Ministry of Science and Technology Department of Technical and Vocational Education Petroleum Engineering Department SAMPLE ANSWER FOR

B.Tech: SECOND YEAR PE 04025 Reservoir Engineering 1.Calculate the gas deviation factor of B for gas from its composition, Molecular weight, critical pressure and temperature. Component Methane C1 Ethane C2 Propane C3 Butane C4 Pentane C5 CO2 N2 1 Component MethaneC1 Ethane C2 Propane C3 Butane C4 Pentane C5 CO2 N2 Component of mole Mole fraction 0.8612 0.0591 0.0358 0.0172 0.0050 0.0010 0.0207 2 Comp.Mol Fract 0.8612 0.0591 0.0358 0.0172 0.0050 0.0010 0.0207 1.0000 3 Mol.Wt 16.04 30.07 44.09 58.12 72.15 44.01 28.02 4 Pc 673 708 617 550 490 1070 492 16.04 30.07 44.09 58.12 72.1 44.01 28.02 5 Tc 343 550 666 766 846 548 227 6 (2) x(3) 13.81 1.78 1.58 1.00 0.36 0.04 0.58 19.15 673 708 617 550 490 1070 492 7 (2)x (4) 579.59 41.84 22.08 9.46 2.45 1.07 10.18 666.67 343 550 666 766 846 548 227 8 (2)x (5) 295.35 32.51 23.84 13.18 4.23 0.55 4.7 347.4 molecular weight Pc Tc

The sum of Col (6) is average molecular weight of the gas. Mgas = 19.15 The sum of Col (6) is pseudocritical pressure. Pc = 666.67psia The sum of Col (7) is pseudocritical temperature.

Tc= 347.40 R Specific Gravity (SG) = M gas M air = 19.15 = 0.661 28.97

Pseudoreduced pressure, Pr =

P 3250 = = 4.87 Pc 666.67 T (213 + 460) = = 1.80 Tc 374.4 Z= 0.91

Pseudoreduced temperature, Tr =

From Fig. 1.3 , for Pr = 4.87 and Tr = 1.80

2. The following data are given for a gas condensate reservoir. Initial reservoir pressure = 2740psia Res tem Avg porosity Average connate water Daily tank oil Oil gravity , at 60 F Daily separator gas Separator gas gravity Daily tank Gas Tank gas gravity = 215F = 25% = 30% = 242bbl = 48.0 API = 3100MCF = 0.650 =120MCF = 1.20

Calculate (a) Initial oil in place per ac-ft . (b) Initial gas in place per ac-ft (c) Total daily gas condensate production. (d) Total daily reservoir voidage. Solution Average gas gravity, g =

(3100 x 0.65) + (120 x1.2) (3100 + 120)

= 0.670

Specific gravity of Oil, o = =

141.5 API + 131.5 141.5 48 + 131.5

= 0.7883

Molecular wt. of tank oil, Mo = Mo = R=

6084 API 5.9

6084 = 144.5 48 509

( 3100 + 120) 103 =13,300SCF/bb

242 R g + 4584 o R + 132,800 0 / Mo

Specific gravity of well fluid, w =

(13300 0.67) + (4584 0.7883) 0.7883 = 13300 + 132,800( ) 144.5 = 0.893 From fig 1.2, for w (condensate) Tc=425R, and Pc=652psia Tr = T ( 215 + 460) P = =1.59, Pr = = 2740/652 = 4.20 Tc Pc 425 379.4V G , n= zRT 379.4

From Fig 1.3, for Tr = 1.59 and Pr = 4.2 z = 0.82 Total initial gas in place per ac-ft , G =

G=

379.4 2740 (43560 0.25 (1 0.30)) 0.82 10.73 (215 + 460)

=1334MCF/ac-ft The fraction of the total which is produced on the surface is fg =

ng ng + no

R / 379.4
=

R + 350( o / Mo ) 379.4

13300 / 379.4
= 13300

379.4
=0.9483

+ 350(0.7883 /144.5)

Thus, Initial gas in place = 0.9483 x 1334 =1265MCF/ac-ft

Initial oil in place =

1265 103 = 95.1 bbl/ac-ft 13300

Daily gas condensate production in SCF/day (3100 + 120) = 3396MCF/day 0.9483

G =

Total daily reservoir voidage is

V = G p
V = 3396 103

T Psc z Tsc P

215 + 460 14.7 0.820 =19,400 CF/day. 520 2740

3(a) Calculate the stock tank barrels of oil initially in place in a combination drive reservoir. Given Data: Volume of bulk oil zone = 112,000ac-ft Volume of bulk gas zone = 19,600ac-ft Initial reservoir pressure , = 2710psia Initial FVF , = 1.3040bbl /STB Initial gas volume factor, = 0.006266cuft/SCF Initial dissolved GOR , = 526 SCF/ STB Oil produced during during the interval, = 20MMSTB Reservoir pressure at the end of interval ,= 2000psia Average produced GOR, = 700SCF /STB Two phase FVF at 2000psia, = 1.4954bbl/STB Volume of water encroached, = 11.58MMbbl Volume of water produced , = 1.05MMSTB FVF of the water , Bw = 1.028bbl / STB Gas volume factor at 2000 psia , = 0.008479cuft/scf solution Bti = 1.3400 x 5.615= 7.5241cuft/cuft Bt= 1.4954 x 5.516 = 8.3967 cuft / STB We= 11.58 x 106 x 5.615 = 65.02 MMcuft

Wp = 1.05 x 106 x 1.028 x 5.615 = 6.0608 MMrescuft Assuming the same prosity and connate water for the oil and gas zones, m= 19600 = 0.175 112000

Substituting in Eq (4.4)

N p B t + (R p R si )B g ( We B w Wp ) B N= B t B ti + m ti (B g B gi ) B gi
20 106 [ 8.3967 + (700 562)0.008489] (65.02 6.06) 106 = 7.5241 8.3967 7.5241 + 0.175 (0.008479 0.006266) 0.006266 = 98.97MMSTB If Bt is in barrel per stock tank barrel, then Bg must be in barrels per standard cubic foot and We and Wp in barrel and the substitution is as follow; 20 106 [ 1.4594 + (700 562)0.001510] (11.58 1.05 1.028) 106 N= 1.3400 1.4954 1.3400 + 0.175 (0.001510 0.001116) 0.001116 = 98.97MMSTB

3.(b) Define the following a. Permeability b. Porosity c. Saturation d. Resistivity e.Density Solution (a) Permeability Permeability is 1. a measure of the case with which fliud can pass through a porous rock 2. the fluid conductivity of a porous medium

3. the ability of fluid to flow within the interconnected pore network of a porous medium. Absolute permeability The permeability of a rock is a rock is a property of a rock and not of the fluid which flow through it, provided that the fluid 100 percent saturates the pore spaces of the rock .This permeability at 100 percent saturation of asingle fluid is called the absolute permeability of a rock. Effective permeability Effective permeability is the permeability of a rock to a particular fluid when that fluid has pore saturation of less than 100 percent. The sum of effective permeability is always less than absolute permeability. Relative Permeability Relative permeability is the ratio of the effective permeability to absolute permeability.

(b) Porosity Porosity is the condition of something that contains pore. The relative volume of pore spaces between mineral grains as compared to total rock volume. Porosity measures the capacity of rock to hold oil, gas and water.

(c) Saturation Saturation is the percentage or fractional part of the total capacity that actually holds any particular fluid. The extend to which porespaces in the formation contains hydrocarbon or connate water. The extend to which gas is dissolved in the liquid hydrocarbon in the formation. (d) Resistivity Resistivity is the electrical resistance offered to the passage of current; the opposite of conductivity. (e) Density The density of a substance is defined as mass per unit volume.

g =

m V

4.Calculate the initial gas in place and the intital reserve of a gas reservoir from pressure production data for a volumetric reservoir. Given data; Initial pressure = 3250psia Reservoir temperature = 213 F Standard pressure = 15.025psia Standard temperature = 60F Cumulative production = 1.00 x109 SCF Average reservoir pressure = 2864psia Gas deviation factor at 3250psia = 0.910 Gas deviation factor at 2864psia =0.888 Gas deviation factor at 500psia= 0.951 solution Solve Eq (1.3) for the reservoir gas pore volume Vi

G p Psc T
sc

Pf Vi Pi Vi ZiT Zf T

3250 Vi 2864 Vi 110 9 15.025 = 0.910 ( 213 + 460) 0.888( 213 + 460) (60 + 460)
Vi = 56.17 MMcuft The initial gas in place by Eq (1.5) is G=

Pi Vi Tsc x Z i T Psc

3250 56.17 10 6 (60 + 460) 0.910 ( 213 + 460) 15.025

=10.32 MMMSCF The gas remaining at 500psia abandonment pressure is Ga =

Pa Vi Tsc x Z a T Psc

500 x56.17 10 6 (60 + 460) 0.951 (213 + 460) 15.025

= 1.52MMMSCF The initial gas reserve based on a 500 psia abandonment pressure is the difference between the initial gas in place and the gas remaining at 500psia or

Gr = G Ga
= (10.32 1.52) x 109 = 8.8 x 109 = 8.8 MMMSCF 5. Calculate water influx and residual gas saturation in water drive gas reservoir . Given data : Bulk reservoir volume , initial Average porosity Average connate water Initial pressure Bgi Final pressure Bgf Cumulative water production Bw Gp = 415.3MMcuft = 0.172 =0.25 =3200psia = 0.005262cuft/SCF, 14.7 psia and 60 F = 2925psia = 0.005700cuft /SCF , 14.7psi and 60F = 15200bbl (surface) = 935.4MMSCF at 14.7psi and 60F =1.03bbl / surface bbl

Bulk volume invaded by water at 2925psia = 13.04MMcuft Solution Initial Gas in place ,G= = Pi Vi Tsc z i T Psc

415.3 106 0.172 (1 0.25) 0.005262

= 10,180MMMSCF at 14.7 psia and 60F

G p B gf = G(B gf B gi ) + We B w Wp

We = G p B gf G(B gf B gi ) + B w Wp
=(935.4 106 0.005700) (10,180 109 (0.005700-0.005262) + (1.03 15200 5.615) = 960,400 cuft This much water has invaded 13.04 MMcuft of bulk rock, which initially contained 25percent connate water. Then the final water saturation of the flooded position of the reservoir is

Sw =

ConnateWater + WaterInflux PoreSpace

(13.04 106 0.172 0.25) + 960, 400 = (13.04 106 0.172) =0.68 or 68 percent Then, the residual gas saturation , Sgr = 32 percent

6. Define the following: (a) Molecular weights (b) The mole or pound mole (c) The perfect gas law (d) Specific gas law (e) Ideal gas Solution 6. (a) Molecular weights Molecular weights are the sum of atomic weight of atom forming the molecules and since atomic weight of hydrogen is close to one , then it is inferred that atomic weight of carbon is very close to 12.0. Further, it may be said that the molecular weight of water is approximately 18, having two hydrogen atomic weight of one each and one oxygen atom of weight 16.

(b) The mole or pound mole From what has been said it should be clear that the same conditions of temperature and pressure 2.016 pounds of hydrogen, 32.000lbs of oxygen, 16.04 of methane, etc., will all (1) contain the same number of molecules and (2) occupy the same volume. These quantities of gases (or liquids or solids for that matter), equal in pounds to their molecular weights, are called moles, or more specifically pound moles. A mole of any compound is the number of weight units equal to its molecular weight. For example, a mole of methane is 16.04 weight units of methane. If it is expressed in pound, 16.04 lbs of methane is a pound mole of methane. (c) The Perfect Gas Law We were able to calculate above, quite easily, that the 10,000cubic-foot tank of methane contained 422.8lb because the gas happened to be at 14.7 psia and 60 F. if the gas had been at other conditions, the problem would have been more difficult because the volume would first have to be converted to the volume it would occupy under the standard conditions. To make the problem more general it can be said that there are three quantities which define the stage of a gas i.e: temperature, pressure and volume. Boyles and Charles in experimenting with these variables found that for any given quantity of gas the following law holds,

P1 V1 P2 V2 = T1 T2
Where, P1, P2 and V1 are the temperature, pressure and volume of a gas in stage 1 and P2, V2 and T2 in stage 2. In this equation, V1and V2 may be measured in any units provided they are the same; P1 and P2 may be measured in any units provided they are the same and provided they are absolute pressure ; T 1 and T2 may be measured in any units provided they are the same and provided are absolute temperature. (d) Specific gravity of gases Since the density of a substance is defined as mass per unit volume, the density of a gas g, at a given temperature and can be derived by substituting m/M for and in the perfect gas law, where m is the pounds of gas and M is the molecular weight

pV =

m RT M

g =

m pM = V RT

Because it is more convenient to measure the specific gravity of gas than the gas density, specific gravity is more commonly used. Specific gravity of gases is defined as the ratio of the density of gas at a given temperature and pressure to the density of air at the same temperature and pressure, usually near 60F and atmospheric pressure.

(e) Ideal Gas The ideal gas may be defined as one whose pressure will be exactly doubled if its volume is reduced one half and whose pressure will be exactly doubled if, keeping the volume constant, the absolute