3 Vow to study the countless Dharma doors. 4 Vow to realize the supreme Buddha Way. Four Great Vows 1. though the many beings are numberless, I vow to save them 2. though greed, hatred and ignorancess rise endlessly, I vow to cut them off 3. though the dharma is vast and fathomless, I vow to understand it 4. though Buddha's way is beyond attainment, I vow to embody it fully Four Gross Components 1. earth 2. water 3. fire 4. air Four Hallmarks Of Correct View 4 Principles that constitute the basic insights of the Buddhist path to enlighte nment: 1. all conditioned existence is impermanent, 2. all deluded experiences a re suffering, 3. all phenomena are EMPTY and lack self-identity, 4.nirvana/liber ation is true peace. Four Holy Realms They are Sravaka, Praetyka-Buddha, Bodhisattva, and Buddha. Four Illnesses 1. grasping the body as oneself 2. grasping the four gross components 3. grasping the five clusters 4. grasping the twelve sense media Four Immeasurables Immeasurable LOVE / loving kindness, COMPASSION, EQUANIMITY, joy.: Four Immeasurables Or Sublime States: 1. Equanimity (upekkha) 2. Loving-kindness (metta)

3. Compassion (karuna) 4. Sympathetic joy (mudita) Four Jhanas (four Stages Of The Buddha's Enlightenment) 1. First Meditation: initial and discoursive thoughts; born of aloofness; raptur ous and joyful 2. Second Meditation: devoid of initial and discoursive thoughts; born of concen tration; rapturous and joyful 3. Third Meditation: dwelling in equanimity, attentiveness and clear consciousne ss; joy 4. Fourth Meditation: neither joy nor anguish; purification by equanimity and mi ndlfulness, without defilements; mind becoming fixed and immovable Four Jhanas Of Samkya Yoga 1. free from passions and evil thoughts but in possession of thought and pleasur e born from discrimination 2. cessation of movement of thought; rapturous pleasure born of concentration 3. elimination of rapture but physical pleasure remains 4. all pleasure ceases; even-minded concentration remains Four Kalpas 1. the kalpa of creation 2. the kalpa of continuance 3.the kalpa of decline 4. the kalpa of disintegration Four Kinds Of Samadi Of Chih-i 1. constantly sitting (ch'ang-tso-san-mei) 2. constantly walking (ch'ang-hsing san-mei) 3. part walking, part sitting (pan-hsing pan-tso san-mei) 4. neither walking nor sitting (fei-hsing fei-tso san-mei) Four Knowledges Of Sainthood 1. free from affectation and affliction 2. pure conduct 3. accomplishment of what was to be done 4. free from further existence in the profane state Four Levels Of The Two Truths Of Chi-tsang

1. being (yu) = worldly truth (samvrtisatya) - non-being (wu) = real/supreme tru th (paramarthasatya) 2. duality of being and emptiness = worldly truth (samvrtisatya) - neither being nor non-being = real/supreme truth (paramarthasatya) 3. affirmation and denial of being and non-being = worldly truth - transcendence of all dualities = real/supreme truth (paramarthasatya) 4. all three levels above = worldly truth (samvrtisatya) - beyong verbalization; beyond conceptualization = real/supreme truth (paramarthasatya) Four Maras 1. Devaputra (actual Sentient Being called Ishvara) 2. Death (yama) 3. Defilements 4. Contaminated Aggregates Four Marks A mark is a notion of form. In Diamond Sutra, it states that people attach to th e Four Marks which hinder them from Buddhahood. Conversely, those who see all ma rks as no mark are Buddhas. The Four Marks are 1 a mark of self 2 a mark of others 3 a mark of sentient being 4 a mark of life Four Marks Of Buddha's Teachings 1. Compound phenomena are impermanent 2. Ordinary phenomena are unsatisfactory 3. All phenomena are insubstantial (selfless) 4. Nirvana is peace Four Means Of Attracting (students) 1. being generous 2. speaking kindly 3. giving appropriate teachings 4. being consistent in word and deed Four Medicines 1. the two elements of matter and mind

2. the four gross components and the five clusters 3. the twelve sense media 4. the eighteen elements Four Mindfulnesses 1. the body (kaya) 2. affective sensation (vedana) 3. the mind (citta) 4. doctrinal formulas (dharma) Four Modes Of Birth 1. from the womb 2. from the egg 3. from moisture 4. from transformation of forms Four Noble Disciplines Avoiding to respond to 1. anger with anger 2. physical harm with physical harm 3. criticism with criticism 4. verbal argumenting with verbal argumenting. These disciplines are said to distinguish the real practitioners, as they contro l the causes of anger and lack of patience. (This is part of the secondary Bodhi sattva vows) Four Noble Truths It is the primary and fundamental doctrines of Shakyamuni 1 Doctrine of Suffering - life is suffering , suffering is a necessary attribute of sentient existence (Effect of Suffering, duhkha) 2 Doctrine of Accumulation - suffering comes from desire, accumulation of suffer ing is caused by passions (Cause of Suffering, samudaya) 3 Doctrine of Extinction - extinguishing desire (nirvana) ends suffering , extin ction of passion (Effect of Happiness, nirodha) 4 Doctrine of Path - desire is extinguished through the eightfold path (or the m iddle way), path leading to the extinction of passion (Cause of Happiness, marga ).

The first two are considered to be related to this life, and the last two to the life outside and beyond this world. The Four Noble Truths were first preached to Shakyamuni's five former ascetic co mpanions. Four Offerings 1. food 2. clothes 3. bedding 4. medicine Four Opponent Powers (for Purification) 1. Taking refuge and generating bodhicitta 2. Regret / repentence 3. Actual positive practice (mantras, prostrations etc.) 4. Promise not to repeat negativities Four Perfect Exertions 1. exertion of restraint 2. exertion of overcoming unwholesomeness 3. exertion of developing wholesomeness 4. exertion of maintaining wholesomeness Four Phases Of A Thought Of Chih-i 1. pre-thought [not yet thinking] (wei-nien) 2. imminent thought [being about-to-think] (yu-nien) 3. the thought proper [actually thinking] (cheng-nien) 4. completed thought [having thought] (nien-i) Four Phrase Essenceof The Lotus Sutra 1. all the doctrines possessed by the Thus Come One 2. all the freely exercised supernatural powers of the Thus Come One 3. the storehouse of all the secret essentials of the Thus Come One 4. all the most profound matters of the Thus Come One Four Processes Of Liberation From Subjectivity And Objectivity 1. tuo jen pu tuo ching: take away the man but not his objective situation

2. tuo ching pu tuo jen: take away the objective situation but not the man 3. jen ching chu tuo: take away both the man and the situation 4. jen ching chu pu tuo: take away neither the man nor the situation Four Propositions Of Ching-yuan 1. body shows land 2. land shows body 3. body and land show each other at once 4. no sign of body or land Four Propositions Of Nagarjuna 1. identity 2. difference 3. negation 4. affirmation Four Pure Lands A classification by the Pure Land and T'ien T'ai schools of the pure realms subs umed under the Land of Amitabha Buddha, as described in the sutras.They are: 1. the Land of Common Residence of nary Beings Dwell Together), where hungry ghosts ...) to the Buddhas ded into two, the Common Residence Beings and Saints (Land Where Saints and Ordi all beings, from the six lower worlds (hells, and Bodhisattvas, live together (further divi Pure Land and Common Residence Impure Land)

2. the Land of Expediency (Land of Expedient Liberation), inhabited by Arhats an d lesser Bodhisattvas 3. the Land of Real Reward, inhabited by the highest Bodhisattvas 4. the Land of Eternally Quiescent Light, in which the Buddhas dwell. These dist inctions are at the phenomenal level. At the noumenon level, there is, of course, no difference among them. Four Purities (in Tantric Practice) 1. Place (environment is seen as the deity's mandala) 2. Body (ordinary body is imagined to be the deity's body) 3. Enjoyments (sense enjoyments are seen as offerings to the deity) 4. Action (all ones' actions are regarded as the deity's actions) Four Ranks Of Sages (Jpn.: shie) Buddhist teachers to be relied upon after Shakyamuni Buddha's deat h. They are explained in the Nirvana and other sutras, which classify them into

four ranks according to their level of understanding. Four Reliance The four standards of Right Dharma which buddhist should rely on or abide by: 1. to abide by the Dharma, not the person 2. to abide by the sutras of ultimate truth, not the sutras of incomplete truth 3. to abide by the meaning, not the word 4. to abide by the wisdom, not the consciousness. Four Reliance (to learning Buddhist Dharma) The four standards of Right Dharma which buddhist should rely on or abide by: 1 to abide by the Dharma, not the person 2 to abide by the sutras of ultimate truth, not the sutras of incomplete truth 3 to abide by the meaning, not the word 4 to abide by the wisdom, not the consciousness Four Reminders: 1. Human life is precious. 2. Death is inevitable. 3. The laws of karma cannot be avoided. 4. Suffering permeates all existence. Four Repudiations Of The Truth 1. to assert definitely that things exist 2. that they do not exist 3. that they both exist and do not exist 4. that they neither exist nor do not exist Four Right Efforts 1. discard wrongdoings that have arisen 2. prevent the arising of unarisen wrongdoings 3. develop unarisen good actions 4. augment arisen good actions Four Sacred Mountains 1. Wu-t'ai-shan

2. P'u-t'o-shan 3. O-mei-shan 4. Chiu-hua-shan Four Seals 1. All produced phenomena are impermanent 2. All contaminated products are in the nature of SUFFERING 3. All phenomena are EMPTINESS 4. NIRVANA is peace.: Four Seals They are: 1 All phenomena are impermanent. 2 All Dharma are not-self. 3 The eternity is Nirvana. 4 All sensations are suffering. Four Sects of Hinayana From the time of Ashoka, there were four principal schools out of the Eighteen s ects of Hinayana, namely Mahasanghika, Sthavirah, Mulasarvastivadah and Sammatiy ah. Four Shouts Of Lin-chi 1. to cut off a student's thoughts 2. to scare away all perverted views 3. to see the students' reaction and discover their shortcomings 4. to awaken the fully aroused potentiality of students Four Signs The signs that would make Gautama seek enlightenment. Four Stages Of Formlessness 1. stage of limitlessness of space (akasha) 2. stage of limitlessness of consciousness (vijnana) 3. stage of nothing whatever 4. stage of beyond awareness and non-awareness Four Stages Of Hinayana Enlightenment

(Jpn.: shi-ka) Also, four stages of enlightenment or four fruits. Four levels o f enlightenment that voice-hearers aim to attain, according to the Hinayana teac hings. Four Stages Of Spiritual Development 1. realisation of the noble truth of suffering 2. one who will have but one more birth 3. one who will not be reborn again 4. arahant Four Stages Of The Dharma 1. the opening up of the Enlightened One's wisdom 2. the revelation of the Enlightened One's wisdom 3. the awakening to the Enlightened One's wisdom 4. the entry into the Enlightened One's wisdom Four Sublime Attitudes 1. loving kindness to all (metta) 2. compassion to all (karuna) 3. limitless joy over the salvation of others (mudita) 4. limitless equanimity to friend or foe (upeksha) Four Tantric Classes 1. Kriya-tantra (action-tantra) 2. Charya-tantra (performance-tantra) 3. Yoga-tantra 4. Annutarayoga-tantra (highest yoga tantra) Four Teachings Of The Buddha 1. sudden (direct) teaching 2. gradual teaching 3. secret teaching 4. indeterminate teaching Four Tenets 4 philosophical schools, differing in their view of EMPTINESS: Vaibhashika, Saut rantika, Cittamatra, Madhyamika. 1 & 2 are HINAYANA schools, 3 & 4 are MAHAYANAschools

Four Turnings Of The Wheel Of Dharma Of Tao-sheng 1. the dharma wheel of goodness and purity 2. the dharma wheel of expedient means 3. the dharma wheel of truth 4. the dharma wheel without residue Four Unlimited Mind The mind of Bodhisattva: 1. Kindness 2. Compassion 3. Delight 4. Renunciation Four Unlimited Mind The mind of Bodhisattva: 1. Kindness 2. Compassion 3. Delight 4. Renunciation Four Upside -down Views 1. permanence (nicca) 2. bliss (sikha) 3. self-hood (atta) 4. purity (subha) Four Ways 1. Belief/faith 2. Interpretation/discernment 3. Practice/performance 4. Verification/assurance. These are the cyclic process in learning a truth. Four Ways (of learning Buddhist Dharma) 1. Belief/faith

2. Interpretation/discernment 3. Practice/performance 4. Verification/assurance These are the cyclic process in learning a truth. Four Ways Of Living Like Brahma 1. friendliness (maitri) 2. compassion (karuna) 3. sympathetic joy (mudita) 4. equanimity (upeksa) Four Virtues The four Nirvanic virtues: 1. Eternity or permanence 2. Joy 3. Personality 4. Purity. These four important virtues are affirmed by the sutra in the transcendental or nirvana-realm. Four Virtues The four Nirvana virtues: 1. Eternity or permanence 2. Joy 3. Personality 4. Purity These four important virtues are affirmed by the sutra in the transcendental or nirvana-realm. Four Wisdom The forms of wisdom of a Buddha. 1. the Great- Mirror wisdom of Aksobhya 2. the Universal Wisdom of Ratnaketu 3. the Profound Observing Wisdom of Amitabha 4. the Perfecting Wisdom of Amoghsiddhi.

Four Wisdoms Of The Buddha 1. great mirror wisdom 2. wisdom of equality 3. profound observing wisdom 4. perfecting wisdom Four Vows Vows taken by bodhisattvas, that are regularly recited in zendos after zazen. Fourfold Assembly Or the Four Varga (groups) are 1. Bhiksu 2. Bhiksuni 3. Upasaka 4. Upasika i.e. monks, nuns, male and female devotees. Fourfold Dharmadhatu Of Hua-yen 1. the world of shih (events, appearance, particularity) 2. the world of li (reality, universality) 3. the world of li and shih perfectly interfused 4. the world of perfect mutual solution between shih and shih Fourfold Relationship Between Questioner And Answerer 1. pin chien chu: guest sees host 2. chu chien pin: host sees guest 3. chu chien chu: host sees host 4. pin chien pin: guest sees guest Five (false) Views 1. one views one's mind and body as one's own possession 2. believing that life ends with death, or that life persists after death in som e eternal and unchanging form 3. denial of the law of cause and effect 4. adhering to misconceptions and viewing them as truth, while regarding inferio r views as superior

5. viewing erroneous practices or precepts as the correct way to enlightenment Five Aggregates Or Five Skandhas 1. Form, rupa: material element 2. Feeling, vedana: sensation 3. Recognition, samjna: perception 4. (Mental) formations, samskara: formative principal 5. Consciousness, vijanana: consciousness Five Basic Afflications The five fundamental conditions of the passions and delusions: 1 wrong view, which are common to the Trailokya 2 clinging or attachment in the Desire Realm 3 clinging or attachment in the Form Realm 4 clinging or attachment in the Formless Realm 5 the state of unenlightenment or ignorance in Trailokya, which is the root-caus e of all distressful delusion. Five Bhikshus The first five of Buddha's converts: in Pali (P) - in Sanskrit (S) 1. Ajnata-Kaundinya - Ajnata-Kondanna 2. Bhadrika - Bhaddiya 3. Asvajit - Assagi 4. Vaspa - Vappa 5. Mahanaman - Mahanama They followed Shakyamuni to practice asceticism, but left him when he abandoned such practices. Later, when Shakyamuni attained Buddhahood, his first sermon was preached in Deer Park to these men, who became his first disciples. Five Categories of Untranslated Terms Chinese Tang Dynasty Master of the Tripitaka Hsuan-Tsang established five catego ries of words which should be left untranslated 1 the esoteric 2 words having multiple meanings

3 words for things not existing in China 4 words not translated in accord with already established precedent 5 words left untranslated in order to give rise to wholesomeness and respect Five Chakras In Buddhism usually the energy centers at 1. the brow 2. the crown of the head 3. the throat 4. the heart 5. four finger widths under the navel: Five Classics 12th century CE designation for five early Chinese classical texts which were pu rportedly compiled by Confucius; they are 1. The Book of Changes (I Ching) 2. Book of History (Shu Ching) 3. Book of Poetry (Shih Ching) 4. Record of Rites (Li Chi) 5. Spring and Autumn Annals (Ch'un Ch'iu). Five Commandments 1. abstain from killing 2. abstain from stealing 3. abstain from adultery 4. abstain from lying 5. abstain from intoxicating liquors Five Confrontations Of The Natural Phenomena Of The External World Of The Platfo rm Sutra 1. heaven and earth 2. sun and moon 3. darkness and light 4. yin and yang 5. water and fire

Five Degenerations Degeneration of: 1. Lifetime 2. Era 3. Beings 4. Views 5. Defilements Five Delusions/poisons 1. Attachment 2. Anger 3. Ignorance 4. Jealousy 5. Doubt (sometimes others are counted, the first 3 however are always present) Five Desires Desires connected with the five senses: 1. Form 2. Sound 3. Aroma 4. Taste 5. Touch Five Dhyani (wisdom) Buddhas: 1. Vairochana 2. Akshobhya 3. Ratnasambhava 4. Amitabha 5. Amoghasiddhi Five Dhyani Buddhas 1. Amitabha 2. Akshobhya

3. Ratnasambhava 4. Vairochana 5. Amoghasiddhi Five Elements Five principal substances in Chinese thought, which are 1. Wood 2. Fire 3. Earth 4. Metal 5. Water. Five Expedient Means Of Nien-fo Samadhi 1. calling the Buddha's name to attain rebirth in the Pure Land 2. visualizing the form of the Buddha to eradicate sins 3. realizing that all items of perception are mind-only 4. transcending both the mind and its objects of perception 5. the perfect understanding of nature origination Five Expedient Methods 1. freezing the mind dhyana (ning-hsin ch'an) 2. subduing the mind dhyana (chih-hsin ch'an) 3. true essence dhyana (t'i-chen ch'an) 4. expedient methods for conforming to circumstances dhyana (fang-pien sui-yuan ch'an) 5. eliminitating the distinctions of the two extremes dhyana (hsi erh-pien fen-p ieh ch'an) Five Eyes There are five kinds of eyes or vision 1 human eye: physical eyes, it is our flesh eye, an organ to see an object with limitation, for instance, in darkness, with obstruction. 2 divine eye: (perception of divine beings)it can see in darkness and in distanc e, attainable by men in dhyana (concentration/meditation). 3 wisdom eye: (perception of the two vehicles Sravakas and Pratyekabuddhas), the eye of Arhat and Two Vehicles i.e. the sound-hearers (Sravaka) and the Enlighte ned to Conditions (Praetyka-Buddha). It can see the false and empty nature of al l phenomena.

4 Dharma eye, (perception of the bodhisattvas) the eye of Bodhisattva. It can se e all the dharmas in the world and beyond the world. 5 Buddha eye: (perception of the Buddha), the eye of Buddha or omniscience. It c an see all that four previous eyes can see. Five Fetters 1. belief in individuality (drishti) 2. scepticism (vichikitsa) 3. clinging to rites and rules 4. craving or desire (trishna, kama) 5. hatred Five Forms of Decaying When the devas are dying, there are five symptoms: 1. the flowers around the crown 2. the clothes being dirty 3. having unpleasant smell in the body 4. sweating in armpit 5. Being unhappy in seat Five Fundamental Conditions Of Passions And Delusions Wrong views which are common to triloka Clinging or attachment in the desire realm Clinging or attachment in the form realm: Clinging or attachment in the formless realm which is still mortal; The state of unenlightenment which is the rootcause of all distressful delusion. Five Guides For Propagating Buddhism Of Nichiren 1. the teaching 2. the people's capacity 3. the time 4. the country 5. the sequence of propagation. Five Heinous Crimes 1. Killing one's father

2. Killing one's mother 3. Killing an ARHAT 4. Attempt to wound (draw blood from) a BUDDHA 5. Causing division amongst the SANGHA. Same as Five Hellish Sins, Five Offences Five Hellish Sins 1. patricide 2. matricide 3. murder of an arhat 4. injury to a buddha 5. creating a schism in the sangha Same as Five Heinous Crimes, Five Offences Five Hindrances 1. desire (abhidya) 2. ill will (pradosha) 3. sloth and topor (styana and middha) 4. restlessness and compunction (anuddhatya and kaukritya) 5. doubt (vichikitsa) Five Hindrances: 1. Sense craving or desire (abhidya) 2. Anger or ill will (pradosha) 3. Sloth and torpor (styana and middha) 4. Restlessness and worry (anuddhatya and kaukritya) 5. Doubt and the inner critic (vichikitsa) Five Houses Of Zen 1. House of Igyo (Igyo; Kuei-yang) 2. House of Rinzai (Linji; Lin-chi) 3. House of Soto (Caodong; Ts-ao-tung) 4. House of Ummon (Ummon; Yun-men) 5. House of Hogen (Fayan; Fa-yen)

Five Levels Of Achievement 1. subjectivity 2. objectivity 3. non-action (from which action emerges) 4. interfusion of action and non-action 5. freedom from both action and non-action Five Levels Of Discernment 1. dismissing the false, preserving the real (ch'ien-hsu ts'un-shi) 2. relinquishing the diffuse, retaining the pure (sh-lan liu-ch'un) 3. gathering in the extensions, returning to the source (she-mo kuei-pen) 4. suppressing the subordinate, manifesting the superior (yin-lueh shien-shen) 5. dismissing the phenomenal aspects, realizing the true nature (ch'ien-hsiang c heng-hsing) Five Meditations On Stopping The Mind 1. meditation on the vileness of the body 2. meditation on compassion 3. meditation on dependent origination 4. meditation on the correct discernment of the phenomenal world 5. breath-counting meditation Five Messengers They are five messengers of Manjusri: 1. Kesini 2. Upakesini 3. Citra 4. Vasumati 5. Akarsani Five Modes Of Existence 1. hell 2. hungry ghosts 3. animals

4. human beings 5. devas Five Mountain Monasteries Of China 1. Wanshou Monastery, Mt. Jing 2. Lingyin Monastery, Mt. Bei 3. Jingde Monastery, Mt. Taibo 4. Jingci Monastery, Mt. Nan 5. Guangli Monastery, Mt. Ayuwan Five Natures The natures of 1. Bodhisattvas, 2. Sravakas and Pratyekabuddhas, 3. ordinary good people, 4. agnostics, 5. heretics. Five Offences The five rebellious acts or deadly sins: 1. parricide, i.e., killing father 2. matricide, i.e., killing mother 3. killing an arhat 4. shedding the blood of a Buddha 5. destroying the harmony of the sangha, or fraternity. Five Paths Paths of: 1. Merit 2. Preparation 3. Insight 4. Meditation 5. Attainment. The definitions of these paths differs in the HINAYANA and MAHAYANA.:

Five Periods 1. Flower Garland period (3 weeks) 2. Agama period (12 years) 3. Vaipulya period (8 years) 4. Wisdom period (22 years) 5. Lotus and Nirvana period (8 years) Five Periods Of Impurity 1. the kalpa in decay, suffers deterioration giving rise to 2. deterioration of view, egoism arises 3. passions and delusions of desire, anger, stupidity, pride and doubt arise 4. resulting in increase in misery, decrease in happinness 5. span of human life gradually decreases to ten years Five Points Of Mahadeva Arahats may have 1. passions 2. ignorance 3. doubt 4. need to recieve instructions from others and 5. the Path may be attained by a sudden shout Five Positions Of Prince And Minister 1. real and the seeming 2. body and function 3. principle and activity 4. absolute and relative 5. noumenon and phenomenon Five Powers: 1. Faith and confidence 2. Energy and effort 3. Mindfulness 4. Samadhi

5. Wisdom Five Precepts The precepts taken by lay Buddhists: 1. Do not kill. 2. Do not steal. 3. Do not engage in sexual misconduct. 4. Do not lie. 5. Do not use intoxicants. It is essential for the rebirth in human realms. See also "Ten Precepts." Five Ranks Of The House Of Tsao-tung 1. the real containing the seeming 2. the seeming containing the real 3. resurgence of the real 4. the seeming uniting with the real 5. integration of the real and the seeming Five Relations Between Universality And Particularity Of Tung-shan 1. particularity in universality 2.universality in particularity 3. enlightenment emerging from universality 4. enlightenment emerging from particularity 5. enlightenment achieved between universality and particularity Five Relationships Traditional Confucian superior-subordinate social relationships between 1. father and son 2. elder brother and younger brother 3. husband and wife 4. elder friend and junior friend 5. ruler and subject. Five Sciences 1. Grammar

2. Logic 3. Medicine 4. Arts & crafts 5. Religious philosophy.: Five Sections Of The Pali Cannon 1. digh-nikaya; dirghama (long discourses) 2. majjhima-nikaya; madhyamagama (medium discourses) 3. smyutta-nikaya; samyuktagama (grouped, connected discourses) 4. anguttara-mikaya; ekottaragama (numerical discourses) 5. khuddaka-nikaya; ksuddakagama (division of smaller books) Five Skandhas Or Five Aggregates, the five groups of elements (Dharmas) into which all existen ces are classified in early Buddhism, that is, the five components of an intelligent beings, or psychological analysis of the mind: 1. Matter or Form (rupa) - the physical form responded to the five organs of sen ses, i.e., eye, ear, nose, tongue and body 2. Sensation or Feeling (vedana) - the feeling in reception of physical things b y the senses through the mind 3. Recognition or Conception (sanjna) - the functioning of mind in distinguishin g and formulating the concept 4. Volition or Mental Formation (samskara) - habitual action, i.e., a conditione d response to the object of experience, whether it is good or evil, you like or dislike 5. Consciousness (vijnana) - the mental faculty in regard to perception, cogniti on and experience Five Stages Of The Emergence Of Thought 1. the desires of the mundane world 2. discrimination of opposites arising from thoughtless states 3. idles thoughts leading to more of the same 4. shameful thoughts upon realization that one's previous thoughts have been idl e 5. quietude where one is free from thoughts of desire, discrimination, idleness, shame Five Taste Zen Of Guifeng Zongmi

1. non-Buddhist 2. ordinary people 3. Hinayana 4. Mahayana 5. Supreme-vehicle (Bodhidharma's Zen) Five Temptations 1. desire 2. anger or resentment 3. stupidity or foolishness 4. arrogance 5. doubt Five Turbidities 1. the defilement of views, when incorrect, perverse thoughts and ideas are pred ominant 2. the defilement of passions, when all kinds of transgressions are exalted 3. the defilement of the human condition, when people are usually dissatisfied a nd unhappy 4. the defilement of the life-span, when the human life-span as a whole decrease s 5. the defilement of the world-age, when war and natural disasters are rife. These conditions, viewed from a Buddhist angle, however, can constitute aids to Enlightenment, as they may spur practitioners to more earnest cultivation. Five Types Of Zen Of Kuei-feng 1. bonpu (practice without religious motivation) 2. gedo (religious practice outside of Buddhist teachings) 3. shojo (Hinayana zen directed towards one's own inner peace) 4. daijo (Mahayana zen; actualization of the 'great way' of Buddhism) 5. saijojo (shikantaza; realization of the buddha-nature of all beings) Five Watches Of The Night 1. 7 to 9 pm 2. 9 to 11 pm 3. 11 to 1 am

4. 1 to 3 am 5. 3 to 5 am Five Vehicles Pancayana in Sanskrit. The Five Vehicles conveying the karma-reward which diff ers according to the vehicle: 1 Human Vehicle - rebirth among human conveyed by observing the Five Commandment s (Five Precepts) 2 Deva Vehicle - among the devas by the Ten Forms of Good Actions (Ten Wholesome ness) 3 "Sound-Hearing" Arhat - among the sravakas by the Four Noble Truths 4 "Enlightened by Conditions" Arhat - among the pratyeka-buddhas by the Twelve N idanas 5 Bodhisattva - among the Bodhisattvas by the Six Paramita Five Virtues 1. faith 2. mindfulness 3. energy 4. concentration 5. wisdom. Five Wisdoms 1. gnosis or dharmadhatu 2. mirror-like 3. equality 4. discrimination 5. all-accomplishing: Five Wisdoms 1 Wisdom of the Embodied Nature of Dharma Realm - derived from amala-vijanana, i .e. pure consciousness (or mind). 2 Wisdom of the Great Round Mirror - derived from alaya-vijanana, (8th consciou sness) reflecting all things. 3 Wisdom in regard to all things equally and universally - derived from manovija nana (7th consciousness). 4 Wisdom of profound insight, or discrimination, for exposition and doubt - dest ruction - derived from the mind consciousness (6th consciousness).

5 Wisdom of perfecting the double work of self welfare and the welfare of others - derived from the five senses (1st to 5th consciousness). Five Wisdoms Of Mahavairochana 1. the wisdom of the essence of the phenomenal world 2. the great round mirror wisdom 3. the non-discriminating wisdom 4. the wisdom of insight into the particulars 5. the wisdom of perfect practice Five-fold Path Of Mahamudra Entire practice to Buddhahood based on the MAHAMUDRA practice of the KAGYU tradi tion of Tibet. The 5 paths are: 1. Meditation On Bodhicitta 2. Deity Yoga 3. Guru Yoga 4. Mahamudra Practice 5. Dedication of Merit Fivefold Cause And Effect Cause and effect in terms of: 1. object of belief 2. differentiation 3. equality 4. accomplishment of practice 5. entry of realization Fivefold Dharmakaya 1. above all moral conditions 2. tranquil and apart from false ideas 3. wise and omniscient 4. free, unlimited and unconditioned 5. perfect knowledge of 4 above Fivefold Method Of Commentary On A Sutra 1. explanation of the title

2. definition of its body or substance 3. determining its principle 4. consideration of its function or applicability 5. ascertaining its teaching Six Realms 1. Hell 2. Preta 3. Animal 4. Human 5. Asura 6. God realm Six (and Ten) Paramita Paramita means to cross over from this shore of births and deaths to the other s hore which is the Nirvana. The Six Paramita or means of so doings are 1. dana - charity/giving 2. sila - moral/conduct/taking precepts 3. ksanti - patience 4. virya - vigor/devotion/energy 5. dhyana - contemplation/meditation 6. prajna - wisdom. The Ten Paramita are the above plus 7. upaya - use of expedient or proper means 8. pranidhana - vow of bodhi and helpfulness 9. bala - strength 10. intelligence Six (seven) Ancient Buddhas 1. Vipashyin 2. Shikin 3. Vishvabhu 4. Krakuchchanda 5. Konagamana

6. Kashyapa (7. Shakyamuni) Six Activities 1. walking 2. standing still 3. sitting 4. lying down 5. eating 6. speaking Six Chakras Usually 1. Browpoint (third eye) 2. Crown 3. Throat 4. Heart 5. Navel 6. Genitals (Sometimes browpoint & crown are considered as one CHAKRA). Six Difficult Acts 1. to propagate the Lotus Sutra widely 2. to copy it or cause someone else to copy it 3. to recite it even for a short while 4. to teach it even to one person 5. to hear of and accept it and inquire about its meaning 6. to maintain faith in it. Six Fulfilment The six requirements indicating that the Sutra is a true record of teachings giv en directly by the Buddha. They are the fulfilment of meeting the requirement 1 on belief 2 on hearing

3 on time 4 on of the host 5 on place 6 on audiences Six Harmonies Of The Sangha 1. corporal harmony (the same work) 2. verbal harmony (the same silence) 3. mental harmony (the same tolerance) 4. ethical harmony (the same practice) 5. ideological harmony (the same understanding) 6. material harmony (the same equality of benefits) Six Heterodox Teachers 1. Puranakasyapa 2. Maskari-gosaliputra 3. Sanjaya-vairatiputra 4. Ajita-kesakambala 5. Kakuda-katyayana 6. Nirgrantha-jnatiputra Six Houses And Seven Schools 1. school of appearances as such 2. school of stored impressions 3. school of illusions 4. school of causal combination 5. school of the nonbeing of the mind 6. school of fundamental nonbeing 7. modified school of fundamental nonbeing Six Levels Of Reincarnation or Six Directions of Reincarnation 1. Naraka, as a spirit in hell 2. Presta, as a bodiless ghost (hungry ghost)

3. Tiryagyoni, as an animal 4. Asura, as a malevolent spirit 5. Manusya, as a human 6. Deva, as a deva i.e. Heavenly Existence Six Mahayana Perfections 1. Generosity (giving) 2. Moral discipline (ethics) 3. Patience 4. Effort, energy 5. Meditative concentration 5. Wisdom Six Patriarchs Of Zen 1. Bodhidharma (J. Bodaidaruma) 2. Hui-k'o; Dazu Huike (J. Taiso Eka) 3. Seng-ts'an; Jianzhi Sengcan (J. Kanchi Sosan) 4. Tao-hsin; Dayi Daoxin (J. Daii Doshin) 5. Hung-jen; Daman Hongren (J. Daiman Konin) 6. Hui-neng; Dajian Huineng (J. Daikan Eno) Six Perceptions Or Six Consciousness or Six External Bases, or Six Dusts or Six Gunas or Six Org ans or Six Indriyas or Six Places or Six Sense-organs or Six Sense Objects or Sa dayatana. Qualities produced by the objects and organs of sense: 1. Eye, sight, colours and forms (caksu) 2. Ear, hearing, sound (srotra) 3. Nose, smell, scent, odours (ghrana) 4. Tongue, taste (jihva) 5. Body, touch, tangibles, phenomena (kaya) 6. Mind, thought, idea (dharma), (mano-vijnana) Six Perfections Or Six Virtues or Six Perfections Of The Sutra On Perfect Wisdom 1. perfect charity (Generosity, dana)

2. perfect observation of the precepts [ethics, discipline] (sila) 3. perfect perseverance (ksanti) [patience; endurance] 4. perfect energy (virya) [zeal, effort and progress] 5. perfect meditation (concentration, dhyana) 6. perfect wisdom (prajna) Six Periods of Day and Night Six periods in a day, three for day and three for night, i.e. 1. Morning 2. Noon 3. Evening 4. Night 5. Midnight 6. Dawn. Six Preparatory Practices (Before meditation) 1. Cleaning up and setting up the altar 2. Make offerings on the altar 3. Sit comfortably, check the state of mind, taking refuge & generating bodhicit ta 4. Visualize the merit field 5. Seven-limbed prayer and mandala offering 6. Request the guru for inspiration Six Procedures For Attaining 1. determining where your mistakes lies; discriminating between good and evil 2. remedies for these mistakes 3. applying the remedies to correct the mistakes 4. from excessive quietude, innocence arises 5. quietude without consciousness leads to innocence; consciousness without uietude leads to discrimination 6. consciousness plus quietude leads to illumination, freeing the mind of crimination and attachment Six Propositons Of Hua-yen q dis

1. manifesting object within object 2. manifesting subject within subject 3. manifesting object within subject 4. manifesting subject within object 5. manifesting subject and object 6. manifesting object and subject within subject Six Psychic Power Or Six Supernatural Powers 1. the phychic power of the heavenly eye - divine sight 2. the psychic power of the heavenly ear - divine hearing 3. phychic power with regard to post lives - knowledge of all forms of previous existences of self and others 4. phychic power with regard to the minds- knowledge of the minds of all beings 5. the spiritually based psychic powers - power to appear at will in any place a nd to have absolute freedom 6. the psychic power of the extinction of outflows - insight into the ending of birth and death Six Realms Of Existence: Or Six Planes Of Existence, See also "Evil Paths." 1. Hell-beings 2. Hungry ghosts 3. Animals 4. Humans 5. Asuras, anti-gods or demigods 6. Gods, celestials These paths can be understood as states of mind. Six Tastes 1. bitter 2. sour 3. sweet 4. hot

5. salty 6. plain Six Yogas Of Naropa Tantric meditation system, comprising the heart of the COMPLETION STAGE practice in the KAGYU school of Tibetan Buddhism: Six Yogas Of Niguma Meditation system similar to the 6 YOGAS OF NAROPA: Six-session Guru Yoga Set of daily tantric meditations intended to keep the daily tantric commitments: Seven Limbed Prayer 1. Prostration 2. Offering 3. Confession 4. Rejoicing 5. Requesting the Buddhas to remain and teach DHARMA, 6. Dedication.: Seven Aids To Enlightenment (Jpn.: shichi-kakushi or shichi-bodaibun) Seven practices conducive to enlighte nment. They are 1. Memory 2. Discrimination 3. Exertion 4. Joy, 5. Lightness and ease 6. Meditation 7. Impartiality (also referred to as indifference) Seven Arrogances 1. to think that one is superior to those inferior to oneself and that one is eq ual to one's equals 2. to think that one is superior to one's equals and equal to those who are supe rior to oneself 3. to think that one is superior to those superior to oneself

4. to be attached to the self based on the delusion that one's life is a permane nt entity 5. to think that one has gained a truth that one has not yet perceived 6. to think that one is not much inferior to those who far surpass oneself 7. to pretend to possess virtue when one lacks virtue Seven Articles (seven Possessions Of A Monk) 1. three robes 2. one bowl 3. incense burner 4. whisk 5. prostration cloth 6. paper bedcloth 7. bathing articles Seven Degrees Of Enlightenment 1. discerning the true and the false (dharma-pravicaya-sambodhyanga) 2. zeal to practice the Dharma (virya-sambodhyanga) 3. delight in the Dharma (pritisambodhyanga) 4. riddance of all coarseness and weight of body and mind ( prasra-sambodhyanga) 5. power of remembering dhyana and prajna (smrti-sambodhyanga) 6. power to realize singleness of mind (samadhi-sambodhyanga) 7. indifference to, renunciation of, all states (upeksa-sambodhyanga) Seven Emotions 1. pleasure 2. anger 3. sorrow 4. joy 5. love 6. hate 7. desire Seven Fundamental Elements 1. fire

2. earth 3. water 4. wind 5. space 6. knowledge 7. perceptibility Seven Gems Or Seven Treasures 1. Gold 2. Silver 3. lapis azuli 4. Crystal 5. Agate or Mother-of-pearl 6. Rubies or Red pearls 7. Carnelian They represent the seven powers of 1. faith 2. perseverance 3. sense of shame 4. avoidance of wrongdoing 5. mindfulness 6. concentration 7. wisdom. Seven Halls (of A Zen Monastery) 1. mountain gate (J. sanmon) 2. buddha hall (J. butsuden) 3. lecture hall (J. hatto) 4. latrine (J. tosu) 5. monks' hall (J. sodo) 6. bath house (J. yokushitusu)

7. kitchen-office (J. kuin) Seven Items (characteristics) Of A Teacher 1. great capacity and great function 2. swiftness of wit and eloquence 3. wondrous spirituality of speech 4. the active edge to kill or bring life 5. wide learning and broad experience 6. clarity of mirroring awareness 7. freedom to appear or disappear Seven Points Vairochana Posture 1. legs in VAJRA position; 2. hands in MEDITATION MUDRA 3. back straight 4. eyelids half open, look to ground in front 5. tongue against upper pallet 6. shoulders straight 7. Mind relaxed Seven Precious Objects Possessions of a Universal Monarch (symbolizing the 7 ENLIGHTENMENT factors): 1. Wheel (mindfulness) 2. Elephant (WISDOM) 3. Horse (Energy, LUNG) 4. Jewel (Joy) 5. Queen (tranquility) 6. Minister (concentration) 7. General (equanimity). Seven Purities purity in 1. the precepts 2. in heart

3. in views 4. in doubt-discrimination 5. in judgement 6. in intellection 7. in nirvana Seven Riches 1. hearing the Dharma 2. faith 3. discipline 4. meditation 5. zeal and devotion 6. abnegation 7. shame Seven Title Classification Sutra titles fall into seven classes accordingly to their reference to person, D harma and analogy. A Three Single 1 Solely by reference to people, e.g. the Amitabha Sutra 2 Solely by reference to Dharma, e.g. the Mahaparinirvana Sutra 3 Solely by analogy, e.g. The Brahma Net Sutra B Three Paired 4 By reference to a person and a Dharma, e.g. The Sutra of the Questions of Manj ushri 5 By reference to a person and an analogy, e.g. The Sutra of the Lion's Roar of the Thus Come One 6 By reference to a Dharma and an analogy, e.g. The Wonderful Dharma Lotus Flowe r Sutra. C Three-in-one 7 By reference to person, Dharma and analogy together, e.g. The Great Universal Buddha Flower Adornment Sutra Eight Leisures And Ten Endowments Eight Leisures are freedom from:

1-5. rebirth as hell-being, preta, animal, demi-god or god, 6. incomplete organs 7. Five Heinous Crimes 8. no views opposite to Three Jewels Ten Endowments: 1. human 2. organs intact 3. not having performed the Five Heinous Crimes 4. no views opposite Three Jewels 5. not crazy 6. living in land with DHARMA 7. not living in a barbarian country 8. time when DHARMA has appeared 9. DHARMA teachers/centers/practitioners are around 10. people appreciate and help practitioners. Eight Aspects Of Attaining The Way 1. the future Buddha's descent from the Tusita heaven 2. birth on earth 3. leaving home 4. cultivating ascetic practices 5. conquering demons 6. realizing enlightenment 7. teaching 8. entering final nirvana Eight Auspicious Symbols Or Eight Lucky Signs 1. Umbrella 2. Fish 3. Treasure vase 4. Lotus

5. Conch 6. (long-life)-knot 7. Banner of victory 8. Dharma wheel Eight Auspicious Symbols (ashtamangala) 1. parasol (symbol of royal dignity) 2. two fish (symbol of the universal monarch) 3. conch shell (symbol of victory in battle) 4. lotus blossom (symbol of purity) 5. vase of sacred water (the nectar of immortality) 6. furled banner (symbol of victory of spirituality) 7. knot of eternity 8. wheel of the Dharma Eight Bodhisattvas (Close entourtage of Shakyamuni buddha) 1. Manjushri 2. Vajrapani 3. Avalokiteshvara 4. Kshitigarbha 5. Sarvanivaranaviskambini 6. Akashagarbha 7. Maitreya 8. Samantabhadra Eight Chinese Zen Schools 1. Oxhead School (Niutou Farong) 2. East Mountain School (Dayi Daoxin & Daman Hongren) 3. Northern School (Yuquan Shenxiu) 4. Southern School (Dajian Huineng) 5. Sichuan School (Zizhou Zhishen) 6. Heze School (Heze Shenhui)

7. Hongzhou School (Mazu Daoyi) 8. Hunan School (Shitou Xiqian) Eight Difficult Situations (to See The Buddha Or Hear The Dharma) 1. hell 2. realm of hungry ghosts 3. realm of animals 4. remotest districts 5. heaven of longevity 6. realm of those born before and after the Buddha 7. realm of those with common sense or eloquence 8. realm of the blind, deaf and dumb Eight Divisions Of Gods And Dragons Devas (gods) Nagas (Dragons) and others of eight divisions (classes): 1. Deva 2. Nagas 3. Yakas 4. Ganharvas 5. Asuras 6. Gaudas 7. Kinaras 8. Mahoragas Eight Liberations 1. liberation by examination and realization of the filthiness of all things 2. liberation when no subjectivie desire arises 3. liberation from all desires 4. liberation by realization of the infinity of space 5. liberation in realizing infinite knowledge 6. liberation in realizing nothingness 7. liberation where there is neither thought or no thought 8. liberation by the extinction of sensation (vedana) and conception (sanjna)

Eight Mysterious Qualities Of The Ocean 1. it gradually becomes deeper 2. being deep, its bottom is hard to fathom. Third, 3. its salty taste is the same everywhere 4. its ebb and flow follows certain rules 5. it contains various treasure storehouses 6. creatures of great size exist and dwell in it 7. it refuses to house corpses 8. it takes in all rivers and heavy rainfall without either increasing or decrea sing Eight Negations The eight negations of Nagarjuna, founder of Madhyamika, are actually four pairs of * neither birth nor death * neither end nor permanence * neither identity nor difference * neither coming nor going. This is one of the important concepts of the Middle Way, the ultimate truth of B uddhism and the reality character of all Dharma. Eight Negations Of Nagarjuna 1. no elimination 2. no production 3. no destruction 4. no eternity 5. no unity 6. no manifoldness 7. no arriving 8. no departing Eight Precepts Or Eight Mahayana Precepts . They are: 1 no killing 2 no stealing

3 no sexual misconduct 4 no false speech 5 no alcoholic drink 6 no cosmetic, personal adnornments, dancing or music 7 no sleeping on fine beds 8 no eating after noon Eight Sufferings 1. Suffering of Birth 2. Suffering of Old Age 3. Suffering of Sickness 4. Suffering of Death 5. Suffering of being apart from the loved ones 6. Suffering being together with the despised ones 7. Suffering of not getting what one wants 8. Suffering of the flourishing of the Five Skandhas Eight Verses Of Thought Transformation Short essential text of the Kadampa Master Langri Thangpa. Eight Winds Winds of Eight Directions. Most people are usually moved by the winds of the eig ht directions: 1. Praise 2. Ridicule 3. Suffering 4. Happiness 5. Benefit 6. Destruction 7. Gain 8. Loss. Eight Worldly Dharmas Desire for:

1. Fame 2. Worldly pleasure 3. Material gain 4. Praise Feeling unhappy when: 5. Loosing fame 6. Loosing worldly pleasure 7. Loosing material gain 8. When hearing harsh or unpleasant criticism towards ourselves. Eight-fold Noble Path Correct: understanding, view, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, c oncentration.: Eighteen Different Characters There are eighteen different characters of a Buddha as compared with all other b eings in the Nine Realms. 1 His perfection of body (or person) 2 His perfection of mouth (or speech) 3 His perfection of memory 4 His perfection of impartiality to all 5 Serenity 6 Self-sacrifice 7 Unceasing desire to save 8 Unflagging zeal therein to save 9 Unfailing thought thereto to save 10 Unceasing wisdom to save 11 Powers of deliverance 12 The principle of the powers of deliverance 13 Revealing perfect wisdom in deed 14 Revealing perfect wisdom in word 15 Revealing perfect wisdom in thought 16 Perfect knowledge of the past

17 Perfect knowledge of the future 18 Perfect knowledge of the present Eightfold Noble Path Or Eightfold Path or Middle Path. The way Buddha Gautama prescribed to reduce un iversal suffering. 1. Right view, beliefs (samyagdrsti) 2. Right intention, thought, aspirations (samyaksamkalpa) 3. Right speech, (samyag-vac) 4. Right action, conduct (samya-karmanta) 5. Right livelihood, (samyag-ajiva) 6. Right effort, zeal (samyag-vyayama) 7. Right mindfulness, rememberance of the right Dharma; (samyak-smrti) 8. Right concentration, meditation, contemplation (samyak-samadhi) Nine Consciousness 1. sight consciousness (chakshur-vijnana ) 2. hearing consciousness (shrota-vijnana) 3. smell consciousness (ghrana-vijnana) 4. taste consciousness (jihvavijnana) 5. touch consciousness (kaya-vijnana) 6. mind consciousness (mano-vijnana) 7. mano-consciousness; 'the inner spiritual world' (mano-vijnana) 8. alaya consciousness; 'store-house' consciousness; the 'unconscious' (alaya-vi jnana) 9. amala consciousness; fundamental pure consciousness (amala-vijnana) Nine Patriarchs Of T'ien T'ai 1. Nagarjuna 2. Hui Wen 3.Hui Ssu 4. Chih Che (Chih-i) 5. Kuan Ting 6. Fa Hua

7. T'ien Kung 8. Tso Ch'i 9. Chan Jan Nine Realms The nine realms of error, or subjection to passions, i.e. all the realms of the living except the tenth and highest, the Buddha-realm. the hell, the hungry ghost, the animal, the man, the Asura, the gods, the Arhat (sound hearer), the Arhat (enlightened to condition), and the Bodhisattra. Nine Round Breathing Meditation technique using 9 in- and exhalations and visualisations to calm and clear the mind: Nine Stages of Lotus Flowers Or Nine Grades, Classes of Lotus Flowers, i.e. 1. upper superior 2. middle superior 3. lower superior 4. upper medium 5. middle medium 6. lower medium 7. upper inferior 8. middle inferior 9. lower inferior which represent ninefold future life , of the Pure Land, corresponding to ous life, upon which depends, in the e consequent aeons that are required into Pure Land. The nine grades, or rewards the nine grades of development in the previ next life, one's distance from Amitabha, th to approach Amitabha, and whether one's lot

us will open early or late. Nine Worlds 1. Bodhisattvas 2. Pratyekas 3. Sravakas 4. devas 5. men 6. asuras 7. animals 8. hungry ghosts 9. denizens of hell Buddha's Ten Reasons For Giving A Ruling 1. for the excellence of the sangha 2. for the comfort of the sangha 3. for the restraint of evil-minded men 4. for the ease of well-behaved monks 5. for the control of the contaminations in the here and now 6. for the combattng of the contaminants if future worlds 7. for the benefit of outsiders 8. for the increase in the number of insiders 9. for the establishing of the dhamma 10. for following the rules of discipline Ten Bhumis (stages) stages on the path to Buddhahood: Ten Bodies Of Buddhas 1. the body of sentient beings 2. the body of lands 3. the body of rewards of action 4. the body of Buddhist disciples 5. the body of self-enlightened people

6. the body of enlightening beings 7. the body of completely enlightened ones 8. the body of knowledge 9. the body of space 10. the body of reality Ten Bodies Of The Completely Enlightened Ones 1. the body of enlightenment 2. the body of vows 3. the incarnate body 4. the body of preservation of enlightening teachings 5. the body of adornment with marks of greatness 6. the body of powers 7. the body of adaptation 8. the body of virtues 9. the body of knowledge 10. the body of reality Ten Bonds 1. shamelessness 2. unblushingness 3. envy 4. meanness 5. regretfulness 6. torpidity 7. unstableness 8. gloominess 9. anger 10. secret sinning Ten Concentrations 1. universal light 2. subtle light

3. psychic powers to travel to all lands 4. practice with a pure profound mind 5. knowing the treasury of adornments of the past 6. treasury of light of knowledge 7. knowing the adornments of Buddhas in all worlds 8. different bodies of all living beings 9. cosmic freedom 10. unobstructed wheel Ten Contemplations Contemplations (meditation) on 1. the Enlightened One (Buddha) 2. the teaching (dharma) 3. the community (sangha) 4. discipline (shila) 5. generosity (dana) 6. heavenly beings (deva) 7. death 8. the body 9. the breath (anapanasati) 10. peace Ten Dharma Realms also known as ten states of existence, which are 1 Hell 2 Ghost 3 Animal 4 Asura 5 Man 6 Deva 7 Sravaka (Sound-Hearer Arhat) 8 Praetyka-Buddha

9 Bodhisattva 10 Buddha Each Dharma realm has its own characteristics, and its existence is attributed t o the retribution of the beings. The lowest six realms (1-6) are known as the Si x Paths or Six Realms. These six states of existence are subjected to birth and death, and then rebirth for many lives. The upper four realms are known as the F our Holy Realms. These four states of existence are beyond birth and death and l iberated from the Samsara For details, please refer to Part 2 of Buddhism In A Nutshell, which appeared in Vol. 1 No. 4 of Buddhist Door, March 1996. Ten Directions 1. north 2. south 3. east 4. west 5. northeast 6. southeast 7. northwest 8. southwest 9. up, Zenith 10. down, Nadir Ten Disciples Of Hui-neng 1. Fa-hai 2. Chih-ch'eng 3. Fa-ta 4. Chih-ch'ang 5. Chih-t'ung 6. Chih-ch'e 7. Chih-tao 8. Fa-chen 9. Fa-ju 10. Shen-hui Ten Epithets Of The Buddha

1. perfect 2. holy one or saint 3. fully enlightened 4. gifted in knowledge 5. well-gone one 6. knower of the worlds 7. unsurpassable teacher of men 8. teacher of gods and men 9. awakened one 10. sublime one Ten Evil Acts 1. Killing 2. stealing 3. sexual misconduct 4. lying 5. slander 6. coarse language 7. empty chatter 8. covetousness 9. angry speech 10. wrong views Ten Fetters 1. belief in individuality (drishti) 2. scepticism (vichikitsa) 3. clinging to rites and rules 4. craving or desire (trishna, kama) 5. hatred 6. craving for refined corporeality 7. craving for incorporeality 8. conceit

9. excitability 10. ignorance Ten Good Deeds The Ten Forms of Good Actions for layman, or Ten Wholesomeness. 1 No killing 2 No stealing 3 No adultery 4 No lying 5 No slandering 6 No harsh speech 7 No idle talks 8 No greed 9 No hatred 10 No illusion It is essential for the rebirth in Deva realm. Ten Great Disciples of Skakyamuni Buddha They are: 1 Mahakasyapa in Sanskrit, Mahakassapa in Pali. - first in ascetism. 2 Ananda - first in having heard the words of Buddha. 3 Sariputra in Sanskrit, Sariputta in Pali. - first in wisdom. 4 Subhuti - first in expressing emptiness. 5 Purna - first in explaining good law. 6 Maudgalyayana in Sanskrit, Moggallana in Pali. - first in supernatural power. 7 Katyayana - first in preaching. 8 Aniruddha in Sanskrit, Anuruddha in Pali. - first in the sharpness of his divi ne eyes. 9 Upali - first in taking precepts. 10 Rahula - first in esoteric practices and in desire for instruction in the la w. Ten Great Disciples Of The Buddha 1. Mahakashyapa

2. Ananda 3. Shariputra 4. Subhuti 5. Purna 6. Mahamaudgalyayana 7. Katyayana 8. Aniruddha 9. Upali 10. Rahula Ten Great King Vows The vows of Visvabhadra Bodhisattva: 1 To worship and respect all Buddhas. 2 To praise the Thus Come One. 3 To practise offerings. 4 To repent all karmic hindrance. 5 To rejoice and follow merits and virtue. 6 To request that the Dharma wheel be turned. 7 To request that the Buddha remain in the world. 8 To follow the Buddha's teachings. 9 To live in accord with all living beings. 10 To spread all merits and virtue. Ten Great Vows The famous vows of the Bodhisattva Samantabhadra in the Avatamsaka Sutra. These vows represent the quintessence of this Sutra and are the basis of all Mahayana practice. Studying the vows and putting them into practice is tantamount to studying the A vatamsaka Sutra and practicing its teachings. See also "Samantabhadra." Ten Meritorious Deeds The Ten Meritorious Deeds allow people to gain a happy and peaceful life as well as to develop knowledge and understanding. They are: 1 Charity 2 Morality / Taking Precepts

3 Mental cultivation / Meditation 4 Reverence or respect 5 Services in helping others 6 Transference of merits 7 Rejoicing in the merits of others 8 Preaching and teaching Dharma 9 Listening the Dharma 10 Straightening one's own views Ten Names Of The Buddha 1. Tathagata 2. Arahat 3. Unsurpassable Enlightened One 4. Holder of True Knowledge and Conduct 5. Well-Arrived One 6. Knower of the World 7. Matchless One 8. Excellent Trainer 9. Teacher of Devas and Humans 10. Buddha, the World-honored One Ten Non-virtuous Or Ten Non-virtuous Actions Body 1. Killing 2. Stealing 3. Sexual misconduct Speech 4. Lying 5. Divisive speech, slander 6. Harsh speech, abusive speech 7. Idle gossip

Mind 8. Craving, covetousness 9. Aversion, ill-will 10 Delusion, wrong view Ten Offerings For the material there are ten kinds of offerings in Buddhism: 1 incense 2 flower 3 lamp 4 necklace 5 jeweled parasols 6 banners and canopies 7 clothes 8 fruit and food 9 music 10 joined palms Ten Paramita: 1. Giving or generosity 2. Virtue, ethics, morality 3. Renunciation, letting go, not grasping 4. Wisdom and insight 5. Energy, vigour, vitality, diligence 6. Patience or forbearance 7. Truthfulness 8. Resolution, determination, intention 9. Kindness, love, friendliness 10. Equanimity Ten Perfections 6 PERFECTIONS plus: method, prayer, power, exalted wisdom. Ten Powers

The Ten Powers of Buddha or Bodhisattva are the complete knowledge of 1 what is right or wrong in every condition 2 what is the karma of every being, past, present and future 3 all stages of dhyana liberation and samadhi 4 the powers and faculties of all beings 5 the desires or moral directions of every being 6 the actual condition of every individual 7 the direction and consequence of all laws 8 all causes of mortality and of good and evil in their reality 9 the end of all beings and Nirvana 10 the destruction of all illusion of every kind Ten Powers Of A Buddha to know: 1. what is right and wrong in every situation 2. the retributive effects of past, present and future karmas of every being 3. all stages of dhyana liberation and samadhi 4. the powers and faculties of all beings 5. the desires or moral direction of every being 6. the actual condition of every being 7. the direction and consequences of all laws 8. all causes of morality and good and evil in their reality 9. the end of all beings and nirvana 10. the destruction of all illusion of every kind Ten Precepts 1. not to kill 2. not to steal 3. not to commit sexual misconduct 4. not to lie 5. not to sell liquor 6. not to speak of the faults of lay or home-leavers

7. not to praise self or disparage others 8. not to hold back teaching or materials 9. not to harbour anger 10. not to slander the three treasures Ten Precepts Include an expanded version of the Five Precepts of body and mouth (not to kill, steal, engage in illicit sex, lie, or take intoxicants) with the addition of th e virtues of the mind (elimination of greed, anger and delusion). See also "Five Precepts," "Ten Evil Acts." Ten Procedures For Repentance Of Chih-i 1. preparations (for self-inspection?) 2. adorning the sanctuary 3. performing obeisance 4. fixing one's attention (mindfulness) 5. preparing the willow and water 6. inviting the Three Jewels 7. reciting the dharani 8. exposing and confessing (sins) 9. doing prostrations 10. sitting in meditation Ten Profound Applications Of Mind 1. purity 2. stability 3. reliquishment 4. freedom from craving 5. nonregression 6. firmness 7. glowing brightness 8. courage 9. broadmindedness 10. magnanimity

Ten Profound States Of Mind 1. truthfulness 2. flexibility 3. capability 4. control 5. peacefulness 6. pure goodness 7. nondefilement 8. nonattachment 9. broadmindedness 10. magnanimity Ten Qualities For Those On The Eightfold Path 1. steadfastness 2. sincerity 3. self-respect 4. vigilance 5. seclusion from the world 6. contentment with little 7. simplicity of tastes 8. non-attachment 9. aversion of worldly activities 10. patience Ten Realms Of T'ien-t'ai 1. realm of the five aggregates; the phenomenal realm 2. realm of blind passions 3. realm of illness 4. realm of karmic law 5. realm of demons 6. realm of meditation 7. realm of dogmatic views (about meditation)

8. realm of arrogance and pride 9. realm of two vehicles (rooted in negative emptiness) 10. realm of the bodhisattvas Ten Royal Virtues (for Kings) 1. alms-giving (dana) 2. morality (sila) 3. liberality (pariccaga) 4. honesty (ajjava) 5. mildness(maddava) 6. self-restricition (tapas) 7. Non-anger (akkodha) 8. non-violence (avihimsa) 9. patience (khanti) 10. non-offensiveness (avirodhana) Ten Rules (for Bodhisattvas) 1. not to kill 2. not to steal 3. not to commit adultery 4. not to tell lies 5. not to use harsh words 6. not to utter words causing enmity between people 7. not to engage in idle talk 8. not to be greedy 9. not to be angry 10 not to have wrong views Ten Rules (of Living) 1. Avoid the path of degredation; foster relations with virtuous people 2. Live in an environment that fosters spiritual practice and good character 3. Learn more about the Dhamma, the precepts and your own trade in depth 4. Take care well of your parents, spouse and children 5. Share time, resources and happiness with others

6. Cultivate virtue; avoid alcohol and gambling 7. Cultivate humility, gratitude and simple living 8. Seek opportunities to be close to monks to study the Way 9. Live a life based on the Four Noble Truths 10. Learn to meditate to end suffering Ten Schools of Chinese Buddhism 1 Kosa 2 Satyasiddhi 3 Madhyamika 4 Tien Tai 5 Hua Yen 6 Dharmalaksana 7 Vinaya 8 Chan 9 Esoteric 10 Pure Land Ten Stages In The Process Of Enlightenment (Tsung-mi's) 1. sudden enlightenment (sun-wu) 2. resolving to attain enlightenment (fa-hsin) 3. cultivating the five practices (hsiu wu-hsing) 4. spiritual development (k'ai-fa) 5. emptiness of self (wu-k'ung) 6. emptiness of dharma (fa-k'ung) 7. mastery of form (se-tzu-tsai) 8. mastery of mind (hsin-tzu-tsai) 9. freedom from thought (li-nien) 10. attainment of Buddhahood (ch'eng-fo) Ten Stages Of A Bodhisattvas Progress They are the following: Joy at having overcome former difficulties and at now entering the path to Buddh ahood; (

Freedom from all possible defilement, the stage of purity The stage of further enlightenment Glowing wisdom Mastery of the utmost or final difficulties The open way of wisdom that is beyond purity and impurity Proceeding afar, above the concept of "self" in order to save others Attainment of calm imperturbability Achievement of the finest discriminatory wisdom; knowing, expediently, where and how to save; possessing the ten powers Attainment of the fertilizing powers of the Law Cloud. Ten Stages of Bodhisattva Or Ten Stages Of Bodhisatttvahood. These are the ten stages of development of Bo dhisattva depending on their merits and virtues: 1 Pramudita (joy) - joy at having overcome the difficulties and sufferings, now entering on the path to Buddhahood 2 Vimala (purity) - freedom from all possible defilement 3 Prabhakari (enlightenment) - stage of further enlightenment 4 Arcismati (widsom) - stage of glowing wisdom 5 Sudurjaya (no difficulty) - stage of mastering the utmost difficulties 6 Abhimukhi (open way, presence) - the open way of wisdom above definitions of i mpurity and purity 7 Duramgama (proceeding afar, travelling afar) - getting above ideas of self in order to save others 8 Acala (unperturbed) - attainment of being unperturbed 9 Sadhumati (discriminatory wisdom, perfect intellect) - the finest discriminato ry wisdom, knowing where and how to save, and possessing the Ten Powers 10 Dharma megha (law cloud, clouds of truth) - attainment of the fertilizing pow ers of law cloud Ten Stages Of Development Of A Bodhisattva Into A Buddha 1. dry wisdom stage 2. embryo stage of the nature of Buddha truth 3. stage of eight patient endurances 4. freedom from wrong views

5. freedom from six of the nine delusions in practice 6. freedom from the remaining three 7. complete discrimination in regard to wrong views and thoughts 8. pratyekabuddhahood 9. bodhisattvahood 10. Buddhahood Ten Theravada Perfections 1. Generosity 2. Moral discipline 3. Patience 4. Effort 5. Meditative concentration 6. Wisdom 7. Renunciation 8. Truthfulness 9. Loving-kindness 10. Equanimity Ten Titles of Buddha Represent the characteristics of Buddha 1 Tathagata - the Thus Come Ones 2 Arhat - worthy of offerings 3 Samyak-sambuddha - of proper and universal knowledge 4 Vidyacarna-sampauna - perfect in understanding and conduct 5 Sugata - skilful in leaving the world through liberation 6 Lokavid - perfect and complete understanding of all worldly Dharma 7 Anuttara - unsurpassed knights 8 Purusa-damya-sarathi - taming heroes 9 Sasta deramanusyanam - teachers of gods and people 10 Buddha-lokanatha or Bhagaran - Buddha, the World Honored Ones Ten Vehicles of Meditation

Vehicles is the means to take living beings across from suffering to Nirvana. Th ough there are ten vehicles, there is only one teaching (Dharma), i.e., Inconcei vable Virtues of the Self-mind, and the other nine are supplementary. According to Tien Tai Sect, the ten vehicles are: 1 Meditation of Inconceivable Virtue of the Self-mind perior roots 2 Meditation of Real Bodhicitta 3 Meditation of Expedient Dwelling of Mind 4 Meditation of Breaking Universal Dharma 5 Meditation of Penetrating through Obstructed Consciousness 6 Meditation of Commissioning all Chapters of Paths 7 Meditation of Confronting Delusion and Advocating Enlightenment 8 Meditation of Understanding the Stages of Fruition 9 Meditation of Calmness and Endurance 10 Meditation of Non-attachment of Dharma Eleven kinds of good roots These are eleven good Dharmas of the fifty one Dharmas belonging to the heart. 1 faith 2 shame 3 remorse 4 absence of greed 5 absence of hatred 6 absence of stupidity 7 vigor 8 transquility 9 non-laxity 10 non-harming 11 renunciation Eleven Links Of (inter)dependent Origination Or Causation 1. Ignorance 2. compositional factors causing misperception 3. consciousness highest order for su

4. name and form 5. the six senses 6. contact 7. feeling 8. craving 9. grasping 10. becoming 11. (re-)birth, aging & death Eleven Ways Of Helping Sentient Beings Helping those who are * SUFFERING; * are ignorant of KARMA; * have previously helped you; * are in danger; * full of grief; * poor; * homeless; * already on the true Path; * or on a wrong path;:: Twelve Bases The Six Internal Bases and the Six External Bases are together called the Twelve Bases. Base implies the meaning of germinating and nourishing. All mental activ ities are germinated and nourished from these Twelve Bases. Twelve Divisions (of Mahayana) 1. sutra (prose discourses) 2. geya (verses which repeat the substance of the sutras) 3. gatha (verses of ideas not contained in the sutras) 4. nidana (historical narratives) 5. itivrittaka (past lives of the disciples of the Buddha) 6. jataka (past lives of the Buddha) 7. adbhutadharma (tales of the Buddha's miracles)

8. avadana (allegories) 9. upadesa (discussions of the doctrine) 10. udana (statements by the Buddha not in reply to questions) 11. vaipulya (sutras on broad subjects) 12. vyakarana (prophecies of the Buddha regarding enlightement of his es) Twelve Entrances Of Hui-neng 1. six dusts 2. six gates Twelve Links Of Dependent Arising 1. Ignorance 2. (Mental) formations 3. Consciousness 4. Name and form 5. Six Senses 6. Contact 7. Feeling 8. Craving 9. Grasping 10 Becoming 11. Birth 12. Aging and death Twelve Links Of Dependent Arising: 1. Ignorance 2. Karmic formations 3. Consciousness 4. Name and form 5. Six senses 6. Contact 7. Feeling 8. Craving discipl

9. Grasping 10. Becoming 11. Birth 12. Aging and Death Twelve Sense Media the six sense organs or facilities, including cognition their six associated data fields Twelve-membered Dependent Origination; Twelve Links Of The Chain Of Causation 1.avidya (ignorance) 2. samskara (volition = karman) 3. vijnana (consciousness) 4. nama-rupa (name-form) 5. sadayatana (six organs) 6. sparsa (contact) 7. vedana (feelings) 8. trsna (desire) 9. upadana (attachment) 10. bhava (existence = karman) 11. jati (birth) 12. jara-marana (old age and death) Sixteen Defilements Of The Jnanaprasthana 1. three fetters (samyojana) 2. three unvirtuous roots (akusalamula) 3. three fluxes (asrava) 4. four floods (ogha) 5. four connections (yoga) 6. four attachments (grahana) 7. four ties to the body (kayagrantha) 8. five hindrances (nivarana) 9. five fetters (samyojana)

10. five fetters of the lower realms (avarabhagiyasamyojana) 11. five fetters of the upper realms (urdhvabhagiyasamyojana) (see Ten Fetters) 12. five views (drsti) 13. six desires (kamakaya) 14. seven contaminants (anusaya) 15. nine fetters (samyojana) 16. ninety-eight contaminants (anusaya) Sixteen Emptinesses Explanation of EMPTINESS on the basis of categorising 16 types of phenomena: Sixteen Hearts There are eight hearts within the Desire Realm: 1 Patience regarding the Dharma involved in Suffering 2 Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Suffering 3 Patience regarding the Dharma involving in Acculumation 4 Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Acculumation 5 Patience regarding the Dharma involved in Extinction 6 Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Extinction 7 Patience regarding the Dharma involved in Way 8 Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Way Note that the Truths of Suffering, Acculumation, Extinction and Way are the Four Noble Truths, which is the fundamental doctrine in Buddhism, particularly Hinay ana. There are the other eight hearts within the Form Realm and the Formless Realm: 1 Subsequent Patience regarding Suffering 2 Subsequent Wisdom regarding Suffering 3 Subsequent Patience regarding Acculumation 4 Subsequent Wisdom regarding Acculumation 5 Subsequent Patience regarding Extinction 6 Subsequent Wisdom regarding Extinction 7 Subsequent Patience regarding Way 8 Subsequent Wisdom regarding Way

Eighteen Elements 1. the six sense organs 2. their objects 3. their perceptions Eighteen Fields The Six Consciousness and the Twelve Bases are together called the Eighteen Fiel ds. Eighteen Sects of Hinayana I Mahasanghikah is divided into eight schools: 1 Ekavyavaharikah 2 Lokottaravadinah 3 Kaukkutikah (Gokulika) 4 Bahusrutiyah 5 Prajnativadinah 6 Jetavaniyah (Caityasailah) 7 Avarasailah 8 Uttarasailah II Sthavirah or Aryasthavirah is divided into ten schools: 1 Haimavatah 2 Vatsiputriyah (developed from Sarvastivadah) 3 Dharmottariyah (developed from Vatsiputriyah) 4 Bhadrayaniyah (developed from Vatsiputriyah) 5 Sammatiyah (developed from Vatsiputriyah) 6 Sannagarikah (developed from Vatsiputriyah) 7 Mahisasakah 8 Dharmaguptah (developed from Mahisasakah) 9 Kasyapiyah (developed from Sarvastivadah) 10 Sautrantika (developed from Sarvastivadah) Under (I), the first five are stated as arising two centuries after the Nirvana of Shakyamuni, and the remaining three a century later, dates which are unreliab le.

Under (II), the Haimavatah and the Sarvastivadah are dated some 200 years after Nirvana; from the Sarvastivadah soon arose the Vatsiputriyah, from whom soon aro se the third, fourth, fifth and sixth; then from the Sarvastivadah there arose t he seventh which gave rise to the eighth, and again, near the 400th year, the Sa rvastivadah gave rise to the ninth and soon after the tenth. In the list of eighteen, the Sarvastivadah was not taken into account, as it spl it into all the rest. Eighteen Types Of Questions Of Fen Yang 1. asking for instruction 2. presenting one's understanding 3. investigating and discerning 4. meeting of minds 5. wrapping up (focusing) 6. mental activity 7. seeking out 8. not understanding 9. lifting up 10. posing a question 11. intentional question 12. using things/events 13. real question 14. fabricated question 15. making sure 16. eliciting 17. clarifying 18. silent question Nineteen (twenty) Confrontations (of The Platform Sutra) 1. the incorrect and the correct 2. ignorance and wisdom 3. stupidity and knowledge 4. confusion and samadhi 5. following the precepts and not following them 6. straight and crooked

7. real and unreal 8. steep and level 9. passions and enlightenment 10. compassion and harm 11. joy and anger 12. giving and begrudging 13. progressing and retrogressing 14. birth and destruction 15. permanence and impermanence 16. the Dharmakaya and the physical body 17. the Nirmanakaya and the Sambohogakaya 18. substance and function 19. nature and characteristics (20. sentience and insentience) Twenty Sects of Hinayana See the Eighteen Sects of Hinayana, plus the two originals, i.e. Mahasanghikah a nd Sthavirah called the Twenty Sects of Hinayana. Twenty-eight Indian Patriarchs Of Zen 1. Mahakashyapa 2. Ananda 3. Shanavasin 4. Upagupta 5. Dhitika 6. Mishaka 7. Vasumitra 8. Buddhanandi 9. Buddhamitra 10. Parshva 11. Punyayasha 12. Anabodhi

13. Kapimala 14. Nagarjuna 15. Kanadeva 16. Rahulabhadra 17. Samghanandi 18. Samghayathata 19. Kumaralata 20. Shayata 21. Vasubandhu 22. Manorata 23. Haklenayasha 24. Simhabodhi 25. Bashashita 26. Punyamitra 27. Prajnadhara 28. Bodhidharma Thirty-two Marks Of Perfection (of The Buddha) 1. level feet 2. sign of the thousand-spoked wheel on the soles of the feet 3. long, slender fingers 4. broad heels 5. curved toes and fingers 6. soft, smooth hands and feet 7. arched feet 8. lower body like an antelope's 9. arms reaching to the knees 10. virile member without narrowing in the foreskin 11. powerful body 12. hairy body 13. thick, curly body hair 14. golden-hued body

15. body that gives off rays ten feet in every direction 16. soft skin 17. rounded hands,shoulders and head 18. well-formed shoulders 19. upper body like a lion's 20. erect body 21. powerful, muscular shoulders 22. forty teeth 23. even teeth 24. white teeth 25. gums like a lion's 26. saliva that improves the taste of all foods 27. broad tongue 28. voice like Brahma's 29. clear blue eyes 30. eyelashes like a bull's 31. lock of hair between the eyebrows 32. cone-shaped elevation on the crown of the head Thirty-two Forms These are the physical marks of a Buddha 1. Level feet 2. thousand-spoke wheel-sign on feet 3. long slender fingers 4. pliant hands and feet 5. toes and fingers finely webbed 6. full-sized heels 7. arched insteps 8. thigh like a royal stag 9. hands reaching below the knees

10. well-retracted male organ 11. height and stretch of arms equal 12. every hair-root dark coloured 13. body hair graceful and curly 14. golden-hued body 15. a ten-foot halo around him 16. soft smooth skin 17. two soles, two palms, two shoulders and crown well rounded 18. below the armpits well-filled 19. lion-shaped body 20. erect 21. full shoulders 22. forty teeth 23. teeth white even and close 24. the four canine teeth pure white 25. lion-jawed 26. salvia improving the taste of all food 27. tongue long and broad 28. voice deep and resonant 29. eye deep blue 30. eye lashes like a royal bull 31. a white urna or curl between the eyebrows emitting light 32. an usnisa or fleshy protuberance on the crown. Thirtyfive Buddhas Of Confession Thirtyfive Buddhas associated with a specific confession/purification practice, usually combining recitation and prostrations: * Shakyamuni * Vajragarbhapramardin * Ratnarchis * Nageshvararaja * Viresena

* Viranandin * Ratnagni * Ratnachandraprabha * Amoghadarshin * Ratnachandra * Vimala * Shuradatta * Brahman * Brahmadatta * Varuna * Varunadeva * Bharadrashri * Chandashri * Anantaujas * Prabhasashri Ashokashri * Narayana * Kusumashri Brahmajyotirvikriditabhijna * Padmamajyotirvikriditabhijna * Dhanashri * Smritishri * Suparikirtitanamashri * Indraketudhvajaraja * Suvikrantashri * Yuddhajaya * Vikrantagamishri * Samantavabhasavyuhashri * Ratnapadmavikramin * Shailendraraja Thirty-seven Limbs Of Enlightenment These are:

* the four mindfulnesses * the four right efforts * the four bases of miraculous powers * the five roots; e. the five powers * the seven factors of enlightenment; and * the eightfold noble path (G.C.C. Chang). Thirtyseven Factors Of Buddhahood Sequential aspects of the path to enlightenment, although found in the Mahayana traditions, most commonly present in the Hinayana schools::: Thirtyseven Practices Of A Bodhisattva Set of practices which embrace all aspects of the BODHISATTVA's path to enlighte nment. Based on a text by Tibetan Ngulchu Thogme Zangpo::: Fifty Verses Of Guru Devotion Important text by Ashvagosha which describes the proper attitude towards one's t antric Master Fifty-two Stages Of Bodhisattva Practice (Jpn.: gojuni-i) Also, fifty-two stages of practice. The stages through which b odhisattvas advance from the time of their initial resolve until they finally at tain Buddhahood. The fifty-two stages are enumerated in the Jeweled Necklace Sut ra and consist of * ten stages of faith, * ten stages of security, * ten stages of practice, * ten stages of devotion, * ten stages of development, * the stage of near-perfect enlightenment, and * the stage of perfect enlightenment. The Brahma Net Sutra divides bodhisattva practice into forty stages. The Benevol ent Kings Sutra divides it into fifty-one stages, and there is an explanation el sewhere that sets forth forty-one stages. Sources: The Zen Site , Religion Facts , OM Place , PurifyMind and some others. * Encyclopedia - Buddhism in Vietnam Buddhism in Vietnam is Buddhism that had been localized to Vietnam from India an

d later from China. Vietnamese Buddhism has many characteristics different from Buddhism practiced in other countries. Buddhism is the most influential religion in Vietnam, with about 50 percent of Vietnamese being Buddhists. The number of practicing Buddhists numbers about three million, those who frequently visit Bud dhist temples and participate in Buddhist rites number about ten million, and th ose living under the influence of Buddhism number in ... Including: * Buddhism in Vietnam - Formation and Spread of Buddhism in Vietnam + Buddhism in Vietnam - Zen Buddhism + Buddhism in Vietnam - Pure Land Buddhism + Buddhism in Vietnam - Vajrayana Buddhism * Buddhism in Vietnam - Characteristics of Vietnamese Buddhism + Buddhism in Vietnam - Syncretism + Buddhism in Vietnam - Ying-yang harmony + Buddhism in Vietnam - Flexibility * Buddhism in Vietnam - Hoa Hao Buddhism Read more here: Buddhism in Vietnam: Encyclopedia - Buddhism in Vietnam * Encyclopedia II - Korean Buddhism - Looking Ahead The Seon school, which is led by the dominant Jogye order, practices disciplined traditional Seon practice at a number of major mountain monasteries in Korea, o ften under the direction of highly regarded masters. Modern Seon practice is not far removed in content from the original practice of Jinul, who introduced the integrated combination of the practice of Gwanhwa meditation with the study of s elected Buddhist texts. The Korean sangha life is markedly itinerant: while each monk has a "home" monastery, he will regularly travel throu ... Read more here: Korean Buddhism: Encyclopedia II - Korean Buddhism - Looking Ahe ad * Encyclopedia II - Buddhism in Singapore - Other Traditions In recent years, the Theravada school, Nichiren Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism ha ve acquired sizeable followings. Monks from Sri Lanka, Thailand and other Southeastern countries have come to teach their form of the Dharma to the Chinese in Singapore. As a result, a number of Theravada and other Buddhist temples like th e Sakya Muni Buddha Gaya Temple have sprung up in recent years. Buddhism in Sing apore - Nichiren Buddhism. Nichiren Buddhism has also made significant inroads i nto the Buddhist community by S ... Read more here: Buddhism in Singapore: Encyclopedia II - Buddhism in Singapore Other Traditions * Encyclopedia II - Buddhism in Japan - Nara Period The introduction of Buddhism to Japan is securely dated to 552, when Baekje monk s from the Korean peninsula came to Nara to introduce the eight doctrinal school s. Initial uptake of the new faith was slow, and Buddhism only started to spread some years later when Empress Suiko openly encouraged the acceptance of Buddhis m among all Japanese people. In 607, in order to obtain copies of Sutras, an imp

erial envoy was dispatched to Sui dynasty China. As time progressed and the numb er of Buddhist clergy increased, the offices of Sojo (archbishop) and Sozu (bish op) were created. By 627 there were 46 Buddhist temples, 816 ... Read more here: Buddhism in Japan: Encyclopedia II - Buddhism in Japan - Nara Pe riod * Encyclopedia II - Buddhism - Buddhism in the modern world Estimates of the number of Buddhists vary between 230 and 500 million, with 350 million as the most commonly cited figure. [5] In northern Asia, Mah y na remains the most common form of Buddhism in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Malaysia, (parts o f) Indonesia and Singapore. Therav da predominates in most of Southeast Asia, inclu ding Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand, as well as Sri Lanka. It has seats in M alaysia and Singapore. Vajray na is predominant in Tibet, Mongolia, portions of Sib eria and portions of India, especially those ... Read more here: Buddhism: Encyclopedia II - Buddhism - Buddhism in the modern wo rld * Encyclopedia II - Buddhism in the United States - Demographics of Buddhism in the United States For various reasons, it is not easy to arrive at a accurate idea of the number o f Buddhists in the United States. The simplest reason is that it is not at all c lear how to define who is and who is not a Buddhist. The easiest and most intuit ive definition is one based on self-description, but this has its pitfalls. Beca use Buddhism exists as a cultural concept in American society, there may be indi viduals who self-describe as Buddhists but have essentially no knowledge of or c ommitment to Buddhism as a religion or practice; on the other hand, ... Read more here: Buddhism in the United States: Encyclopedia II - Buddhism in the United States - Demographics of Buddhism in the United States * Encyclopedia II - Buddhism in India - History For a full account of the spread of Buddhism in India and beyond, see the Histor y of Buddhism and the Decline of Buddhism in India. Buddhism in India - Modern R evival. The number of Indian Buddhists remains quite small; under 10,000,000 per sons (excluding refugees from elsewhere) in a country of over 1,000,000,000. Rev ival movements have been attempted with limited success. See Neo-Buddhism for a full account. Neo-Buddhism A 20th century revivalist movement among bahujan cast e and untouchable ... Read more here: Buddhism in India: Encyclopedia II - Buddhism in India - History * Encyclopedia II - Tibetan Buddhism - Distinguishing characteristics Tibetan Buddhism may be distinguished from other schools of Tantric Buddhism by a number of unique traits including: belief in reincarnation lineages of certain lamas (known as tulkus) such as the Dalai Lama a practice wherein lost or hidde n ancient scriptures (termas) are recovered by spiritual masters (cf. tertons) b elief that a Buddha can be manifest in human form, such as in the person of Padm asambh ... Read more here: Tibetan Buddhism: Encyclopedia II - Tibetan Buddhism - Distingui shing characteristics * Encyclopedia - Mahar

Mahars constitute an important social group of Maharashtra state, India, and als o of the adjoining Indian state of Goa. Traditionally considered lower in the Hi ndu caste hierarchical system, a number of Mahars, during the 20th century, conv erted to Buddhism, including one of the most prominent Mahars Dr. B. R. Ambedkar . The Imperial Gazetteer of India, writing about Nagpur district, India, describ es the social status of Mahars, as prevailing in early 1900s, in these words [1] : "Mahars form a sixth of the whole populati ... Read more here: Mahar: Encyclopedia - Mahar * Encyclopedia II - Religion in India - Hinduism The adherents of Hinduism form the largest religious community in India, numberi ng over 900 million. See The Following Articles for More Information: Hinduism, Hindu, Vedic religion ... Read more here: Religion in India: Encyclopedia II - Religion in India - Hinduis m * Encyclopedia - Zongmi

Zongmi ( ) (780 - 841), also commonly referred to by the monastic title of Guifeng ( Tang dynasty Buddhist scholar-monk, installed as fifth patriarch of the Huayan s chool as well as a patriarch of the Heze Chan lineage. He wrote a number of vita lly important essays on the current situation of Buddhism in Tang China, and is one of the most important figures in East Asian Buddhist history in terms of pro viding modern scholars with a clear analysis of the development of Chan (Zen) an d Huayan and the gener ... Including: * Zongmi - External link Read more here: Zongmi: Encyclopedia - Zongmi * Encyclopedia II - Silla - Culture Buddhism was supported by the state and flourished in Silla. A great number of t emples were built, the most notable probably being Hwangyongsa, Pulguksa and Sok kuram. Silla attached great importance to the pagoda. Silla built stone pagodas as well as wooden pagodas. From at least the 6th century, when Silla acquired a detailed system of law and governance, social status and official advancement we re dictated by the bone rank system. This rigid lineage-based system also dictat ed clothing, house size and ... Read more here: Silla: Encyclopedia II - Silla - Culture * Encyclopedia II - Eastern Religion - Ayyavazhi Ayyavazhi is a religion originated in South India in the mid-nineteenth century. The religion and the philosophy of this religion is based on its scripture Akil attirattu Ammanai. Though it was not officially recognised it had came to be a r ecognisable phenomenon with rich mythology and a good number of followers around 1 million. It was one of the fast spreading religions of South India, especiall y in Tamil Nadu and in southern parts of Kerala. It has ... Read more here: Eastern Religion: Encyclopedia II - Eastern Religion - Ayyavazhi * Encyclopedia - Death poem A death poem ( : jisei no ku) is a poem written near the time of one's own death. dition for literate persons to write one in a number of different cultures, espe

cially in Japan. Poetry has long been a core part of Japanese tradition, in stro ng relation to religious practice. The poem should be graceful, natural, and abo ut neutral emotions adhering to the teachings of Buddhism and Shinto (and possib ly Christianity). Except the earliest works of this tradition, it has been consi dered to be rude to me ... Read more here: Death poem: Encyclopedia - Death poem * Encyclopedia - Korean Shamanism There are a number of shamanistic practices that are developed in Korea, where t he role of a shaman is most frequently taken by women. They have deep roots and have inter-influenced Buddhism and Taoism. This meeting is mediated by a shaman. In contemporary Korean, a shaman is known as a mudang. Even though belief in Ko rean shamanism is not as widespread as it once was, the practices are kept alive . In the past such shamanistic rites have included as agricultural rites, such a s prayers for abundant harvest. With a shift a ... Including: * Korean Shamanism - Gut + Korean Shamanism - Naerim-gut + Korean Shamanism - Dodang-gut + Korean Shamanism - Ssitgim-gut * Korean Shamanism - Regional Shaman Rites Read more here: Korean Shamanism: Encyclopedia - Korean Shamanism Glossary related to Buddhism In Numbers Home P Home