http://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration

The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. Congress established the agency under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which President Richard M. Nixon signed into law on December 29, 1970. OSHA's mission is to "assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance"[2]. The agency is also charged with enforcing a variety of whistleblower statutes and regulations. OSHA is currently headed by Assistant Secretary of Labor Dr. David Michaels. [edit]History OSHA officially formed on April 28, 1971, the date that the OSH Act became effective.[3] George Guenther was appointed as the agency's first director. OSHA has developed a number of training, compliance assistance, and health and safety recognition programs throughout its history. The OSHA Training Institute, which trains government and private sector health and safety personnel, began in 1972.[3] In 1978, the agency began a grantmaking program, now called the Susan Harwood Training Grant Program, to train workers and employers in reducing workplace hazards.[3] OSHA started the Voluntary Protection Programs in 1982, which allows employers to apply as "model workplaces" to achieve special designation if they meet certain requirements. [3] [edit]Health

and safety standards

The Occupational Safety and Health Act allows OSHA to issue workplace health and safety regulations. These regulations includelimits on chemical exposure, employee access to information, requirements for the use of personal protective equipment, and requirements for safety procedures. In its first year of operation, OSHA was permitted to adopt regulations based on guidelines set by certain standards organizations, such as the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, without going through all of the requirements of a typical rulemaking. In 2000, OSHA issued an ergonomics standard. In March 2001,Congress voted to repeal the standard through the Congressional Review Act. The repeal, one of the first major pieces of legislation signed by President George W. Bush, is the only instance that Congress has successfully used the Congressional Review Act to block a regulation.

Between 2001 and 2011, OSHA has issued just four new health and safety standards; during this period, the agency has promulgated regulations at a far slower rate than during any other decade in the agency's history.[4] [edit]Enforcement OSHA is responsible for enforcing its standards on regulated entities. The agency sends Compliance Safety and Health Officers to work sites, where they carry out inspections and assess fines for regulatory violations. Inspections are planned for work sites in particularly hazardous industries. Inspections can also result in response to workplace incidents, worker complaints or referrals by other individuals. OSHA covers approximately 7 million workplaces.[5] According to a report by AFLCIO, it would take OSHA 129 years to inspect all workplaces under its jurisdiction.[6] [edit]Exemptions Certain workplaces are exempted from OSHA inspections because they fall outside of the scope of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, are regulated by other agencies, or are exempted through Department of Labor appropriations bills. Exempted workers include:

Mine and quarry workers (regulated by the Mine Safety and Health Administration) Independent contractors and other self-employed individuals[7] Public sector employees (covered only in jurisdictions with state plans; the United States Postal Service is covered under the Postal Employees Safety Enhancement Act)[8] Domestic workers[9] Flight crews (covered by the Federal Aviation Administration)[10] Farms employing only family members and farms employing fewer than 10 employees with no migrant labor housing[11]

Additionally, workplaces participating in OSHA's Voluntary Protection Programs are exempted from programmatic inspections, though they can still be subject to accident-, complaint-, or referral-initiated inspections.[12] [edit]Whistleblower

laws

In addition to enforcing regulations issued under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, OSHA is also responsible for enforcingwhistleblower provisions of 21 statutes.[13] Over the years, Congress has designated OSHA as responsible for enforcing these laws, regardless of their relationship to occupational safety and health matters. Most recently, Congress designated OSHA as the agency responsible for enforcing the whistleblower provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.

[edit]State

plans

Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, U.S. states and territories are permitted to adopt federally approved occupational safety and health plans. These plans, which replace federal OSHA enforcement and receive partial funding from the federal government, are required to be at least as effective in protecting workers as OSHA. They are also required to cover public sector employees (federal OSHA does not cover such workers). Twenty-two states administer occupational safety and health plans. An additional five jurisdictions, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Illinois, and the Virgin Islands, have occupational safety and health plans that exclusively cover public sector workers and do not supplant federal OSHA in private sector enforcement [14]. [edit]Controversy Much of the debate about OSHA regulations and enforcement policies revolves around the cost of regulations and enforcement, versus the actual benefit in reduced worker injury, illness and death. A 1995 study of several OSHA standards by the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA)[1] found that regulated industries as well as OSHA typically overestimate the expected cost of proposed OSHA standards. OSHA has come under considerable criticism for the ineffectiveness of its penalties, particularly its criminal penalties. The maximum penalty is a misdemeanor with a maximum of 6-months in jail.[15].[dubious discuss] In response to the criticism, OSHA, in conjunction with the Department of Justice, has pursued several high-profile criminal prosecutions for violations under the Act, and has announced a joint enforcement initiative between OSHA and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which has the ability to issue much higher fines than OSHA. Meanwhile, Congressional Democrats, labor unions and community safety and health advocates are attempting to revise the OSH Act to make it a felony with much higher penalties to commit a willful violation that results in the death of a worker. Some local prosecutors are charging company executives with manslaughter and other felonies when criminal negligenceleads to the death of a worker[citation needed]. During its more than 30 years of existence, OSHA has secured only 12 criminal convictions.[16] OSHA has been accused of being more devoted to the numbers of inspections than to actual safety. Industry associations and unions have resorted to court action to force OSHA to promulgate new standards such as the Hexavalent Chromium standard. OSHA has also been criticized for taking decades to develop new regulations. Speaking about OSHA on the specific issue of combustible dust explosions:[17] "[Carolyn] Merritt was appointed to the Chemical Safety Board by President Bush. Asked what her experience has been with regard to safety regulations in the Bush

administration, Merritt says, 'The basic disappointment has been this attitude of no new regulation. They don't want industry to be pestered. In some instances, industry has to be pestered in order to comply.' " [edit]Classifying

formaldehyde as a carcinogen

In 1981, a panel within OSHA decided that there was insufficient evidence to classify formaldehyde as a carcinogen; OSHA had previously classified the chemical as a potential carcinogen.[18] Dr. Peter Infante, head of the OSHA department in charge of identifying carcinogens, criticized the panel's decision in a letter to the International Agency for Research on Cancer.[18] After lobbying by formaldehyde industry groups, OSHA administrators accused Infante of insubordination and proposed his firing. The proposed firing resulted in several congressional hearings.[18] Infante did not ultimately lose his job as a result of the letter. [edit]Protecting

OSHA inspectors from beryllium

Beryllium is a toxic metal that can cause immune sensitization, chronic beryllium disease, and cancer, with effects occurring in some people at very low levels of exposure. In 2002, OSHA administrators voted down a proposal to test OSHA inspectors for signs of beryllium sensitization. Dr. Adam Finkel, then director of the OSHA department responsible for setting health standards, opposed the administrations rejection of the testing. Finkel was demoted after voicing his concerns in a trade publication.[19] He received a settlement from the agency after bringing a whistleblower case against it. OSHA tested some of its inspectors for beryllium sensitization in 2004; 3.7% of the inspectors tested positive.[19]

http://des.umd.edu/os/rest/mosha.html

safety and health protection on the job

Maryland Occupational Safety and Health Act

Public Sector The Maryland Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1973 provides job safety and health protection for workers through the promotion of safe and healthful working conditions throughout the State. Requirements of the Act include the following:

Public Employers:

Public Employees:

Inspection:

Each public employer shall furnish to each of his or her employees employment and a place of employment free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious harm to employees; and shall comply with occupational safety and health standards issued under the Act. Each public employee shall comply with all occupational safety and health standards, rules, regulations and orders issued under the Act that apply to his or her own actions and conduct on the job. The Commissioner of Labor and Industry has the primary responsibility for administering the Act and issuing occupational safety and health standards. The Act provides that the State Government and each of its political subdivisions or any agency thereof shall develop, conduct and maintain a program of self-inspection. This program is to be approved and monitored by the Commissioner of Labor and Industry. The Act requires that a representative or representatives authorized by the employees be given an opportunity to participate in the inspection procedure. Where there is no authorized employee representative, the inspector shall consult with a reasonable number of employees concerning safety and health conditions in the workplace. Public employees or their representatives have the right to file a complaint with the Commissioner requesting an inspection if they believe unsafe or unhealthful conditions exist in their workplace. The Commissioner will withhold names of employees complaining on request. The Act provides that employees may not be discharged or discriminated against in any way for filing safety and health

Complaint:

complaints or otherwise exercising their rights under the Act. A public employee who believes he or she has been discriminated against may file a complaint with the Commissioner within 30 days of the alleged discrimination. If upon an inspection performed by the Division of Lao and Industry, the Commissioner believes a public employer has violated the Act, a citation alleging such violations shall be issued to the public employer. Each citation shall specify a time period within which the alleged violation must be corrected. The MOSH citation must be prominently displayed at or near the place of alleged violation for three days, or until it is corrected, whichever is later, to warn employees of dangers that may exist there. The Act encourages efforts by labor and management to reduce injuries and illness arising out of employment. The Commissioner of Labor and Industry encourages employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards voluntarily and to develop and improve safety and health programs in all workplaces and industries. Such cooperative action would initially focus on the identification and elimination of hazards that could cause death, injury, or illness to employees and supervisors.

Citation:

Voluntary Activity:

The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) is a department under the Ministry of Human Resources. This department is responsible for ensuring the safety, health and welfare of people at work as well as protecting other people from the safety and health hazards arising from the activities sectors which include:

Manufacturing Mining and Quarrying Construction Hotels and Restaurant Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Transport, Storage and Communication Public Services and Statutory Authorities Utilities - Gas, Electricity, Water and Sanitary Services Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services Wholesale and Retail Trades As a government agency, the department is responsible for the administration and enforcement of legislations related to occupational safety and health of the country, with a vision of becoming an organisation which leads the nation in creating a safe and healthy work culture that contributes towards enhancing the quality of working life.

FUNCTION

To study and review the policies and legislations of occupational safety and health. To enforce the following legislations : a) Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and its regulations. b) Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and its regulations. c) Part of Petroleum Act 1984 (Safety Measures) and its regulations.

To conduct research and technical analysis on issues related to occupational safety and health at the workplace.

To carry out promotional and publicity programs to employers, workers and the general public to foster and increase the awareness of occupational safety and health.

To carry out promotional and publicity programs to employers, workers and the general public to foster and increase the awareness of occupational safety and health.

To become a secretariat for the National Council regarding occupational safety and health

ACTIVTY
fforts to increase awareness of employers, employees and the general public on the need for a safe workplace with no health hazards require diligent efforts and the participation of numerous parties. Different approaches are required for the implementation of these efforts, and they should be carried out in an integrated, comprehensive and continuous manner in order for maximum effectiveness. This also assures all parties involved that OSH is indeed an important issue towards ensuring a quality working life as well as the survival of employers in any business transaction. As such, all allocated expenditure and efforts to ensure the success of the OSH program and its management system should be regarded as an investment. To accomplish the assigned responsibility, the department performs three important activities: the formulation of standards, enforcement, as well as promotion and communication activities. The department?s organisation structure consists of its head office and 13 state offices. The scope of duties for the former focus on the formulation of standards, approval, accreditation and data analysis; whilst the latter concentrate more on enforcement of acts and regulations, inspection, audit, legal proceedings and investigations. i. Formulation of Standards To draft (legislation) and regularly review via a tripartite process the policies, laws, codes of practice and guidelines pertaining to occupational safety, health and welfare as a basis in ensuring safety and health at work. Policy Analysis The department will, from time to time, study and review existing occupational safety and health policies to gauge the extent to which they have achieved the original planned objectives. These

policies are amended if deemed necessary, according to the needs and requirements of current circumstances, to achieve the aim of developing a safe and healthy working culture that is selfregulated by employers and employees. Drafting / Legislating New Industry Regulations, Guidelines and Codes of Practice To assist industry players in achieving their general responsibility in occupational safety and health as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, the department has commenced and continues to draft (legislation) and amend existing regulations, as well as formulate new industry regulations, guidelines and codes of practice.

ii. Enforcement As a government agency responsible for ensuring the occupational safety, health and welfare of people at work as well as protecting other people from the safety and health hazards arising from work-related activities, the department carries out enforcement activities on industries governed by the following legislation :

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994 Factories and Machinery Act 1967 Petroleum Act (Safety Measures) 1984

Enforcement activities conducted by the DOSH include : Approval The discharge of approval and/or permission for the design, installation or fitting of machinery, and the repair procedure for steam boilers, unfired pressure vessels and hoisting machinery. Registration The registration of factories, work sites and machinery which require recommendatory certificates (a certificate of fitness) such as steam boilers, unfired pressure vessels, lifts and hoisting machinery. Accreditation Individuals with the appropriate qualification, experience, expertise and knowledge in specific fields as specified by the Act and regulation(s) will require accreditation. Accredited competencies are Competent Firm and Competent Person. Inspection The conducting of preliminary, repeated (scheduled) and/or supplementary inspections on steam boilers, unfired pressure vessels, hoisting machinery, factory premises and other work sites.Investigation of Accidents and Complaints

Investigation of complaints, accidents, occupational diseases and/or poison occurrences at the workplace. Legal Proceedings

iii. Promotion and Communication In order to increase occupational safety and health awareness of employers and employees, the department strives to provide clarification and pointers to ensure that all occupational safety and health legislations are adhered to. As a partner in the implementation of the Corporatisation of Malaysia policy, the department subscribes to the belief that that all its customers should be provided with sufficient information on occupational safety and health. Therefore, various promotion and communication activities have been implemented in order to distribute such information. The promotion and publicity efforts and activities by the DOSH include:

Organising and conducting lectures or public talks as well as exhibitions and training related to occupational safety and health.

Carrying out promotion works and encouragement/motivation activities via campaigns and exhibitions related to occupational safety and health.

Providing specialist services in occupational safety and health to public and private agencies as well as associations of employers, employees and professionals, in the effort to further upgrade the standard of occupational safety, health and welfare.

Collating and preparing informative materials related to occupational safety and health for reference, loan and distribution purposes. In addition to the principal activities listed above, the department is also responsible for :

Providing input and serving as the secretariat to the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health (NCOSH).

Conducting research and technical analysis to determine steps to control occupational safety and health hazards at the workplace.

Preparing the examination and assessment syllabus and coordinating the examination for accreditation of Competent Persons.

Formulating accreditation criteria as well as providing accreditation for Competent Institutions and organisations.

Determining and reviewing safety reports and emergency action plans, information to public as well conducting inspections and audits on hazardous and non-hazardous equipment / tools.

Monitoring of health hazards at work sites. Perusing reports on the monitoring of health hazards for Competent Persons .

Regulation

Auto mechanics in auto shops encounter a variety of potential safety hazards, including moving car parts, toxic chemicals, electrical equipment and dangerous machines.Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations for auto mechanics and auto shops require respiratory protection, machine guarding, environmental controls and other safety measures to protect workers from injuries and illnesses. Read more: What Are the OSHA Regulations for Auto Mechanics & Auto Shops? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_6878482_osha-auto-mechanics-autoshops_.html#ixzz25KKbomAC

1. Spray Finishing
o

OSHA regulations outline spray finishing rules, and auto shops frequently spray finish cars. Spraying operations should have spray booths that direct fumes toward an exhaust or ventilation system. According to OSHA regulations, spray booths should be built mostly out of steel or concrete, although the OSHA allows aluminum spray booths for low-volume operations. Employers should have spray booths with smooth interior surfaces that workers can wash easily. Combustible spray booth floors must have noncombustible covers to prevent fires when workers spray flammable liquids.

Chemical Hazard Communication

o

Auto mechanics use a variety of potentially hazardous chemicals, including fuels, paints, oils and solvents. OSHA regulations require chemical manufacturers to assess and communicate chemical hazards to their buyers, and employers must also warn workers about chemical hazards in the workplace. Employers should provide chemical labels and warnings, training in how to safely use workplace chemicals and safety data sheets for employees. The OSHA holds employers responsible for making sure labels stay on chemical containers and workers get any necessary safety data sheets at the start of their work shifts.

Personal Protective Equipment

o

OSHA regulations state that workers should use personal protective equipment to avoid health and safety risks from chemicals and machines that could cause injuries without protective equipment. Employers must assess workplace hazards and decide whether or not employees need to use

personal protective equipment. If an employer decides that workers need protective equipment, he must require the equipment at work and make sure each employee has access to equipment that fits properly. In the auto industry, workers may need respirators to avoid toxic fumes and flameresistant clothing, gloves or boots to protect their feet from dropped metal parts, depending on the type of work performed.

Fire Extinguishers
o

Employers of workplaces without specific fire alarm and evacuation procedures must install fire extinguishers in the workplace, according to OSHA requirements. Workers must have easy access to fire extinguishers, and the OSHA holds employers responsible for mounting them in a safe place. Employers must maintain fire extinguishers in working condition and keep them closest to the most likely places for workplace fires to occur.

Garis Panduan seperti berikut hendaklah dipatuhi oleh pengusaha-pengusaha bengkel: Pengusaha bengkel hendaklah mempamerkan tanda (sign) di tempat juruwang atau tempattempat yang sesuai iaitu: a) Memberitahu pengguna tentang hak-hak mereka dalam mendapatkan perkhidmatan, iaitu: i. Anggaran (Estimate) bertulis bagi kerja-kerja membaiki kenderaan. ii. Invois terperinci kerja yang dijalankan dan alat ganti yang ditukar serta kos keseluruhan. iii. Memulangkan alat ganti lama yang telah ditukar kepada pengguna jika diminta berbuat demikian. iv. Mendapatkan kuasa (authorisation) dari pengguna untuk menjalankan kerja-kerja tambahan dan menyatakan tambahan kos yang dikenakan. b) Mempamerkan nombor telefon Bahagian Penguatkuasa, KPDN & HEP di mana aduan boleh disalurkan. c) Contoh papan tanda, sila rujuk Garis Panduan Papan Tanda Penerangan Pengguna. Mendapatkan persetujuan (consent) bertulis daripada pengguna bagi kerja-kerja penyelenggaraan yang akan dilakukan. Memberitahu pengguna jenis alat ganti yang perlu ditukar sama ada baru,reconditioned, rebuilt atau second hand dan sebagainya. Membenarkan Pengguna memeriksa dan mendapatkan semula alat ganti yang telah ditukar. Memberitahu tempoh / masa penyelenggaraan membaiki kenderaan. Memberikan jaminan perkhidmatan kepada pengguna, jika ada iaitu jaminan kerja penyelenggaraan (service warranty) dan jaminan alat ganti (spare part warranty). Memberitahu pengguna tentang hak untuk mengetahui caj perkhidmatan dan harga alat ganti. Mempamerkan senarai caj perkhidmatan mengikut kemahiran yang dimiliki oleh pengusaha, sila rujuk Garis Panduan Tanda Harga Caj Perkhidmatan. Mempamerkan tanda harga ke atas alat ganti dan menyenaraikan harga alat ganti yang dijual di bengkel, sila rujuk Garis Panduan Tanda Harga Alat Ganti. Senarai harga alat ganti hendaklah diasingkan mengikut alat ganti tulen,reconditioned, rebuilt, second hand dan sebagainya. Mengeluarkan satu invois dengan buti-butir harga alat ganti dan caj perkhidmatan di ruangan yang berasingan. Menyediakan kemudahan pelanggan yang baik dan bersih seperti kemudahan sanitasi dan tempat menunggu.

Menjaga kebersihan alam sekitar iaitu membuang semua sisa alat ganti dan sisa minyak / cat / coolant ke tempat yang sesuai yang diwajibkan oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar dan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan.

3.0 KOD ETIKA PENGUSAHAAN BENGKEL PENYELENGGARAAN KENDERAAN BERMOTOR

Pengusaha hendaklah mematuhi kod etika seperti berikut: Berwibawa / Integrity Menjalankan kerja-kerja penyelenggaraan dengan jujur, berdisiplin, bertanggungjawab dan bermaruah supaya kewibawaan industri terpelihara. Kecekapan / Efficiency Menjalankan kerja-kerja penyelenggaraan dengan cekap, cara yang selamat, berkualiti dan harga perkhidmatan yang kompetitif serta memberi keutamaan kepada keselamatan pengguna. Telus / Transparent Mengetahui hak-hak pengguna, berkomunikasi dengan jelas dan telus kepada pelanggan serta memastikan perkhidmatan yang diberikan difahami. Berusaha membetulkan kepincangan dalam industri ini dan mengelakkan iklan-iklan yang boleh mengelirukan serta memperdayakan pengguna. Pematuhan / Compliance Mematuhi semua garis panduan yang dikeluarkan oleh pihak berkuasa, serta peraturanperaturan dan undang-undang yang ditetapkan seperti Akta Kawalan Harga 1946 dan Akta Perlindungan Pengguna 1999 serta undang-undang yang dikeluarkan oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar dan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan. Persaingan / Competition Memastikan persaingan yang adil, sihat dan terbuka supaya keharmonian pasaran dapat diwujudkan. Profesionalisma / Professionalism Memberikan perkhidmatan secara profesional serta meningkatkan pengetahuan, kemahiran dan kecekapan malalui kemajuan kerjaya di kalangan kakitangan dengan tujuan mengekalkan / mewujudkan mutu yang tinggi dalam profesion ini. Pro-aktif / Pro-active Bersikap pro-aktif kepada tindakbalas terhadap perubahan-perubahan di dalam teknologi dalam industri ini dan perubahan kepada perundangan. Menghormati / Respect Mewujudkan hubungan baik antara pengguna dan pihak industri dengan cara melayani semua

pengguna dengan saksama tanpa mengira bangsa, umur dan jantina serta bersikap sopan dan mesra pengguna (consumer friendly). Alam Sekitar / Environment Komited dalam menjaga kebersihan alam sekitar di kawasan bengkel bagi faedah masyarakat.

Langkah-langkah keselamatan semasa menjalankan kerja. 1.Elakkan drp memegang atau menyentuh bahagian tajam pada mesin / alat. 2.Pastikan mesin ada sistem pembumian 3.Matikan suis kuasa sepenuhnya bila mesin tidak digunakan. 4.Kerosakan laporan 5.Fius kena betul. Elakkan beban lampau 6.Pastikan bahagian enjin bergerak ada pengadang.

Kebakaran yang tidak dikawal pada peringkat permulaan akan memberi kesan kesengsaraan. Alat pemadam api boleh menyelamatkan nyawa dan harta benda dengan memadamkan kebakaran diperingkat awal dan membantu mengawal kebakaran sementara menunggu ketibaan Bomba. Menurut teori standard temperature curve, masa yang sesuai memadamkan sesuatu kebakaran adalah diantara 1 hingga 4 minit pertama. Namun demikian jangka masa yang kritikal ini adalah amat sukar bagi Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat untuk sampai ke tempat kebakaran. Kebanyakan alat pemadam api yang digunakan di Malaysia adalah terdiri daripada jenis ABC dan jenis CO2. Adalah penting mengetahui tentang kelas-kelas api supaya anda dapat menggunakan media pemadaman yang sesuai.

Kelas-Kelas Api, Punca dan Bahan Pemadaman

Kelas Api

Jenis Bahan

Jenis Pemadam Api

Kelas A' Kayu, Kertas, Kain Api Pepejal Air, Debu Kering

Kelas B' Minyak, Cat, Varnish, Plastik Api Cecair Buih, Debu Kering, CO2

Kelas C' Gas Butana, Gas Acetylene Api Gas Debu Kering, CO2

Logam Potassium, Logam Kelas D' Sodium, Logam Kalsium Api Logam dan Logam Magnesium Kelas-Kelas Api Secara umumnya terdapat 4 kelas api. Anda perlu mengetahuinya supaya anda dapat mengenal pasti kelas api yang terlibat serta media pemadaman yang sesuai untuk memadamkannya. Sila lihat jadual di atas yang memperincikan kelas api dan media pemadaman yang sesuai. Berdasarkan jadual di atas, terdapat 4 kelas api dan setiap kelas menggunakan alat pemadam api yang berbeza. Namun demikian bagi mengelakkan kekeliruan dalam memilih media pemadaman yang sesuai, anda disyorkan membeli alat pemadam api jenis ABC. Jenis ini besifat serba guna dan dapat memadamkan api dari jenis kelas A, B, dan C yang dikategorikan sebagai common fires. Debu Kering

Kebakaran Logam Kebakaran melibatkan logam jarang berlaku dirumah kerana ianya memerlukan satu sumber haba yang amat tinggi untuk membakar, dengan itu adalah tidak praktikal untuk mengadakan media pemadaman untuk kelas D' kerana ianya dikategorikan sebagai uncommon fires. Pemadam Api Jenis Debu Kering ABC Pemadam api jenis debu kering ABC biasanya menggunakan bahan Sadium Bicarbonate iaitu sejenis bahan yang terbukti selamat digunakan dan amat berkesan untuk memadam kebakaran dari kelas A, B dan C dengan cara menyelimut serta mengganggu tindakbalas berantai sesuatu kebakaran. Pemadam Api Jenis CO2 Pemadam api jenis CO2 (karbon dioksida) adalah agen pemadam yang bersih (clean agent) dan tidak akan merosakkan komponen-komponen sensitif peralatan elektrik seperti komponen komputer. Sekiranya anda tidak mempunyai pemadam api jenis CO2, pemadam api jenis ABC debu kering boleh digunakan. Teknik Mengawal Kebakaran Kecil

Pastikan keselamatan anda dan orang lain terjamin. Pastikan semua penghuni telah meninggalkan / keluar rumah. Pastikan Jabatan Bomba telah dipanggil. Pastikan saiz api masih kecil dan belum merebak. Pastikan paras asap tidak menjejaskan pernafasan dan mengaburkan pemandangan anda. Pastikan anda membelakangkan jalan pelepasan ketika melawan kebakaran, kerana sekiranya anda gagal memadamkan kebakaran, maka anda tahu bahawa jalan pelepasan adalah dibelakang anda. Sekiranya api gagal dipadamkan dan menjadi tidak terkawal, tinggalkan tempat tersebut. Pastikan anda menutup pintu terlebih dahulu untuk melambatkan api dan asap dari merebak ke ruang lain. Tempat Menyimpan Alat Pemadam Api

Mudah dilihat. Mudah dicapai. Tempat berisiko tinggi Laluan keluar

Kaedah Menggunakan Alat Pemadam Api Anda hanya perlu mengikuti langkah-langkah berikut:

P- Pull - Cabutkan pin A- Aim - Halakan nozel ke pangkal (base) api S- Squeeze - Tekan tuil (lever) S- Sweep - Layangkan nozel ke kiri dan kanan Panduan Membeli Alat Pemadam Api Sekiranya anda ingin membeli alat pemadam api, pastikan anda mendapat maklumat dan keterangan yang lengkap daripada pihak pembekal mengenai pemasangan, penyelenggaraan, pengujian dan penggunaannya ataupun hubungi Balai Bomba dan Penyelamat yang berhampiran untuk nasihat. Pastikan anda membeli pemadam api yang mempunyai kelulusan SIRIM. Peringatan Alat pemadam api adalah amat penting untuk memadam kebakaran di peringkat awal. Sekiranya anda tidak memiliki alat pemadam api dirumah, peluang untuk memadamkan kebakaran diperingkat awal adalah amat tipis. Ingatlah alat pemadam api adalah amat penting supaya anda dapat membunuh api itu, sebelum ianya membunuh anda dan ahli keluarga anda.

Kebakaran biasanya akan menyebabkan kerugian yang besar. Namun sesetengah kebakaran kecil akan bertambah besar sekiranya kita lupa bahawa tidak semua kebakaran boleh dipadam dengan menggunakan air. Penting bagi setiap orang untuk mengetahui cara-cara memadamkan kebakaran dengan menggunakan bahan yang betul agar api tidak merebak. Berikut adalah beberapa maklumat yang penting tentang jenis-jenis alat pemadam api mengikut kategori kebakaran.

sumber: google

sumber: http://www.scribd.com/doc/36058282/PoliBridget-Unit-3

sumber: google

cara menggunakan alat pemadam api (APA)

sumber: google

Keratan rentas alat pemadam api (APA)

sumber: google

sumber: google