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Agenda
HFSS : 3D Full-wave Electromagnetic Fields Simulator
Introduction : What is HFSS ? What Information does HFSS Compute? Parts of HFSS : GUI, Mesh ,Solver, Post-Process How HFSS is working ? Theory and principle (FEM method , Adaptative mesh,..) Design Flow Ansoft Desktop and overview of the 3D Modeler Building an HFSS Model Step by Step
Drawing, Excitations, Boundaries conditions, set-up, frequency sweep, analyses, post-processing
Handling HFSS with examples ------------------- HFSS Options HFSS 12 Advanced Training Questions and Answers
INTRODUCTION
What is HFSS?
HFSS High Frequency Structure Simulator - circa. 1990 Arbitrary 3D Volumetric Full-Wave Field Solver Ansoft Desktop Advanced ACIS based Modeling (v19.2) True Parametric Technology Dynamic Editing Powerful Report Generation Dynamic Field Visualization Design Flow Automation: Optimetrics/Ansoft Designer/AnsoftLinks/e-physics Advanced Material Types Frequency Dependent Materials (eg r, vs freq) Non-linear (ferrites) and Anisotropic Materials Advanced Boundary Conditions Radiation and Perfectly Matched Layers Symmetry, Finite Conductivity, Infinite Planes, RLC, Layered Impedance, Screening Impedance Master/Slave Unit Cells Advanced Solver Technology Automatic Conformal Mesh Generation Adaptive Mesh Generation, Fault tolerant Mesher Internal/External Excitations Includes Loss ALPS Fast Frequency Sweep Direct and Iterative solvers (32/64bit) / Eigenmode Analysis (32/64bit)b
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0.00 Matrix Data Modal/Terminal/Differential -10.00 S-, Y-, and Z-Parameters VSWR -20.00 Excitations Complex Propagation Constant (Gamma) -30.00 Characteristic Impedance Zo -40.00 Full-Wave Spice Full-Wave Spice Broadband Model -50.00 Lumped RLC Low Frequency Model Partial Fraction Matlab -60.00 9.50 9.75 10.00 Freq [GHz] W-Elements Port Solution Export Formats HSPICE, PSPICE, Cadence Spectre, and Maxwell SPICE Common Display Formats: Rectangular, Polar Smith Chart Data Tables Common Output Formats: Neutral Models Files (NMF) (Optimetrics only) Parametric Results Touchstone, Data Tables, Matlab, Citifile Graphics Windows Clipboard
Ansoft Corporation Response HFSSModel1
Y1
10.25
10.50
DRO
Dipole
Parts of HFSS
Four differents parts : GUI Graphical User Interface
MESH Divides the full problem space into thousands of smaller regions.
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Response
HFSSModel1
0.00
-10.00
-20.00
Y1
-30.00
-40.00
Curve Info dB(S(WavePort2,WavePort1)) XBandSweep : Sweep1 dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1)) XBandSweep : Sweep1
-50.00
-60.00 9.50
9.75
10.25
10.50
Boundary Conditions within and on the problem space boundary can be varied to account for different characteristics, symmetry planes, etc.
Size constraints are predominantly set by available memory and disk space for storage and solution of the problem matrix
Patch antenna
Symmetry should be used to reduce solve time and improve accuracy For radiating structure: antenna airbox should be drawn (lambda/4 to lambda/2 in all directions) and radiation boundary or PML used.
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Airbox needs to be drawn far enough here to remove the outer boundary influence For non radiating structure (several times smaller than wavelength a smaller box - approx lambda/10 - is more efficient.
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Used in most RF/microwave designs where excitations (ports) are defined to get S,Y,Z parameters, field, radiation pattern
Used for Signal integrity application where multiple excitations are defined at the port. Solution can be exported as Full Wave Spice model
Mainly used to model cavity and get eigen frequencies and Q factor.
Note: in project where one single excitation mode is used at the port, both modal and terminal based model should provide similar answer
Accuracy
Accuracy of the model
All the relevant details needs to be defined Proper material properties. Proper port definition and model size
Accuracy of the mesh
The EM field value can strongly vary in some part of the model and less in other: HFSS adaptive process automatically refines the critical area so that a denser mesh will better represent the field.
Adaptive Mesh
Geometry (no mesh data)
Adaptive meshing example 11.5 GHz patch antenna Mesh elements concentrate about the perimeter of patch. Optimal mesh automatically generated by HFSS
Calculate Field
No
Refine Mesh
Substrate
Model Definition
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Initial mesh
The projection of the 3-dimensional mesh onto the substrate surface creates a triangular mesh. The initial mesh is as coarse as possible while still representing all geometric features. The solver then starts the solve process, progressing around the solve loop, adapting the mesh and checking the solution.
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Convergence
Convergence
Convergence
Convergence
Convergence
Max(|S|)
Magnetic field |H| magnitude at 13 GHz (1V input to microstrip feed with 50 ohm termination on the opposite port).
Electric field |E| magnitude at 13 GHz (1V input to microstrip feed with 50 ohm termination on the opposite port).
Design Flow
Definition :
Design flows are the explicit combination of electronic design automation tools to accomplish the design of an integrated circuit/system. The challenges of rising interconnect delay led to a new way of thinking about and integrating design closure tools. New scaling challenges such as leakage power, variability, and reliability will keep on challenging the current state of the art in design closure.
The notion of flexibility is essential in order to get the most integrated Design Flow as possible. Each tool should respect :
Interaction between the differents simulation tools.
Data Importation / Exportation with the biggest choice of format. Ex : (Mechanical : Step, Sat, Iges, Catia, ProE Electrical: Touchstone, Spice,.) Capability of scripting. Availability on several Operating Systems (OS) : Windows, Linux, Sun
Ansoft Links
FullwaveSpice
Ansoft Designer/Nexxim
Circuit / EM cosimulation : Time and frequency domain
Ansoft Desktop
Menu bar Toolbars
Message Manager
Progress Window
Property Window
Project Design
Design Setup
Design Automation
Parametric Optimization Sensitivity Statistical
Design Results
3D Modeler Demo
Construct Geometry (User Input) Define Volume Conditions (User Input) Define Surface Conditions (User Input)
2D Excitation Solution (Automatic) View/Plot S-Parameters (User Input) 3D Mesh Generation (Automatic, User Input Optional) View/Plot Fields (User Input) Solve 3D Matrix (Automatic)
PRE-PROCESSING
SOLUTION
POST-PROCESSING
Boundary conditions
Boundary Conditions
What assumptions, about the fields, do the boundary conditions make? Are these assumptions appropriate for the structure being simulated?
Model Scope To reduce the infinite space of the real world to a finite volume, Ansoft HFSS automatically applies a boundary to the surface surrounding the geometric model
Boundary conditions
What are Common Ansoft HFSS Boundary Conditions?
Excitations Wave Ports (External) Lumped Ports (Internal) Surface Approximations Perfect E or Perfect H Surface Finite Conductivity Surface Impedance Surface Layered Impedance Surface Lumped RLC Symmetry Planes Radiation Surface Perfectly Matched Layer (PML)
Surface Approximations
Perfect E Forces the electric field perpendicular to the surface
Outer Surface Default Boundary PEC/Perfect Conductor Material Property Perfect E Surface Model complexity: Reduced by eliminating conductor loss Perfect H Forces the electric field tangent to the surface
Perfect H Surface
Impedance
Impedance
Represent surfaces of a known impedance Specified in terms of the surface impedance (Zs), Rs + jXs (Ohms/Square) The tangential electric field at the surface is the given by Zs(n x Htan).
Thin film Resistor modeled as Impedance boundary, where geometry controls the impedance.
Layered Impedance
Models multiple thin layers in a structure as a single Impedance Surface
Lumped RLC
Similar to the Impedance boundary above, but represents a surface as a parallel combination of R, L, & C explicitly. The R, L & C can be used to incorporate lumped element component values into a model, without including the 3D model of the component e.g. a matching capacitor network or terminating resistor etc Boundaries can be concatenated to build up more complex impedances e.g.
C L
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Parameters
Symmetry
Enables you to model only a part of a structure Perfect E or Perfect H Symmetry Planes Must be exposed to the outer surface Must be on a planar surface Impedance multiplier used to correct extracted impedance
Single E, set impedance multiplier to 2, Single H, set impedance multiplier to 0.5
Perfect E Symmetry
Full Model
Perfect H Symmetry
Open structures
Radiation Surface Allows waves to radiate infinitely far into space.
The boundary absorbs wave at the radiation surface Can be placed on arbitrary surfaces Accuracy depends on The distance between the boundary and the radiating object The radiation boundary should be located at least one-quarter of a wavelength from a radiating structure. If you are simulating a structure that does not radiate, the boundary can be located less then one-quarter of a wave length (The validity of this assumption will require your engineering judgment). The incident angle The radiation boundary will reflect varying amounts of energy depending on the incidence angle. The best performance is achieved at normal incidence. Avoid angles greater then ~30degrees. In addition, the radiation boundary must remain convex relative to the wave.
Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) Allows waves to radiate infinitely far into space.
Not a Boundary Condition. Fictitious materials that fully absorb the electromagnetic fields impinging upon them. These materials are complex anisotropic. Types Free Space Termination or Reflection Free Termination Can only be placed on planar surface Model complexity: They do not suffer from the distance or incident angle issues, but should be place at least one-tenth of a wave length from strong radiators
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Radiation Boundary
Mimics continued propagation beyond boundary plane
Absorption achieved via 2nd order radiation boundary Place at least /4 from strongly radiating structure Place at least /10 from weakly radiating structure Absorbs best when incident energy flow is normal to surface Must be concave to all incident fields from within modeled space
Parameters
Advanced options used for incident wave and HFSS DataLink problems
Radiation boundary functions well for incident angles less than 25 -30
Parameters
Radiation Boundary Type Incident angle from normal Distance from radiator Setup complexity 2D < ~30 > /4 Low
Excitations
Incident field Used to illuminate a model with a plane wave or other type of incident field. The field can be the near/far field from another Ansoft EM solver enabling linked problems to be setup. Magnetic Bias
Used for non circulator, isolator.
Port Type
Wave Port (Waveguide) External Recommended only for surfaces exposed to the background PEC Supports multiple modes (Example: Coupled Lines) Supports reference plane de-embedding and arbitrary mode re-normalization 2D Port solver computes modal Zo, Gamma, lambda and Epsilon. Computes Generalized S-Parameters Frequency dependent Characteristic Impedance (Zo) Perfectly matched at every frequency Note: this may differ from measurements or other simulations, use re-normalization to make comparisons. Wave ports are well suited for closed structures like waveguide, coax, etc. For open structures like microstrip, coplanar waveguide etc., waveports are typically defined on the face of the surrounding airbox as shown - refer to sizing guides.
Port 4
Differential Stripline with waveport defined between upper and lower ground planes
Port 3 Port 2
Port 1
Microstrip with wave port defined on face of surrounding airbox, with deembedding arrow shown.
Port 2
Excitation (continued)
Wave Port Boundary Conditions Perfect E or Finite Conductivity Default: All outer edges are Perfect E boundary.
Port is defined within a waveguide. Easy for enclosed transmission lines: Coax or Waveguide Challenging for unbalanced or non-enclosed lines: Microstrip, CPW, Slotline, etc.
Narrow Port MS Mode
Symmetry or Impedance
Recognized at the port edges
Perfect E Edges Larger Port MS Mode
Radiation
Default interface is a Perfect E boundary.
WavePort Properties
Waveports have various properties controlled by the user. These can be set during definition of the port or after, by selecting the port and clicking properties. Ports can also be re-assigned to other surfaces etc. General Tab Used to set the Name e.g. WavePort1
WavePort Properties
Modes Tab Enables definition of number of allowed Modes at the Port default is one. For each mode allowed, a set of s-parameters is generated in the 3D model solution. i.e. 1 port,1 mode = 1 x 1 s-matrix. 1 port, 2 modes = 2 x 2 matrix etc. Integration line can be defined (recommended) for each mode: Defines orientation of the mode (for 3D solution) and the Integration path over which integral is computed to determine mode VoltageV. dl E. If defined, Zo can be determined from voltage (v) , current (i) and power (p). E-Field can be forced to align with Integration line by selecting Polarize E Field
Examples: WG Appropriate for structures with degenerate modes e.g. square or circular WG. Coax Microstrip
WavePort Properties
Post Processing Tab Port Renormalization enables re-normalization of all or specific port modes to a desired impedance. Enables direct comparison with measured data e.g. s2p file or data where Zo is fixed w.r.t. frequency. Deembedding can be enabled and used to move the solution reference plane in or out of the model a specific distance.
Extend stripline port height from upper to lower groundplane (h) Stripline port width
8w for w h 5w, or on order of 3h to 4h, for w < h
w h 6h to 10h w h Port sizing guidelines are not inviolable rules. If meeting height and width requirements result in rectangular aperture larger than /2 in one dimension, the substrate and trace may be ignored in favor of a waveguide mode. When in doubt, run a ports-only solution to determine which modes are propagating.
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Port width should contain at least 3g to either side of slot or 7g total minimum
Port boundary must intersect both side ground planes or they will float and become signal conductors
Approx 7g minimum
Port width should contain 3-5g or 3-5s of side grounds (whichever is larger)
Total width ~10g or ~10s Port outline must intersect both side grounds or they will float and become signal conductors
Larger of approx. 10g or 10s
Larger of 4h or 4g g h h For Driven Modal solutions, use Zpv for impedance calculation g Larger of 4h or 4g s
Coaxial antenna feed with coaxial wave port capped by PEC object
Integration Lines
Applicable to driven modal solution types Port vector which can serve several purposes Calibration line which specifies direction of excitation electric field pattern at port
Define separate integration line for each mode on multi-mode ports
Slotline
Lumped Ports
Recommended only for surfaces internal to model
Single TEM mode with no de-embedding Uniform electric field on port surfaceNormalized to constant user-defined Z0 Perfect E or finite conductivity boundary for port edges which interface with conductor or another port edge Perfect H for all remaining port edges
Zo
Wave port
Accessibility Higher order modes De-embedding Re-normalization Setup complexity External Faces Yes Yes Yes Moderate
HFSS model Note: If model complexity permits it, it is recommanded for accuracy to perform full model simulation
Terminal Assignment
Terminals defined by edge or face selection Terminals appear in the project tree Listed under ports Can be selected, edited, independently No need to draw terminal lines, which is tedious and error prone
EigenMode
An Eigenmode solution is a direct solution of the resonant modes of a closed structure As a result, some of the sources and boundaries discussed so far are not available for an Eigenmode project. These are: All Excitation Sources:
Ports Voltage Drop and Current Sources Magnetic Bias Incident Waves
EigenMode
Eigen solution is very sensitive to the mesh/order
- If the mesh/order is too low, it would support many, unexpected field patterns, ex : When using zero order elements, you loose on the accuracy so much, that you can not get a reasonable solution.
Low convergence criteria (0.1%) so increase adaptive passes Use Symmetry planes if you are only interested in mode 1 Eigenmode solver :
- The more mode you ask for, the longer will be the simulation. - In the same way, you must define the minimum frequency close of the 1st mode frequency when you know it. This reduces the computation time and improve the accuracy also.
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(Default order)
With a couple of sources, the iterative solvers is usually faster than the direct solver and can be multiple times faster for large model. The iterative solver always uses less memory than the direct solver. Recommandation:
antenna problem usually having one or two sources Packaging/ mult-pin connector usually many sources use iterative solver use direct solver
Note: Fast Sweep takes significantly longer with iterative solve. Prefer Direct+fast sweep or Iterative + interpolating
Iterative Solver
How does it work?
The Iterative Matrix Solver works by guessing a solution to the matrix of unknowns, and then recursively updating the guess until an error tolerance has been reached
Initial guess
Preconditioner
Converges ? yes
Mesh A
~23 x Mesh A
~33 x Mesh A
~ 63 x Mesh A
r=1
Additionally, Length of time each task took. Which Matrix Solvers are being used. How much physical memory/disk memory was required.
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Mesh maker
Note: Multi processors or multiple cores will result in reduced Real time compared to CPU time ~3.7x speedup due to 4 processors, indicated by MCS4 solver. ~500 MB memory, 0 disk
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Target
Note: Using solution data from a model which is not converged will give inaccurate answers.
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Displays statistics about mesh on an object by object basis. Useful for debugging and model validation. Verify mesh element edge lengths comply with mesh operations.
Frequency sweep
S11 (dB)
Adaptive Frequency
S11 (dB)
S11 (dB)
S11 (dB)
S11 (dB)
15 solutions)
DONE!
Post-Processing Demo
Miscellaneous
Project Files
Everything regarding the project is stored in an ascii file File: <project_name>.hfss Double click from Windows Explorer will open and launch HFSS v12 Drag and drop .hfss file onto HFSS desktop will open the project. Results and Mesh are stored in a folder named <project_name>.hfssresults Lock file: <project_name>.lock.hfss Created when a project is opened Auto Save File: <project_name>.hfss.auto When recovering, software only checks date If an error occurred when saving the auto file, the date will be newer then the original Look at file size (provided in recover dialog) Default Script recorded in v12 Visual Basic Script & Javascript enabled Tools > Options > General Options > Analysis Options
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NOTE: You should make backup copies of all HFSS projects created with a previous version of the software before opening them in a later version of HFSS.
Scripts
Remote Solve
Miscellaneous
Supported Operating Systems HFSS v12 Windows XP Professional, 32 and 64bit Windows Server 2003, 32 and 64bit Windows Vista Business Linux RHE v4 & v5, 32 and 64bit SUSE Enterprise Server v9, 32 and 64bit Updating Drivers Update your Microsoft DirectX drivers to latest version, 9.0c http://www.microsoft.com/directx Update your video drivers to the latest available from the card manufacturers website. Memory allocation HFSS v12 HFSS v12 can access up to 3GB of Ram on a 32bit PC All about 3GB switch, supported OS http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;291988 How to use /3GB switch http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/ddtools/hh/ddtools/bootini_1fcj.asp Increasing Memory allocation for HFSS With a 64bit operating system theoretically there is no RAM limitation Practically, you can typically access up to 64GB of RAM due to hardware limitations. For optimum performance on a 64bit system, set windows swap file size = 2 x physical memory available
HFSS options
Options
Ansoft Links
FullwaveSpice
Ansoft Designer/Nexxim
Circuit / EM cosimulation : Time and frequency domain
Option : 3DCAD
Standart available import/export
.DXF, .GDS, .SAT,
Optional import:
STEP, IGES, Pro-E, CATIAv4, CATIAv5, Parasolid, Unigraphics, Nastran,
Optionnal export:
STEP, IGES, CATIAv4, Parasolid.
Option : Multiprocessing
Works on the solver part. To set up under tools/options/hfss options
~3.7x speedup due to 4 processors, indicated by MCS4 solver. ~500 MB memory, 0 disk
Option : Optimetrics
Multiple types of analysis: Parametrics Optimization ( quasi-newton , pattern search, SNLP, genetic) Sensitivity Statistical
Define Surface Conditions (User Input) Define Solution Requirements (User Input)
PRE-PROCESSING POST-PROCESSING
HFSS 12 Advanced Training Healing Defeaturing Manual mesh operations Visual Basic Scripts GDSII Import
Healing
No purge history required. Model will be auto purged on healing.
Control permitted object properties change for feature or small entities removal
Manual healing can be used to address - api_check_entity errors - non-manifold edges and vertices - undesired small features Small feature removal during manual healing can be instrumental in correcting ACIS errors, and is beneficial to the mesh as a bonus.
Face Alignment
Defeaturing
Detected features are displayed in the analysis results dialog
Defeaturing
1) Wrong modeling ( i.e wrong geometry , wrong material characteristics, inadequate boundaries or ports, ) Attention should always be paid towards modeling of ports and boundaries as these are artificial assumptions which are not present in reality
2) Insufficient mesh quality : - Because of bad aspect ratios in some relevant areas - Because of insufficient refinement to capture all relevant field behavior
Initial Mesh
In most cases this will be sufficient to provide a good solution, but occasionally it is necessary to assist the mesher when autodaptive meshing alone is not sufficient. HFSS has the possibility to influence the initial mesh by applying user defined mesh operations on an object by object basis:
Approximation of true curved surfaces via surface approximation (not needed for facetted objects). Aspect ratio of mesh elements on surfaces via surface approximation. Length or volume based seeding.
Default: 22.5
Seeding
While seeding the mesh is not required, it is useful in the following conditions: Seeding the mesh inside a volume in the model geometry where regions of strong electric or magnetic fields (with strong capacitive or inductive loading) are expected. Like capacitively loaded gaps in a resonant structure, sharp waveguide edged or corners, gaps between multi-coupled lines in filter structures. Seeding the mesh surfaces of higher aspect ratio boundaries, like PCB traces , surfaces of long wires.
Seeding
The basic idea of seeding and the use of virtual objects is to reduce the number of adaptive passes by applying from start a denser mesh in regions of high field gradients or regions of importance. Seeding can be applied inside solids (mesh operations / assign / inside selection) or on object surfaces ( mesh operations / assign / on selection ). It can be also Applied to sheet objects or arbitrary surfaces
Virtual objects
Virtual objects confine an area which is estimated to be relevant for the solution and consist of the identical material as the region. They enclose mostly objects with sharp edges, thin sheets, wires etc. This enables a very precise seeding and improves mesh quality due to a smaller aspect ratio for tetrahedra inside these objects.
Conformal virtual objects can easy be generated by applying to a duplicated Solid edit / arrange / offset
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To take into account current distribution over frequency a very agressive seeding (like 50 000 tetrahedra / wdg) is required to get the correct Q. Skin-depth seeding can also be used which produces, thin, flat tetrahedra in the metals.
enables efficient and accurate HFSS analysis with controllable geometric integrity
PML boxes
Master
Slave
PML Setup
Select a face and/or all object faces. Assign boundary> PML setup wizard Distance : /6 @ Fmin from radiating structure No closer than /10
Scripts available