Name: Balatayo, Jhonex Nelson Y.

Date: February 1, 2013 Basic Electrical Relations

I.

Objectives: To become familiar with the operation and use of the digital and analogue millimeters in the measurement of voltage, current and resistance To be able to set up simple electric circuits To Verify certain basic laws foe electrical networks

II.

Summarized Theory / Method Electrical measurement is like measuring a water flow. The water flows from high to low elevation. This is the same to electricity, electrical charges flow from high to low potential. Electrical current is measured electrical charges per unit time (Coulomb/Sec = Ampere). If the water flows from a closed pipe, there is no water lost. The same to an electrical flow. The charges flow from high to low potential to a close circuit, therefore no electrical charges is lost. The water can flow if it is pushed by a water pump, the same to the electrical charges, it is pushed by a voltage source so that it can move. No charges is lost, therefore it follows the conservation of charges. In a closed water circuit the water flows from the starting point but it will end up to that point also. In an electrical circuit, the electrical charges flows to a closed circuit which pass through its components in a closed loop, it goes back to its starting point. The voltage drop of the circuit which the charges had experienced is equal to zero (Kirchhoffs loop rule). When water flows to a high elevation but it will pass through to a narrow pipe, less water will flow to that pipe. Let us say , that pipe has a high resistance. We can compare it to an electrical current, the high resistance the wire it has the lower the electrical current will pass. This can be summarized as I=V/R(Ohms Law). This law holds for conducting materials. To deal with electrical circuits, It is necessary to know quantities like potential difference which is expressed in Volt (V), electrical current which is expressed in Amperes (A) and electrical resistance which is expressed in Ohms (). The voltmeter is used to measure the potential difference, ammeter for the electrical current and ohmmeter for the resistance. Modern technology today now innovate a combination of the three, the multimeter.

III.

Materials and Apparatus During this experiment we use these materials: IJ, circuit board(Discrete Component Patching System), power supple unit PSU variable 0-30V, Analog multimeter PHYWELM 1121, Digital multimeter H.G.L 20000JD, 10 connecting wires and resistors 220, 470 and 1k

IV.

Procedures and Observations

Voltage measurement The students made a circuit diagram. The multimeter was set to Voltmeter and in AC. The students identified the terminals which the tip of the measuring cables were connected. Before inserting the terminal of the cable was determined first in order to have a positive result. A proper reading was obtained. After doing the preliminary procedure the students were capable of doing the voltage measurements.

The PSU was adjusted to 9.0V then they constructed the circuit diagram to the patching board. After constructing the circuit, the students let their instructor checked their circuit. The students then measure the Potential Difference at AB, BC, CD and AD. This points are shown below.

Current Measurements The students made a diagram of the circuit. The multimeter was set to proper mode. The part of the circuit which was been measured was identified and maximum current was estimated. Proper polarity of the multimeter was observed during measurement to prevent negative result. After measuring the multimeter was removed to the patching panel. After doing this preliminary procedure the students were capable of doing the current measurement. The same potential difference was inputted to the PSU. The circuit was constructed after constructing, the students let their instructor check if their circuit is right. The Ammeter was now placed accordingly to points shown below.

Determining Resistance values The resistance of each resistor was determined by using the color code that was matched to the table on the manual. Another is using the Multimeter was set to ohmmeter, then the resistance was determined.

Junction Rule The circuit was constructed on the patching panel. Points P, Q, R, S, T and U currents were measured. The measured value was determined either if it follows the Kirchhoffs Junction Rule

Measurement of Resistance Series The circuit was constructed but there was no power supply inserted. Points AB, CD and AD were measured using the ohmmeter and the value obtained was tabulated.

Parallel The previous circuit was used but connection AD was shorted and resistance across AB was measured. The result was evaluated either it follows the rule.

V.

Data Table 2: Current Measurements Current (A) Digital Meter Reading 5.66*10^-3
power

Table 1: Voltage Measurements Voltage (V) Digital Analog Meter Meter Reading Reading 8.98 9

VAD = VO
Accros power supply

Io
through supply

Analog Meter Reading 5.66*10^-3

VAB
Across R1

2.70 5.71 0.56

2.6 5.6 0.5

I1
through R1

5.66*10^-3 5.66*10^-3 5.66*10^-3

5.66*10^-3 5.66*10^-3 5.66*10^-3

VBC
Across R2

I2
through R2

VCD
Across R3

I3
through R3

Table 3: Resistance Measurements Nominal Values Digital Meter (ohms) 471 1000 101.1 Analog Meter (Ohms) 429 1000 100 R=V/I Digital(ohms) Analog(ohms) 477.03 10008.8 98.9 490.56 1056.6 94.33

R1 R2 R3

470 +- 5% 1000 +- 5% 100 +- 5%

Table 4: Kirchoffs Junction Rule Junction a currents IP IQ IT Junction b currents IS IR IU Current (A) Digital Meter Analog Meter 15.92*10^-3 15.91*10^-3 10.53*10^-3 10.94*10^-3 5.16*10^-3 5.14*10^-3 16.01 10.7 5.23 16 10.53 5.27

Table 5: Resistor in Series When AD is not Resistance shorted (R1 is in (ohms) series with R3) Digital Meter RAB 1000 RCD 316 REQ 1220

Table 6: Resistors in Parallel When AD is shorted (R1 is in parallel with R3) RAB RCD REQ Resistance (ohms) Digital 994 316 1220

Results and Discussions

Do your results in Table 1, serve to confirm Kirchoffs loop rule? Explain.

Based on the results, VAD=VAB + VBC + VDC . The Kirchoffs loop rule state that in voltage, VTotal = V1 + V2 + V.. This occurrence is true if in a series circuit and in the procedure we carefully performed, we were asked to create a series circuit. Thus proving the kirchoffs loop rule is true.

Are the results of Table 2 in accordance with what you would expect from the conservation of charge principles? Explain. It shows that the current is constant all throughout the series circuit that in an isolated system the sum of the current entering is the same amount that exits the system. Thus proving one rule of Kirchoff, in series: ITOTAL = IA = IB How do your measured and calculated results of the resistance compare with the nominal values using the color code? The calculated values are close to the equivalent values of the resistor, through reading the color code it bears.

Do your results in Table 4 serve to confirm Kirchoffs Junction Rule? Explain. It shows in both junction A B that the total current flowing in is equivalent to the total current flowing out, though IP = IQ + IT IR + IU = Is A.) What is the equivalent resistance REQ for two resistors connected in series? State the relationship based on the results obtained in Table 5 REQ = R1 + R2, REQ = 1000 ohms + 220 ohms = 1220 ohms It shows that the relationships between the resistors are as follows: REQ > R1 REQ > R2

B.) What is the equivalent resistance REQ for 2 resistors connected in parallel? State the relationship based on the results of Table 6 1/REQ = 1/R1 + 1/R2, 1/ REQ = 1/1000 ohms + 1/220 ohms = 180 ohms It shows that the relationships between the resistors are as follows: REQ < R1

REQ < R2

Conclusion

Recommendation I would recommend that students be given a chance to experiment or explore possibilities using these instruments and materials to increase learning and interest, supervised of course.