EXTRACTION

ABSTRACT
Caffeine is a common and mild stimulant that increases an individuals alertness and focus. The extraction of caffeine from tea leaves (10 Lipton tea bags) was the main focus of the experiment. Extraction is process of separating an organic compound from a mixture of compounds. An appropriate solvent selectively dissolves one or more of the substances in a mixture. The ten Lipton teabags were submerged in approximately 100 mL of heated distilled water and the liquid was added to a separatory funnel that contained 60 mL of Dichloromethane. In the separatory funnel, due to differences in densities, two layers were observed: the organic layer (DCM) and the aqueous layer. The organic layer, which contained caffeine, (bottom layer) was collected into an Erlenmeyer flask containing half a spatula of anhydrous sodium sulfate, which absorbs excess water from the solution. After evaporating, the substance was weighed and the percent yield was calculated and obtained 0.3035% of caffeine.

INTRODUCTION
Extraction is a separation technique based on the differences in the solubilities of substances in two immiscible solvents (usually water and a water insoluble organic solvent). There are three basic types of extraction: liquid-liquid (divided into single and multiple extractions), acid-base, and solid-liquid. The single liquid-liquid extraction was used to extract caffeine from the tea leaves (10 Lipton tea bags). Extraction takes advantage of the relative solubilities of the solutes in immiscible solvents. If the solutes are in an aqueous solution, an organic solvent that is immiscible with water is added. The solutes will dissolve either in the water or in the organic solvent. If the relative solubilities of the solutes differ in the two solvents, a partial separation occurs. The upper, less dense solvent layer is physically separated from the lower layer. After the experiment, a comparison between the data of the single and multiple extraction of caffeine from dried tea leaves should be done. The percentage yield of caffeine for both extraction procedures should be calculated.

sodium carbonate dissolved and 20.00 g of the tea leaves contained in a tea bag was added to the mixture. The tea mixture was heated for 10 minutes. After boiling, the mixture was cooled by running water, then, the tea bag was removed from the beaker and the excess liquid was collected by pressing it to the sides of the beaker using a porcelain spatula. The mixture was then added to a separatory funnel containing 60 ml of Dichloromethane and was securely closed and was mixed. After mixing, it was left to stand for two minutes until the separation between the two layers was clearly visible. The organic layer was drained into a clean Erlenmeyer flask and the aqueous layer was discarded. Half a spatula of anhydrous sodium sulfate was added to the extract in the Erlenmeyer flask and was decanted on a clean and empty evaporating dish that weighed 93.5065 g, in analytical balance, and was evaporated to dryness under the fume hood. The dried extract on the evaporating dish was then weighed in an analytical balance and obtained 93.5672 grams. The data gathered was then calculated and recorded on the data sheet. The following calculations were done to get the required data: Weight of the tea leaves: Weight of the tea leaves= Number of tea bags x number of grams of tea leaves per tea bag (indicated in the box of the product) Weight of the tea leaves = 10 Lipton Tea bags x 2.000 g/Lipton Tea bags Weight of the tea leaves = 20.00 g of tea leaves Weight of Caffeine: Weight of Caffeine= (weight of evaporating dish + caffeine) weight of empty evaporating dish

EXPERIMENTAL A. Compounds tested(or Samples used)

Tea leaves (Lipton tea bags), Caffeine(C8H10N4O2), Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate(Na2CO3), Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate(Na2so4), Dichloromethane(CH2Cl2)

B. Procedure
A solution of 4.4 g anhydrous sodium carbonate and 100 ml distilled water in a beaker was heated in a water bath until the anhydrous

Weight of Caffeine= 93.5672g - 93.5065g Weight of Caffeine= 0.0607g Caffeine Percent Yield:

wt.ofCaffeine 100 s wt.oftealeave 0.0607g Percent yield= 100 20.00 g

Percent yield= Percent yield= 0.3035% Caffeine

percentage of caffeine present in 20.00 g of tea leaves. This means that for every 20.00 g of tea leaves, an amount of 0.0607 g of caffeine can be collected using the technique of single extraction and this 0.0607 g of caffeine constitutes 0.3035% of the tea leaves. A lot of factors affected the result of this experiment, and some can become possible sources of error. Some of these were variability in the temperature the tea bags were subjected to, the amount of time the tea bags were boiled, and the uncertain or slightly incomplete extraction of the solution squeezed out from the tea bags. Single and multiple extractions are almost the same except for the fact that in a multiple extraction, there are repeated extraction processes done. Multiple extractions are usually more efficient than single extractions because it allows more of the caffeine in the mixture to be extracted. It usually takes several extractions to remove all the solute from a solvent because not all the solute can be transferred to the other solvent in a single extraction. It is always a good idea to use several small portions of the second solvent rather than to make a single extraction with a large portion. There is a chance of retaining more products from a multiple extraction. This experiment (extraction) enables us to separate compounds from different specimens. All things considered, students will learn what kind of solvent to use in obtaining something from a mixture or compound.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The tea leaves were mixed to the solution containing 4.4 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate and 100 mL of distilled water. A great deal of extracts from the tea leaves was acquired. Since the assigned extraction was single extraction, 60 mL of dichloromethane was used to extract all the caffeine from the tea leaves. Dichloromethane was the solvent used for extraction because it easily evaporates, therefore leaving only the caffeine on the evaporating dish when evaporated. Table 1. Data obtained (Measured weights)
Weight of tea leaves used Weight of evaporating dish + caffeine Weight of empty evaporating dish Weight of caffeine Data obtained 20.00 g 93.5672 g 93.5065 g 0.0607 g

Table 1 shows the measured weights of the sample used and the extracts acquired. After subjecting the tea mixture to the processes of extraction, decantation, and evaporation, crude caffeine was successfully collected. The weight of caffeine was obtained by measuring the weight of an empty evaporating dish first and then pouring the organic mixture to it. It was left to dry until all that was left was the caffeine. The evaporating dish containing the caffeine was weighed again. Subtracting the weight of the empty evaporating dish and the weight of the evaporating dish containing caffeine, it can be said that a weight of 0.0607 g of crude caffeine was obtained from 20.00 g of tea leaves. A percentage yield of 0.30% was computed after getting the ratio of the weight of the residue, which is the caffeine, and weight of the tea leaves used, and then multiplying it by 100%. The percentage yield gives us the

REFERENCES
[1]Braun, R.D. Chemical Analysis. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/108 529/chemicalanalysis/80784/Extraction#ref621101 04/27/10 [2]Darshana, D. Extraction. http://quiz2.chem.arizona.edu/vip/extraction/ 07/21/12 [3] Sturm, N. Extraction. http://chemistry.csudh.edu/faculty/noel/CHE317 L/Extraction%20Experiment.htm 01/29/04