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{\f9 Arial;} {\f10 Arial;} {\f11 Arial;} {\f12 Times New Roman;} {\f13 Arial;} {\f1000000 Times New Roman;} }{\colortbl; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; }\viewkind1\viewscale100\margl0\margr0\margt0\margb0\deftab80\dntblnsbdb\expshrt n\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg1}{\bkmkend Pg1}\par\pard \ql \li3311\sb0\sl-552\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3311\sb0\sl-552\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li3311\sb0\sl-552\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3311\sb0\sl-552\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3311\sb0\sl-552\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3311\sb0\sl-552\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i3311\sb0\sl-552\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3311\sb379\sl-552\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0 \charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs48 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\q l \li5294\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5294\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5294\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5294\sb296\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w0\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Robert Force \par\pard\ql \li4319\ri 4100\sb138\sl-240\slmult0\tx5323 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 3\f4\fs21 Niels F. Johnsen Professor of Maritime Law \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 5 Co-Director, Tulane Maritime Law Center \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 Tulane Law School \par\pard\ql \li4545\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4545\s b0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4545\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4545\sb0 \sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4545\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4545\sb0\s l-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4545\sb161\sl-322\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-12\charscal ex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs27 Federal Judicial Center 2004 \par\pard\qj \li30 23\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023 \sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2804\sb226\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 This Federal Judicial Center public ation was undertaken in furtherance of the \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Center\ u8217?s statutory mission to develop and conduct education programs for \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex100 judicial branch employees. The views expressed are those o f the author and \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 not necessarily those of the Feder al Judicial Center. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\s l-240{\bkmkstart Pg2}{\bkmkend Pg2}\pard\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\pa perh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg3}{\bkmkend Pg3}\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\ sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl -368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-3 68\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-368 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb239\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex88 \u l0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Contents \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\

pard\ql\li3023\sb136\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 Preface ix \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri3222\sb180\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedure in Admiralty and M aritime \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex85 Cases 1 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb69\sl -230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Introduct ion 1 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Adm iralty Jurisdiction in Tort Cases 3 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Navigable Waters of the United States 3 \par\pard\qj \li3566\ri4578\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 The Admiralty Lo cus and Nexus Requirements 5 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Maritime Locus 5 \pa r\pard\qj \li3566\ri5974\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 The Adm iralty Extension Act 6 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 Maritime Nexus 6 \par\pard \ql \li3268\ri5364\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\tx3566 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Admira lty Jurisdiction in Contract Cases 9 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Mix ed Contracts 11 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex95 Multiple Jurisdictional Bases 12 \par\pard\qj \li3566\ri4347\sb2\sl-240\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Rule 9(h) of the Federal Rules of Civil Proc edure 12 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Multiple Claims 12 \par\pard\ql \li3268\ sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 The Saving to Suitors Clause 18 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Admiralty Cases in State Courts 18 \par\pard\qj \li3566\ri4714\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex96 Admiralty Actions At Law in Federal Courts 18 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 Law Applicable 19 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Removal 19 \par\pard\ql \li3268\ri5315\sb2\sl-240\sl mult0\tx3566 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Sources of Admiralty and Maritime Law 20 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 The General Maritime Law 21 \par\par d\ql \li3268\ri5754\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi297\tx3566 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Choice of Law: U.S. or Foreign 21 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Procedure in Ad miralty Cases 27 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Special Admiralty Rules 28 \par\pard\qj \li3566\ri3995\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Types of Actions: In Personam, In Rem, Quasi In Rem 28 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex93 The Complaint 34 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex93 Security for Costs 34 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Property Not Within the District 34 \par\pard\ql \li 3566\ri4327\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Necessity for Seizur e and Retention\u8212?Exceptions 35 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Post-Arrest/Po st-Attachment Hearing 36 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Release of Property \u8212?Security 36 \par\pard\qj \li3566\ri4213\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex93 Increase or Decrease of Security; Counter-Security 38 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 Restricted Appearance 38 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb9\sl-230\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Sale of Property 39 \par\pard\ql \li6033\sb0 \sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6033\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6033\sb0\s l-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6033\sb118\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex 117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 iii \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh 15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg4}{\bkmkend Pg4}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Mar itime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-2 41\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Chapter 2: C ommercial Law 41 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb69\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\chars calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Introduction 41 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb10\ sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Charter Parties 42 \par\pard\qj \li 3566\ri6507\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Definition and Types 42 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 The Contract 44 \par\pard\qj \li3566\ri6244\s b0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Typical Areas of Dispute 44 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Withdrawal 50 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 Subcharters 50 \par\pard\qj \li3566\ri4098\sb2\sl-

240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Liability of the Owner for Damage or Lo ss of Goods 51 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Arbitration Clauses 51 \par\pard\q l \li3268\ri5951\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\tx3566 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Transpor t Under Bills of Lading 52 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 Introduction 52 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Legisla tion 54 \par\pard\ql \li3268\ri5335\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\tx3566 \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex95 Bills of Lading Under the Pomerene Act 54 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex96 Applicability 54 \par\pard\qj \li3566\ri4593\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Negotiable and Nonnegotiable Bills of Lading 54 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Carrier Obligation and Liability 55 \par\pard\ql \li3 268\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 The Harter Act 56 \par\pard \ql \li3566\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Applicability and Duration 56 \par\pard\qj \li3566\ri3688\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex96 Prohibition of Exculpatory Clauses Under the Harter Act 56 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 Carrier\u8217?s Defenses Under the Harter Act 57 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Unseaworthiness 58 \pa r\pard\ql \li3268\ri6182\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\tx3566 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 58 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Scope an d Application 58 \par\pard\qj \li3566\ri3786\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 Parties to the Contract of Carriage: The COGSA Carrier 61 \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex95 Duration 63 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Carrier\u8217?s Duty to Issue Bills of Lading 63 \par\p ard\qj \li3566\ri4631\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Carrier\u8 217?s Duties Relating to Vessel and Cargo 64 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Excul patory Clauses Prohibited 64 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex100 Immunities of Carrier 65 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb10\sl-230\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Deviation 73 \par\pard\qj \li3566\ri4604\sb 2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Damages and Limitation of Carrier\ u8217?s Liability 74 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 Burden of Proof 78 \par\pard \qj \li3566\ri6141\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Notice of Los s or Damage 79 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Time Bar 80 \par\pard\qj \li3566\r i5045\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Extending the Application of COGSA 80 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Jurisdiction and Choice-of-Law C lauses 82 \par\pard\ql \li6047\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6047\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6047\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6047\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6047\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6047\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li6047\sb89\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 iv \ par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg5} {\bkmkend Pg5}\par\pard\ql \li5779\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Contents \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death 83 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb69\s l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Introduc tion 83 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex89 D amages 84 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Statute of Limitations 85 \par\pard\ql \li3268\ri6540\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\tx356 6 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Federal and State Courts 85 \line\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex93 Removal 85 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri5913\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 In Personam and In Rem Actions 86 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex88 Seamen\u8217?s Remedies 86 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Introduction 86 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb10\sl-230\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Maintenance and Cure 87 \par\pard\qj \li356 6\ri6126\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 Negligence: The Jones A ct 91 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Unseaworthiness 99 \par\pard\ql \li3566\ri3 220\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Contributory Negligence and Assumption of Risk in Jones Act and \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Unseaworthiness

Actions 101 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 95 Maritime Workers\u8217? Remedies 102 \par\pard\qj \li3566\ri3978\sb2\sl-240\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Longshore and Harbor Workers\u8217? Compens ation Act 102 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 Scope of Coverage 102 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Remedies Under the LHWCA 106 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Dual -Capacity Employers 110 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex96 Indemnity and Employer Liens 111 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb10\sl-23 0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Forum and Time for Suit 111 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Offshore Workers\u8217 ? Remedies 112 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex95 The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act 112 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb10\sl-23 0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Remedies of Nonmaritime Persons 114 \par \pard\ql \li3268\ri4431\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Pa ssengers and Others Lawfully Aboard a Ship 114 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Rec reational Boating and Personal Watercraft 116 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Mari time Products Liability 117 \par\pard\ql \li3268\ri6006\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\tx35 66 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Remedies for Wrongful Death 117 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Introduction 117 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb9\sl-230\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Death on the High Seas Act 118 \par\pard\ql \li3 566\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Wrongful Death Under the Ge neral Maritime Law 120 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb141\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Chapter 4: Collision and Other Accide nts 125 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb69\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Introduction 125 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb10\sl-230\s lmult0\tx4005 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Liability \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex90 126 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 3 Causation 126 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri7281\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex94 Presumptions 127 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex89 Damages 128 \ par\pard\ql \li3268\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Pilots 131 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Place of S uit and Choice of Law 132 \par\pard\ql \li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 6072\sb100\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 v \par\pard\sect\sectd\f s24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg6}{\bkmkend Pg6}\par\pa rd\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\ fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 Chapter 5: Limitation of Liability 133 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb69\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Introducti on 133 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri6552\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x92 Practice and Procedure 133 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 The Limitatio n Fund 136 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Parties and Vessels Entitled to Limit 138 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri4042\sb2\sl-2 40\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Grounds for Denying Limitation: Privity or Knowledge 139 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Claims Subject to Limitation 14 0 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Choice of Law 141 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb141\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Chapter 6: Towage 143 \par\pard\ql \li3268\ri6952\ sb60\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Tow age Contracts 143 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Duties of Tug 144 \line \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Duties of Tow 145 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri4556\sb0\s l-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Liability of the Tug and the Tow to T hird Parties 146 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Exculpatory and Benefit-ofInsurance Clauses 146 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Chapter 7: Pilotage 149 \par\pard\ql

\li3268\sb69\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6 \fs19 Introduction 149 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex95 Regulation of Pilots 150 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri5253\sb2\sl-240\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Liability of Pilots and Pilot Associations 151 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Exculpatory Pilotage Clauses 152 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 Chapter 8: Salvage 153 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb69\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Introduction 153 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri5648\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Elements of \u822 0?Pure Salvage\u8221? Claims 154 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Salvage and Finds Distinguished 156 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex89 Salvage Awards 157 \par\pard\q l \li3268\ri6625\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Misconduct of S alvors 159 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 Contract Salvage 160 \line \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex89 Life Salvage 161 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Chapter 9: Maritime Liens and Mortgages 163 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb69\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Liens 163 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri5090\sb2\ sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Property to Which Maritime Liens At tach 164 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex89 Custodia Legis 165 \par\pard\ql \li3268\ ri6097\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\tx3566 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Categories of Mari time Liens 165 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Contract Liens 166 \par\ pard\qj \li3566\ri6143\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Preferred Ship Mortgage 168 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 Liens for Necessaries 16 8 \par\pard\ql \li6047\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6047\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6047\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6047\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li6047\sb229\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 vi \par\pa rd\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg7}{\bkmk end Pg7}\par\pard\ql \li5779\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5779\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosu persub\cf5\f6\fs19 Contents \par\pard\qj \li3268\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri5016\sb122\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Persons Who May Acquire Maritime Liens 171 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Priorities of Liens 1 71 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Ranking of Liens 171 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri6348\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex95 Governmental Claims 174 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Conflicts of Laws 174 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 Extinction of Maritime Liens 175 \par\pard\qj \li3566\ri5485\sb2\sl-240\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Destruction or Release of the Res 175 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex88 Sale of the Res 175 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb9\sl-230\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex88 Laches 176 \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb10\sl-230\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Waiver 177 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri7152\sb2\sl240\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Bankruptcy 177 \line \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex92 Ship Mortgages 177 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Chapter 10: Marine Insu rance 181 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb69\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Introduction: Federal or State Law 181 \par\pard\q j \li3268\ri5419\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Interpretation of Insurance Contracts 183 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Limitation of Liability 183 \par\pard\ql \li3268\ri6886\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 5 Burden of Proof 183 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Insurable Interest 18 4 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Types of Insurance 184 \par\pard\ql \li356 6\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 The Hull Policy 185 \par\pard \qj \li3566\ri5208\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Protection an d Indemnity Insurance 187 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Pollution Insurance 187 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri6778\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 93 Cargo Insurance 188 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Subrogation 188 \par\pard\ ql \li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf

3\f4\fs21 Chapter 11: Governmental Liability and Immunity 189 \par\pard\ql \li3 268\sb69\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 The Federal Government 189 \par\pard\ql \li3268\ri5674\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\fi29 7\tx3566\tx3566 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 The Suits in Admiralty Act 189 \li ne\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 The Public Vessels Act 190 \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 The Federal Tort Claims Act 190 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex95 State and Municipal Governments 191 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb9\sl-230\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Foreign Governments: The Foreign Sovereign Immu nities Act 192 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb141\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Chapter 12: General Average 195 \par\pard\ql \li3268\sb69\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f 6\fs19 Introduction 195 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri5150\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex91 The General Average Loss: Requirements 195 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex92 The York-Antwerp Rules 196 \par\pard\qj \li3268\ri4458\sb0\sl-240 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 General Average, Fault, and the New Jason Clause 197 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 The General Average Statement 197 \par \pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li6023\sb29\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 vii \par\pard\sect \sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg8}{\bkmkend Pg8 }\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub \cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri6713\sb316\sl-320 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Selected Bibli ography 199 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex85 Cases 203 \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri7898 \sb0\sl-320\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 Statutes 227 \line \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex89 Rules 235 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 Index 237 \par\ pard\ql \li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li599 5\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li5995\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5995\sb135\sl-230\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 viii \par\pard\sect\sect d\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg9}{\bkmkend Pg9}\par \pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb239\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex82 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Preface \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri27 94\sb242\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 As this monograph demonstrates, \u8220?admiralty and maritime law\u8221? cov-\ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ers a broad range of subjects. This field of law has its own rules relat-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ing to jurisdict

ion and procedure. Classically, maritime law was a spe-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\cha rscalex100 cies of commercial law, and in many countries it is still treated as \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 such. Thus, this monograph includes topics s uch as charter parties, \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 carriage of goods, an d marine insurance. There are also areas of mari-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale x100 time law that are peculiar to the subject matter. The law of collision, \li ne \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 towage, pilotage, salvage, limitation of liabil ity, maritime liens, and \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 general average are unique to maritime law. In addition, the United \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale x100 States has developed its own law of maritime personal injury and \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 death. All references are to U.S. courts unless noted o therwise. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\c harscalex100 I would like to thank Judge Eldon Fallon (U.S. District Court for \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the Eastern District of Louisiana), Judge Sarah S. Vance (U.S. District \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Court for the Eastern Distric t of Louisiana and member of the Board \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 of the Fede ral Judicial Center), and Judge W. Eugene Davis (U.S. \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex 100 Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit) for their invaluable assistance \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 in reviewing the draft of this monograph. \par\pard\ql \li6038\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li6038\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 6038\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li60 38\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038 \sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\s b0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0 \sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\s l-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\sl241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\sl-24 1\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb0\sl-241\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6038\sb135\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 i x \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g10}{\bkmkend Pg10}\pard\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\s b0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg11}{\bkmkend Pg11}\par\pard\ql \li5447\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5447\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5447\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li5447\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5447\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li5447\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5447\sb367\sl-368\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw0\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 chapter 1 \par\pard\ql \li3 671\ri3300\sb93\sl-440\slmult0\fi86 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf6\f7\fs39 Jurisdiction and Procedure in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex90 Admi ralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 3023\sb212\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs3 1 Introduction \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0\tldot\tx3822 \up 0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Article III of the U.S. C onstitution defines the boundaries of subject-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10 0 matter jurisdiction for the courts. Specifically, it extends the judicial \lin e \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 power of the United States to \u8220?all Cases o f admiralty and maritime \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Jurisdiction.\u8221 ? This grant of judicial power has been implemented by \line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex100 Congress in 28 U.S.C. 1333, which states that \u8220?The [United Stat es] \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 district courts shall have original juri sdiction, exclusive of the Courts \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 of the Sta tes, of (1) any civil case of admiralty or maritime jurisdic-\line \up0 \expndtw 0\charscalex102 tion\expndtw0\charscalex100\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u 8221? In current usage the terms \u8220?admiralty jurisdiction\u8221? and \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8220?maritime jurisdiction\u8221? are used inter changeably. The Constitution \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 does not enumer ate the types of \u8220?matters\u8221? or \u8220?cases\u8221? that fall within \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the terms \u8220?admiralty and maritime juris diction.\u8221? \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex100 The Admiralty Clause in Article III does not disclose or even

pro-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 vide the means for ascertaining whether a particular dispute is an ad-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 miralty or ma ritime case. This task has been performed primarily by \line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 the courts and, to a lesser extent, by Congress. Also, the Constituti on \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 does not specify the legal rules to apply in resolving admiralty and \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 maritime dispute s. It does not even point to the sources of substantive \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex100 law that judges should consult to derive such rules. This task also has \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 been performed primarily by the courts a nd, to some extent, by Con-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 gress. In this reg ard, federal courts have not merely created rules to fill \line \up0 \expndtw-5\ charscalex100 gaps or to supplement legislation as they have in other areas; the y \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 have played the leading role in creating a body of substantive rules \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 referred to as th e \u8220?general maritime law.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs1 9 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Thus, as will be discussed \line \up0 \expndtw-3 \charscalex100 later, the power of federal courts to entertain cases that fall w ithin \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ha s required courts, in the exer-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 1. Robert Force, An Essay on Fed eral Common Law and Admiralty, 43 St. Louis \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb13\sl-207\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 U. L.J. 1367 (1999). \par\pard\ql \li6072\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 1 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop4320\shpright9245\shpbottom4340\shpfhdr0\shp bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz53\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g12}{\bkmkend Pg12}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\s b0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2798\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 cise of their jurisdiction, to formu late and apply substantive rules to \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 resolve admiral ty and maritime disputes. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \ up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 No federal statute provides general rules for deter mining admi-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ralty jurisdiction. No statute c omprehensively enumerates the various \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 catego ries of cases that fall within admiralty jurisdiction. With two \line \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex95 exceptions, the few instances where Congress has expressly co nferred \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 admiralty jurisdiction on federal di strict courts always has been in \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 connection with the creation of a specific, new statutory right. Nota-\line \up0 \expndtw-6 \charscalex100 ble examples include the Limitation of Vessel Owner\u8217?s Liabi lity Act,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 2 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Ship Mortgage Act,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 3\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Death on the High S

eas Act,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 the Suits in \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Admiralty Act,\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 5\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Public Vessels Act,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 6\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 t he Outer Continental Shelf \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Lands Act,\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 7\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 8\ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 By contrast, the Car-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 riage of Goods by Sea Act\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 9\ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 and the Federal Maritime Lien Act\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 10\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 make \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 no reference to admiralty jurisdiction. The Jones Act provides an ac-\line \ up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 tion on the law side but is silent as to whether an action can be \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 brought in admiralty.\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 11\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The tort and i ndemnity provisions of the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Longshore and Har bor Workers\u8217? Compensation Act (LHWCA) like-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale x100 wise make no reference to admiralty jurisdiction. Congress has not \line \u p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 spoken to jurisdiction over collision cases or cases involving towage, \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 pilotage, or salvage. No statutes confer admiralty jurisdiction over \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 marine insurance disputes. With the exception of the Death on the \line \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex100 High Seas Act (DOHSA), the Jones Act, and the LHWCA, Congr ess \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 has not addressed the substantive law of maritime personal injury and \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 death claims, l et alone the issue of jurisdiction over such claims. \par\pard\li3383\sb0\sl-207 \slmult0\par\pard\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\p ar\pard\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3383\sb28\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3600 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 2.\tab \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 183 (2000).\par\pard\li3383\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \tx3600 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex85 3.\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 46 U.S. C. 31301 (2000).\par\pard\li3383\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3600 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex85 4.\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 761 (2000).\par\ pard\li3383\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 5. Id. 741.\par \pard\li3383\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 6. Id. 781.\par \pard\li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3600 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex85 7.\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 43 U.S.C. 1331 (2000).\par\pard\li3383\sb14\sl-207\ slmult0\fi0\tx3600 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex85 8.\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x93 33 U.S.C. 2701 (2000).\par\pard\li3383\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3600 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex85 9.\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 1301 ( 2000).\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 10.46 U.S.C. 31341 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 11.46 U.S.C. app. 688 (2000). The Jones Act, which prov ides for recovery for \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 injury to or death of a seaman, is discussed in greater detail, infra text accompanying \line \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex95 notes 411-90. \par\pard\ql \li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li6072\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 5\f6\fs19 2 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\b kmkstart Pg13}{\bkmkend Pg13}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li33 83\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedure in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ qj\li3023\ri2793\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In addition to 28 U.S.C. 1333, the Admiralty Extension Act \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 12 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and the Great Lakes Act\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul

0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 13\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 are the only instances where Congress has \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 enacted admiralty jurisdiction statutes that are not tied to a specific \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 sta tutorily created right. By and large it appears that Congress has \line \up0 \ex pndtw-4\charscalex100 been content to allow the federal courts to define the lim its of their \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 admiralty jurisdiction. \par\pa rd\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\c f2\f3\fs31 Admiralty Jurisdiction in Tort Cases \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb128\sl-27 6\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Navigable W aters of the United States \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There has never been any d oubt that admiralty jurisdiction extends to \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the high seas and the territorial seas.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 14\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The same may not be said of \line \up0 \expnd tw-6\charscalex100 inland waters. Originally U.S. courts applied the English rul es for de-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 termining admiralty jurisdiction. Those rules, however, would ex-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 clude from ad miralty jurisdiction incidents and transactions involving \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 the Great Lakes and inland waterways. In a series of cases, the U. S. \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Supreme Court overruled its earlier prece dents and abandoned the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 English rules as uns uited to the inland water transportation system of \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex93 the United States. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 In place of the English rules, the U.S. Supreme Cour t equated the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 scope of admiralty jurisdictio n with \u8220?navigable waters.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 15\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The term \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ u8220?navigable waters of the United States\u8221? is a term of art that refers to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 bodies of water that are navigable in fact . This includes waters used or \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 capable of be ing used as waterborne highways for commerce, includ-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\chars calex100 ing those presently sustaining or those capable of sustaining the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 transportation of goods or passengers by watercra ft. To qualify as \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u8220?navigable waters,\u 8221? bodies of water must \u8220?form in their ordinary con-\line \up0 \expndtw -6\charscalex100 dition by themselves, or by uniting with other waters, a contin ued \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nos upersub\cf8\f9\fs17 12. Admiralty Extension Act, 46 U.S.C. app. 740 (2000). \par \pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 13 . Great Lakes Act of Feb. 26, 1845, ch. 20, 5 Stat. 726, 28 U.S.C. 1873 (2000); \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Genesee Chief v. Fitzhugh, 53 U.S. (12 How.) 443, 451 (1851) (\u8220?The law, however, \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 contains no r egulations of commerce; nor any provision in relation to shipping and \up0 \expn dtw-7\charscalex100 navigation on the lakes. It merely confers a new jurisdictio n on the district courts; and \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 this is its only obj ect and purpose.\u8221?). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \ up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 14. Grant Gilmore & Charles L. Black, Jr., The Law of Admiralty, 1-11 at 31 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 (2d ed. 1975). \par\pard\q l \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 15. Jackson v. The St eamboat Magnolia, 61 U.S. (20 How.) 296 (1857). \par\pard\ql \li6072\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 3 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\ sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg14}{\bkmkend Pg14}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law

\par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2796\sb106\sl-260 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 highway over which commerce is or may be carried on with other \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 States or foreign countries in the customary modes in which such \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex95 commerce is conducted by water.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs19 16 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2764\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \e xpndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A body of water that is compl etely land-locked within a single \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 state is n ot navigable for purposes of admiralty jurisdiction. It is im-\line \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex100 portant to note, however, that a body of water need not flow b etween \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 two states or into the sea to be navi gable. A body of water may be \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 navigable even if it is located entirely within one state as long as it \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ charscalex100 flows into another body of water that, in turn, flows into another state \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 or the sea. A body of water need only be a link in the chain of inter-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 state or fo reign commerce.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 17\ul0\nosupersub\cf 3\f4\fs21 Thus, if a small river located completely \line \up0 \expndtw-5\chars calex100 within a state flows into the Mississippi River, it satisfies the navig a-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 bility requirement so long as its physical characteristics do not pre-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 clude it from su staining commercial activity. Furthermore, it is not \line \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex100 necessary for commercial activity to be presently occurring as long as \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the body of water is \u8220?capable\u8221? o f sustaining commercial activity.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 body of water may be nonnavigable because obstructions, whether \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca lex100 natural or man-made, preclude commercial traffic from using the \line \up 0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 waters as an interstate or international highway or l ink thereto.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 19\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f 4\fs21 Re-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 moval of the obstruction may then make the waters navigable. The \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 converse is t rue. A body of water may at one time have been navigable \line \up0 \expndtw-3\c harscalex100 and have supported interstate or foreign commerce; however, the \li ne \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 construction of dams or other obstructions may render certain por-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 tions of the waterway imp assable to commercial traffic. If the ob-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 str uction precludes interstate or foreign commerce, the body of water \line \up0 \e xpndtw-2\charscalex100 has become nonnavigable and will not support admiralty ju risdic-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tion.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 20\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The fact that a body of water was hi storically navigable does \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 not mean that it w ill remain so in the future. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi36 0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 The term \u8220?navigable waters\u8221? may have legal relevance on issues \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 other than admira lty jurisdiction and may have different meanings \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x98 that apply in other contexts. In Kaiser Aetna v. United States,\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 21\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Su-\par\pard\ ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb137\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 16. The Daniel Ball, 77 U.S. (10 Wall.) 557, 563 (1870). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 17. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex94 18. LeBlanc v. Cleveland, 198 F.3d 353 (2d Cir. 1999). \par\pard\q l \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 19. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 20. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 21.444 U.S. 164 (1979). \par\pard\ql \li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 4 \par\pard\sect\sectd\f s24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg15}{\bkmkend Pg15}\par\

pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6 \fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedure in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par \pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 preme Court identi fied four separate purposes underlying the defini\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 t ions of \u8220?navigability\u8221?: to delimit the boundaries of the navigationa l \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 servitude; to define the scope of Congress\u8217? s regulatory authority under \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the Commerce Clause; to determine the extent of the authority of the \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Ar my Corps of Engineers under the Rivers and Harbors Act; and to \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex95 establish the scope of federal admiralty jurisdiction.\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 22 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Man-made bodies of water, such as canals, may qualify as naviga-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 95 ble waters if they are capable of sustaining commerce and may be used \line \ up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 in interstate or foreign commerce.\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 23\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A body of water need not be \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 navigable at all times, and some cour ts have recognized the doctrine \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 of \u8220?sea sonal navigability.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 24\ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 For example, a body of water may be used \line \up0 \expnd tw-6\charscalex100 for interstate and foreign commerce during certain times of t he year \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 but may not support such activity du ring the winter when the water \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 freezes. Even ts that occur during the period when the waterway is ca-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex95 pable of being used may be subject to admiralty jurisdiction. \par\pa rd\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub \cf9\f10\fs24 The Admiralty Locus and Nexus Requirements \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri 2798\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 Currently, in tort cases, the plaintiff must allege that the tort occurred \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 on navigable waters and that the tort bore so me relationship to tradi-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tional maritime act ivity.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 25\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The first requirement is referred to as the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10 0 maritime location or locus criterion and the second as the maritime \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 nexus criterion. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Maritime Locus \ par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 \u8220?Maritime locus\u8221? is satisfied by showing t hat the tort occurred on \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 navigable waters.\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 26\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Thus, m aritime locus is present where a person on \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 sh ore discharges a firearm and wounds a person on a vessel in naviga-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb83\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 22. Id. at 171. \par\pard\ql \li3383\s b13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 23. In re Boyer, 109 U.S. 629 (1 884). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 24. Wilder v. Placid Oil Co., 611 F. Supp. 841 (W.D. La. 1985). See also Missouri \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 v. Cr aig, 163 F.3d 482 (8th Cir. 1998); Gollatte v. Harrell, 731 F. Supp. 453 (S.D. A la. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1989). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl -220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 25. Jerome B. Grubart, Inc. v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 513 U.S. 527 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 ( 1995). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 26. The Plymouth, 70 U.S. 20 (1865). \par\pard\ql \li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p

ard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li6072\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5 \f6\fs19 5 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bk mkstart Pg16}{\bkmkend Pg16}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4 987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li498 7\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2798\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 ble waters.\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 27\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Locus is similarly p resent where a person injured on a \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 vessel in naviga ble waters subsequently dies following surgery to treat \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex98 the injury in a hospital on land.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 28 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex94 \u l0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 The Admiralty Extension Act \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri27 95\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 Congress expanded the maritime location test by enacting the Admi\up0 \expndtw -6\charscalex100 ralty Extension Act (AEA),\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs19 29\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 which confers on the federal courts ad\up 0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 miralty jurisdiction over torts committed by vessels in navigable wa\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ters notwithstanding the fact that the injury or damage was sustained \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 on land. The AE A was enacted specifically to remedy situations re\up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ferred to as allisions, where vessels collide with objects fixed to the \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex92 land, such as bridges that span navigable waterways. \par\p ard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 The language of the AEA, however, is not limited to ship-bridge \line \up0 \expndtw -5\charscalex100 allisions. In one of the most extreme situations, maritime juri sdiction \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 was found under the AEA in a case wh ere a \u8220?booze cruise\u8221? passenger, \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 after disembarking the vessel, was injured in an automobile accident \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 caused by the driver of another car who allegedly becam e drunk while \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 also a passenger on the cruise .\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 30\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 It is crucial to AEA jurisdiction that \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the inju ry emanate from a vessel in navigable waters. The mere fact \line \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 that a vessel may be involved in an activity is not enough. The party \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 who invokes jurisdiction under the AEA must show vessel negligence. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 Vessel negligen ce relates not only to defective appurtenances or negli-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\ch arscalex100 gent navigation, but to any tortious conduct of the crew while on \l ine \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 board the vessel that results in injury on land . \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex96 \ul0\n osupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Maritime Nexus \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb118\sl-260\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The maritime ne xus criterion is of relatively recent origin, and its \line \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex97 meaning is still being developed. It was created by the Supreme Court \ line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 to restrict the scope of admiralty tort juris diction for various policy \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 reasons, not the least of which are considerations of federalism and a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex100 desire to confine the exercise of admiralty jurisdiction to situations \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2834\sb94\sl-220\ slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 27. Kell y v. Smith, 485 F.2d 520 (5th Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 969 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 (1974). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex96 28. Motts v. M/V Green Wave, 210 F.3d 565 (5th Cir. 2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 29.46 U.S .C. app. 740 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\ch

arscalex97 30. Duluth Superior Excursions, Inc. v. Makela, 623 F.2d 1251 (8th Ci r. 1980). \par\pard\ql \li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb24\sl-230\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 6 \par\pard\sec t\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg17}{\bkmkend P g17}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedure in Admiralty and Maritime C ases \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl -260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 that impli cate national interests. \u8220?Maritime nexus\u8221? is satisfied by \up0 \expn dtw-5\charscalex100 demonstrating (1) that \u8220?the incident has \u8216?a pote ntially disruptive im\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 pact on maritime commerce\u82 17?\u8221? and (2) that \u8220?\u8216?the general character\u8217? of \up0 \expn dtw-4\charscalex100 the \u8216?activity giving rise to the incident\u8217? shows a \u8216?substantial relation\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ship to traditional maritime activity.\u8217?\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 31 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The nexus requirement evolved from four Supreme C ourt cases. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 The first case, Executive Jet Av iation, Inc. v. City of Cleveland,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 3 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 held \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 that fede ral courts lacked admiralty jurisdiction over an aviation tort \line \up0 \expnd tw-6\charscalex100 claim where a plane during a flight wholly within the U.S. cr ashed in \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Lake Erie.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 33\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Although maritime locus was p resent, the Court excluded \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 admiralty jurisdi ction because the incident was \u8220?only fortuitously and \line \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 incidentally connected to navigable waters\u8221? and bore \u822 0?no relationship \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 to traditional maritime ac tivity.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 34\ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 The Court supplemented the mari-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ti me locus test by adding a nexus requirement that \u8220?the wrong bear a \line \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 significant relationship to traditional maritime ac tivity.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 35\ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 In the sec-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 ond case, Foremost Insur ance Co. v. Richardson,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 36\ul0\nosup ersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Court made the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 nexus criterion a general rule of admiralty tort jurisdiction and held \line \up0 \exp ndtw-3\charscalex100 that admiralty tort jurisdiction extended to a collision be tween two \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 pleasure boats. The third case, Sis son v. Ruby,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 37\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f 4\fs21 confirmed that a vessel \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 need not be engaged in commercial activity or be in navigation, and \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex96 extended tort jurisdiction to a fire on a pleasure boat berthed at a pier. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\chars calex100 The fourth and last case to address tort jurisdiction is Jerome B. \lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Grubart, Inc. v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co.\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 38\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Worker s on a barge \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 in the Chicago River were repla cing wooden pilings that protected \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 bridges f rom being damaged by ships, and the workers undermined a \line \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex100 tunnel that ran under the river. Subsequently the tunnel collapsed and \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 water flowed from the river into the \u8 220?Loop\u8221? (the Chicago business \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \p ar\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2823\sb34\sl-220\slmu lt0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 31. Jerome B.

Grubart, Inc. v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 513 U.S. 527, 534 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex93 (1995) (citing Sisson v. Ruby, 497 U.S. 358, 364, n.2, 365 (1990 )). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 32.409 U.S. 249 (1972). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ex pndtw-5\charscalex100 33. The Court declined to hold that admiralty jurisdiction could never extend to \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 an aviation tort. Id. at 27 1-72. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 34. Id. at 273. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 6 35. Id. at 268. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex96 36.457 U.S. 668 (1982). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex96 37.497 U.S. 358 (1990). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 38.513 U.S. 527 (1995). \par\pard\ql \li6072 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 7 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paper h15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg18}{\bkmkend Pg18}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\ sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 di strict), causing extensive property damage and loss of business. Re-\line \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 fining the previous three cases, the Court articulated t he latest version \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 of the nexus criterion: Th e plaintiff must show that the tort arose out \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10 0 of a traditional maritime activity.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs1 9 39\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This, in turn, requires a showing \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 (1) that the tort have a potentially disruptive effect on maritime \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscal ex100 commerce and (2) that the activity was substantially related to tradi-\lin e \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tional maritime activity.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 40\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The first factor is not app lied literally to the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 facts at hand; rather, the facts are viewed \u8220?at an intermediate level of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\c harscalex100 possible generality.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs19 41\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Court focused only on the \u8220?general fea-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tures\u8221? of the incident, which it described as \u8220?damage by a vessel in \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 na vigable water to an underwater structure.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 42\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Damage to a structure \line \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex100 beneath a waterway could disrupt the waterway itself and d isrupt the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 navigational use of the waterway. Such an incident could adversely \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 affect riv er traffic, and in this case it did. River traffic actually ceased, \line \up0 \ expndtw-4\charscalex100 stranding ferryboats and preventing barges from entering the river \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 system. Applying the second facto r, the Court focused on whether the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 general character of the activity giving rise to the incident reveals a \line \up0 \expn dtw-4\charscalex100 substantial relationship to traditional maritime activity. A s the Court \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 said: \u8220?We ask whether a to rtfeasor\u8217?s activity, commercial or non-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 commercial, on navigable waters is so closely related to activity tradi-\line \ up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tionally subject to admiralty law that the reasons for applying special \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 admiralty rules would a pply in the suit at hand.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 43\ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Observing that the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1 00 requisite relationship was found in Foremost (navigation of vessel) \line \up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 and Sisson (docking of vessels), the Court similarly

found that repair \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 and maintenance work on a navigable waterway performed from a \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 vessel me t the test. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex100 There are several clues as to where the Court may be going with \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the nexus test, especially in torts involving vessels. The parties in the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 damage actions who opposed admiralty jurisdiction in Grubart had \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal ex100 argued that applying the nexus test by looking at \u8220?general features\ u8221? \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 rather than the actual facts would me an that any time a vessel in navi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 gable wate rs was involved in a tort the two criteria will be met. The \par\pard\ql \li3383 \sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb97\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 39. Id. at 534. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\s l-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 40. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl -207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 41. Id. at 538. \par\pard\ql \li3383\s b13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 42. Id. at 539. \par\pard\ql \li 3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 43. Id. at 539-40. \par\p ard\ql \li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 8 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pap erw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg19}{\bkmkend Pg19}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li33 83\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383 \sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 C hapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedure in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\q j \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2762\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 majority responded by sta ting that \u8220?this is not fatal criticism,\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs19 44\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 the concurring opinion observed that inasmuch as Executive Jet for\up0 \expndt w-6\charscalex100 mulated a rule to deal with airplane crashes, no complex nexus test \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 should be required where a tort involves a v essel on navigable wa\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 ters.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 45\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Ultimately, the locus test ma y once again become the sole crite\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 rion in tort case s involving vessels. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2763\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ expndtw-4\charscalex100 It would appear that after Grubart it is inappropriate f or a court \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 to use any test for nexus other than th e criteria approved in that case. \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 In the aftermath of Executive Jet, lower federal courts had attempted \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 to fine-tune the nexus requirement; many courts of appeals followed \up0 \ex pndtw-4\charscalex100 the lead of the Fifth Circuit, which formulated four facto rs to be ap\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 plied in determining if the maritime ne xus requirement was satis\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 fied.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 46\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Supreme Court, howeve r, indicated its disapproval of these \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 factors\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 47\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and ultima tely expressly rejected them.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 48 \pa r\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf2\f3\fs31 Admiralty Jurisdiction in Contract Cases \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2 794\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs 21 In contract cases, courts have not used the locus and nexus criteria, \up0 \e xpndtw-6\charscalex100 but have focused instead on the subject matter of the con tract. One \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 commentator suggests the following appr oach for determining admi\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ralty contract jurisdicti on: \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3236\sb57\sl-240\slmult0\fi182 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 In general, a contract relating to a ship in its use as such, or to \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 commerce or navigation on

navigable waters, or to transportation \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 by sea or t o maritime employment is subject to maritime law and \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 the case is one of admiralty jurisdiction, whether the contract is to \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex96 be performed on land or water. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3233 \sb240\sl-240\slmult0\fi182 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 A contract is not cons idered maritime merely because the serv-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 ices to be performed under the contract have reference to a ship or \line \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex100 to its business, or because the ship is the object of such s ervices or \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb181\sl207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 44. Id. at 542. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 45. I d. at 550, 551 (Thomas, J., and Scalia, J., concurring). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri 2818\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 46. Kelly v. Smith, 485 F.2d 520 (5th Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 969 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 (1974). Subsequently these four factors were supplemented by severa l others. Molett \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2818\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ charscalex100 v. Penrod Drilling Co., 826 F.2d 1419 (5th Cir. 1987), cert. denie d, 493 U.S. 1003 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 (1989). \par\pard\ql \li3383 \sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 47. Sisson v. Ruby, 497 U.S. 3 58 (1990). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 48. Grubart, 513 U.S. at 544. \par\pard\ql \li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6072\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li6072\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6 \fs19 9 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmks tart Pg20}{\bkmkend Pg20}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li49 87\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li 3383\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri3231\sb122\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex100 that it has reference to navigable waters. In order to be considered \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 maritime, there must be a direct and substantial link between the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 contract an d the operation of the ship, its navigation, or its man-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\ch arscalex100 agement afloat, taking into account the needs of the shipping in-\li ne \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 dustry, for the very basis of the constitutiona l grant of admiralty ju-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 risdiction was to en sure a national uniformity of approach to world \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 96 shipping.\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs18\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs17 49 \par\pard\qj \li 3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 3\f4\fs21 However, some contract cases have formulated jurisdictional distinc\up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tions that defy logic. Consider the following contrac ts that have been \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 held to lie within admiralty jur isdiction: \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3235\sb57\sl-240\slmult0\fi182 \up0 \expndtw-7 \charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Suits on contracts for the carriage o f goods and passengers; for \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the chartering o f ships (charter parties); for repairs, supplies, etc., \line \up0 \expndtw-4\ch arscalex100 furnished to vessels, and for services such as towage, pilotage, \li ne \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 wharfage; for the services of seamen and office rs; for recovery of \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 indemnity or premiums on marine insurance policies.\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs18\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs17 50 \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb64\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex10 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Compare the foregoing with the following that have been held not \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 to be within admiralty jurisdiction : \u8220?Suits on contracts for the build\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ing and s ale of vessels; for the payment of a fee for procuring a char\up0 \expndtw-4\cha rscalex100 ter; for services to a vessel laid up and out of navigation.\u8221?\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 51\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A mort \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 gage on a vessel was not deemed by courts to be a

maritime contract \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 until Congress so provided.\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 52 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260 \slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Althoug h it is not without dispute, executory contracts may sat-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\c harscalex100 isfy admiralty jurisdiction, notwithstanding the fact that breaches of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 such contracts do not give rise to marit ime liens.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 53\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 However, it ap-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 pears that so-called \u 8220?preliminary\u8221? contracts are not maritime con-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 tracts.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 54\ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 The criterion for determining which contracts are preliminary \lin e \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 contracts is not perfectly clear. Generally, when a contract necessitates \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 or contemplates the formation of a subsequent contract that will di-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscale x100 rectly affect the vessel, the first contract is characterized as a prelimi\par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \ par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2821\sb34\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 49. Steven F. Friedell, 1 Benedict on Admiralty 18 2, at 12-4 to 12-6 (7th rev. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 ed. 1999). \par\ pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 50. Gilmore & B lack, supra note 14, 1-10, at 22. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 51. Id. at 26. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 52. Id. at 27. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 53. Terminal Shipping Co. v. Hamberg, 222 F. 1 020 (D. Md. 1915). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ex pndtw-5\charscalex100 54. Peralta Shipping Corp. v. Smith & Johnson (Shipping) C orp., 739 F.2d 798 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 (2d Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 47 0 U.S. 1031 (1985). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb 22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 10 \p ar\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg21} {\bkmkend Pg21}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \u l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedure in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri27 93\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 nary contract. Examples of contracts that have been deemed prelimi-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 nary include contracts to supply a crew\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 55\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and to procure insur ance.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 56 \line \up0 \expndtw-5\chars calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 At one time, it was thought that \u8220?age ncy\u8221? agreements were prelimi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 nary cont racts. The Supreme Court, however, has rejected this per se \line \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 rule that deemed all agency contracts to be nonmaritime contract s. In \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the case before it, the Court held tha t a carrier\u8217?s failure to pay for \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 bunke rs (fuel oil) was a breach of a maritime contract, even though \line \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex100 the obligation to supply fuel stemmed from a \u8220?requireme nts\u8221? contract \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 and the supplier (an oil company) contracted with another oil com-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 pa ny to supply the oil in question.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 57 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The oil company had undertaken \line \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 to supply oil to a vessel, and it did not matter how the oil com pany \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 arranged to satisfy its contractual obl igation. Thus, it appears that \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 contracts that obligate a person to provide services directly to a vessel \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 may be maritime contracts as distinguished from ones in which a

\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 person merely obligates himself to procure an other to provide services \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 to a vessel. In an y event, the Supreme Court has indicated that the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal ex100 determination as to whether agency contracts are maritime or not \line \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 should be made on a case-by-case basis. \par\pard\ql \ li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f1 0\fs24 Mixed Contracts \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Some contracts may have aspect s that satisfy the maritime require-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ment for admiralty jurisdiction, and yet there may be aspects of the \line \up0 \expndtw -5\charscalex100 contract that are clearly nonmaritime. For example, a contract may \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 call for both ocean and overland transpo rt. A mixed contract is not an \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 admiralty con tract unless the nonmaritime aspect of the contract is \line \up0 \expndtw-4\cha rscalex100 merely incidental to the maritime aspect, or the maritime and non-\li ne \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 maritime aspects are severable and the dispute involves only the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 maritime aspect.\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 58 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \pa r\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\ pard\qj\li3023\ri2826\sb114\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 55. Goumas v. K. Karras & Son, 51 F. Supp. 145 (S.D.N .Y. 1943), cert. denied, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 322 U.S. 734 (1944). \par\ pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 56 . F.S. Royster Guano Co. v. W.E. Hodger Co., 48 F.2d 86 (2d Cir.), cert. de\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 nied, 283 U.S. 858 (1931). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 57. Exxon Corp. v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc., 500 U.S. 603 (1991). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 58. Transatlantic Marine Claims Agency, Inc. v. Ac e Shipping Corp., 109 F.3d \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 105 (2d Cir. 1997). \par \pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 11 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\ paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg22}{\bkmkend Pg22}\par\pard \ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4 987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs 19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb316\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs31 Multiple Jurisdictional Bases \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Even where the facts of a case satisfy the jurisdicti onal criteria and \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 would permit the plaintiff to in voke a federal court\u8217?s admiralty juris\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 dictio n, an alternative basis for bringing suit in federal court may be \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 used. This option occurs most frequently in diversity cases wher e the \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 plaintiff and defendant are citizens of diff erent states, or where one of \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 the parties is a citi zen of the United States and the other party is a citi\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 95 zen or subject of a foreign country. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Rule 9(h) of the Fe deral Rules of Civil Procedure \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where the facts allege d in a complaint satisfy more than one basis for \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale x100 federal jurisdiction, the plaintiff may opt to base the complaint on \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 either ground. However, in order for the case to b e heard under the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 court\u8217?s admiralty ju risdiction, Rule 9(h) of the Federal Rules of Civil \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc alex100 Procedure directs that the plaintiff must designate the claim as one in \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 admiralty;\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\c

f7\f8\fs19 59\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 otherwise, the court will proceed at l aw in order to allow \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 for a jury trial. By in voking diversity of citizenship as the basis for ju-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc alex100 risdiction instead of admiralty jurisdiction, or by not opting to desig\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 nate his or her claim as an admiralty claim, the plaintiff gains the ad-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 vantage of a jur y trial. However, the plaintiff may lose the advantage \line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 of certain procedures available only in admiralty cases, including th e \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 remedies of arrest and maritime attachment provided for in the Sup-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 plemental Rules to t he Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (These reme-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x93 dies are discussed later in this chapter.) \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Multiple Cl aims \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex 100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A plaintiff may have multiple claims, some arisi ng under admiralty \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 jurisdiction and some bei ng claims at law. This occurs most often in \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 s eamen\u8217?s personal injury actions where a plaintiff seeks to join a claim \l ine \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 at law under the Jones Act with admiralty clai ms for unseaworthiness \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 and maintenance and cu re. Joinder of claims raises several issues. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2798\sb0\sl260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Absent legislation to the contra ry, there is no right to a jury trial \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 in an a ction brought under admiralty jurisdiction \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 (28 U.S .C. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb90\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nos upersub\cf8\f9\fs17 59. Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(h). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\no supersub\cf5\f6\fs19 12 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\s b0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg23}{\bkmkend Pg23}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedure in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult 0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2798\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 1333).\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 6 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where there are multiple bases of jurisdiction, a litigant can \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 obtain the right to a jury tria l by, for example, invoking diversity in-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ste ad of admiralty jurisdiction. However, if the parties are diverse but \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 the plaintiff specifically designates his or her claim s as admiralty \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 claims pursuant to Rule 9(h), the parties would lose the right to a jury \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 trial. Congress has provided for the right to jury trial in Jones Act and \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex88 Great Lakes Act cases.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs19 61 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ex pndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The propriety of joinder of ad miralty claims with a Jones Act \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 claim at law was addressed in Romero v. International Terminal Oper-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\ch arscalex100 ating Co.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 62\ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 The plaintiff, a Spanish crewmember injured while the \line \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Spanish-owned vessel was docked in New York, filed su it against his \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 employer and other defendants , asserting damages under general \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 maritime l aw for unseaworthiness and maintenance and cure and un-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\cha rscalex100 der the Jones Act at law for personal injuries. The plaintiff was of di-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 verse citizenship from all defendants exc

ept his employer. In order to \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 obtain a jury trial, the plaintiff sought joinder of his claims in one ac-\line \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 tion at law. The plaintiff asserted that unseaworthiness and mai nte-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 nance and cure claims could also be broug ht as claims at law pursuant \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 to 28 U.S.C. 13 31; that \u8220?maritime law\u8221? is part of the \u8220?laws\u8221? of the \li ne \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 United States and therefore claims that arose u nder the rules of sub-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 stantive admiralty law arose under the laws of the United States. As \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 such, claims based on maritime law could be brought in federal court \line \u p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 under general federal question jurisdiction. There w ere two issues in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 the case: whether the plain tiff may join his maritime law claims \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 agains t his employer with his claim at law brought under the Jones \line \up0 \expndtw -4\charscalex100 Act, and whether the plaintiff may join other defendants of div erse \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 citizenship with his claim brought unde r the Jones Act against his \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 nondiverse employ er. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex100 As to the first issue, a majority of the Supreme Court held that in \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 determining the jurisdiction of federal courts, t he word \u8220?laws\u8221? as used \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 in Articl e III of the Constitution and in 28 U.S.C. 1331\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 63\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 did not en-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\s l-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb150\s l-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 60. Warin g v. Clarke, 46 U.S. (5 How.) 441, 460 (1847). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex93 61. Great Lakes Act of Feb. 26, 1845, ch. 2 0, 5 Stat. 726; 28 U.S.C. 1873 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 62.358 U.S. 354 (1959). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821 \sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 63. General federal ques tion jurisdiction was first created by the Act of March 3, \line \up0 \expndtw-6 \charscalex100 1875, 18 Stat. 470 (1875). Although the text had been somewhat mo dified in the ver-\par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22 \sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 13 \par \pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg24}{\ bkmkend Pg24}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\char scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 compass claims that were within the admira lty and maritime jurisdic-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tion of the federa l courts.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 64\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 Nevertheless, the Court did hold that the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1 00 two admiralty claims (unseaworthiness and maintenance and cure) \line \up0 \e xpndtw-4\charscalex100 could be \u8220?appended\u8221? to the Jones Act claim an d brought with it on \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 the law side. \par\pard\ qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 As to t he second issue, the majority held that the plaintiff\u8217?s diver-\line \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 sity claims could be joined with the Jones Act claim aga inst his nondi-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 verse employer, notwithstandi ng the fact that the rule of complete \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 divers ity would not be satisfied. This deficiency was cured by the \line \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex100 Jones Act, which provided an independent basis for jurisdiction over \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 the nondiverse party. The Court did not address the jury trial issue. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi 360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Some courts have extended the holding of Romer

o, permitting \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 joinder of an action arising u nder the general maritime law against a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 nond iverse defendant with an action against another party of diverse \line \up0 \exp ndtw-4\charscalex100 citizenship.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 65 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In other words, the plaintiff, in one action, may a ssert \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 diversity jurisdiction against one def endant and another basis of fed-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 eral jurisdi ction, such as federal question or admiralty, against an-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex96 other defendant. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2763\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi36 0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Prior to the enactment of the Supplemental Juris diction Act,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 66 \line \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 most federal courts had adopted a li beral approach to joinder of \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 claims and part ies under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and ad-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\char scalex100 ditionally under various theories of pendent and ancillary jurisdic-\l ine \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tion.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 67\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This liberal approach not only applied with r espect to multiple \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 claims asserted by a plai ntiff against one defendant and to claims as-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 serted against multiple defendants, but was also followed in cases in-\line \up 0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 volving counterclaims, cross-claims, and impleader.\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 68\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Su pple-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 mental Jurisdiction Act confirmed the c orrectness of these decisions \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 and essentially supplanted them. Section 1377(a) of the Act states that \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb 0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2823\sb14\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 sion before the Court as now contained in 28 U.S.C. 1331, the differences were not \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 releva nt to the decision. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex91 64. Romero, 358 U.S. at 367. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2817\sb3\sl-220\sl mult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 65. Vodusek v. Bayliner Marine Corp., 71 F.3d 148 (4th Cir. 1995); contra Pow\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 ell v. Offsh ore Navigation, Inc., 644 F.2d 1063 (5th Cir. 1981). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\s l-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 66.28 U.S.C. 1367 (2000). \par\pard\q j \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 67. Leat her\u8217?s Best, Inc. v. S.S. Mormaclynx, 451 F.2d 800 (2d Cir. 1971); Roco \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Carriers, Ltd. v. M/V Nurnberg Express, 899 F.2d 1292 (2d Cir. 1990). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expnd tw-4\charscalex100 68. In re Oil Spill by the Amoco Cadiz, 699 F.2d 909 (7th Cir . 1983); and see \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 cases cited infra note 71. \par\pa rd\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 14 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pap erw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg25}{\bkmkend Pg25}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li33 83\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383 \sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 C hapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedure in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\q j \li3383\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri3233\sb122\sl-240\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 in any civil action of which the district courts have original juris-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 diction, the district courts have supplemental jurisdiction over all \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 oth er claims that are so related to claims in the action within such \line \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex100 original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or contro-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 versy under Article III of the U. S. Constitution. Such supplemental \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 jurisdict ion shall include claims that involve the joinder or inter-\line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex100 vention of additional parties. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\s

l-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In Fitzgerald v. United States Lines Co.,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 69\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Supreme Court held \line \up0 \expndtw-5\c harscalex100 that where maintenance and cure and unseaworthiness claims are \lin e \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 joined in the same action as a Jones Act claim, all claims should be \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 resolved by the jury. T he Court\u8217?s decision was based on several ra-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal ex100 tionales. Congress had made it clear that the right to jury trial was \lin e \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 part of the Jones Act remedy. Allowing the jury to resolve all issues \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 was the most efficient manner of resolving the disputes, and having \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 one decision maker would ensure consistency. The Court emphasized \line \up0 \e xpndtw-3\charscalex100 that there is a constitutional right to a jury trial in c ertain instances, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 but there is no correspond ing constitutional right to a nonjury trial in \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 2 admiralty cases. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex100 The Supreme Court has not addressed other jury trial issue s out-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 side of the context of the seaman\u821 7?s trinity of claims. For example, in \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 cases where a plaintiff sues in admiralty and the defendant files a \line \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex100 counterclaim at law, is the defendant entitled to a jury tria l?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 70\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Wh ere a \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 plaintiff sues in admiralty and the de fendant impleads a third-party \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 defendant bas ed on a claim at law, does either the third-party plaintiff \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 or the third-party defendant have a right to a jury trial?\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 71\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The situa\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tion is particularly difficult where issues of fact in the plaintiff\u8217?s origi-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 nal a dmiralty claim are intertwined with those presented in the other \line \up0 \exp ndtw-6\charscalex100 claims, and where, under the Fitzgerald rationale, it makes sense to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 have all the issues resolved by th e same fact finder. Similar problems \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li3383\sb103\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub \cf8\f9\fs17 69.374 U.S. 16 (1963). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmul t0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 70. See, e.g., Wilmington Trust v. United States Dist. Ct. for the Dist. of Haw., \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 934 F.2d 1 026 (9th Cir. 1991). For a discussion of the conflicting rulings on whether a \u p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 party in an admiralty case who asserts a counterclai m at law is entitled to a jury trial, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 see Concordia Co. v. Panek, 115 F.3d 67 (1st Cir. 1997). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 71. Gauthier v. Crosby Marine Serv., Inc., 87 F.R.D. 353 (E.D. La. 1980); Joiner \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 v. Diamond M Drilling Co., 677 F.2d 1035 (5th Cir. 19 82). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 15 \par\pard\sect\se ctd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg26}{\bkmkend Pg26} \par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3023\ri2797\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 are presented where the plaintiff originally fil es an action at law and a \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 counterclaim or thi rd-party action is based on an admiralty claim. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex98 In these various situations there are four possible solutions: \par\pard

\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 (1) Try ever ything to the jury (the Fitzgerald approach); (2) try eve-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex100 rything to the court (this could present Seventh Amendment issues in \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 some cases); (3) have the jury resolve the actions at law and the court \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 resolve the adm iralty claims, an approach that presents a possibility of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex100 inconsistency; and (4) have the jury resolve the claims at law and use \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the jury as an advisory jury\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 72\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 on the admiralt y claims. Some federal \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 courts have concluded that the rationale underlying Fitzgerald applies \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal ex100 in other contexts and have opted in favor of jury trial of all claims.\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 73 \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Supplemental Jurisdiction Act in liberalizing jo inder of claims \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 and joinder of parties is sil ent on the issue of jury trial.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 74 \ par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Supreme Court has not addressed the question a s to the \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 availability of admiralty remedies where admiralty claims are joined \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 with claims at law. Wh ere a plaintiff joins a claim at law with admi\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 ralty claims, some courts have allowed all claims to be resolved by the \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex100 jury and have allowed the plaintiff to invoke admiralty remedie s such \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 as arrest and attachment on the admiralty cl aims.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 75 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794 \sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 Hybrid claims arise in various contexts. On the one hand, it is \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex100 common for a seaman to file a personal injury claim and seek r ecov\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ery under the Jones Act and under the general maritime law for un\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 seaworthiness and for maintenanc e and cure. The seaman may in fact \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 have suffered a single injury but has alleged three different theories for \up0 \expndtw-7\chars calex100 recovery. The legal basis for each claim is different, and it is possib le \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 for the seaman to prevail on one theory and los e on another. In these \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 situations each claim stands on its own footing. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ expndtw-5\charscalex100 On the other hand, a plaintiff may have one claim, such as one \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 based on the general maritime law. If diversity of citizenship exists, \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 the seaman under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(h) has the option \line \up0 \expndtw-5 \charscalex100 of pleading his case in law with a right to trial by jury or as a n admi-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ralty claim with trial to the court b ut with the opportunity to invoke \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li3383\sb97\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\c f8\f9\fs17 72. Fed. R. Civ. P. 39(c). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slm ult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 73. Zrncevich v. Blue Haw. Enters., Inc ., 738 F. Supp. 350 (D. Haw. 1990); Wil\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 mington Trus t, 934 F.2d 1026. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex96 74.28 U.S.C. 1367 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 75. Haskins v. Point Towing Co., 395 F.2d 737 (3d Cir. 1 968). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 16 \par\pard\sect\s ectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg27}{\bkmkend Pg27 }\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedure in Admiralty and Maritime Case

s \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-26 0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 special remed ies that are available only in admiralty cases. The Federal \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex100 Rules do not give this plaintiff a right to plead the case as both a c laim \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 at law and a claim in admiralty.\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 76 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 One might sugge st that the two situations are different because in \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc alex100 the latter situation the plaintiff only has one claim and one cause of \ line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 action as to which the Rule 9(h) option appli es. The same substantive \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 rules will be appli ed regardless if the plaintiff pleads at law or in admi-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\ch arscalex100 ralty. In the first situation, although it may be correct to say tha t the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 plaintiff has suffered but one injury and may not receive double or \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 triple recovery , the claims are legally separate and are based on differ-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 ent substantive rules. The plaintiff does not truly have the 9(h) option \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 because, lacking diversity, he or she cannot plead general maritime \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 claims as clai ms at law. Perhaps these differences may explain the ap-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex97 parent disagreement in the lower courts. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\ sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Although judges and lawye rs tend to speak of \u8220?admiralty cases\u8221? \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex100 and \u8220?actions at law,\u8221? these labels may be misnomers. Where a p erson \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 presents a case involving two claims, it is possible that one claim will \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 be resolv ed according to substantive rules of admiralty and the other \line \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex100 claim may be resolved by nonadmiralty rules. Such a \u8220?case \u8221? is not an \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \u8220?admiralty case\u822 1? or a \u8220?nonadmiralty case.\u8221? In the days before the uni-\line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 fication under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure of t he various ac-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tions, law, equity, and admira lty each constituted a separate docket. \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 The m erger of law, equity, and admiralty under the Federal Rules, and \line \up0 \exp ndtw-6\charscalex100 the emergence of the \u8220?civil action\u8221? subjecting law, equity, and admi-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ralty claims to a unif ied set of procedural rules, combined with the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1 00 consequent liberalization of the rules on the joinder of claims and \line \up 0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 parties, have set the stage for hybrid actions involv ing claims at law \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 and admiralty. \par\pard\q j \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\l i3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3 023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li302 3\ri2823\sb14\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub \cf8\f9\fs17 76. T.N.T. Marine Serv., Inc. v. Weaver Shipyards & Dry Docks, Inc. , 702 F.2d \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 585 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 847 (1983); cf. Hamilton v. Unicoolship, Ltd., No. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb1 1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 99 CIV 8791 (LMM), 2002 WL 44139 ( S.D.N.Y. Jan. 11, 2002). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li60 23\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 17 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg28}{\bkmkend Pg28}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\ sb316\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 The

Saving to Suitors Clause \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb128\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-11\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Admiralty Cases in State Courts \ par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Section 1333 of title 28 not only confers admiralty ju risdiction in the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 federal courts, it also con tains a provision characterized as the \u8220?saving \line \up0 \expndtw-7\chars calex100 to suitors\u8221? clause. This provision saves to suitors (plaintiffs) whatever \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 nonadmiralty \u8220?remedies\u8221? might be available to them.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 77\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This means \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 that plai ntiffs may pursue remedies available under the common law \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ charscalex100 or other laws in state courts. Ordinarily, where plaintiffs seek m one-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 tary damages for tort or contract claims that fall within admiralty ju-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 risdiction, t hey have a choice of bringing a suit in admiralty in federal \line \up0 \expndtw -5\charscalex100 court or bringing suit in state court.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 78\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 One advantage of bringing sui t \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 in state court is the availability of a jur y trial. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch arscalex100 There are some limitations on the remedies that plaintiffs may \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 pursue in state court, the most significant being that admiralty reme\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 dies, such as the action in rem, may be brought only in an admiralty \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 action in federal court.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 79 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247 \sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Admir alty Actions At Law in Federal Courts \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb118\sl-260\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There is anothe r dimension to the saving to suitors clause. Ordinarily, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex100 in diversity of citizenship cases brought in federal court, state l aw pro-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 vides the substantive rules for the r esolution of the dispute. The sav-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ing to sui tors clause, however, does not provide that a state remedy is \line \up0 \expndt w-5\charscalex100 saved or even that a remedy in a state court is saved. As orig inally \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 worded, the clause saved \u8220?the r ight of a common-law remedy where \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 the common law was competent to give it.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs1 9 80\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Today, it simply saves to \line \up0 \expndtw-6 \charscalex100 suitors \u8220?all other remedies to which they are entitled.\u82 21? Thus, the sav-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 ing to suitors clause has b een interpreted to permit a plaintiff to seek a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 common-law remedy in a federal court where diversity of citizenship \line \u p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 is present.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 81\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This means that the plaintiff files the actio n under \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb23\sl-207\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 77.28 U.S.C. 1333 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 78. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 79 . The Hine, 71 U.S. 555 (1866). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex95 80. Judiciary Act of 1789, ch. XX 9 (1789). \par\pard\ql \ li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 81. Vodusek v. Bayliner Marine Corp., 71 F.3d 148 (4th Cir. 1995). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosup ersub\cf5\f6\fs19 18 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\ sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg29}{\bkmkend Pg29}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex

pndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Pro cedure in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \ par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2797\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 28 U.S.C. 1332. In such cases, both the plaintiff and d efendant may \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 demand a jury trial. \par\pard\ql \li 3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\ fs24 Law Applicable \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where a plaintiff invokes the sav ing to suitors clause to bring an ac-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 tion in a state court or in federal court under diversity jurisdiction, \line \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex98 the issues in most cases will be resolved by the application of the sub-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 stantive rules of admiralty and maritime law, whether enacted by \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Congress or as part of the general maritime law. The application of \line \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 federal law in saving to suitors cases is known as the \u8220?Rever se Erie\u8221? \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 doctrine. Pursuant to this do ctrine, state courts are required to apply \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 s ubstantive maritime law even if a case is properly brought in state \line \up0 \ expndtw-6\charscalex100 court.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 82\ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, federal courts, in some circumstances, may ap ply \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 state substantive law even where the case before them falls under ad-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 miralty jurisdict ion.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 83 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\s l-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Removal \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Generally, it is the plaintiff who has the choice to sue in federal or \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 state court. Under certai n circumstances, defendants are given the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ri ght to remove a case from state court to federal court.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 84\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Once a case \line \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex98 is properly removed, it proceeds in federal court as though it had been \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 originally filed there. The most c ommon basis for removing a case \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 from state t o federal court is that the case could originally have been \line \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 filed in federal court\u8212?that is, it meets the constitutiona l and statutory \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 jurisdictional criteria.\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 85\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In dictu m in Romero, the Supreme Court, \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 however, rec ognized an important exception to the right to removal: \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 Where a suit is commenced in a state court, and it could have been \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 brought in federal court under 28 U.S.C. 1333 (admiralty and mari-\par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023 \ri2821\sb214\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub \cf8\f9\fs17 82. Jerome B. Grubart, Inc. v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 513 U .S. 527, \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 545-46 (1995) (stating that \u8220? the exercise of admiralty jurisdiction does not result in \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex95 the automatic displacement of state law\u8221?). See, e.g., Carlisl e Packing Co. v. Sandanger, \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 259 U.S. 255, 25 9 (1922) (noting that \u8220?[t]he general rules of maritime law apply \line \up 0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 whether the proceeding be instituted in an admiralty or common-law court\u8221?). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-7\charscalex94 83. See, e.g., Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A. v. Calhoun, 516 U.S . 199 (1996). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x96 84.28 U.S.C. 1441 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-5\charscalex100 85. Id. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\f s19 19 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkst art Pg30}{\bkmkend Pg30}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4 987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li498

7\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3 023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 time jurisdiction), the case ma y not be removed to federal court if \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 admiral ty jurisdiction is the only basis for federal jurisdiction.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 86\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This \line \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 means that plaintiffs who exercise their option under the saving to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 suitors clause and sue in state court can keep their cases in state court \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 unless ther e is diversity of citizenship or some statutory basis other \line \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 than section 1333 to support the assertion of federal jurisdicti on. De-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 spite the fact that some commentators , based on a literal reading of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the amended removal statute, have questioned the viability of the Ro-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex95 mero dictum,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 87\ul0\nosu persub\cf3\f4\fs21 lower federal courts have continued to apply it.\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 88 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Sources of Admiralty and M aritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\cha rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There are several sources of admiralty an d maritime law. The Con-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 stitution has been i nterpreted as authorizing both Congress\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 89\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 c ourts\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 90\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 to formulate substantive rules of admiralty law. The United \line \up0 \expndtw -2\charscalex100 States has ratified numerous international maritime conventions , \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 particularly those that promote safety at sea and the prevention of \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 pollution.\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 91\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 At times, Co ngress has gone beyond ratification and has \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 actually enacted an international convention as the domestic law of \line \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 the United States: The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COG SA) is an \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 example.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 92\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, with the exceptions o f COGSA (discussed infra \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Chapter 2) and the Salvage Convention (discussed infra Chapter 8), \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 the United States has not enacted international conventions that deal \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 with liability between private parties or with proc edural matters. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Conventions aside, as the fo llowing discussion elaborates, Congress \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 has enacted statutes creating substantive rules of admiralty and mari-\line \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex100 time law. Various federal agencies, particularly the U.S. Coast Guard, \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb190\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex9 7 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 86. Romero v. Int\u8217?l Terminal Operating Co., 358 U.S. 354, 371-72 (1959). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi36 0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 87. Kenneth G. Engerrand, Removal and Remand of Admiralty Suits, 21 Tul. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 Mar. L.J. 383 (1997). \par \pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 88 . Nesti v. Rose Barge Lines, Inc., 326 F. Supp. 170, 173 (N.D. Ill. 1971); Com\u p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex93 monwealth of P.R. v. Sea-Land Serv., Inc., 349 F. Sup p. 964, 977 (P.R. 1970). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex95 89. The Thomas Barlum, 293 U.S. 21 (1934). \par\pard\qj \li3023\r i2818\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 90. The Lottawanna, 88 U.S. 558 (1874); E. River S.S. Corp. v. Transamerica \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex93 Delaval, Inc., 476 U.S. 858 (1986). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 91. See generally Frank Wiswall, 6-6F Benedict o

n Admiralty (7th rev. ed. 2001). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex95 92.46 U.S.C. app. 1300 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 20 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh1584 0\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg31}{\bkmkend Pg31}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdict ion and Procedure in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-26 0\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2798\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 have promulgated numerous regulations that d eal with vessels and \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 their operations. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\ f10\fs24 The General Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Like Congress, fede ral courts have created substantive rules of mari-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex100 time law. These court-made rules are referred to as \u8220?the general mar i-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 time law,\u8221? which has two dimensions. To some extent, the general \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 maritime law app lies rules that are customarily applied by other \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscale x100 countries in similar situations. This reflects that certain aspects of the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 general maritime law are transnational in di mension, and custom is \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 an important source o f law in resolving these disputes. The other as-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 96 pect of the general maritime law is purely domestic. Because Congress \line \ up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 has never enacted a comprehensive maritime code, th e courts, from \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the outset, have had to resol ve disputes for which there were no con-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 gres sionally established substantive rules. In the fashion of common-\line \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex100 law judges, the courts created substantive rules out of nec essity. Oc-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 casionally federal courts have lo oked to state law to resolve maritime \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 dispute s. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex90 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Choice of Law: U.S. or Foreign \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri27 95\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The shipping industry operates worldwide. Vessels on a single voyage \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 may call at one or more foreign ports. Vessels often a re supplied and \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 repaired in foreign ports. C argo may be damaged or lost while at sea \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 in the course of an international voyage or in a foreign port, and like-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 wise seamen may be injured on the high seas or in the w aters of for-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 eign countries. Today, internat ional shipping is a complex business, \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 and it s activities are conducted in a manner that often implicates the \line \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex96 interests of several countries. Some admiralty cases filed i n U.S. courts \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 involve personal injury and wa ge claims of foreign seamen; others \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 arise ou t of transactions and occurrences that involve contacts with \line \up0 \expndtw -4\charscalex100 other countries. Such cases often present jurisdictional, choic e-of-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 law,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs19 93\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and forum non conveniens issues.\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 94 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2820\sb54\sl-220\sl mult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 93. Choice -of-law and forum selection clauses are discussed infra Chapter 2 \line \up0 \ex pndtw-4\charscalex100 (COGSA; Charter Parties), Chapter 3 (Personal Injury and D eath), and Chapter 8 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 (Salvage). \par\pard\ql

\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 21 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw122 40\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg32}{\bkmkend Pg32}\par\pard\ql \li49 87\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189 \sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admira lty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023 \ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 In such situations, the jurisdictional issue must be resolved first . \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Then, if the court concludes that it has j urisdiction over the claim, it \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 must determin e the law to be applied to that claim. Finally, if the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 court determines that the law of a foreign country should be applied, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 it may have to rule on a motion to dismiss on grounds of forum non \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex86 conveniens. \par\pard \qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 The adm iralty jurisdiction of the federal courts is extremely \line \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 broad; thus subject-matter jurisdictional issues may not be the most \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 difficult ones to resolve. Consider that an injury aboard or caused by a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 vessel in naviga ble waters usually meets the locus and nexus tests, and, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex97 if proper service of process can be effected on the defendant or def en-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 dant\u8217?s property, a federal court wo uld have admiralty jurisdiction \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 over the cla im. Likewise, contracts to repair vessels and to supply \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex96 vessels with necessaries are maritime contracts, and, if service of p roc-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 ess can properly be made, a federal court would have jurisdiction over \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 such claims. T he open-ended jurisdictional criteria often compel fed-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex94 eral courts to deal with choice-of-law and forum non conveniens issues . \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x100 Two leading Supreme Court cases provide the rules for choice-of-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 law analysis. Although both of these cases involved per sonal injury \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 claims by foreign seamen, the C ourt\u8217?s approach has been used by \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 lower federal courts as a point of departure or as a guideline to resolve \line \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 choice-of-law issues in many other kinds of admiralty ca ses. The first \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 case, Lauritzen v. Larsen,\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 95\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 involve d a foreign seaman employed by a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 foreign shi powner on a foreign-flag vessel who brought suit in a U.S. \line \up0 \expndtw-6 \charscalex100 court seeking to recover damages under the Jones Act.\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 96\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Court \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 enumerated and discussed various criteria that hav e been commonly \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri28 18\sb94\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f 9\fs17 94. The Supreme Court has formulated the rules for determining when an ac -\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tion brought in federal court should be dis missed under the doctrine of forum non \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 conven iens. Admiralty cases are subject to those rules. Am. Dredging Co. v. Miller, 51 0 \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 U.S. 443 (1994) (holding, however, that st ates are not bound to apply these rules). \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Th e criteria were articulated in Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501 (1947), a nd \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 reaffirmed in Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno , 454 U.S. 235 (1981). Ships are engaged in \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 international and interstate commerce, giving a special importance to the doctri ne of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 forum non conveniens. \par\pard\ql \li3

383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 95.345 U.S. 571 (1953). \pa r\pard\qj \li3023\ri2817\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 96. Suit was brought for injuries the foreign seaman had sustained in U.S. wa\up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ters. The Jones Act provides a remedy for \u8220?any seaman\u8221? and as such is not limited to \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 U.S. se amen or even to seamen who serve on U.S. vessels. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 22 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pa rd\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg33}{\bkmkend Pg33}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedure in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\sl mult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 resorted to in resolving international choice-oflaw issues in the \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 maritime context. These factors include (1) the place of the wrongful \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 act; (2) the law of the flag; (3) the allegiance or domicile of the injured \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 seaman; (4) the allegiance of the defendant shipowner; (5) the pla ce \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 where the contract of employment was made; (6) the inaccessibility of \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 a foreign forum; and (7) th e law of the forum. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex100 In Hellenic Lines Ltd. v. Rhoditis,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 97\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Court added an eighth fac\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tor: the shipowner\u8217?s base of operations. At times, this last factor may \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 be the most crucial , as it was found to be in Rhoditis. But the fact that \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x97 a shipowner has a U.S. base of operations does not automatically trig\up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex94 ger the application of U.S. law.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 98 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Lauritzen-Rhoditis crit eria are regarded as the proper criteria \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 to be appl ied in admiralty cases and, as stated, have been used in cases \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex94 other than seamen\u8217?s personal injury cases.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 99 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 Choice of Law: Congressional Preemption and State Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\ ri2793\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Legislative preemption in the maritime area is merely a species of the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex 100 general doctrine of congressional preemption and is exemplified in \line \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 the case of United States v. Locke.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 100\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In Locke, the Supreme Court de-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 cided that a complex series of safe ty requirements for oil tankers im-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 posed by the state of Washington could not coexist with various fed-\line \up0 \expndtw-3 \charscalex100 eral statutes and regulations promulgated thereunder by the U.S. \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Coast Guard. The Court applied its rules rel ating to \u8220?conflict pre-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 emption\u8221?\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 101\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and \u8220?field preemption,\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 102\ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and also applied the approach \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ charscalex100 it had previously formulated in Ray v. Atlantic Richfield Co.,\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 103\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 where \ line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 it had invalidated much of the state of Washi ngton\u8217?s comprehensive \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 regulation of oil tankers and their operations. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb50\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expn

dtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 97.398 U.S. 306 (1970). \par\pard \qj \li3023\ri2817\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 98. Wa rn v. M/Y Maridome, 169 F.3d 625 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 874 \line \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 (1999). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult 0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 99. Oil Shipping (Bunkering) B.V. v. Sonme z Denizcilik Ve Ticaret A.S., 10 F.3d \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 1015 (3 d Cir. 1993); Gulf Trading & Transp. Co. v. Vessel Hoegh Shield, 658 F.2d 363 \l ine \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 (5th Cir. 1981); Klinghoffer v. S.N.C. Achille Lauro, 795 F. Supp. 112 (S.D.N.Y. 1992). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 100.529 U.S. 89 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13 \sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 101. Id. at 109. \par\pard\ql \li33 83\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 102. Id. at 110-11. \par\par d\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 103.435 U.S. 151 ( 1978). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 23 \par\pard\sect\ sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg34}{\bkmkend Pg3 4}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2760\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In some cases, however, the Court has allowed s tates substantial \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 leeway. For example, in Hu ron Portland Cement Co. v. City of De-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 troit, \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 104\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 a c ase involving the validity of a city smoke-abatement ordi-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\ charscalex100 nance, the majority stated that \u8220?[e]venhanded local regulati on to ef-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 fectuate a legitimate local public purpose is valid unless preempted by \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 federal action.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 105\ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 The Court held that there was no statutory pre-\line \up0 \expndtw-3 \charscalex100 emption and concluded that, in the absence of legislation, \u8220 ?[s]tate \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 regulation, based on the police pow er, which does not discriminate \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 against inte rstate commerce or operate to disrupt its required uni-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\cha rscalex100 formity, may constitutionally stand.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 106\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 After referring to numerous \ line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 cases where state and local regulations had b een upheld,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 107\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f 4\fs21 the Court \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 found no impermissible bur den on commerce. Likewise, Kelly v. \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Washingt on\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 108\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 u pheld a state hull and machinery inspection statute, \line \up0 \expndtw-3\chars calex100 rejecting an argument that it conflicted with federal statutory stan-\l ine \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 dards and an alternative argument that the sub ject matter required \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 uniformity that only fe deral legislation can provide: \u8220?When the state \line \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex100 is seeking to protect a vital interest, we have always been slow to fin d \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 that the inaction of Congress has shorn th e state of the power which it \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 would otherwise possess.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 109 \par\pard\qj \l i3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 The issue of statutory preemption has presented itself in variou s \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 contexts, including the preemption of stat e remedies for personal in-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 jury and death fo r seamen and for certain maritime workers under the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc alex100 Jones Act\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 110\ul0\nosupersub

\cf3\f4\fs21 and the Longshore and Harbor Workers\u8217? Compensation \line \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Act;\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 111\ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the preemption of state remedies under the Death on the High \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Seas Act;\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 112\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the preemption of certain lie ns under the Federal Mari-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 time Lien Act;\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 113\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the pre emption under the Carriage of Goods by Sea \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb143\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosu persub\cf8\f9\fs17 104.362 U.S. 440 (1960). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 105. Id. at 443. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 106. Id. at 448. \par\pard\qj \li3383\r i6009\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 107. Id. and authorities c ited therein. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 108.302 U.S. 1 (1937). \par\pard\ql \ li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 109. Id. at 14. \par\par d\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 110. See, e.g., Li ndgren v. United States, 281 U.S. 38 (1930). \par\pard\ql \li3383\ri3172\sb3\sl220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 111. See, e.g., Davis v. Dep\u8217?t of Labor & Indus. of Wash., 317 U.S. 249 (1942). \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex9 3 112. See, e.g., Offshore Logistics, Inc. v. Tallentire, 477 U.S. 207 (1986). \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex93 113. See, e.g., In re Mission Marine Assocs., Inc., 633 F.2d 678 (3d Cir. 1980). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 5\f6\fs19 24 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\ bkmkstart Pg35}{\bkmkend Pg35}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3 383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedure i n Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard \qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 Act;\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 114\ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 and the nonpreemption of a state\u8217?s remedies for damage t o its \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 environment whether caused by the disc harge of smoke\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 115\ul0\nosupersub\cf 3\f4\fs21 or oil.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 116\ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 In \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 such cases, the issue is no t whether the federal legislation is valid, but \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 whether or not state legislation can be applied to supplement federal \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 law. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Maritime law, in one way or another, has accommodated the ap-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 plication of state l aw under certain circumstances.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 117 \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In Southern Pacific v. Jensen,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 118\ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 the Supreme Court articulated an \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 ap proach for delineating impermissible state encroachment on federal \up0 \expndtw -4\charscalex100 maritime law. There, the Court held that the family of a longsh ore-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 man killed aboard a vessel in navigable waters was not entitled to re-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 cover an award under the New York workers\u8217? compensation statute. \line \up0 \expndtw-6\c harscalex100 There are three situations where state law may not be applied: \par \pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 (1) whe re state law conflicts with an act of Congress, (2) where it \line \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex100 \u8220?works material prejudice to the characteristic features of the general \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 maritime law,\u8221? or (3) w here it \u8220?interferes with the proper harmony \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal

ex100 and uniformity\u8221? of the general maritime law \u8220?in its internatio nal or \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 interstate relations.\u8221?\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 119\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Subsequent d ecisions, however, have not de-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 veloped a coh erent body of law that describes the \u8220?characteristic fea-\line \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex100 tures of the general maritime law\u8221? or explains what typ es of state law \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 might \u8220?work[ ] material prejudice\u8221? to those features.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 120\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Likewise, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 s ubsequent decisions have not clarified the meaning of the \u8220?proper \line \u p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 harmony and uniformity\u8221? of the general maritim e law \u8220?in its interna-\par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb214\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nos upersub\cf8\f9\fs17 114. See, e.g., Polo Ralph Lauren, L.P. v. Tropical Shipping & Constr. Co., 215 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 F.3d 1217 (11th Cir. 2000). \pa r\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 115. Huron Po rtland Cement Co. v. City of Detroit, 362 U.S. 440 (1960). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ ri2819\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 116.33 U.S.C. 2718 (a)(1) (2000) (providing an express nonpreemption of \line \up0 \expndtw-7\chars calex97 state remedies in cases of oil pollution damage); Askew v. Am. Waterways Operators, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Inc., 411 U.S. 325 (1973); Bouch ard Transp. Co., Inc. v. Updergraff, 147 F.3d 1344 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex93 (11th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1140, and cert denied, 525 U.S. 1 171 (1999). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5 \charscalex100 117. Jerome B. Grubart, Inc. v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 51 3 U.S. 527 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 (1995); Romero v. Int\u8217?l Ter minal Operating Co., 358 U.S. 354, 373-75 (1959); Steven \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri 2818\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 F. Friedell, 1 Benedict on Admiralty 105 (7th rev. ed. 1999); Robert Force, Decon\up0 \expndtw-7\charscale x96 structing Jensen: Admiralty and Federalism in the Twenty-First Century, 32 J . Mar. L. & \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 Com. 517 (2001). \par\pard\qj \li3383\r i6844\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 118.244 U.S. 205 (1917). \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 119. Id. at 216. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 120. Id. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nos upersub\cf5\f6\fs19 25 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb 0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg36}{\bkmkend Pg36}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \ par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 tional and inte rstate relations.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 121\ul0\nos upersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Court has not routinely used the \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex95 Jensen criteria as the point of departure and has not applied Jensen in a \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 consistent manner.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs19 122\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Also, it created exceptions, such as the \u8220?mari\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 time but local\u8221?\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 123\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and the \u8220 ?twilight zone\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 124\ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 rules. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \u p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Of all the post-Jensen cases, the most helpful one f rom a meth-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 odological perspective is America n Dredging Co. v. Miller.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 125\ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The case \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 involved the validity of a Louisiana statute that precluded the applica-\line \up0 \expndtw-7 \charscalex100 tion of the doctrine of forum non conveniens in admiralty cases.

The \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 majority opinion begins, \u8220?The issu e before us here is whether the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 doctrine of forum non conveniens is either a \u8216?characteristic feature\u8217? of \line \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 admiralty or a doctrine whose uniform application i s necessary to \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 maintain the \u8216?proper ha rmony\u8217? of maritime law.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 126\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A characteristic \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal ex100 feature is one that either \u8220?originated in admiralty\u8221? or \u8220 ?has exclusive \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 application there.\u8221?\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 127\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Cou rt concluded that the forum non con-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 veniens r ule does not satisfy either criterion. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\sl mult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 The Court went on to consider the impa ct of the forum non con-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 veniens rule on the proper harmony and uniformity of maritime law. \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 The federal rule of forum non conveniens \u8220?is procedural rather than \li ne \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 substantive, and it is most unlikely to produce uniform results.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 128 \line \ up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Furthermore, \u8220?[t] he discretionary nature of the doctrine [forum non \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charsca lex100 conveniens], combined with the multifariousness of the factors rele-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 vant to its application, . . . make uniformity an d predictability of out-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 come almost impossibl e.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 129 \par\pard\qj \li3023\r i2797\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\ f4\fs21 The dissent does not merely assume that forum non conveniens is \line \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 important to maritime law, but rather engages in an a nalysis lacking \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb15 7\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 121. I d. (emphasis added). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2818\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 122. Am. Dredging Co. v. Miller, 510 U.S. 443, 452 (1994 ); David W. Robertson, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 The Applicability of State Law in Maritime Cases After Yamaha Motor Corp. v. Cal-\line \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 houn, 21 Tul. Mar. L.J. 81, 95-96 (1996); Robert Force, Choice o f Law in Admiralty \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Cases: \u8220?National In terests\u8221? and the Admiralty Clause, 75 Tul. L. Rev. 1421, 1439-64 \line \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 (2001). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 123. W. Fuel Co. v. Garcia, 257 U.S. 233 (1921). \par\pa rd\qj \li3383\ri4455\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 124. Davis v. Dep\u8217?t of Labor & Indus., 317 U.S. 249 (1942). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x96 125.510 U.S. 443 (1994). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6828\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 126. Id. at 447 (Scalia, J.). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x93 127. Id. at 450. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex94 128. Id. at 453. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex100 129. Id. at 455 (citations omitted). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 26 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15 840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg37}{\bkmkend Pg37}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdi ction and Procedure in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2793\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\char scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 in virtually all other discussions of choi ce of law in prior decisions of \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the Supreme Court. In this respect, the dissent explains why a uni-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 form application of the maritime forum non conveniens rule is impor-\

line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tant to the national interests of the United States. The dissent\u8217?s ap-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 proach is inn ovative and instructive in three respects. First, it remarks \line \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex100 on the fact that no state interest seems to be promoted by not apply-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ing forum non conveniens in admiralty cases, and no state interest \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 would seem to b e undermined if the general maritime rule was fol-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal ex100 lowed. Second, it faults the majority for making a mistake in formu-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 lating the test to be applied. It is not where the admiralty rule origi-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 nated or whether it ha s unique application in admiralty that is criti-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 cal\u8212?the issue is whether forum non conveniens is an \u8220?important f ea-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ture of the uniformity and harmony to whi ch admiralty aspires.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 130 \li ne \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Third, the dissent takes its conclusion that it is important for the fo-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\chars calex100 rum non conveniens rule to be uniformly applied and links it to the \li ne \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Admiralty Clause of the Constitution by pointin g out that a uniform \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 rule of forum non conven iens \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3231\sb57\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 serves objectives that go to the vital center of the admiralty pre-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 emption doctrine. Comity a mong nations and among States was a \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 primary aim of the Constitution. At the time of the framing, it was \line \up0 \expndtw0 \charscalex100 essential that our prospective trading partners know that the \li ne \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 United States would uphold its treaties, respec t the general mari-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 time law, and refrain fro m erecting barriers to commerce. The in-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 divid ual States needed similar assurances from each other.\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs18\ul 0\super\cf10\f11\fs17 131 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb255\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w0\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Procedure in Admiralty Cases \par\pa rd\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nos upersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Prior to 1966, a separate set of rules of procedure were app lied in \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 cases filed on the federal courts\u8217? ad miralty docket. In 1966, the Federal \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Rules of Civi l Procedure eliminated the separate admiralty docket and \up0 \expndtw-6\charsca lex100 the admiralty rules of procedure. The Federal Rules merged the ac\up0 \ex pndtw-5\charscalex100 tions at law, equity, and admiralty into a single \u8220?c ivil action\u8221? and with \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 a few exceptions made the rules applicable to all civil actions, includ\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 i ng those that fell within admiralty jurisdiction. \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-22 0\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri4885\sb11 4\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 130. M iller, 510 U.S. at 463 (Kennedy, J., dissenting). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 1 31. Id. at 466. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\s l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 27 \par\p ard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg38}{\bk mkend Pg38}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-26 0\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2796\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Generally, admiralty actions commenced in federal district courts \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 are subject to the rul es that apply to all civil actions, both maritime \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 and nonmaritime.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 132\ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 Thus, the rules that relate to pleadings, joinder of \up0 \expndtw-

8\charscalex100 parties and claims, and discovery, for example, are uniformly ap plied \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 in both admiralty and nonadmiralty cases. Ho wever, there are special \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 procedural rules that appl y to admiralty cases. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11 \charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Special Admiralty Rules \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There are some differences between admiralty cases and othe r civil \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 actions, as well as special rules tha t apply only in admiralty cases. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 The gr eatest difference in admiralty cases is that there is no right \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 to a jury trial.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 133\ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 It should be remembered that some situations create \u p0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 the possibility of more than one basis for jurisdicti on.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 134\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 When a \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 plaintiff has multiple bases, including adm iralty, for invoking federal \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 court jurisdiction, he or she must specifically designate the claim as an \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 admiralty claim; otherwise it will be treated as a nonadmiralty \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 claim.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 135\ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 This is referred to as the Rule 9(h) designation. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f 10\fs24 Types of Actions: In Personam, In Rem, Quasi In Rem \par\pard\qj \li3023 \ri2794\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f 4\fs21 A person who seeks to bring an action to vindicate a claim that lies \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 within admiralty jurisdiction may, depending on the ci rcumstances, \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 have several options. If the claim is based on the personal liability of \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the other part y, as is usually the case in an ordinary tort or breach of \up0 \expndtw-6\chars calex100 contract situation, the plaintiff may file an in personam action agains t \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 that person in a federal district court. \par\par d\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 A sec ond possibility for vindicating a maritime claim is for the \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 plaintiff to bring an action in rem directly against the propert y, typi-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 cally a vessel, that relates to the claim. In such cases, the vessel\u8212?not \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 t he vessel\u8217?s owner\u8212?is the defendant. Under the fiction of \u8220?pers onifi-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 cation,\u8221? the vessel is deemed to have a legal personality and, as such, is \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 sub ject to suit directly whereby it can be held liable for the torts it has \par\pa rd\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb117\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 132. See generally Fed. R. Ci v. P.\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 1. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 133. Waring v. Clarke, 46 U.S. (5 How.) 441, 460 (1847). \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 134. The jury trial implications of cases where there are alternative or multiple \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 bases of jurisdiction are discussed supra text accompanying notes 69-76. \line \tab \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 135. Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(h). See supra text accompanyi ng note 59. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-23 0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 28 \par\pard\ sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg39}{\bkmken d Pg39}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosup ersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedure in Admiralty and Maritim e Cases \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106 \sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 commit

ted and for the contracts it has breached. An action in rem \line \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 based on an admiralty claim may be brought only in a federal cou rt \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 and is initiated by \u8220?arresting\u822 1? (seizing) the property. The property \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 must be subject to the jurisdiction of the court. Furthermore, an in \line \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex100 rem action is not available in all admiralty disputes becau se the arrest \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 procedure is authorized only t o enforce a maritime lien or as other-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 wise pe rmitted by statute. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 Finally, the plaintiff may bring an action that partakes of some of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the characteristics of both the i n personam and the in rem actions. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 This actio n is referred to as an action quasi in rem. It partakes of the in \line \up0 \ex pndtw-3\charscalex100 rem action in that it is commenced by attachment (seizure) of the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 property, that is, by subjecting the defendant\u8217?s property to the juris-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 dic tion of the court. Yet it partakes of the in personam action because \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 it is based on the personal liability of the owner of th e property. \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Where a defendant fails to submi t to the personal jurisdiction of the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 court, judgment is limited to the value of the property. An objective of \line \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex100 the quasi in rem proceeding of attachment is to compel th e defendant \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 to personally appear to defend ag ainst the claim. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb1 5\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure S upplemental Rules \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 There are special rules that apply in admiralty cases under the Sup-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 plemental Rules to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (hereinafter \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Supplemental Ru les). The Supplemental Rules provide for the com-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 mencement of actions by arrest or attachment. With an exception not \line \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 relevant here, Supplemental Rule C applies only to a rrest proceedings \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 in admiralty and Supplemen tal Rule B applies only to attachment \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 procee dings in admiralty. Supplemental Rule E\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 136\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 provides additional \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex95 procedures for actions brought under both Rules B and C. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex95 In Rem Actions: Arrest \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 An action in rem is commenced by arresting property, typically a ves-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 sel, under Supple mental Rules C and E of the Federal Rules of Civil \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex100 Procedure. An in rem action in the United States is an action against \li ne \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the named property itself. It need not be based on the personal liabil-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ity of the property owner, and it is not merely a means for obtaining \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-20 7\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb117\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 136. Discussed infra text accompanying notes 143-48. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 29 \par\pard\sect\sectd\ fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg40}{\bkmkend Pg40}\par \pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\ f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\ pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident or creating sec

urity over \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 an asset of the owner. The law of the U nited States differentiates be\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tween seizures of pr operty by means of a judicial process called an \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u 8220?arrest\u8221? and those initiated by a process called an \u8220?attachment. \u8221? Ar\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 rest is a process for asserting in rem li ability. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2798\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex100 An in rem action may be brought to enforce maritime liens under \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the Federal Maritime Lien Act, to enforce other mariti me liens created \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 under the general maritime law, an d as authorized by statutes such as \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 the Federal Shi p Mortgage Act. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15 \sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Arrest Procedures \par\pard\qj \li3 023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 To commence an in r em action, a plaintiff must file a complaint that \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 describes the property subject to the action and states that such prop\up0 \expn dtw-5\charscalex100 erty is in or will be in the court\u8217?s judicial district during the pendency \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 of the action. If the propert y is not within the district where the action \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 is c ommenced and there is no immediate prospect of its entering the \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex97 district, the complaint will be dismissed. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2 796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 The complaint and sup porting documentation must be reviewed \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 by a court, and, if the conditions for an action in rem appear to exist, \line \up0 \ expndtw-5\charscalex100 the court shall issue an order authorizing a warrant for the arrest of \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the property. No notice other than execution is required. However, if \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 the property is not released within ten days, the plaintiff must give \line \up0 \e xpndtw-5\charscalex100 public notice of the action and the arrest in a newspaper of general \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 circulation. This notice must sp ecify the time within which an answer \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 is requ ired to be filed. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \exp ndtw-5\charscalex100 A person who asserts a right of possession or ownership of the \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 property, such as the owner of a vessel subjec t to an action in rem, \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 must file a statement of ri ght or interest within ten days after process \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 has b een executed, unless the court allows additional time. The claim\up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 ant must file an answer within twenty days after filing its statem ent of \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 right or interest. Additional procedural ru les pertaining to actions in \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 rem are contained in S upplemental Rule E. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 An action in rem commences when the property subject to a rrest \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 is physically seized within the jurisd iction of the court. Subject to the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 qualific ations discussed below, seizure of the property is essential to \line \up0 \expn dtw-4\charscalex100 give the court jurisdiction over the property. It is not eno ugh for the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 property to be present in the ju dicial district where the court is lo-\par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li6023\sb75\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub \cf5\f6\fs19 30 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-24 0{\bkmkstart Pg41}{\bkmkend Pg41}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedur e in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\p ard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nos upersub\cf3\f4\fs21 cated. Likewise, the presence of the owner within the distri ct is insuf\up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ficient. A court officer (the U.S. mars

hal) must physically seize the \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 property, actually or constructively, and take it into custody if possi\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 ble. In the case of an arrest of a vessel, service of the arrest papers on \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the master and the placing of a \u8220?keeper\u8221? o n the vessel will suffice. In \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 an in rem action, ju risdiction over the property is required to give the \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1 00 court jurisdiction over the action, but this requirement, as will be ex\up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex92 plained, has been relaxed to some extent. \par\pard\ql \l i3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex95 In Personam Actions: Attachment and Garnishment \par\pard\qj \li30 23\ri2796\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 An alternative method for obtaining in personam jurisdiction is \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 so metimes referred to as quasi in rem jurisdiction and is accomplished \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 by an attachment of the defendant\u8217?s property. The presence of the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 defendant\u8217?s property within a state may be sufficient to constitute the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex100 \u8220?minimum contacts\u8221? required under the Due Process Clause, and the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 seizure of the property may be sufficie nt to satisfy the service of proc-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 ess require ment. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex100 Supplemental Rule B of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure pro\up0 \ex pndtw-2\charscalex100 vides for commencing an in personam maritime action in fed eral \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 court by seizing property of the defendant. I t authorizes the attach\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 ment or garnishment of the d efendant\u8217?s property. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 A plaintiff who has asserted an admiralty or marit ime claim in \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 personam may include in his or her verified complaint a request for \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 process to attach the defendant\u8217?s goods and chattels, or credits and \line \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 effects, in the hands of garnishees named in the process for up to the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 amount sued. Rule B is availab le only where the plaintiff has asserted a \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 m aritime or admiralty claim. The property that the plaintiff seeks to \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 attach or garnish must be within the geographic boundar ies of the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 federal judicial district wherein the action is brought. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Attachment and garnishment are permissible under the rule only \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u8220?if the defendant shall not be fou nd within the district.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 137\u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The plain\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tiff must subm it an affidavit to the effect that the defendant cannot be \up0 \expndtw-4\chars calex100 found within the district where the suit is brought. Usually the plain\ up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tiff will set forth the steps taken supporting the allegation that the de\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 fendant is not present withi n the district. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb15 7\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 137. F ed. R. Civ. P. Supp. R. B(1) (emphasis added). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\n osupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 31 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\ sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg42}{\bkmkend Pg42}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2793\sb106\sl-260 \slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 An alle gation that the defendant cannot be found within the dis-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\c harscalex100 trict has two dimensions: The defendant is not present for jurisdic

-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tional purposes; and the defendant is not p resent for service of proc-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 ess.\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 138\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 To defeat an atta chment and secure the release of property, the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 defendant must show both that he or she is present in the district in \line \ up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the jurisdictional sense (minimum contacts) and tha t he or she is \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 amenable to service of process personally or through an agent \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 authorized t o accept service of process.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 139\ul0 \nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The fact that the defendant \line \up0 \expndtw-5\chars calex100 is present within the state is insufficient to bar a Rule B action if t he \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 defendant is not present within the geogr aphic area comprising the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 federal judicial d istrict in which the action has been commenced.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 140 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where suit is commenced in one district within a state, the defendant \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 cannot defeat an attachment merely by showing that stat e law \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 authorizes service of process on him o r her by serving process on the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 secretary of state who is located in another federal judicial district in \line \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex90 the state.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 141 \par \pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The procedures under Supplemental Rule B are similar in many \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 respects to the procedures required by Rule C. A court must review \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the complaint and affidavit, and if it appears that the plaintiff is enti-\line \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex100 tled to have process issued, the court will so order. Notice is given to \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the garnishee or person in possess ion of the property when process, \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the attach ment, is served on that person in order to secure physical \line \up0 \expndtw-5 \charscalex100 control of the property by the court. Rule B provides, however, t hat \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 no default shall be taken unless there i s proof that the plaintiff or the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 garnishee gave notice to the defendant. Notice is not required if the \line \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 plaintiff or garnishee has been unable to give notice despite di ligent \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 efforts to do so. \par\pard\qj \li3023 \ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 The garnishee has twenty days from service of process to file an \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 ans wer. The defendant has thirty days after process has been executed \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex96 to file its answer. \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par \pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\p ard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri2923\sb154\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 138. Seawind Compania, S.A. v. Crescent Line, Inc., 320 F.2d 580 (2d Cir. 1963). \line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex95 139. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4300\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex94 140. LaBanca v. Ostermunchner, 664 F.2d 65 (5th Cir. 1981). \ line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 141. Id. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosup ersub\cf5\f6\fs19 32 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\ sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg43}{\bkmkend Pg43}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Pro cedure in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 Attachment and Arrest Distinguished \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797 \sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Supplemental Rule B attachmen

t differs from Supplemental Rule C \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 arrest in severa l respects. First, Rule C arrest may be used even when \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x97 the defendant can be found within the district. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\ sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Second, to invoke Rule C, the property arrested must be related to \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the plaintiff\u8217?s claim. In rem actions must be based on a maritime lien \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 or authorized by statute. Such liens arise when a v essel commits a tort \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 or breaches a contract. Thus, the underlying tort or contract that gave \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 rise to the maritime lien serves as the basis for the plaintiff\u8217?s cla im. By \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 contrast, Rule B attachment applies t o any property of the defendant \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 that is pres ent within the district, even if it is totally unrelated to the \line \up0 \expn dtw-7\charscalex100 events giving rise to the claim and even if it has no mariti me charac-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 ter. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb 0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Third, in a Supplemental Ru le C in rem proceeding, the plaintiff\u8217?s \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10 0 claim is predicated on the liability of the property itself. In a Rule B \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 attachment, liability is always predicated on the personal liability of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the defendant. If, un der the applicable substantive rules, a defendant \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscal ex100 is not personally liable, its property may not be attached. In an in rem \ line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 proceeding, judgment may be entered against t he property itself, \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 which would be sold to s atisfy the judgment against it. In such a judi-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1 00 cial sale, the purchaser takes the property free and clear of all mari-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 time liens. The sale of property to satisfy a judgm ent in rem scrapes all \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 liens from the vessel . To the extent that others had liens against the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscal ex100 vessel, those liens attach to the fund generated from the sale of the \lin e \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 property. In attachment proceedings, judgment is entered against the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 owner of the property. The property may be sold to satisfy the judg-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ment against the owner, but this does not necessarily affect the rights \line \ up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 of other persons, such as those holding maritime li ens or a preferred \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 ship mortgage on the prope rty. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Additional Provisions Applicable to Arrest an d Attachment \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 Supplemental Rule E contains additional procedural provisions that \l ine \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 are applicable to both maritime arrest and atta chment proceedings.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 142 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb203\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 142. Discussed infra text accompanyi ng notes 144-45. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\ sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 33 \par\ pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg44}{\b kmkend Pg44}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0 \nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-2 76\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb96\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 The Complaint \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb118\sl -260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A complai nt filed by a plaintiff under Supplemental Rules B and C \line \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 must state the circumstances under which the claim arose with such

\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 particularity that the defendant or claimant , without requesting addi-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tional information , will be able to begin investigating the facts and \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex100 prepare a responsive pleading. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure \lin e \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 generally are not very demanding with regard to the facts pleaded as \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the basis for a complai nt because they authorize parties to engage in \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 extensive pretrial discovery practices. Thus, the requirement of Sup-\line \u p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 plemental Rule E that the facts be stated with suffi cient particularity \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 for the defendant to beg in its investigation of the incident on which \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10 0 the arrest or attachment is based is a more demanding standard.\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 143 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup ersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Arrest warrants and writs of attachment are issued ex parte af ter the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 court has reviewed only the document s presented by the plaintiff; the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 plaintiff\ u8217?s documents must adequately inform the court that it should \line \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex92 order that the process be issued. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb24 7\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Secu rity for Costs \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2798\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Supplemental Rule E also authorizes th e court to require any party to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 post security for costs and expenses that may be awarded against it. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb2 47\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Pro perty Not Within the District \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Even where the property that is to be seized is not within the geo\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 graphic bounds of the federal district court, the plaintiff may still ap\up0 \expndtw-5 \charscalex100 ply for the issuance of process for its seizure. The plaintiff ma y then \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 request that execution of process be delaye d until the property is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 brought within the court\u8 217?s territorial jurisdiction or until some ar\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ran gement by way of stipulation may be agreed on by the parties. \up0 \expndtw-5\ch arscalex100 Property may not be seized under Supplemental Rules B, C, and E \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 unless it is within the district, because the process authorizing its sei\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 zure can only be served within t he district. \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2825\sb 174\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs 17 143. Riverway Co. v. Spivey Marine & Harbor Serv. Co., 598 F. Supp. 909 (S.D. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Ill. 1984). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0 \nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 34 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\par d\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg45}{\bkmkend Pg45}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction a nd Procedure in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-276\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb96\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex89 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Necessity for Seizure and Retention\u8212?Exceptions \pa r\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under certain circumstances an action may proceed in rem or quasi in \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 rem without an actual physical s eizure or retention of the property in \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 quest ion. Supplemental Rule E states that where process of arrest or \line \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex100 attachment has issued, \u8220?such process shall be stayed, or the property \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 released, on the giving of s

ecurity, to be approved by the court or \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 clerk , or by stipulation of the parties, conditioned to answer the \line \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex100 judgment of the court.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 144 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under that provision, if property is seized it may be released upon \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 posting of a su fficient bond. With regard to the arrested property, the \up0 \expndtw-4\charsca lex100 plaintiff\u8217?s maritime lien is transferred from that property to the bond \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 that has been provided as security. Consequen tly, the plaintiff no \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 longer has a maritime lien on the property. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex96 Rule E provides that even where the property has not been seize d, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 the parties (plaintiff and defendant) may enter into a stipulation that \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3231\sb57\sl-240\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 (1) the property will no t be seized; (2) the matter may proceed in \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 rem or quasi in rem, as the case may be; (3) the defendant will un\up0 \expndtw-4\chars calex100 dertake to honor any judgment; [and] (4) the defendant will con\up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex97 sent to the court\u8217?s jurisdiction over the action. \pa r\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In reality this means that the parties may confer in rem or quasi in rem \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 jurisdiction upon the court by express agreement.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 145\ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 In rem or quasi in \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 rem jur isdiction may be conferred by waiver as well.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs19 146\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Even where no \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex100 property has been seized, a defendant who makes a general appear-\li ne \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 ance and responds to the substance of the plain tiff\u8217?s complaint or who \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 asks for affir mative relief without clearly reserving an objection to the \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 court\u8217?s jurisdiction will be considered to have waived the jurisdic-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 tional defect.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 147\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 At the extreme, this mea ns that an action may proceed \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 in rem notwith standing the fact that the property was never seized \line \up0 \expndtw-5\chars calex100 within the court\u8217?s jurisdiction, the parties never agreed to the court\u8217?s \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 jurisdiction, such as by stipu lation, and the defendant never expressly \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb23\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf8\f9\fs17 144. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp. R. E(5)(a). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb1 3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 145. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2 822\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 146. Cactus Pipe & Su pply Co. v. M/V Montmartre, 756 F.2d 1103, 1107-11 (5th \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex100 Cir. 1985). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex93 147. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp. R. E(8). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 35 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pa rd\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg46}{\bkmkend Pg46}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 waived the right to object to the court\u8217?s jurisdiction by failing to \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex100 promptly and properly make an objection. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri27 99\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 The expenses of seizin

g and keeping property are provided for by \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 federal statute.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 148 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb 247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Po st-Arrest/Post-Attachment Hearing \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb118\sl-260\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Supplemental Rule E (4)(f) confers upon a person whose property has \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 be en arrested or attached the right to a prompt judicial hearing. At the \up0 \exp ndtw-4\charscalex100 hearing, the plaintiff has the burden of proving that the a rrest or at\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 tachment was authorized and lawful. \par \pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex88 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf9\f10\fs24 Release of Property\u8212?Security \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\ sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 T he nature and amount of security required to release property that \line \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex96 has been seized or to stay execution of process prior to s eizure may be \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 fixed by agreement of the part ies. Where the parties fail to agree, the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 co urt will fix the security at an amount sufficient to cover \u8220?the plain-\lin e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 tiff\u8217?s claim fairly stated with accrued int erest and costs.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 149\ul0\nosu persub\cf3\f4\fs21 This \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 amount of security may not exceed twice the amount of the plaintiff\u8217?s \line \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex95 claim or the value of the property as determined by appraisal. \par\ pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Wh en security such as a surety bond is provided to obtain the \line \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex98 release of property that has been arrested, it is usually claim a nd party \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 specific. This means that the suret y has undertaken to pay a specified \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 claim ass erted by a specified plaintiff. The bond does not secure other \line \up0 \expnd tw-6\charscalex100 claims.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 150\ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 When property is released, the plaintiff\u8217?s lien is transferred \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 to the security. The plaintiff n o longer has a lien on the res. The secu-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 rit y in the court\u8217?s possession is sufficient to support in rem jurisdic-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tion over the plaintiff\u8217?s claim and also pr ovides security to pay the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 plaintiff\u8217?s claim if the plaintiff is successful. That security, however, \line \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex100 does not support in rem jurisdiction over any claim asserted by other \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 parties, and other parties cannot l ook to the surety for the satisfaction \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 of th eir claims.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 151\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f 4\fs21 Plaintiffs who seek to intervene or other defendants \par\pard\ql \li338 3\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb117\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 148.28 U.S.C. 1921 (2000). \par\pard\qj \ li3383\ri6031\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 149. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp. R. E(5)(a). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 150. Id. \par\pard\qj \l i3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 151. Transor ient Navigators Co., S.A. v. M/S Southwind, 788 F.2d 288 (5th Cir. \line \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex94 1986). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\f s19 36 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkst art Pg47}{\bkmkend Pg47}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3 383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li338 3\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisdiction and Procedure in Admi ralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li 3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 3\f4\fs21 who seek to assert cross-claims against the ship must establish in rem

\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 jurisdiction independent of the original pl aintiff\u8217?s action either prior \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 to the r elease of the res or subsequent thereto. In other words, each \line \up0 \expndt w-5\charscalex100 party intending to assert an in rem action against the propert y must \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 arrest the vessel unless the vessel ow ner stipulates to the in rem juris-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 diction of the court. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\ charscalex101 Where a shipowner anticipates that multiple claims may be \line \u p0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 brought against its vessel, it may file a general bo nd or stipulation, \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 with sufficient surety, w hich undertakes to satisfy any judgment of \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 t hat court in all actions that may be subsequently brought in the court \line \up 0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 in which the vessel is attached or arrested.\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 152\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where such a bond is \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 filed, execution of process shall b e stayed as long as the amount se-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 cured by t he bond or stipulation is at least double the aggregate \line \up0 \expndtw-1\ch arscalex100 amount claimed by all plaintiffs in actions begun and pending in \li ne \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 which arrest or attachment process against the v essel has been issued. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Property attached, garnished, or arrested shall be rel eased by the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 U.S. marshal upon acceptance an d approval of a stipulation, bond, or \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 other security, signed by the party in whose behalf the property is de-\line \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex100 tained or its attorney, that expressly authorizes the prope rty\u8217?s release. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 However, all costs and charges of the court and its officers, including \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 the marshal, must first have been paid. The marshal may not release \line \ up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the property in any other circumstance except by or der of the court. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 However, the clerk of the court, upon the giving of approved security \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 as provided by law and the Supplemental Rules, may enter an order \line \up0 \ex pndtw-4\charscalex100 \u8220?as of course\u8221? releasing the property. Likewis e, where an action is \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 dismissed or discontin ued, the clerk may enter an order as of course \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1 00 releasing the property. Notwithstanding that Federal Rule of Civil \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Procedure 62 provides for an automatic stay in situati ons where a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 court has dismissed an action, it has been held that this does not over-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ride the provision of Supplemental Rule E, which authorizes the clerk \line \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex96 to release property as of course when an action has been dis missed.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 153 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If the plaintiff seeks to contest a dismi ssal by the district court, the \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li3383\sb123\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\ f9\fs17 152. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp. R. E(5)(b). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\s l-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 153. Alyeska Pipeline Serv. Co. v. The Vessel Bay Ridge, 703 F.2d 381 (9th Cir. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 19 83), cert. dismissed, 467 U.S. 1247 (1984). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosu persub\cf5\f6\fs19 37 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0 \sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg48}{\bkmkend Pg48}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2799\sb106\sl-260\sl

mult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 plaintiff should specifically request that the court or an appellate court \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex93 order a stay of the release of the detained property. \par\pard\qj \li30 23\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 At one time, it was thought that the release of property seized \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex 100 pursuant to an arrest or an attachment without security or other \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 stipulation deprived the court of jurisdiction to proce ed further unless \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the release was procured b y fraud or resulted from a mistake. How-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ever , it now appears that if the initial seizure vested the court with \line \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex98 jurisdiction over the property, subsequent release of the property does \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 not divest a court of first in stance or an appellate court of jurisdiction \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 over the matter.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 154\ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 A court may decide, however, that the circum-\line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex100 stances do not warrant proceeding further if there is no res to s atisfy a \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 judgment.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs19 155 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11 \charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Increase or Decrease of Security; Cou nter-Security \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\c harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Supplemental Rule E provides for certai n practical contingencies. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Thus, the court m ay order either a reduction of or an increase in secu-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\char scalex100 rity where appropriate. Furthermore, where a counterclaim, including \ line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 a claim for wrongful seizure arising out of t he same transaction or \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 occurrence, is assert ed by a defendant who has provided security on \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 the original claim, the court may order the plaintiff to give security on \li ne \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 the counterclaim. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Restricte d Appearance \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Sometimes a party whose property has been attached or arrested faces \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 a dilemma becaus e it may want to defend against that claim without \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charsca lex100 submitting to the jurisdiction of the court in respect to other claims \l ine \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 for which arrest, attachment, and garnishment are not available. Sup-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 plemental Rule E speci fically authorizes such a restricted appearance, \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x93 but the restrictive nature of the appearance must be expressly stated. \par\ pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\p ard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\par d\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ qj\li3383\ri3557\sb174\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf8\f9\fs17 154. Republic Nat\u8217?l Bank of Miami v. United States, 506 U.S . 80 (1992). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 155. Id. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 38 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh1 5840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg49}{\bkmkend Pg49}\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb189\sl-230\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 1: Jurisd iction and Procedure in Admiralty and Maritime Cases \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl -276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb96\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex 88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Sale of Property \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb1 18\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 All sales of property shall be made by the U.S. marshal and the pro\up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 ceeds paid into the registry of the court, where they will be dispe

rsed \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 according to law. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6 023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li602 3\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb45\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 39 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh158 40\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg50}{\bkmkend Pg50}\pard\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24 \paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg51}{\bkmkend Pg51}\par\par d\ql \li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li5433\sb367\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\ fs31 chapter 2 \par\pard\ql \li4751\sb76\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale x89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs39 Commercial Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-368\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb128\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 \ul0 \nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Introduction \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb102\sl-260\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Historically and continuing to the present, the heart of maritime law, \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale x100 in its international context, lies in the transportation of goods and \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 passengers for compensation. Today ships are larger and faster and, \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 with the advent of \u8220?containeriz ation,\u8221? can carry cargo more safely\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 156 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 than cargo ve ssels of 100 years ago. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Contracts to transport cargo from one place to anothe r are called \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u8220?contracts of carriage\u8 221? or \u8220?contracts of affreightment.\u8221? The two terms \line \up0 \expn dtw-6\charscalex100 are used interchangeably. The \u8220?players\u8221? in water -borne transport in-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 clude the following: owne rs, the persons who own commercial vessels; \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 c harterers, persons who contract to use the carrying capacity of a ves-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 sel owned by another; shippers, persons who want their goods trans-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ported from one place to anothe r; consignees, persons who are enti-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 tled to r eceive the goods after they have been discharged from the car-\line \up0 \expndt w-6\charscalex100 rying vessel; freight forwarders (sometimes called ocean freig ht for-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 warders), transportation specialists who assist shippers by arranging \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 for the tra nsport of their goods; and nonvessel operating common \line \up0 \expndtw-3\char scalex100 carriers (NVOCCs), persons who undertake to transport goods of \line \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 shippers as though they had their own vessels but w ho, in reality, \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 contract with owners or char terers of vessels to actually perform the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tr ansportation function. \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li30

23\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023 \ri2819\sb54\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\c f8\f9\fs17 156. The term \u8220?container\u8221? may be used in two ways. First, it may be used generi-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 cally to refer to any packaging of cargo, whether made of cardboard, plastic wrapping, \line \up0 \exp ndtw-7\charscalex97 or wooden crates. Second, and more commonly, it is used as a term of art to refer to a \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 large metal box e ither twenty or forty feet long and abbreviated as either a TEU \line \up0 \expn dtw0\charscalex100 (twenty-foot equivalent) or an FEU (forty-foot equivalent). V arious cargoes are \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 placed in these containers and can be carried more safely because they have the metal \line \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 box to protect them. Containerization also allows the consolidat ion of smaller lots of \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 cargo and provides th ose lots with the same protection as cargo shipped in container \line \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex96 lots. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li60 23\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 41 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop3782\shpright9245\shpbottom3802\shpfhdr0\shp bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz42\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g52}{\bkmkend Pg52}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\s b316\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Char ter Parties \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb128\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscale x93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Definition and Types \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri279 3\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A charter party is a highly standardized written document\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 157\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 that pro-\line \up0 \expn dtw-4\charscalex100 vides the contractual arrangements for one party (the charte rer) to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 hire the carrying capacity of a vess el, either in whole or in part, owned \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 by ano ther party. Generally, charter parties are subject to the rules \line \up0 \expn dtw-3\charscalex100 and requirements of contract law. Charter party forms\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 158\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 are used \ line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 worldwide, and many of them have been drafted to take into consid-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 eration the specific ne eds of particular trades. Other charter parties \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex 100 are more general in form and are not adapted to a specific trade. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 There are three basic types of charter parties: a voyag e charter, a time \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 charter, and a demise chart er. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charsca lex100 Under a voyage charter, the owner of the vessel agrees to carry \line \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 cargo from one port to another on a particular voyage or voyages. The \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 vessel is manned and navigate d by the owner\u8217?s crew. A voyage charter \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 may be used as a contract of affreightment\u8212?that is, for the shipper\u821

7?s \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 purpose of sending its goods from the po rt of origin to a port of des-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tination. To t he extent that a voyage charterer obtains only the carry-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 ing capacity of a particular vessel, the charterer is not responsib le for \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 maintenance, repairs to the vessel, o r injuries to third parties arising \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 from the crew\u8217?s operational negligence. A voyage charterer usually is \line \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex93 not liable for expenses such as bunkers (fuel). \par\pard \qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 A time charter is a contract for the use of the carrying capacity of \line \up0 \expnd tw-6\charscalex100 a particular vessel for a specified period of time (months, y ears, or a \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 period of time between specified dates). As with a voyage charter, the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 vessel owner under a time charter is responsible for the navigation \line \up0 \expndt w-4\charscalex100 and management of the vessel, subject to conditions set out in the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 charter party. The vessel\u8217?s carry ing capacity is leased to the charterer \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 for the time period fixed by the charter party, allowing for unlimited \line \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 voyages within the charter period. Therefore, the vessel is under the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 charterer\u8217?s orders as to ports of call, cargo carried, and other matters \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\ slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2817\sb14\s l-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 15 7. A charter party entered into orally is enforceable. Union Fish Co. v. Erick\u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 son, 248 U.S. 308 (1919). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822 \sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 158. John C. Koster, 2B-E Benedict on Admiralty (7th rev. ed. 2000). Most of the \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex95 charter party forms are reproduced in Benedict on Admiralty. \par\pard\ql \ li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 42 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1224 0\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg53}{\bkmkend Pg53}\par\pard\ql \li504 4\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\ sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri 2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 related to the charterer\u8217?s business. The master and crew remain em-\li ne \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 ployees of the owner and are subject to the owne r\u8217?s orders with regard \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 to the navigatio n and management of the vessel. Because a time char-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc alex100 terer obtains only the carrying capacity of a particular vessel, the \li ne \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 charterer is not responsible for maintenance, r epairs to the vessel, or \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 injuries to third p arties arising from the crew\u8217?s operational negligence. \line \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex100 Time charterers usually are responsible for expenses of operati ng the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex84 vessel. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb 0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 In a demise charter, the ch arterer not only leases the carrying ca-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 pacit y of the vessel but, unlike a time or voyage charter, also obtains a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 degree of control over the management and navigation of the vessel. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 As such, the charterer becomes, in effect, the owner of the vessel pro \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 hac vice for the duration of the charter.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs1 9 159\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The test for whether a char-\line \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex100 ter party is a demise charter is whether the owner has turned over to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 the charterer \u8220?the possession, command, and navigation\u8221? of the vessel \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100

during the period it is in effect. When a vessel with a preexisting mas-\line \ up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ter and crew is under a demise charter, the master and crew may re-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 main on the vessel and operat e the vessel for the charterer as a provi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 sio n of such agreement. The master and crew are subject to the orders \line \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex97 of the charterer and its agents, and they are considered i ts employees. \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Under a demise charter, an owne r may also turn over the vessel to the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 chart erer without a master and crew. A demise charter of this type is \line \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex92 also referred to as a bareboat charter.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 160 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under a demise charte r, the legal relationship between the owner \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 and the charterer is significantly different from that created by a time \line \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 or voyage charter. Because a demise charter transfer s the possession \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 and control of the vessel t o the charterer, one who takes a vessel on \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 de mise is responsible for maintenance, repairs, or damages caused to \line \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex98 third parties by the crew\u8217?s negligent navigation of the vessel. Thus, the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 owner who has demised its vessel will generally not be liable in per-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 sonam for the fault or negligence of the crew\u8212?the charterer will be \pa r\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb143\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 159. United States v. Shea, 152 U.S. 178 (1894). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 160. Forrester v. Ocean Marine Indem. Co., 11 F.3d 1213 (5th Cir. 1993). See \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 generally Grant Gilmore & Ch arles L. Black, Jr., The Law of Admiralty, 4-1 to 4-24 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 95 (2d ed. 1975) (for a broad overview of charter parties). \par\pard\ql \li6023 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb14\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 43 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\pape rh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg54}{\bkmkend Pg54}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2796 \sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 primarily liable. Demise charterers usually are responsible for the \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex89 vessel\u8217?s operating expenses. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\ sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 In addition to these thre e types of charter parties, a number of \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 variations have been created to accommodate containerization and \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x96 the changing nature of the shipping industry.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs19 161 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\cha rscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 The Contract \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\ sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 M ost charter party transactions use standardized printed forms. Some \line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 of the clauses contain blank spaces that require the par ties to supply \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 information. Typically the par ties must specify the names of the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 owner and of the charterer and the amount of payment, referred to as \line \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \u8220?hire\u8221? or \u8220?charter hire.\u8221? Obviously, a v oyage charter must specify the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 voyage to be u ndertaken, and a time charter must specify the length of \line \up0 \expndtw0\ch arscalex102 time. In addition, a time charter requires information about the \li ne \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 physical characteristics of the vessel and any r

estrictions on the use of \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the vessel. The ch arter form also sets out standard terms and condi-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal ex100 tions that apply under the contract. Charter parties typically are ne-\lin e \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 gotiated contracts and, in contrast to transport pursuant to bills of \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 lading, are often mark ed up\u8212?that is, provisions are added, deleted, or \line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 modified. These changes reflect the market and the relative financial \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 strength of the owner and the charterer. \pa r\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf9\f10\fs24 Typical Areas of Dispute \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Freedom of contract is the touchstone to the resolution of charter \line \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 party disputes between owner and charterer. The rules applicable to \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 charter party disputes derive from the term s of the charter party itself \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 and generally do not implicate public policy concerns. These are con-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\cha rscalex100 tracts between businesspersons, negotiated at arm\u8217?s length, oft en \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 through intermediaries (i.e., brokers who are experts in the field). It is \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 often assu med that the contracting parties are sophisticated and that \line \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex100 considerations of consumer protection are absent. Confirmation o f \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2819\sb94\sl-220 \slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 161. Co mmonplace variations of charter parties include slot, space, and cross \line \up 0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 charters. See Carroll S. Connard, 2A Benedict on Admi ralty, ch. XX (7th rev. ed. \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 2001). For examp le, the English Court of Appeal has characterized the widely used \line \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex100 slot charter as a \u8220?[voyage] charter of part of a shi p.\u8221? The Tychy, [1999] 2 Lloyd\u8217?s Rep. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb11\sl-20 7\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 11 (U.K.). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \u l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 44 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\p ard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg55}{\bkmkend Pg55}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial L aw \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-2 60\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 this view i s the fact that key terms, such as rate of charter hire and \line \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex100 length of charter term, are often subject to hard bargaining. Th is does \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 not mean that the parties negotiate from equal positions of strength. \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Like other areas of commercial transactions, supply and demand may \line \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex100 strengthen an owner\u8217?s hand when vessels are in short supply o r may \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 put charterers in a better position wh en there is a surplus of tonnage \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 available i n the charter market. The advantages that inhere in these \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex94 circumstances are not the equivalent of overreaching. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Most terms used in standard charter parties are terms of art that \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal ex100 have well-established and well-understood meaning within the in\up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex100 dustry. Old-fashioned as some may seem, the terms (including those \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 described below) ought to be interpreted and applied in litigation as \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 they are understood in th e industry. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Misrepresentation \par\pard\qj \li3023\ ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 The term \u8220?misrepr

esentation\u8221? includes not only fraud or intentional \line \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex100 misrepresentation but also any situation where a vessel does not co n-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 form to factual representations as stated by the owner in the charter \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 party. Courts to day take a pragmatic approach, and resolution of a \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca lex100 dispute may hinge both on the materiality of the representation or \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 undertaking and whether the charterer seeks damage s or termination \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 of the contract.\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 162\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The following has been said in regard to termina-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tion: \pa r\pard\qj \li3571\ri3419\sb57\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Under the American precedents, it is more important to di s-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 tinguish between cases involving a misdesc ription determined \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 prior to delivery of the vessel and one occurring after delivery. \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 In t he former a refusal to accept the vessel has been held justi-\line \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex100 fied even where the deviation from the represented character-\l ine \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 istic is relatively small. \par\pard\qj \li3571 \ri3422\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi172 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Once delivery of t he vessel has been accepted, however, the \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 chartere r is entitled to refuse to perform the charter only if \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 there is a material breach on the part of the owner.\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs18 \ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs17 163 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\q j\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\ li3023\ri2824\sb157\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu persub\cf8\f9\fs17 162. Aaby v. States Marine Corp., 181 F.2d 383 (2d Cir.), cer t. denied, 340 U.S. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 829 (1950). \par\pard\ql \li338 3\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 163. Michael Wilford et al., Time Charters 108 (4th ed. 1995). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5 \f6\fs19 45 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\b kmkstart Pg56}{\bkmkend Pg56}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li49 87\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Warranties \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri 2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Size and Speed\u8212?A bre ach of an express warranty as to size and speed \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ma y entitle a charterer to recover damages.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 164\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 At the election of the \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex96 charterer, the breach of such an express warranty may provide a basis \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 for rescission. Rescission of the charter party is available only under \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 circumstances where the brea ch is material or where it is discovered \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 before the vessel has been accepted by the charterer.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs19 165 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Seaworthiness\u8212?In general, a ship owner has a duty to ensure that \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 his or her ve ssel is seaworthy and capable of transporting the cargo for \line \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex96 which it has been chartered.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs19 166\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A charter party that describes the vesse l \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 as \u8220?with hull, machinery, and equipm ent in a thoroughly efficient \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 state\u8221? o r \u8220?that on delivery the ship be tight, staunch, strong and in \line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 every way fitted for the service\u8221? gives rise to a warranty of seaworthi-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ness. In the absence o

f an express and unambiguous stipulation or a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 controlling statute to the contrary, a warranty of seaworthiness will be \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 implied by law.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs19 167 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw -6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The parties may stipulate that ther e is no warranty of seaworthi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 ness, but such agreements are not favored\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 168\ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and will be enforced only \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscale x100 if they \u8220?clearly communicate that a particular risk falls on the [cha r-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 terer].\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs19 169 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Breach of the warranty of se aworthiness does not by itself confer \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 upon t he charterer the right to repudiate. Repudiation by a charterer \line \up0 \expn dtw-4\charscalex100 is permissible only where the breach of the owner\u8217?s un dertaking of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 seaworthiness is so substantial as to defeat or frustrate the commercial \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 pur pose of the charter.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 170\ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 This view is consistent with the modern ap-\line \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 proach that the undertaking of seaworthiness is to be treated li ke any \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\sl mult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2820\sb34\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\chars calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 164. Romano v. W. India Fruit & S.S. Co., 1 51 F.2d 727 (5th Cir. 1945); The \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 Atlanta, 82 F. Sup p. 218 (S.D. Ga. 1948). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex92 165. Romano, 151 F.2d 727. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 166. The Caledonia, 157 U.S. 124 (1895). \par\par d\ql \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex10 0 167. Raoul P. Colinvaux, Carver on the Carriage of Goods by Sea 245 (7th ed. \ up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 1952). See also Richard A. Lord, 12 Williston on Con tracts, 34.3 (4th ed. 1999). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 168. The Ca rib Prince, 170 U.S. 655 (1898). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\ fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 169. A. Kemp Fisheries, Inc. v. Castle & Coo ke, Inc., 852 F.2d 493 (9th Cir. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1988); Hauter v. Z ogarts, 14 Cal. 3d 104 (Cal. 1975). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb0\sl-220\slmul t0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 170. S.S. Knutsford Co. v. Barber & Co., 261 F. 866 (2d Cir. 1919), cert. denied, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 252 U.S. 5 86 (1920). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 46 \par\pard\s ect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg57}{\bkmkend Pg57}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmul t0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2797\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 other contractual undertaking. Thus, an insubstanti al breach that \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 does not defeat the object of the c ontract will not justify repudiation \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 unless express ly made a condition precedent to a party\u8217?s performance \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex95 of its obligations.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 171 \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Likewise, the terms of the charter party must be ex amined care-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 fully because the parties may hav e agreed to a lesser undertaking with \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 respec t to seaworthiness. For example, an owner may have expressly \line \up0 \expndtw -5\charscalex100 undertaken only to exercise \u8220?due diligence\u8221? to prov ide a seaworthy \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex84 vessel. \par\pard\ql \li3023\

sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 Temporary Interference with Charterer\u8217?s Use of the Vessel \par\par d\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Charter pa rties commonly provide for contingencies, short of frustra-\line \up0 \expndtw-4 \charscalex100 tion, that result from the inability of the charterer to use the ship as \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 intended. This may occur in the case of a mechanical malfunction or \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 illness of t he crew or some other factor that renders a vessel tempo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\ch arscalex100 rarily unusable. A common provision in charter parties is an \u8220? off \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 hire\u8221? or \u8220?breakdown\u8221? c lause. Under an off hire clause, a charterer\u8217?s \line \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex98 duty to pay hire ceases in the event that it is deprived of the use of t he \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 vessel, either in whole or in part, as a result of some deficiency of the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 vessel, its equipment, or the crew.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 172\ul0\nos upersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There are many variations in the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex100 wording of an off hire clause, and sometimes there are disputes as to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 the applicability of the particular clause in question.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 173 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 Sometimes the inability to use a vessel is unrelated to the physical \l ine \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 condition of the vessel itself or its crew, su ch as where a strike by \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 longshoremen or gove rnment intervention prevents a vessel from \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 s ailing or from loading or discharging cargo. Other clauses in the \line \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex100 charter party may determine who bears the risk of such eve nts. Under \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 a \u8220?mutual exceptions\u8221? clause, for example, if a party is prevented from \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charsca lex100 fulfilling its obligations because of the occurrence of a circumstance \l ine \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 enumerated in the mutual exceptions clause, su ch nonperformance is \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 not considered to be a breach of the charter party contract. \u8220?Restraint \line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex100 of princes\u8221? (an embargo) is usually one of the circumstances en umer-\par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmu lt0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2824\sb34\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 171. Aaby v. States Marine Corp., 181 F.2d 38 3 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 340 U.S. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 829 (1950). \pa r\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 172. The Yaye Maru, 274 F. 195 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 257 U.S. 638 (1921). \par\pard\ql \l i3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex93 173. S.S. Knutsford, 261 F. 866 (2d Cir. 1919), cert. denied, 252 U.S. 586 (1920). \par\pard\ql \li6023\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 47 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh 15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg58}{\bkmkend Pg58}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and M aritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2796\s b106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 at ed in a standard mutual exceptions clause. Thus, the action of a \up0 \expndtw-2 \charscalex100 government that prevents an owner from fulfilling its obligation to \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the charterer\u8212?for example, by placing the vessel in quarantine\u8212?will \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 excuse the nonper formance of the owner.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 174\ul0\nosup ersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Other circumstances \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 commonly exc epted are acts of God or of public enemies. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Safe Po

rt and Safe Berth Provisions \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 In time and voyage charters there are express or impl ied obligations \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 that the charterer will not require the vessel to call at an unsafe port or \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 96 enter an unsafe berth to load, discharge, or take on bunkers. Time and \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 voyage charter parties usually contain a provision referred to as a \u8220?safe \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 port/safe berth \u8221? clause that purports to place on the charterer the risks \line \up0 \exp ndtw-7\charscalex100 to the vessel posed by the particular ports at which the ve ssel will call \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 and the berths where the vess el will lie. Under U.S. law, it is not clear \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 whether this clause in a charter party obliges the charterer to \u8220?war-\lin e \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 rant\u8221? the safety of ports and berths enter ed. The Fifth Circuit has held \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 that a safe b erth clause does not impose strict liability upon a voyage \line \up0 \expndtw-7 \charscalex100 charterer, and the charterer is not liable for damages arising fr om an \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 unsafe berth where the charterer has e xercised due diligence in the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 selection of t he berth.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 175\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 On the other hand, the Second Circuit has \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 held that where a time charter party includes a safe port/berth clause, \lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 the charterer warrants the safety of the berth it selects.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 176 \par\pard\qj \li3023\r i2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\ f4\fs21 In any event, under a safe port/berth clause the master of a vessel \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 may refuse to proceed to an unsafe port/berth nominate d by the \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 charterer without placing the owner in bre ach of the charter.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 177 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu persub\cf3\f4\fs21 Notwithstanding a safe port/berth provision, negligence on th e \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 part of the master may relieve a charterer of its liability to the extent \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\ri2818\sb14\sl-220\slmult0\fi 360\tx3383\tx3383\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs1 7 174. Clyde Commercial S.S. Co. v. W. India S.S. Co., 169 F. 275 (2d Cir. 1909) . \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 175. Orduna S.A. v. Zen-Noh Grain Corp. , 913 F.2d 1149 (5th Cir. 1990). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 176. V enore Transp. Co. v. Oswego Shipping Corp., 498 F.2d 469, 472-73 (2d \up0 \expn dtw-6\charscalex100 Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 998 (1974); Ore Carriers of Li beria, Inc. v. Navigen Co., \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 435 F.2d 549 (2d Cir. 1 970); Paragon Oil Co. v. Republic Tankers, S.A., 310 F.2d 169 \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 (2d Cir. 1962), cert. denied, 372 U.S. 967 (1963). But see Hastorf v . O\u8217?Brien, 173 F. \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 346, 347 (2d Cir. 1909) (h olding a charterer to the reasonable man standard); The \up0 \expndtw-7\charscal ex100 Terne, 64 F.2d 502 (2d Cir.) (holding that charterer was immune from damag es when \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex93 ship was caught in ice and damaged), cert. denied, 290 U.S. 635 (1933). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 177. In re The E. Eagle, 1971 AMC 236 (N.Y. Arb. 1970). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nos upersub\cf5\f6\fs19 48 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb 0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg59}{\bkmkend Pg59}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \pa r\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 that such neglige nce permits the fact finder to conclude either that the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ch

arscalex100 port was safe because the peril could have been avoided by prudent \ line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 seamanship or that, in the case of an unsafe p ort, the master\u8217?s conduct \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 was an interv ening, superseding cause of the resulting damages. Obvi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex100 ously, not every risk taken by a master will be considered a superse d-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ing cause.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 178\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If the casualty results from the co mbined negligence of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the charterer and the v essel\u8217?s master or other agent of the owner, \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex97 damages are to be apportioned according to the respective fault of the \lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 parties.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 179 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Demurrage and D etention \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex98 In a time charter, the charterer has the vessel\u8217?s carrying capacity at its \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 disposal for a specified period of ti me. As such, it makes no difference \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 to the o wner whether the charterer makes efficient use of the time-\line \up0 \expndtw-3 \charscalex100 chartered vessel. By contrast, in voyage charters, the time durin g \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 which the voyage charterer may use the ves sel is measured by the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 length of time it tak es to complete the voyage. Obviously, it is to the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex100 owner\u8217?s advantage to have the voyage completed as quickly as possi\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 ble: The sooner an owner has the vessel at hi s disposal, the sooner he \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 can use it for his own purposes or charter it to another person. Con-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charsca lex100 sequently, a frequent issue in voyage charter party disputes is the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 shipowner\u8217?s claim for \u8220?demurrage.\u82 21? \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charsca lex100 Voyage charter parties provide a time frame for loading and un-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 loading the vessel. Under such a provision, the charte rer is allowed \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8220?laytime\u8221?\u8212?a specified period (hours or days) during which it can \line \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex102 perform its loading and unloading operations without incurring \line \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 charges in excess of the agreed rate of charter hire. These clauses vary \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 greatly. If a charterer takes longer to load or discharge cargo than is \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex 100 provided in the charter party (i.e., it exceeds its laytime), it will be \li ne \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 charged an additional amount called \u8220?demu rrage.\u8221? Thus, demurrage \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 refers to the sum that a charterer agrees to pay for detaining the char-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex100 tered vessel for that period of time that exceeds the laytime. It should \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\sl mult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2821\sb34\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\chars calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 178. Am. President Lines, Ltd. v. United St ates, 208 F. Supp. 573, 577-78 (N.D. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 Cal. 196 1). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex100 179. Bd. of Comm\u8217?rs of Port of New Orleans v. M/V Space King, 1978 AMC 856 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 (E.D. La. 1978). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 49 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh1584 0\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg60}{\bkmkend Pg60}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Marit ime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106 \sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 be not

ed that where a charterer completes loading or unloading in a \up0 \expndtw-5\ch arscalex100 period of time less than that specified as laytime, the charterer ha s \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 conferred a benefit on the owner and may be enti tled to financial al\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 lowance referred to as \u8220?d ispatch.\u8221? \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex97 A typical demurrage clause in a charter party specifies the am ount \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 of demurrage that must be paid and the maximum amount of time \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 allowed for demurrage . In this respect, demurrage should be distin-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 guished from detention. Whereas demurrage is a contractual charge \line \up0 \ expndtw-6\charscalex100 imposed on the charterer for exceeding laytime, detentio n is a legal \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 remedy, in the form of damages, available to the shipowner after the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 period during which demurrage has expired.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 180\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Nonetheless, detention \line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex100 is recoverable only where the owner can demonstrate that it has sus-\ line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 tained damages, such as an opportunity cost.\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 181 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Withdrawal \ par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A charter party may include a clause permitting the ow ner to with-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 draw the vessel where hire paymen ts are not made in accordance with \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the requi rements set out in the written agreement. A shipowner may \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 insist on strict compliance with these requirements; and where the se \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 requirements are not complied with, court s are likely to uphold the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 owner\u8217?s rig ht to withdraw its vessel. Owners may not withdraw a ves-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex93 sel while cargo is on board.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs19 182 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Subcharters \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb118\sl-2 60\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The right of a charterer to sublet or subcharter a vessel depends on the \line \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex100 wording of the charter party. Charter parties often expressly a uthorize \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 a charterer to subcharter the vesse l and usually specify that a sub-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 charter arr angement does not relieve the principal charterer of its ob-\line \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 ligations to the owner under the head or primary charter party. The \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 owner is not in privity of contract with subcharterers who may not \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\ li3023\ri2821\sb134\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 \ul0\nosup ersub\cf8\f9\fs17 180. See, e.g., Gloria S.S. Co. v. India Supply Mission, 288 F . Supp. 674 (S.D.N.Y. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 1968). \par\pard\qj \li 3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 181. Trans-Asi atic Oil Ltd., S.A. v. Apex Oil Co., 626 F. Supp. 718 (D.P.R. 1985) \up0 \expndt w-6\charscalex100 (refusing to award demurrage where there was a delay but owner had no other char\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 ters for the vessel and subsequen tly sold it). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x94 182. Luckenbach v. Pierson, 229 F. 130 (2d Cir. 1915). \par\pard\ql \li6023\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 50 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paper h15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg61}{\bkmkend Pg61}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Comm ercial Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2798\sb 106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 rel

y on the terms either expressed or implied in the head charter \up0 \expndtw-3\c harscalex100 party. The head charter party may, in order to protect the owner\u8 217?s \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 right to hire, contain a provision giving the owner a lien on sub\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 freights whereby the owner ste ps into the shoes of the charterer with \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 respect to freight due the charterer from cargo interests. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-27 6\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Liability o f the Owner for Damage or Loss of Goods \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb118\sl-260 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Charter parti es, per se, are excluded from the terms of the Carriage of \line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex100 Goods by Sea Act (COGSA).\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs19 183\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Any disputes between the owner and \line \u p0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 charterer must be resolved according to the terms of the charter \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 party.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 184\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Courts generally apply the r ule of freedom of contract in the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 interpreta tion and enforcement of charter parties. This approach en-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\ charscalex100 ables the parties to bargain freely and to include in the contract any \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 stipulation allowed by law. As such, th e parties are free to incorporate \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the terms of COGSA by reference into the charter party, and they fre-\line \up0 \expndtw-7 \charscalex100 quently do. Thus, various provisions of COGSA often become terms \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 of a charter party through contractual stipu lation. The parties are, of \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 course, free to modify, or even exclude, COGSA provisions in the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 contract. Such modifications are permissible as long as COGSA does \line \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 not apply by operation of law. \par\pard\qj \li3023\r i2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Even where a carryin g vessel is under charter, however, there are \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex10 0 circumstances in which COGSA is applicable as a matter of law. This \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 occurs where the owner has issued a bill of lading to the charterer, \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 who in turn has transferred t he bill of lading to a third party, such as a \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 consignee. These situations are discussed in the following section. \par\pard\q l \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9 \f10\fs24 Arbitration Clauses \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Most charter parties co ntain a clause whereby the parties agree to re\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 solv e by arbitration disputes that arise under the charter party. These \up0 \expndt w-4\charscalex100 provisions are enforceable and, under certain circumstances, m ay \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 bind others, such as a consignee.\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 185 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li3383\sb117\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf8\f9\fs17 183.46 U.S.C. app. 1300-1312 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 184. Gilmore & Black, supra note 160, 4-2, at 175. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2818\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex96 185. See, e.g., Salim Oleochemicals, Inc. v. M/V Shropshire, 169 F. S upp. 2d 194 \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 (S.D.N.Y. 2001); Kanematsu Corp. v. M/V Gretchen W, 897 F. Supp. 1314 (D. Or. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 1995); Midland Tar Distillers, Inc. v. M/T Lotos, 362 F. Supp. 1311 (S.D.N.Y. 1 973). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 51 \par\pard\sect\s ectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg62}{\bkmkend Pg62 }\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub \cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb335\sl-345\slmult

0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Transport Under Bills of Lading\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs21\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs20 186 \par\pard\ql \li30 23\sb132\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\f s24 Introduction \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Shippers often entrust their goods t o a carrier pursuant to a straight-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 forward c ontract of carriage, which, in essence, simply states: \u8220?I, as \line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 carrier, agree to carry your goods from port \u8216?A\u8 217? to port \u8216?B,\u8217? and you, as \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 sh ipper, agree to pay me a specified amount as compensation.\u8221? In its \line \ up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 basic form, these contracts to carry goods by water are no different \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 from those that cover the overland transport of goods. In carriage by \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 water, the contract of carriage is often embodied in a negotiable bill of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 lading and, although today there are other forms o f shipping docu-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 ments used in particular tra des, many shipments are still made pursu-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ant to negotiable bills of lading. A \u8220?bill of lading\u8221? is a multifunctio nal \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 document: It embodies a contract of carr iage and also serves as a re-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 ceipt by the car rier that it has received the goods. The bill of lading is a \line \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex95 document of delivery as well as a document of title. \par\pard\q j \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Prior to the enactment of federal legislation, a \u8220?common carrier\u8221? \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 was analogized to an insurer of the goods in its custo dy. It was held \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 liable for loss or damage to goods regardless of fault on its part and \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 c ould avail itself only of a limited number of defenses, such as an act \line \up 0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 of God or public enemy. In the nineteenth century, ca rriers began to \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 insert in their bills of lad ing clauses of nonresponsibility that pur-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 po rted, as a matter of contract, to exculpate the carriers from liability \line \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 for loss or damage resulting from specified causes. S ome of the typical \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 grounds for exculpation i ncluded circumstances over which the car-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 rie r had no control, such as acts of God or public enemy, and some \line \up0 \expn dtw-7\charscalex100 over which the shipper had primary responsibility, such as d eficiency \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 of packing or inherent vice of the goods. Use of these exculpatory \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 clauses was not unique to marine transportation. However, carriers \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 sometimes went beyond exculpating themselves for nonfault-based \lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 causes. For example, some ocean carriers inserted clauses exculpating \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 themselves for loss or damage caused by errors in navigation and \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 man agement of the crew. Some clauses even placed the risk of all loss \line \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex100 and damage on the shipper, thereby making the shipper an insurer of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 its own cargo. In other words, by these exculpatory clauses, carriers \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li3383\sb137\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf8\f9\fs17 186. See William Tetley, Marine Cargo Claims (3d ed. 1988). \par\ pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 52 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\p aperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg63}{\bkmkend Pg63}\par\pard\ ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li50 44\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\

li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 opted out of liability even where losses were occasioned through th eir \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 own negligence. The courts in the United States refused to enforce \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 clauses that purp orted to exempt a carrier from liability based on its \line \up0 \expndtw-7\char scalex100 negligence. In England, however, the rule of freedom of contract ap-\l ine \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 plied whereby carriers were permitted to contr actually opt out of li-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ability even when it was fault based. Great uncertainty prevailed be-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 00 cause liability might well depend on where a case was litigated, \line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 whether U.S or U.K. law applied, and whether the carrier was a U.S. \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 or foreign vessel. \par\pard\qj \ li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Because of the various interpretations of exculpatory clauses, or-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\cha rscalex100 ganizations representing shippers, carriers, banks, and insurance \li ne \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 companies began discussions to achieve uniformi ty in the rules of li-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ability to be applied in international shipping. Before agreement was \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 reached, the United States enacted the Harter Act.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 187\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Thereafter, the \line \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex100 various groups negotiating for a uniform approach reached an agree-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ment commonly referred to as the \ u8220?Hague Rules,\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 188\ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 which are more \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 compreh ensive than the provisions contained in the Harter Act. The \line \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 United States adopted the Hague Rules by enacting the Carriage o f \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Goods by Sea Act (COGSA).\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 189\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Many other countries , including most \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 U.S. trading partners, like wise adopted the Hague Rules. Subse-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 quently, the international community recommended amendments to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex100 the Hague Rules known as the Visby Amendments.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 190\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 They have not \line \up0 \ expndtw-3\charscalex100 been adopted by the United States, although many of our trading \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 partners have adopted them. Another legal regime, the Hamburg \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Rules,\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 191\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 was promulgated by the United Nations. The Hamburg Rules \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb170\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 187.46 U.S.C. app. 190196 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2 \charscalex100 188. International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rule s of Law re\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 lating to Bills of Lading (the Hague Ru les), 51 Stat. 233; T.S. No. 9331; 120 U.N.T.S. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 155 entered into force for the United States, Dec. 29, 1937. \par\pard\ql \li3383\s b11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 189.46 U.S.C. app. 1300-1315 (200 0). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal ex100 190. Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading (Visby Amendments), Brussels, Feb\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ruary 1968; (U.N. ) Register of Texts, ch. 2 (the Visby Amendments to the Hague \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex92 Rules are also referred to as the Hague-Visby Rules). \par\pard\qj \l i3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 191. United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (Hamburg \line \up0 \expn dtw-3\charscalex100 Rules), Hamburg, Mar. 1978, U.N. doc. A, conf. 89/14 (1978), reprinted in 17 ILM \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 608 (1978). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 53 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12 240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg64}{\bkmkend Pg64}\par\pard\ql \li4

987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li498 7\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb18 9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admir alty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li302 3\ri2798\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\ f4\fs21 have not been adopted by the United States or any major maritime or \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 industrial nation. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Legislation \par\ pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 \ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In the United States, carriage of goods by sea is governed primarily by \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 three statutory regimes: the Harter A ct,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 192\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Carriage of Goods by \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Sea Act (COGSA),\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 193\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and the Fede ral Bills of Lading Act, commonly \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 referred to as th e Pomerene Act.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 194\ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 These statutes apply to contracts of \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 c arriage either by force of law or by express incorporation into a bill \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex96 of lading, charter party, or other contract of carriage. \pa r\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf2\f3\fs31 Bills of Lading Under the Pomerene Act \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb128 \sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Appl icability \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\chars calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Pomerene Act applies to bills of lading covering interstate trans\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 port and shipments depar ting from U.S. ports in the foreign trade.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 195 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 It applies not only to water transport but to overland transport as \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex100 well. Bills of lading issued for shipments inbound to the United States \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 are not subject to the Pomerene Act. \par\pard\ql \l i3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10 \fs24 Negotiable and Nonnegotiable Bills of Lading \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\s b118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Th e Pomerene Act defines two kinds of bills of lading: negotiable bills \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 of lading and nonnegotiable bills of lading, otherwise referred to as \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 straight bills of lading. A negotiable bill of lading must state \u8220?that the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\chars calex100 goods are to be delivered to the order of a consignee; and must not \li ne \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 contain on its face an agreement with the shipp er that the bill is not \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 negotiable.\u8221?\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 196\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 One o f the important characteristics of a negotiable bill \line \up0 \expndtw-3\chars calex100 is that a person to whom the bill is negotiated acquires title to the \ line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 goods, and the carrier who issued the bill be comes obligated to the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 person to whom the bi ll has been negotiated to hold the goods under \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 the terms of the bill as if the carrier had issued the bill directly to that \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb37\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 192.46 U.S.C. app. 190-1 96 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 193. Id. 1300-1315. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5867\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex95 194.49 U.S.C. 80101-80116 (2000). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 19 5. Id. 80102. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x96 196. Id. 80103(a)(1). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6 023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 54 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg65}{\bkmkend Pg65}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044

\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\s b0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 person.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs19 197\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A bill of lading is nonnegotiabl e if it \u8220?states that the goods \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 are to be del ivered to a consignee.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 198\ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The term \u8220?nonnegotiable\u8221? or \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex96 \u8220?not negotiable\u8221? must be stated on the bill.\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 199 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Carrier Obligation and Liability \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Pomerene Act obligates a carrier to deliver the goods covered by a \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 nonnegotiabl e bill of lading on demand of the consignee named in the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\c harscalex100 bill. With respect to a negotiable bill, the Act provides that the goods \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 should be delivered to the person in po ssession of the bill of lading.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 200 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A common carrier is liable for misdelivery if it delivers the goods \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 to a person not entitled to possession. A common carrier may also be \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 liable for issuing a bill of lading for goods it has not received or for \line \ up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 misdescriptions contained in the bill of lading.\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 201\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Howeve r, a carrier is \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 not liable under this provis ion when the goods are loaded by the ship-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 per and the bill describes the goods in terms of marks or labels, or in a \line \up 0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 statement about kind, quantity, or condition, or the bill is qualified by \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 words \u8220?said to co ntain\u8221? or \u8220?shipper\u8217?s weight, load, and count,\u8221? or \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 other words that indicate that the carrier is rely ing on the shipper\u8217?s \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 representations t o the extent that the carrier has no independent \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 knowledge of the goods.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 202\ul0 \nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Likewise a carrier is not liable for improper \line \up 0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 loading if the shipper loads the goods and the bill o f lading so indi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex85 cates.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 203 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where goods shipped in bulk are loaded by a shipper who makes \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 avai lable to a common carrier the means for weighing the goods, a \line \up0 \expndt w-6\charscalex100 request by the shipper for the carrier to make a determination of the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 kind and quantity of the goods precl udes a carrier from subsequently \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 qualifying the bill of lading by the insertion of such terms as \u8220?ship-\line \up0 \exp ndtw-7\charscalex100 per\u8217?s weight.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 204\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In cases where goods are loaded by a common car-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 rier, the carrier is obligated t o count the packages or determine the \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li3383\sb97\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf8\f9\fs17 197. Id. 80105(a). \par\pard\ql \li3383\ri3612\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 198. Id. 80103(b)(1). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex97 199. Id. 80103(b)(2). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 200. Id. 80110(b ). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 201. Id. 80113(a). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex97 202. Id. 80113(b)(2). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 203. Id. 80 113(b)(1). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 204. Id. 80113(d)(1). \par\pard\ql

\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 55 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12 240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg66}{\bkmkend Pg66}\par\pard\ql \li4 987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li498 7\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb18 9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admir alty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li302 3\ri2798\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\ f4\fs21 kind and quantity of bulk cargo. In these situations the insertion by \l ine \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the carrier of some qualification, such as \u8 220?shipper\u8217?s weight, load, and \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 count,\ u8221? has no legal effect except for goods concealed in packages.\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 205 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw0\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 The Harter Act \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb128\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9 \f10\fs24 Applicability and Duration \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Enacted in 1893, the Harter Act expressly applies to transportation of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\cha rscalex100 goods by water between U.S. ports and between U.S. and foreign \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 ports.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 206\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The statute is applicable from the time a carrie r receives cargo \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 into its custody until prop er delivery has been made. Proper delivery \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 i s made when the carrier or its agent discharges the cargo onto a fit \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 wharf, gives notification to the consignee, makes the c argo accessible \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 to the consignee, and allows the consignee a reasonable opportunity \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 to t ake possession of the cargo.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 207\ul0 \nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Proper delivery also occurs when \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex100 cargo is turned over to a designated authority pursuant to a regul ation \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 or custom of the port.\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 208\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Harter Act does not apply to contracts \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 for the carriage of l ive animals.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 209 \par\pard\qj \li302 3\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 The Harter Act has three major components: (1) it prohibits car-\lin e \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 riers from incorporating certain exculpatory cla uses into contracts of \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 carriage; (2) it prov ides certain defenses to the carrier; and (3) it re-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex96 quires the carrier to issue a bill of lading to the shipper upon request. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex93 \ul0\no supersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Prohibition of Exculpatory Clauses Under the Harter Act \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A carrier, which includes the vessel, manager, agent, m aster, and the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 owner of the vessel, is prohi bited from inserting any provision into a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 bi ll of lading or shipping document whereby it is completely relieved \line \up0 \ expndtw-3\charscalex100 from liability for loss or damage to cargo \u8220?arisin g from negligence, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 fault, or failure in prop er loading, stowage, custody, care, or proper \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb83\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 \ul0\no supersub\cf8\f9\fs17 205. Id. 80113(d)(2). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 206.46 U.S.C. app. 190-196 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 207. David Crystal, Inc. v. Cunard S.S. Co., 339 F.2d 295 (2d Cir. 1964), cert. \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex91 denied, 380 U.S. 976 (1965). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3393\sb0\

sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 208. Tapco Nigeria, Ltd. v. M/V West wind, 702 F.2d 1252 (5th Cir. 1983). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 209.46 U.S.C. app. 195 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\ sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 56 \par\ pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg67}{\b kmkend Pg67}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260 \slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2797\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 delivery.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs19 210\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, a carrier may insert in to a contract of carriage a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 clause that provi des that it is liable only for damage caused by its fault, \line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex98 or that it is not liable for any damage or loss that was not cause d by its \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 fault.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs19 211\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Furthermore, the Harter Act has been interpreted as permit-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ting a carrier to insert a clause into the contract of carriage that limits \line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex97 its liability for loss or damage to cargo caused by its negligence or fault \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 to a specified amount, if such prov ision is reasonable.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 212 \par\pard\q j \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nos upersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Harter Act prohibits carriers from incorporating into a bill of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 lading or shipping document any prov ision that limits or repudiates \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the vessel o wner\u8217?s obligation \u8220?to exercise due diligence [to] properly \line \up 0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 equip, man, provision and outfit\u8221? the vessel an d to exercise due dili-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 gence \u8220?to make the vessel seaworthy and capable of performing her \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca lex100 intended voyage.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 213\u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Likewise, a carrier may not limit its vicarious li-\l ine \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ability vis--vis \u8220?the obligations of the master, officers, agents, or ser-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 vants to ca refully handle,\u8221? stow, care for, and properly deliver the \line \up0 \expn dtw-4\charscalex100 cargo.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 214\ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 These provisions do not impose the strict liability of an in-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 surer of the cargo, but merely prohibit the carrier from arbitrarily re-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 lieving itsel f of its duty of due care.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 215 \par\ pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Although the Harter Act does not provide for limitatio n of liabil-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ity, courts have held that limit ed liability in exchange for a reduced \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 freig ht rate, where reasonable, is valid under the Act. Where a bill of \line \up0 \e xpndtw-3\charscalex100 lading has stipulated the value of the cargo, providing t he shipper \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 with an opportunity to declare a higher value for a higher freight rate, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 and no such declaration is made, the stipulated value is generally ac-\line \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex93 cepted by the courts.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 216 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex 91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Carrier\u8217?s Defenses Under the Harter Act \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If a carrier exercises due diligence prior to the voyag e to make the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 vessel seaworthy and to proper ly man, equip, and supply it, then the \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3383\sb97\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosuper

sub\cf8\f9\fs17 210.46 U.S.C. app. 190 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb3\s l-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 211. Cunard S.S. Co. v. Kelley , 115 F. 678 (1st Cir. 1902); The Monte Iciar, 167 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 F.2d 334 (3d Cir. 1948). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3658\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex95 212. Antilles Ins. Co. v. Transconex, Inc., 862 F.2d 391 (1 st Cir. 1988). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 213.46 U.S.C. app. 191 (2000). \par\ pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 214. Id. \par\ pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 215. Id. \par\ pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 216. Antilles I ns., 862 F.2d 391. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb2 4\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 57 \pa r\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg68}{ \bkmkend Pg68}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \u l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl -260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 carrier will not be liable for loss or da mage to cargo resulting from the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 following: (1) errors of navigation or management of the vessel; \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri279 5\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (2) perils of the sea; (3) ac ts of God (vis majeur); (4) acts of public \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 en emies; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (5) inherent defects, qualities, or vices of the cargo; \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\chars calex100 (6) insufficient packaging; (7) seizure under process of law; (8) loss \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 resulting from any act or omission of the sh ipper or owner of the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 cargo; or (9) the savi ng or attempt to save life or property at sea, or \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex97 from any subsequent delays encountered in rendering such service.\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 217 \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The burden of showing due diligence is on the carrier, an d if due dili-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 gence was not exercised prior to the voyage, the carrier may not rely \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex88 on th ese defenses.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 218 \par\pard\ql \li30 23\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs 24 Unseaworthiness \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Seaworthiness is a relative term an d means that a vessel is reasonably \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 fit to c arry the cargo that she has undertaken to transport on the par-\line \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex97 ticular voyage. \u8220?Fitness\u8221? is measured by the suffi ciency of the vessel to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 carry its designated cargo in terms of materials, construction, equip-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscal ex100 ment, officers, and crew for the trade or service for which the vessel \li ne \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 was employed. Seaworthiness is determined by fa ctual, concrete con-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 siderations and not in t he abstract. Consideration is given not only to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex 100 the particular cargo to be transported but also to the route to be trav-\lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 eled and the weather likely to be encountered.\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 219 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Carriage of Good s by Sea Act \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb128\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscal ex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Scope and Application \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2 798\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs 21 In 1936 the United States enacted the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act \up0 \expn dtw0\charscalex100 (COGSA),\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 220\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 which adopted Articles I through VIII of the Hague \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Rules, with some minor variation. \par\pard\qj \li3023\r

i2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 COGSA applies by fo rce of law (ex proprio vigore) to contracts for \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 97 the carriage of goods by sea, to or from foreign ports and U.S. ports.\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 221 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb197\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nos upersub\cf8\f9\fs17 217.46 U.S.C. app. 192 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\s b3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 218. United States v. Ultr amar Shipping Co., 685 F. Supp. 887 (S.D.N.Y. 1987), \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 4 aff\u8217?d, 854 F.2d 1315 (2d Cir. 1988). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 219. The Silvia, 171 U.S. 462 (1898). \par\pa rd\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 220.46 U.S.C. app . 1300-1315 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb2 4\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 58 \pa r\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg69}{ \bkmkend Pg69}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-2 60\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2793\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\chars calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 It expressly preempts the Harter Act with r espect to all contracts of \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 carriage pertaini ng to foreign trade.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 222\ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, unlike the Harter \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Act, COGSA does not apply by force of law to voyages between U.S. \line \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex97 ports, such as those made for intercoastal and coastal trad e, or to voy-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ages on inland waters.\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 223\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In those sit uations, the Harter Act continues \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 to govern. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 COGSA provides that the parties may incorporate the provisions \line \up0 \ex pndtw-5\charscalex100 of COGSA into their contract of carriage for voyages betwe en U.S. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ports; this is frequently done.\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 224\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In such circumstances, it is generally \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 accepted that COGSA applies.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 225\ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 Courts have held that the incorpora-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 tion of COGSA as a contract term does not give such provision supe-\line \up 0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 rior rank, but rather it is to be regarded simply as another term in the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 contract.\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 226\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In situations wher e COGSA does not apply ex proprio \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 vigore, th e parties may, by agreement, incorporate by reference all of \line \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex100 COGSA or selected provisions. Likewise, the parties may modify the \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 provisions of COGSA\u8212?for example, b y inserting a limitation of li-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 ability amoun t that is lower than the amount provided in COGSA. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\s b0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Even where COGSA is applica ble by force of law, it may not apply \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 to the entire time period during which the carrier has possession of \line \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex100 (or is by contract responsible for) the goods. It is not unco mmon for a \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 carrier to insert in its bill of lading a provision that COGSA applies \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 during the entire period of time that the carrier is responsible for the \line \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 goods. Why would a carrier want to include such a provisi on in its bill \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 of lading? Even though COGSA imposes certain duties on carriers, it \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 also provides them with a wide range of defenses, and most impor-\line \up0 \expndtw-

2\charscalex100 tantly\u8212?even where liability exists\u8212?it provides for l imited liability. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 Thus to a considerable exte nt COGSA is favorable to carriers, and it is \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 to their advantage to be able to invoke its terms. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-2 07\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb50\sl-20 7\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 221. Id. 1300 . \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri7551\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 22 2. Id. 1312. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 223. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb 11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 224. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri 2824\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 225. Pan Am. World Ai rways, Inc. v. Cal. Stevedore & Ballast Co., 559 F.2d 1173 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex97 (9th Cir. 1977). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \u p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 226. Commonwealth Petrochemicals Inc. v. S.S. Puerto Rico, 607 F.2d 322 (4th \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Cir. 1979); cf. PPG Indus ., Inc. v. Ashland Oil Co.-Thomas Petroleum Transit Div., \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex94 527 F.2d 502 (3d Cir. 1975). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\c f5\f6\fs19 59 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{ \bkmkstart Pg70}{\bkmkend Pg70}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi 360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The provisions of COGSA apply as a matter of statutory mandate \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 to \u8220?[e]very bill of lading or similar document of title which is evidence \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 of a contract of carriage of goods by sea t o or from ports of the United \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 States, in for eign trade.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 227\ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 Although a negotiable bill of lading is a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\c harscalex100 common form of documentation used to evidence a contract of car-\li ne \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 riage, it is not the only form. \u8220?Ocean wa ybills\u8221? are being employed \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 with increa sing frequency. The straight (or nonnegotiable) bill of \line \up0 \expndtw-3\ch arscalex100 lading is a form of waybill. By definition, a straight bill of ladin g un-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 der the Pomerene Act is a \u8220?bill o f lading,\u8221? and COGSA applies \u8220?to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading,\u8221? so that literally a b ill \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 of lading, negotiable or nonnegotiable ( straight), would seem to be \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 subject to COGSA under U.S. law.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 228\ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 The matter is not free from \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 dou bt. As a practical matter, problems as to whether COGSA applies \line \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex100 by force of law seldom arise because it is common practice f or parties \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 using straight bills of lading in ocean transport to specifically incorpo-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 rate the provisions of COGSA.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 229 \par\p ard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Charter parties are not statutorily subject to COGSA.\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 230\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A bil l of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 lading issued to the charterer by the ow ner of a vessel is regarded as a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 mere receip t while in the possession of the charterer. As such, this bill \line \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex100 of lading is not a contract of carriage\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 231\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and is not subject to COG SA. \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 However, where such a bill of lading is transferred to a third party, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 such as the co

nsignee of the goods, under circumstances that confer \line \up0 \expndtw-4\char scalex100 rights in the third party with respect to delivery of the goods, the b ill \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 of lading is then subject to COGSA, as it has become a contract of car-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 riage vis--vis that third party and the issuer of the bill of lading (the \line \up0 \expndtw-7 \charscalex100 carrier).\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 232\ul0\nos upersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In such situations, the charter party controls the legal re la-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 tions between owner and charterer, and th e bill of lading, subject to \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li3383\sb77\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9 \fs17 227.46 U.S.C. app. 1300 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 228. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2818\sb3\sl-220\slm ult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 229. See, e.g., Swift Textiles, Inc. v. Watkins Motor Lines, Inc., 799 F.2d 697 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 (11th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 935 (1987). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 230.46 U.S.C. app. 1305 (2000). \par\pard\ql \l i3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 231. Unterweser Reederei Aktiengesellschaft v. Potash Importing Corp. of Am., \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri282 0\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 36 F.2d 869 (5th Cir. 1930); Ministry of Commerce, State Purchase Directorate of \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 Athens, Greece v. Marine Tankers Corp., 194 F. Supp. 161 (S.D.N.Y. 1960); Alber t E. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 Reed & Co. v. M/S Thackeray, 232 F. Supp. 748 (N.D. Fla. 1964). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \exp ndtw-7\charscalex96 232.46 U.S.C. app. 1301(b) (2000). See also Chilean Nitrate Sales Corp. v. The \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 Nortuna, 128 F. Supp. 938 (S.D.N .Y. 1955). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 60 \par\pard\s ect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg71}{\bkmkend Pg71}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmul t0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2798\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 COGSA, controls the legal relations between the car rier and con-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex88 signee. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2 794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 A charter party may i ncorporate the terms of COGSA in whole or \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 in part. In the latter situation, the COGSA provisions that are incor-\line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 porated are treated as ordinary contract provisions that must be har-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 monized with or subordinated to conflicting contract terms.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 233\ul0 \nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Like-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 wise, a bill o f lading may incorporate the terms of the charter party as \line \up0 \expndtw-7 \charscalex100 to which the consignee will be bound provided they are not incons is-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tent with the provisions of COGSA. Where a charter party is incorpo-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 rated into the bi ll of lading, a consignee may be liable to pay charter \line \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex100 hire or demurrage, or be subject to an arbitration clause depending o n \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the terms of incorporation.\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 234\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 An incorporation c lause will be given \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 effect so long as the ch arter party is adequately identified in the bill of \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex94 lading.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 235 \par\pard\qj \li3 023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 COGSA applies to the carriage of all goods, wares, merchandise, \u p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 articles, or cargo other than live animals and goods carried on deck \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 pursuant to the agreement of the

parties.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 236\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 It is unlikely that the \u8220?on \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 deck\u8221? exclusion applies to containerized cargo carried on a vessel that \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex93 has been constructed or adapted to carry containers.\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 237 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-11\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Parties to the Contract of Carriage: The COGSA Carrier \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb133\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Owner and Charterer \par\pard \qj \li3023\ri2793\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 The parties to a contract of carriage are designated as the \u8220?carrier\u8221? \line \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 and the \u8220?shipper.\u8221? The carrier generally is the owner of the vessel, the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 charterer of the vessel, or the vessel itself (invoking in rem liability).\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 238 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 If the owner enters into a contract of carriage and issues its bi ll of \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb157\sl-207\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 233. United Stat es v. M/V Marilena P, 433 F.2d 164 (4th Cir. 1969). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\ sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 234. Yone Suzuki v. Cent. Argentine Ry., 27 F.2d 795 (2d Cir. 1928), cert. denied, \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex92 278 U.S. 652 (1929). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3046\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex95 235. See, e.g., Lucky Metals Corp. v. M/V Ave, 1996 AMC 2 65 (E.D.N.Y. 1995). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 236.46 U.S.C. app. 1301(c) (200 0). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex95 237. See generally English Elec. Valve Co. v. M/V Hoegh Mallard, 814 F.2d 84 (2d \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Cir. 1987). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri281 9\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 238. Mente & Co. v. Ist hmian S.S. Co., 36 F. Supp. 278 (S.D.N.Y. 1940), aff\u8217?d, \line \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex98 122 F.2d 266 (2d Cir. 1941); Gans S.S. Line v. Wilhelmsen, 275 F. 254 (2d Cir.), cert. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 denied, 257 U.S. 655 (1921); Joo Seng Hong Kong Co. v. S.S. Unibulkfir, 483 F. Supp. \par\pard\ql \li 3023\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 43 (S.D.N.Y. 1979). \par\p ard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 61 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pa perw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg72}{\bkmkend Pg72}\par\pard\q l \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4 987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li498 7\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 lading, it is the \u8220?COGSA carrier.\u8221? Likewise, where the charterer of the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 vessel (such as a time char terer) enters into a contract to carry a ship-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 per\u8217?s goods, it is the COGSA carrier. It is possible for both the vessel \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 owner and the charterer of the vessel to be held liable as COGSA car-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 riers with respect t o the same transaction. For example, where a char-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal ex100 terer issues its bill of lading signed by the master, or signed by the \li ne \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 charterer \u8220?for the master\u8221? as autho rized in the charter party, courts \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 permit a shipper whose cargo has been damaged or lost to sue both \line \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 the charterer and the vessel owner.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 239\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In these situations, the rules of \ line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 agency control. When authorized by the owner to do so, the signature \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 of the master or of someone authorized to sign \u8220?for the master\u8221? on \line \up0 \expndtw-5 \charscalex100 the bill of lading may be sufficient to bind that individual\u821

7?s employer, \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the owner, because in signing the bill of lading the master will be \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 viewed as the agent of the owner. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Intermediaries \par\pard \qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Some courts have extended the definition of \u8220?carrier\u8221? to incorporate \up0 \expn dtw-5\charscalex100 intermediaries who enter into contracts of carriage on their own be\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 half, such as a nonvessel operating common carrier (NVOCC),\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 240\ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 or a \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 freight forwarder,\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 241\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 if such a party i ssues a bill of lading and under\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 takes to deliver go ods covered by the contract of carriage. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li3383\sb135\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub \cf8\f9\fs17 239. Pac. Employers Ins. Co. v. M/V Gloria, 767 F.2d 229 (5th Cir. 1985). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\char scalex100 240. Fireman\u8217?s Fund Am. Ins. Co. v. Puerto Rican Forwarding Co., 492 F.2d \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1294 (1st Cir. 1974). If an NVOCC issues a bill of lading to a shipper whereby the \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 NVOCC u ndertakes to transport the shipper\u8217?s goods, the NVOCC may be found to \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 be a COGSA carrier, notwithstanding the fact that the goods are carried on a vessel \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 owned or operated by someone else. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw -6\charscalex100 241. J.C. Penney v. Am. Exp. Co., 102 F. Supp. 742 (S.D.N.Y. 19 51), aff\u8217?d, 201 \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 F.2d 846 (2d Cir. 1953 ). A freight forwarder is a transportation expert who assists \line \up0 \expndt w-5\charscalex100 shippers in arranging to have their goods transported from one place to another. As \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 such, the freight forw arder is an agent of the shipper. If a freight forwarder actually \line \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex96 undertakes to transport the goods, it may be regarded as a COGSA carrier, despite the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 fact that the good s are carried on a vessel owned or operated by a third party. \par\pard\ql \li60 23\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 62 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\pa perh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg73}{\bkmkend Pg73}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-2 30\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: C ommercial Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb96\s l-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Duratio n \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 COGSA applies only from the time goods are loaded o n board the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 vessel to the time when they are discharged from it,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 242\ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 that is, \u8220?from \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 tackle to tackle.\u8221? However, COGSA may be extended to other stages \line \up0 \ex pndtw-4\charscalex100 of the transaction by agreement of the parties,\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 243\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and it is comm on \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 practice to do so. COGSA specifically aut horizes the parties to enter \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 into an agreemen t with respect to the period of time prior to the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex100 goods being loaded on the vessel and after they are discharged from \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the vessel. If the parties do not agree that COGSA will govern the en-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tire period the goods ar

e in the custody of the carrier, the Harter Act \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex 100 applies to the preloading (receipt) and post-discharge (delivery) peri-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 ods of carriage, even in respect to foreign shipme nts. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex92 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Carrier\u8217?s Duty to Issue Bills of Lading \par\par d\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu persub\cf3\f4\fs21 After a carrier receives goods, and upon demand of the shippe r, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 COGSA provides that a carrier must issue a bill of lading.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 244\ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 Such bills \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 of lading must show the quantity, weight, or number of packages or \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex 100 pieces, furnished in writing by the shipper, and the apparent condi-\line \u p0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 tion of the goods, provided that the carrier is not bound to show or \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 state markings, numbers, qu antity, or weight reasonably believed to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 be i naccurate or of which it has no reasonable means of checking.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 245 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi3 60 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A carrier may also protect itself by inserting a clause into a bill of \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charsc alex100 lading stating that it has not been able to verify certain particulars r e-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 garding the cargo, such as the condition o f goods loaded by the ship-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 per and delivered to the carrier in a sealed container. Here the carrier \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex100 may use terms such as \u8220?said to contain\u8221? or \u8220?shippe rs weight, load and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 count\u8221? to indicate that it has had no opportunity to ascertain the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex 100 contents of the container and cannot vouch for the particulars pro-\line \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 vided by the shipper.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 246\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The same applies where goods are co ntained \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb190\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 242.46 U.S.C. app. 1301(e) (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383 \sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 243. Id. 1307. \par\pard\qj \l i3383\ri7329\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 244. Id. 1303(7). \ line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 245. Id. 1303(3). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\ sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 246. See, e.g., Plastique Tags, Inc. v. Asia Trans Line, Inc., 83 F.3d 1367 (11th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex94 1996). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li60 23\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023 \sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 63 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg 74}{\bkmkend Pg74}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex10 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb 0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2793\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7 \charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 in packages, the contents of which ar e concealed from the carrier.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 247 \l ine \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Carriers also use s pecial clauses relating to specific goods, such as the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex96 \u8220?rust clause,\u8221? when goods are inherently susceptible to de gradation.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 248 \par\pard\ql \li3023\ sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Carrier\u8217?s Duties Relating to Vessel and Cargo \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\ sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 U nlike the Harter Act, COGSA prescribes specific duties and rights of \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex100 carriers, shippers, and consignees.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 249\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Section 1303(1) imposes an ex

\up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 press duty on the carrier, before and at the comme ncement of the \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 voyage, to exercise due diligence: \ par\pard\ql \li3383\sb76\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 (a) to pro vide a seaworthy ship; \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb19\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex100 (b) to properly equip, man, and supply the ship; and \par\pard\ql \li3383\ri2909\sb4\sl-260\slmult0\tx3743\tx3743 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 (c) to make the holds, refrigeration and cooling chambers, and all \line\tab \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex91 other areas of the vessel where goods are carried, fit an d safe \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 for their reception, preservation, and carriage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 250 \par\pard\qj \li3 023\ri2793\sb60\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 Section 1303(2) requires that the carrier \u8220?properly and car efully \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 load, handle, stow, care for, and discharge the goods carried.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 251\ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 After \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 receiving the goods, and upon demand of the shipper, the carrier is \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 requ ired to issue a bill of lading.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 252 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex91 \ul0\nos upersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Exculpatory Clauses Prohibited \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\ sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A carrier may not use exculpatory clauses to avoid the duties and ob\up0 \expndtw -4\charscalex100 ligations set out in sections 1303(1) and (2) of COGSA.\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 253\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 COGSA \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 specifically provides that a \u8220?benefit of insuranc e\u8221? clause, whereby the \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 carrier seeks to impo se on the shipper a duty to obtain insurance for \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 th e benefit of the carrier, is unenforceable.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs19 254 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-2 07\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb56\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 \u l0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 247. See, e.g., Caemint Food, Inc. v. Brasileiro, 647 F.2d 347 (2d Cir. 1981). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \u p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 248. Tokio Marine & Fire Ins. Co. v. Retla S.S. Co., 426 F.2d 1372 (9th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1970). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6207\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 249.46 U.S.C. app . 1303 (2000). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 250. Id. 1303(1). \par\pard\qj \li33 83\ri7329\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 251. Id. 1303(2). \lin e \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 252. Id. 1303(3). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x96 253. Id. 1303(8). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 254. Id. \par\pard\ql \ li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 64 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1224 0\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg75}{\bkmkend Pg75}\par\pard\ql \li504 4\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\ sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb 96\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Imm unities of Carrier \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under COGSA, carriers are not insu rers of cargo. COGSA does not \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 impose strict liability. The liability of a carrier is based on fault and \line \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex100 thus is predicated on negligence, not mere loss or damage to car go. \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 COGSA requires only that the carrier exe rcise due care. Carrier im-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 munities (defense s) can be grouped into five categories. First, some \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc alex100 immunities excuse a carrier notwithstanding the loss or damage to \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 cargo resulting from the negligence of its employe

es. The defense \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 based on errors in navigatio n of the vessel,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 255\ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 the defense based on \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 errors in t he management of the vessel,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 256\ul0 \nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and the fire defense fall into \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex100 this category.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 257\ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Second, there are defenses based on overwhelming \line \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 outside forces, such as acts of war,\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 258\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 acts of public enem ies,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 259\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 arrest \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 or restraint of princes (governments ),\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 260\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 q uarantines,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 261\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f 4\fs21 strikes or \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 lockouts,\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 262\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and riots or civil commotions.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 263\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f 4\fs21 The third category in-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 cludes loss or damage caused by overwhelming natural forces, in-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscal ex100 cluding perils of the sea\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 264\ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and acts of God.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs19 265\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The fourth group deals \line \up0 \expn dtw-3\charscalex100 with loss or damage attributable to faults of the shipper, w hich in-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 clude acts or omissions of the shipp er or its agents,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 266\ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 wastage in bulk \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 or weight,\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 267\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 losses resulting from inherent vice,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 268\ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and insufficiency of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1 00 packaging or marking.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 269\ul0\nos upersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Finally, the fifth category includes loss or \line \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex100 damage that occurs despite a carrier\u8217?s exercise of d ue care. This in-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 cludes loss or damage resul ting from an unseaworthy condition not \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb150\sl-207\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 255. Id. 1304(2)(a). \pa r\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 256. Id. \pa r\pard\ql \li3383\ri3629\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 257. Id . 1304(2)(b). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 258. Id. 1304(2)(e). \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 259. Id. 1304(2)(f). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 6 260. Id. 1304(2)(g). \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 261. Id. 1304(2)(h). \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 262. Id. 1304(2)(i). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex100 263. Id. 1304(2)(k). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 264. Id. 13 04(2)(c). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 265. Id. 1304(2)(d). \line \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 266. Id. 1304(2)(i). \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 267. Id. 1304(2)(m). \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 268. Id. \par\pard\ql \ li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 269. Id. 1304(2)(n)-(o) . \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 65 \par\pard\sect\sectd \fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg76}{\bkmkend Pg76}\pa r\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5 \f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par \pard\qj\li3023\ri2793\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 \ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 discoverable through the exercise of due care,\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 270\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 from latent defe cts,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 271 \line \up0 \expndtw-5\chars

calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and from situations where a carrier can est ablish that it and its ser-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 vants and agents e xercised due care and that loss or damage was oc-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscale x100 casioned through the conduct of others or circumstances for which it \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 is not responsible.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 272 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb1 5\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Seawor thiness \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex96 Section 1304(1) of COGSA expressly states that neither the carrier nor \lin e \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 the vessel owner shall be liable for loss or dama ge arising from unsea-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 worthiness unless it i s caused by a lack of due diligence to make the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 03 ship seaworthy\u8212?i.e., to see that the ship is properly manned, \line \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 equipped, and supplied, and to make the holds, and al l other parts of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 c arriage, and preservation in accordance with section 1303(1). Thus, a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 carrier is not liable for loss or damage where loss is caused by the un-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 seaworthiness of the vesse l, its equipment, personnel, or cargo facili-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ties unless the carrier was negligent in failing to discover the defective \lin e \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 condition responsible for the damage or, if disc overed, in failing to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 remedy it. The duty to exercise due care is imposed before and at the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 commencement of the voyage. If the defective condition was not rea-\line \up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 sonably discoverable, or if it arose after the voyage commenced, the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 carrier will not be liable f or damage to cargo resulting from that un-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 se aworthy condition of the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 273 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under COGSA, unlike the Harter \line \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex100 Act, even where a carrier fails to exercise due diligence before and at \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the beginning of the voyage, it will not be liable for damage to goods \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 unless ca used by an unseaworthy condition. Proof of the exercise of \line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex100 due diligence is not a prerequisite to asserting a COGSA defense. If it \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 is proven that loss or damage to carg o was the result of unseaworthi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 ness, the car rier has the burden of proving due diligence. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb190\sl-207\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 270. Id. 1304(2) (p). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 271. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 272. Id. 1304(2)(q). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expn dtw-5\charscalex100 273. Balfour, Guthrie & Co. v. Am.-W. African Line, Inc., 13 6 F.2d 320 (2d Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 1943), cert. denied, 320 U.S. 804 (1944); The Quarrington Court, 122 F.2d 266 (2d \line \up0 \expndtw-2\ charscalex100 Cir. 1941); Holsatia Shipping Corp. v. Fid. & Cas. Co. of N.Y., 53 5 F. Supp. 139 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 (S.D.N.Y. 1982). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 66 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw122 40\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg77}{\bkmkend Pg77}\par\pard\ql \li50 44\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189 \sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\s b140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Uns eaworthiness and Carrier\u8217?s Duty to Care for Cargo \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2

795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Notwithstanding the carrie r\u8217?s limited duty with respect to unseawor-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 thiness, a carrier is under a continuing duty throughout the voyage to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 properly care for the cargo.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 274\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If the carrier is neglig ent in performing \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 this duty, it will be held accountable unless absolved from liability \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 u nder section 1304(2). \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li302 3\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Errors in Navigation and Mana gement \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x97 Under COGSA, the carrier is not responsible for cargo loss or damage \line \ up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 that results from the \u8220?[a]ct, neglect, or def ault of the master, mariner, \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 pilot, or the s ervants of the carrier in the navigation or in the man-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 agement of the ship.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 275\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 For example, if a vessel is involved in a col li-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 sion caused by faulty seamanship or the e xercise of poor judgment by \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the master or cr ew, resulting in damaged or lost cargo, the carrier will \line \up0 \expndtw-5\c harscalex100 not be held liable.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 276 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This provision does not absolve the carrier for \li ne \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 damage caused by its own personal fault, but ra ther it exempts a car-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 rier from liability fo r the fault of its employees. Personal fault in the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex96 context of corporations refers to management fault. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 If a shipowner kne w or in the exercise of due care should have \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 known that the master or a member of the crew was incompetent, or \line \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 that there were insufficient personnel to properly naviga te the vessel, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 and this incompetence or defi ciency was a cause of a collision, the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 shipo wner will be held liable because it breached its duty to exercise \line \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex98 due diligence to properly man the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 277\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If the collision was caused \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 by a fault in the navigational equipme nt that existed at the beginning \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb96\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 274.46 U.S.C. app. 1303(2) (2000) . \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 275. Id. 1304(2)(a). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex95 276. In re Grace Line, Inc., 397 F. Supp. 1258 (S.D.N.Y. 1973), a ff\u8217?d, 517 F.2d 404 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (2d Cir. 1975); Wilbur-Ell is Co. v. M/V Captayannis \u8220?S,\u8221? 451 F.2d 973 (9th Cir. \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex91 1971), cert. denied, 405 U.S. 923 (1972). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri 2820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 277. In re Ta Chi Na vigation (Panama) Corp., S.A., 513 F. Supp. 148 (E.D. La. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex96 1981), aff\u8217?d, 728 F.2d 699 (5th Cir. 1984); In re Seiriki Kis en Kaisha, 629 F. Supp. 1374 \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (S.D.N.Y. 1986) ; Waldron v. Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., 386 U.S. 724 (1967) \line \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex100 (holding that the owner has a duty to properly man the vessel; otherwise the vessel is \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 deemed unseaworthy). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 67 \par\pard\sect\sectd\ fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg78}{\bkmkend Pg78}\par \pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q

l\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\ f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\ pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 of the voyage, and if this condition was detectable through the exer\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 cise of due care, the carrier will likewis e be liable.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 278 \par\pard\qj \li302 3\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 A distinction must be made between those situations where the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 actions of the master or crew are simply errors in the navigation or \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 management of the vessel and those that constitute a breach of the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 du ty to properly care for the cargo. In a sense, any decision or action \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 that places a vessel at risk also places its cargo at r isk. Master or crew \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 negligence that places th e vessel at risk of sustaining damage will usu-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 ally fall within the defense because that risk was caused by poor navi-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 gation or poor management. In such situations, the risk to the cargo is \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 secondary in that it wa s derived from the risk to the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 279 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\char scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Conversely, an error that primarily puts t he cargo at risk consti-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tutes a failure to p roperly care for the cargo, notwithstanding that the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex97 error involves a decision relating to the management of the vessel.\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 280\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 It \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 also appears that if a negligent management decis ion and its imple-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 mentation imperil cargo op erations, such as loading or discharge of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 car go, the error will not be within the error of management defense.\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 281 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 Damage or Loss Caused by Fire \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The carrier is also insulated from liabil ity for damage arising from \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 fire, unless the fire was caused by its actual fault or privity.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 282\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x97 COGSA fire defense parallels that provided in its predecessor, the Fire \lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Statute.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs19 283\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Once a carrier demonstrates that the damage to cargo was \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 caused by fire, the carrier is exculpated from liability unless the ship-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 p er proves that the fire or the failure to properly deal with the fire was \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 caused by actual fault or privity of the carrier. Proof of actual fault or \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 privity requires th e cargo plaintiff to show that the carrier was negli-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\chars calex100 gent. In the case of a corporate owner, this requires showing negli-\li ne \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 gence of an officer or person who is part of man agement or at least an \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li30 23\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2824\sb154\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 278. In re Thebes Shipping Inc., 486 F. Supp. 436 (S.D.N.Y. 1980); In re Texaco, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 93 Inc., 570 F. Supp. 1272 (E.D. La. 1983). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4668\sb0\sl-2 20\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 279. Knott v. Botany Worsted Mills, 179 U.S. 69 (1900). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 280. The Germanic, 196 U.S. 589 (19 05). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 281. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5767\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 282.46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(b) (2000). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 283.46 U.S.C . app. 182 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb2 2\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 68 \pa

r\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg79}{ \bkmkend Pg79}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-2 60\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 employee at a high supervisory level of the corporation.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 284\ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 The major\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 ity of U.S. courts have held tha t this rule applies even where the cause \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 of the fir e was an unseaworthy situation.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 285 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Perils of the Sea \par\ pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Section 1304(2)(c) of COGSA provides carriers with a defense when \line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex100 cargo is damaged or lost as a result of \u8220?perils, dangers, a nd accidents \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 of the sea or other navigable wa ter.\u8221? As one court has stated, although \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10 0 the term \u8220?\u8216?perils of the sea\u8217? is a term of art not uniformly defined, the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 generally accepted definition is \u8216?a fortuitous action of the elements at \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 sea, of such force as to overcome the strength of a well-found ship or \lin e \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the usual precautions of good seamanship.\u8217? \u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 286\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs 21 The mere fact that a \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 vessel encounters a storm that causes cargo damage does not neces-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 sarily give rise to a \u8220?perils of the sea\u8221? defense. If a vessel is t raversing a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 route in which such storms are ro utine, a court will inquire as to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 whether the vessel had taken adequate precautions to be seaworthy for \line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex100 that voyage and whether it had taken reasonable precautions with re-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 gard to the stowage of the cargo.\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 287 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\s lmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There is no magic formula for classifying conditions into those \line \up0 \expndtw-5\cha rscalex100 that constitute perils of the sea and those that do not. Courts look at \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 factors such as the extent of structural d amage to the vessel, reduction \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 in speed, the presence of cross-seas, how far the vessel was blown off \line \up0 \expndtw-4\c harscalex100 course, and the extent to which vessels similarly situated suffered \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 cargo damage. Perhaps the most important fa ctors are strength of the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 winds and seas.\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 288\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The cl assification of the force of wind velocity of a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 storm, as measured on the Beaufort scale, is important. In this regard, \lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 one court has observed that courts invariably fi nd a peril of the sea \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li302 3\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ ri2819\sb14\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 8\f9\fs17 284. See, e.g., Westinghouse Elec. Corp. v. M/V Leslie Lykes, 734 F.2d 199 (5th \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1077 (1984) . \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 285. See , e.g., Westinghouse, 734 F.2d 199. Contra Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. \par\pa rd\ql \li3023\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 v. M/V Hyundai Ex plorer, 93 F.3d 641 (9th Cir. 1996). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb3\sl-220\slmu lt0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 286. Taisho Marine & Fire Ins. Co., Ltd. v. M/V Sea-Land Endurance, 815 F.2d \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 1270 (9th Cir. 1987). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2826\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\cha

rscalex100 287. Edmond Weil, Inc. v. Am. W. African Line, Inc., 147 F.2d 363 (2d Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1945). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 288. J. Gerber & Co. v. S.S. Sabine Howald t, 437 F.2d 580 (2d Cir. 1971). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f 6\fs19 69 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkm kstart Pg80}{\bkmkend Pg80}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li49 87\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \ li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 where the force is 11 or greater an d only occasionally where it is 9 or \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb48\sl-207\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex83 less.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 289 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb10\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Negligence of the carrier may be a factor in ev aluating a perils of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 the sea defense. Carrier s must anticipate a range of expectable weather \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 conditions and take adequate precautions. Failure to do so may lead \line \u p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 to a conclusion that although stormy weather was the immediate \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 cause of the cargo loss or damage, the proximate cause was really the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 failure o f the carrier to take proper steps to deal with the storm. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex100 Inherent Vice \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-7\charscalex100 Section 1304(2)(m) of COGSA provides a defense to a carrier where \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the damage to cargo results from \u82 20?wastage in bulk or weight or any \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 other lo ss or damage arising from inherent defect, quality, or vice of \line \up0 \expnd tw-4\charscalex100 the goods.\u8221? Thus, a carrier is not liable where the goo ds have sus-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tained damage or loss that is at tributable to the characteristics of the \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 goo ds themselves without the intervention or fault of the carrier. \line \up0 \expn dtw0\charscalex100 Various foodstuffs\u8212?e.g., fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, and poul-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 try\u8212?will spoil through the m ere passage of time unless specially \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 treated or handled. Some metals will rust spontaneously, and some \line \up0 \expndtw-4 \charscalex100 chemicals may lose their potency or clarity through the passage o f \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 time. All things being equal, a shipper be ars the risks inherent in its \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 goods. \par\par d\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Where goods have a natural tendency to degrade in quality or \line \up0 \expndtw-5\ch arscalex100 quantity unless special precautions are taken by the shipper or the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 carrier, the burden is on the shipper to ens ure that these precautions \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 are taken. For exa mple, if cargo requires special preparation for trans-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex95 port, the shipper must take these necessary steps\u8212?e.g., freezing fish or \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 meat or adding inhibitors to chemica l cargoes.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 290\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 If it fails to do so, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 and the goods d eteriorate in transit because of a lack of proper prepa-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex100 ration, the loss falls on the shipper. Likewise, if goods require sp ecial \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 handling by the carrier, such as maint aining climate control (e.g., re-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 frigeration ), it is the shipper\u8217?s responsibility to make the carrier aware \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 of this special need and to secure the carrier\u8217?s agreement that the \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\

sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb30\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 289. Id.; Taisho Marine, 815 F.2d at 1273. \ par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2825\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 290. Aunt Mid, Inc. v. Fjell-Oranje Lines, 458 F.2d 712 (7th Cir. 1972); Jeffe rson \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Chem. Co. v. M/T Grena, 413 F.2d 864 (5th Cir. 1969). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 70 \par\pard\sect \sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg81}{\bkmkend Pg 81}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 goods will be carried in refrigerated cargo storage ar eas. If a shipper \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 fails to make the carrier aware of the special needs of the cargo or to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex10 0 secure the appropriate agreement from the carrier, any loss resulting \line \u p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 from \u8220?inherent vice\u8221? falls on the shippe r. Conversely, if the carrier \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 undertakes to c arry the goods at a specified temperature, for example, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\ch arscalex100 and fails to do so, it will be liable if the temperature variation c auses \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 damage to the goods. \par\pard\qj \li30 23\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Nevertheless, a carrier has a duty to properly care for the cargo. If \line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 it knows or should know that a particular cargo requires ventilation to \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 prevent degradation, and, if it is custom ary for carriers to properly \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ventilate these cargoes, a carrier that negligently fails to do so will be \line \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex96 liable for damage proximately caused by improper ventilation.\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 291 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In t erms of the burden of proof, there is some interplay between a \line \up0 \expnd tw-6\charscalex100 shipper\u8217?s burden of showing that it delivered the cargo to the carrier \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 in good condition and that d amage occurred while in the custody of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the c arrier and the carrier\u8217?s defense based on inherent vice. Some \line \up0 \ expndtw-5\charscalex100 courts have taken the view that as part of the shipper\u 8217?s prima facie \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 case, it must negate inhe rent vice as the cause of the loss in circum-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 stances where the goods are inherently susceptible to degradation.\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 292 \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nos upersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Other courts treat the \u8220?inherent vice\u8221? immunity like any other de-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 fense and place on the car rier the burden to show that the damage \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 resul ted from inherent vice.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 293 \par\par d\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The \u8220?Q Clause\u8221? \par \pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 In add ition, there is also a general exemption from liability where a \line \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex95 carrier can show that the loss or damage to cargo was not cau sed by its \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 negligence or that of its agents o r servants.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 294\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f 4\fs21 This defense is contained \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 in section 1304(2)(q) and referred to as the \u8220?Q Clause.\u8221? It provides \line \up 0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the carrier with an exemption from liability for loss or damage re-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 sulting from \par\pard\ql \li3 383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb137\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\

charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 291. Fla. E. Coast Ry. Co. v. Beaver St . Fisheries, Inc., 537 So.2d 1065 (Fla. App. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb13\sl-207\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 1 Dist. 1989). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2825\sb 3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 292. See U.S. Steel Int\u82 17?l, Inc. v. Granheim, 540 F. Supp. 1326 (S.D.N.Y. 1982), \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex91 and cases cited therein. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\ fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 293. Quaker Oats Co. v. M/V Torvanger, 734 F .2d 238 (5th Cir. 1984), cert. de\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 nied, 469 U.S. 118 9 (1985). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 294.46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(q) (2000). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub \cf5\f6\fs19 71 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-24 0{\bkmkstart Pg82}{\bkmkend Pg82}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\par d\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri3233\sb122\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 [a]ny other cause arising without the actual fault and privity of the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 carrier and without the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex10 0 the carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the person claiming \line \up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the benefit of this exception to show that neither th e actual fault or \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 privity of the carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents or ser-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 va nts of the carrier contributed to the loss or damage.\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs18\ul 0\super\cf10\f11\fs17 295 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Some courts require the carr ier also to show the actual cause of the \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 loss or da mage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 296 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\s l-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Concurrent Causes of Cargo Damage \par\pard\qj \l i3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Where two factors are present in a cargo damage or loss situation, one \line \up0 \expndtw-5\chars calex100 factor being within the exculpatory factors listed in COGSA and the \li ne \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 other not, the burden of proof is on the carrie r to show that the loss \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 or damage (or portio n thereof) resulted from the cause for which the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale x100 carrier is exculpated.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 297\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 As this burden is practically impossible to \line \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex96 meet, the carrier will usually be held fully liable in th ese situations. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expnd tw-6\charscalex100 For example, if a collision is caused by negligent navigation and \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the cargo was improperly stowed, the ca rrier must show that all or \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 some of the cargo would have been damaged by the collision even if it \line \up0 \expndtw-1\chars calex100 had been properly stowed (in other words, that the damage was \line \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 caused by the collision and not by the manner of stowa ge).\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 298 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl -241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Carrier Surrender of Immunities \par\pard\qj \li3 023\ri2796\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Under section 1305 o f COGSA, the carrier may agree to surrender any \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex 100 or all of the rights and immunities so provided. A carrier may also \line \u p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 undertake to increase its responsibilities and liabi lities in the contract \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 of carriage.\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 299 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \pa

r\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li3383\sb135\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf8\f9\fs17 295. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5706\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex89 296. See, e.g., Quaker Oats, 734 F.2d 238. \line \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex90 297. The Vallescura, 293 U.S. 296 (1934). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri 3483\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 298. Blasser Bros., Inc. v. N. Pan-Am. Line, 628 F.2d 376 (5th Cir. 1980). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 299 .46 U.S.C. app. 1305 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\f s19 72 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkst art Pg83}{\bkmkend Pg83}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li504 4\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\ql \li302 3\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb96\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\ch arscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Deviation \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb 118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 \u8 220?Deviation\u8221? is \u8220?an intentional and unreasonable change in the geo \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 graphic route of the voyage as contracted for.\u82 21?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 300\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 It is implicit in sec\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 tion 1304(4) of COGSA that di fferent consequences ensue depending \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 on whether a deviation is reasonable or unreasonable. COGSA pro\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 vides that deviations intended to save life or property at sea and all \up0 \exp ndtw-3\charscalex100 other \u8220?reasonable\u8221? deviations do not create a b reach under either \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 COGSA or the contract of carria ge.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 301\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Hence, the carrier is not liable \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 for loss or damage resulting therefrom. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 In the United States, the term deviation has also been applied to \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 overcarriage, misdelivery, and unauthor ized carriage of cargo on \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 deck.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 302\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Some courts have held t hat every fundamental and intentional \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 breach of a contract of carriage or act of gross negligence committed \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc alex100 by the carrier is a legal deviation.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs19 303\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 These nongeographic deviations \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex100 have been referred to as \u8220?quasi-deviations.\u8221?\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 304\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The r ecent trend, how\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ever, has been to restrict the doc trine of quasi-deviation to situations \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 of unauthori zed stowage of cargo on deck.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 305 \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 COGSA expressly provides that a deviation for the p urpose of \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 loading or unloading cargo or pass engers shall be regarded as pre-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 sumptively u nreasonable.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 306\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\ f4\fs21 However, it does not specify the conse-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 quences of cargo damage or loss that occurs during an unreasonable \line \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 deviation. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slm ult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 The majority view is that deviation dep rives the carrier of both the \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 immunities and right to limit its liability provided in COGSA.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 307\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex 100 order for a deviation to result in the loss of a carrier\u8217?s immunities and \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmul

t0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb30\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 \ul0\nos upersub\cf8\f9\fs17 300. Tetley, supra note 186, at 737. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri 5920\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 301.46 U.S.C. app. 1304(4) (2000). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 302. Tetley, supra note 186, at 737-3 8. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex91 303. Se e, e.g., Sedco, Inc. v. S.S. Strathewe, 800 F.2d 27 (2d Cir. 1986). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 304. See, e.g., Vision Air Flight Serv., Inc. v. M/V Nat\u8217?l Pride, 155 F.3d 1165 (9th \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 Cir. 1998). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex89 305. Sedco, 800 F.2d 27. \par\pard\ql \li3 383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 306.46 U.S.C. app. 1304(4) (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 307. Berisford Metals Corp. v. S.S. Salvador, 779 F.2d 841 (2d Cir. 1 985), cert. \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 denied, 476 U.S. 118 (1986). One court of appeals denies defenses but allows the \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 limitat ion of liability. See Atl. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Poseidon Schiffahrt G.m.b.H., 313 F. 2d \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 872 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 375 U.S. 819 (1963 ). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 73 \par\pard\sect\sect d\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg84}{\bkmkend Pg84}\p ar\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \pa r\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 its limitation of liability, there must be a causal conne ction between \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the deviation and the damage or loss of cargo.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 308\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 A change in route \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 that exposes the cargo to new or additional risks may result in a find\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 ing of the required causal nexus.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 309 \par \pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Bills of lading often include a general \u8220?libert ies\u8221? clause, which \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 purports to confer v irtually carte blanche on a carrier in making \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 changes to the advertised or customary route, to the vessels that will \line \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 carry the cargo, or even to the modes of transport. However, the ma-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 jority of courts have held that liberties clauses do not authorize the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 carrier to engage in conduct that would otherwise be considered an \line \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex94 unreasonable deviation.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs19 310 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charsca lex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Damages and Limitation of Carrier\u8217?s Lia bility \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb133\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 \u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Generally \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 One of the major features of COGSA is the prov ision that limits the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 amount of the carrier\ u8217?s liability according to a stated formula. Thus, \line \up0 \expndtw-4\cha rscalex100 not only does COGSA provide carriers with a \u8220?laundry list\u8221 ? of com-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 plete defenses enumerated in sectio ns 1304(1) and 1304(2), sec-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 tion 1304(5) limi ts the amount for which a carrier may be held liable. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri279 5\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Generally under COGSA, when cargo is damaged or lost under \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 circumst ances that do not fall within the carrier\u8217?s immunities, the \line \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex96 shipper is entitled to recover damages from the carrier. Su ch damages \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 are based on the market value of

the goods at the port of destination. \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \u8220? In the event goods are damaged rather than lost entirely, the measure \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 would be the difference between sound market value at the port of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 destination and the market value of the goods in the damaged condi-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 tion.\u82 21?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 311\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, COGSA limits carrier liability for cargo loss or \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 damage to $500 per package.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 312\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where the carrier is liable for cargo \lin e \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 loss or damage to goods that are not shipped in packages, its liability \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3 383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li338 3\sb63\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 3 08. Tetley, supra note 186, at 750-51. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb3\sl-220\sl mult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 309. Gen. Elec. Co. v. S.S. Nancy Lykes , 536 F. Supp. 687 (S.D.N.Y. 1982), aff\u8217?d, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 70 6 F.2d 80 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 849 (1983). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb1 1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 310. Id. See also Tetley, supra no te 186, at 752-54 . \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3225\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex93 311. Santiago v. Sea-Land Serv., Inc., 366 F. Supp. 1309, 1314 ( D.P.R. 1973). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 312.46 U.S.C. app. 1304(5) (2000). \p ar\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 74 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs2 4\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg85}{\bkmkend Pg85}\par\pa rd\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\f s19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ qj\li3023\ri2798\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 is limited to $500 per \u8220?customary freight unit.\u8221?\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 313\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The cust omary \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 freight unit is derived from the method used in calculating the freight \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 in the contract of carr iage, such as weight, size, or cost per unit. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2798\sb0\sl -260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Where goods are shipped in packa ges and the bill of lading states \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the number of packages, a carrier\u8217?s liability is based on that number, \line \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex93 even where freight was calculated by weight or some other basis.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 314 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\ sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Limitation Issues: The COGSA Package \par\pard\q j \li3023\ri2793\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Determining w hether or not cargo has been shipped in a package is \line \up0 \expndtw-6\chars calex100 occasionally problematic. If cargo is completely enclosed to facilitate \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 its transportation, it is definitively a pa ckage. Boxes and crates are \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 typically package s, as are goods fully wrapped in burlap or a tarpaulin; \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex100 but cargo shipped without any packaging, such as a vehicle or a larg e \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 piece of equipment, is not considered a pa ckage under COGSA.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 315 \line \up0 \e xpndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Difficulties most often arise when cargo is only partially enclosed or \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 wh ere it is attached to something as a means of facilitating its safe \line \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex96 transport.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 31 6 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In determining whether a container is a package , the intent of the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 parties, as evidenced in

the bill of lading, is crucial. A container will \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex100 not be treated as a COGSA package unless it is clearly apparent that \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 the parties so intended.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 317\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In this respect, the wording of the bill of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 lading is particularly impor tant. If a bill enumerates a container\u8217?s \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb30\sl-207\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 313. Id. \par\pa rd\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 314. Leather\u8217?s Best, Inc. v. S.S. Mormaclynx, 451 F.2d 800 (2d Cir. 1971); Mits ui \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 & Co. v. Am. Export Lines, Inc., 636 F.2d 807 (2 d Cir. 1981). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex100 315. See generally Jerome C. Scowcroft, Recent Developments Con cerning the \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 Package Limitation, 20 J. Mar. L. & Com . 403 (1989). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2816\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw -5\charscalex100 316. Compare Aluminios Pozuelo Ltd. v. S.S. Navigator, 407 F.2d 152 (2d Cir. \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 1968) (a three-ton toggle press, bol ted to a skid and described in the bill of lading as \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1 00 \u8220?one skid,\u8221? constituted a single package), and Mediterranean Mari ne Lines, Inc. v. \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 John T. Clark & Son of Md., Inc. , 485 F. Supp. 1330 (D. Md. 1980) (45,000-pound \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 me tal shear mounted on a skid and completely covered by a tarp was held to be a \u p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 single package), with Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Pac. Far E. Line, Inc., 491 F.2d 960 (9th \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 873 (1974) (an electrical transformer attached to a skid, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 without any other wrapping, held not to be a package). \ par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 317. Monica Textile Corp. v. S.S. Tana, 952 F.2d 636 (2d Cir. 1991); Allstate I ns. \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Co. v. Inparca Lines, 646 F.2d 166 (5th Cir. 1 981); Mitsui & Co. v. Am. Export Lines, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 Inc., 636 F .2d 807 (2d Cir. 1981). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6 023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li602 3\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 7 5 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g86}{\bkmkend Pg86}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\s b0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2793\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 contents (e.g., \u8220?ten crates of electrical equipment\u8221?), the container will \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex100 not be considered a COGSA package, notwithstanding a \u8220?boilerplate\u8 221? \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 printed clause that purports to make th e container the package.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 318 \line \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Rather, each crate insi de the container will be regarded as a package \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1 00 for COGSA limitation purposes. Likewise, even if the number \u8220?1\u8221? \ line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 (designating that the goods are carried in on e container) is inserted in \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the \u8220?Numbe r of Packages\u8221? box in the bill of lading, that provision will \line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 be overridden by other provisions in the bill of lading (e.g., \u8220?10 crates \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 of electrical equipm ent\u8221? inserted in the \u8220?Description of Cargo\u8221? box). \line \up0 \ expndtw-6\charscalex100 Conversely, if the bill of lading describes the cargo as \u8220?one container \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 of electrical equipmen t,\u8221? the container will be considered as one \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex90 COGSA package.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 319 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndt

w-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Maximum Liability \par\pard\qj \li 3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Under COGSA, a car rier\u8217?s maximum liability of up to $500 per pack-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\char scalex100 age is imposed as a matter of law. A provision in a bill of lading tha t \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 sets a lower limit is void. Nevertheless, a shipper is never entitled to \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 recover more than its actual damages.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 320\ul0\nos upersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If the damage to cargo is \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 8 $300, the shipper may only recover $300. If a bill of lading reveals that \lin e \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 two packages were shipped and the cargo in one i s damaged to the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 extent of $700 and the othe r is damaged to the extent of $100, the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ship per may not aggregate its loss. It may recover $500 on the first \line \up0 \exp ndtw-6\charscalex100 package and $100 on the second for a total of $600. COGSA d oes, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 however, permit a carrier to assume gre ater liability by contract.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 321\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 For \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 example, a carri er may agree to compensate a shipper for its actual \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc alex100 loss, even if it exceeds the $500 COGSA limitation. For this reason \lin e \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 some courts have enforced provisions incorporati ng the higher liabil-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 ity limits of the HagueVisby Rules.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 322 \par\pard\ql \li338 3\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\ sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb 36\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 318. Mitsui, 636 F.2d 807. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 319. Monica Textile, 952 F.2d 636; Hayes-Leger Assocs., Inc. v. M/V Oriental \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Knight, 765 F.2d 1076 (11th C ir. 1985). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5990\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex95 320.46 U.S.C. app. 1304(5) (2000). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 321. Id. 1 304(5), 1305. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex96 322. Francosteel Corp. v. M/V Pal Marinos, 885 F. Supp. 86 (S.D. N.Y. 1995). See \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 also supra text accompanying note 1 90. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 76 \par\pard\sect\sec td\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg87}{\bkmkend Pg87}\ par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 Opportunity to Declare Higher Value \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\s b64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 COGSA provides that the $500 li mit is applicable \u8220?unless the nature \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 a nd value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before \line \up0 \expn dtw-7\charscalex100 shipment and inserted in the bill of lading.\u8221?\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 323\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If the shipp er declares a \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 package value that is higher t han the COGSA limitation amount, it \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 will be charged a higher freight rate, such as an ad valorem rate. Al-\line \up0 \expndt w-5\charscalex100 though courts generally agree that the shipper is entitled to an \u8220?op-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 portunity\u8221? to declare a h igher value, they do not completely agree as \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 to which circumstances adequately provide such an opportunity.\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 324\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A \line \up0 \expndt w-3\charscalex100 carrier who fails to provide the shipper with the opportunity to de-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 clare a higher value will be denied th

e right to limit its liability under \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 COGSA. Thus, carriers must notify shippers that liability is limited to \line \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex100 $500 per package and provide shippers with an opportunity t o declare \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 a higher value.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 325 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 Damages for Delay \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-3\charscalex100 Neither COGSA nor the Harter Act provides a remedy for del ay in \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 delivery. Where a shipper makes a claim base d on delay, courts look \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 to the general maritime la w, which is based on common-law rules \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 relating to d elay by common carriers. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 A carrier may enter into an express agreement that g oods will be \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 delivered by a specific date or within a particular time frame. This \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 type of agreement takes on the characteristics of a warranty. If the car-\line \up0 \ex pndtw-5\charscalex100 rier fails to deliver the goods as it has undertaken to do , it may be li-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 able for economic losses susta ined by the shipper.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 326\ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 Of course, a car-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb70\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 323.46 U.S.C. app. 1304(5) (20 00). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc alex100 324. Compare Komatsu, Ltd. v. States S.S. Co., 674 F.2d 806 (9th Cir. 19 82) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 (holding that the \u8220?opportunity\u822 1? must be on the face of the bill of lading), with \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc alex100 Couthino, Caro & Co. v. M/V Sava, 849 F.2d 166 (5th Cir. 1988) (holding that there \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 is no fair opportunity to declare a higher value without an indication that a choice of \line \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 shipping rates existed or that the shipper knew a particular rate was tied to a limited \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 value). \par\pard\qj \li30 23\ri2827\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 325. Nippon Fir e & Marine Ins. Co. v. M/V Tourcoing, 167 F.3d 99 (2d Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex94 1999). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ expndtw-4\charscalex100 326. Int\u8217?l Drilling Co., N.V. v. M/V Doriefs, 291 F. Supp. 479 (S.D. Tex. 1968) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 (holding carrier lia ble for additional expenses incurred by shipper because of delay \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex93 despite fact that there was no loss or damage to cargo). \par\pard \ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 77 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paper w12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg88}{\bkmkend Pg88}\par\pard\ql \ li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li49 87\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Ad miralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li 3023\ri2799\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 rier may qualify its undertaking by exempting itself from delays that \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 are beyond its control.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs19 327 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 More often, bills of lading expressly negate any undertaking with \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 respe ct to a specific date or time frame within which delivery will be \line \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex100 made.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 328\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under these circumstances the carrier need only deliver the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 goods with reasonable promptitude, takin g into account its advertised \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 routes and cust om. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2798\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charsca

lex100 If delay is attributable to the carrier, and the delay is considered \lin e \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 unreasonable, the carrier may be liable to the s hipper.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 329\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs 21 Furthermore, \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 where a carrier has specifi c knowledge of the shipper\u8217?s need to have \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex 100 the goods delivered within a specific time frame for a particular pur-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 pose and the carrier does not transport the goods expeditiously, the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 carrier\u8217?s action may be regarded as an unreasonable delay.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 330 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex91 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Burden of Proof \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl -260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under sec tion 1303(6), a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence of \line \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex98 the receipt by the carrier of the goods as described in secti on 1303(3). \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 In practice, if a shipper introd uces into evidence a clean bill of lading, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 a nd the goods are subsequently delivered in a damaged condition (or \line \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 nondelivery of goods has otherwise resulted), the shipper has estab-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 lished a prima facie case. The bu rden then shifts to the carrier to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 prove that the damage or loss resulted from a cause exempted by sec-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex97 tion 1304. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 The circumstances surrounding a transaction must be c onsistent \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 with an evidentiary presumption to a bill of lading. For example, if \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 goods are concealed by their packaging, a clean bill evidences only the \line \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex98 condition of the packaging, not of the goods themselves.\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 331\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Likewise, if \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 a container (or other package) packed by the shipper is found to con-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 tain damaged good s, a clean bill of lading alone is clearly not sufficient \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex97 to sustain the shipper\u8217?s burden of proof.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 332\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The shipper must offer \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb57\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 327. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex93 328. See, e.g., Anyagwe v. Nedlloyd Lines, 909 F. Supp. 315 (D. Md. 1995). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl -207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 329. Wayne v. Inland Waterways Corp., 92 F. Supp. 276 (S.D. Ill. 1950). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 330. Hellenic Lines, Ltd. v. United States, 512 F.2d 1196 (2d Cir. 1975) (affirm\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 ing award to s hipper of expenses of transshipment). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 331. Caemint Food, Inc. v. Brasileiro, 647 F.2d 347 (2d Cir. 1981). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex95 332. Plastique Tags, Inc. v. Asia Trans Line, Inc., 83 F.3d 1367 (11th Cir . 1996). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 78 \par\pard\sec t\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg89}{\bkmkend P g89}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 extrinsic evidence to establish that goods were undam aged (i.e., in \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 good condition) when they were deli vered to the carrier.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 333\ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the very nature of the

damage to the container or package may itself \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 demon strate that the goods were damaged in transit.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs19 334\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The same may \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex90 be said of the cause of the damage (e.g., seawater).\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 335 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \ up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The burden of proof in COGSA cases has sometimes been de-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 scribed as having a \u8220?ping-pong\u8221? effect.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 336\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 It is likely to operate as fol-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 lows: (1) the cargo interest makes its prima facie case by producing a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 clean bill of lading and by showing that the goods were delivered to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 the consignee in a damaged condition (or that they were not delivered \line \up0 \e xpndtw-5\charscalex100 at all); (2) the carrier responds by either (a) showing t hat the loss or \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 damage was caused by unseawo rthiness despite its exercise of due \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 diligen ce,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 337\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 or (b) showing that cargo loss or damage was attributable \line \up0 \expndtw-4\ charscalex100 to circumstances that fall within at least one of the immunities p ro-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 vided by section 1304(2) of COGSA;\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 338\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 (3) the sh ipper tries to rebut \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the carrier\u8217?s def ense by showing facts that establish (a) a lack of due \line \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 diligence, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (b) the inapplicability of th e immunities claimed, or \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2799\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-6\charscalex100 (c) negligence on the part of the carrier, unless statutor ily exempted. \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Ultimately, the \u8220?cargo interes t,\u8221? as plaintiff, has the burden of proving \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 t hat the carrier is liable for damage or loss. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Notice of Los s or Damage \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Section 1303(6) provides that the person entitled to take delivery of \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the goods shall give the carrier written notice of loss or damage, in-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex97 cluding a description of the damage\u8217?s general nature before the goods \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 are removed. Failure to give such noti ce constitutes prima facie evi-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 dence that th e carrier delivered the goods as described in the bill of \par\pard\ql \li3383\s b0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb177\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 333. Caemint Food, 647 F.2d 347. \par\pard\q j \li3023\ri2822\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 334. Tra nsatlantic Marine Claims Agency, Inc. v. M/V OOCL Inspiration, 137 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex95 F.3d 94 (2d Cir. 1998). \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2818\sb0\sl-220\s lmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 335. J. Gerber & Co. v. M/V Ga liani, 1993 WL 185622 (E.D. La. 1993); Am. Ma\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 rine C orp. v. Barge Am. Gulf III, 100 F. Supp. 2d 393 (E.D. La. 2000). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 336. Quaker Oats Co. v. M/V Torvanger, 734 F.2d 238 (5 th Cir. 1984), cert. de-\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 nied, 469 U.S. 1189 (1985). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex 100 337.46 U.S.C. app. 1304(1) (2000); Fireman\u8217?s Fund Ins. Co. v. M/V Vign es, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 794 F.2d 1552 (11th Cir. 1986). \par\pard\ql \l i3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 338. Blasser Bros., Inc. v. N. Pan-Am. Line, 628 F.2d 376 (5th Cir. 1980). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 79 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pa rd\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg90}{\bkmkend Pg90}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \

par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 lading.\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 339\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where loss or damage is not apparent, notice must be given \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 within three days of delivery.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 34 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Failure to give notice of loss or dam\up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex94 age does not preclude a shipper from bringing suit.\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 341 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-11\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Time Bar \par\pard\qj \ li3023\ri2793\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 COGSA provides that a suit for damages must be brought within \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 twelve months of the date of delivery of the good s.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 342\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 I t should be \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 noted that COGSA does not define the term \u8220?delivery.\u8221? Under the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 general maritime law a carrier effects delivery when it unloads the \line \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 cargo onto a dock, segregates it by bill of lading and c ount, puts it in a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 place of rest on the pier so that it is accessible to the consignee, and \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 affords the consignee a reasonable opportunity to come and get it.\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 343 \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Proper delivery is also made where the goods are turned o ver to a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 proper authority according to the l aw or custom of the port.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 344\ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 goods are lost ( i.e., never delivered), the twelve-month period begins \line \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex95 to run from the time when they should have been delivered. \par\pard\q j \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 The Hart er Act does not provide a statutory limitation on the fil-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex94 ing of suit, but where applicable the doctrine of laches may be use d. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex92 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Extending the Application of COGSA \par\pard\qj \li3023\ ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 COGSA does not, of its own accord, supersede the Harter Act in re-\line \u p0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 gard to the preloading/receipt and post-discharge/de livery stages. \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Nevertheless, COGSA allows pa rties to contractually extend its cover-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 age t o these periods. Section 1307 provides that COGSA shall not pre-\line \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex97 vent \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3231\sb57\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 a carrier or a shipper from en tering into any agreement, stipula-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tion, con dition, reservation, or exemption as to the responsibility \line \up0 \expndtw-4 \charscalex100 and liability of the carrier . . . for the loss or damage to or i n con-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb47\sl-207\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 339.46 U.S.C. app. 1303(6) (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex100 340. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri8121\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex100 341. Id. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 342. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 343. Servi cios-Expoarma, C.A. v. Indus. Mar. Carriers, Inc., 135 F.3d 984 (5th \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 Cir. 1998). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 344. Lithotip, C.A. v. S.S. Guarico, 569 F. Supp. 837 (S.D.N.Y. 1983). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\ sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 80 \par\ pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg91}{\b kmkend Pg91}\par\pard\ql \li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-2

30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5044\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 2: Commercial Law \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-240 \slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri3240\sb122\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca lex100 nection with the custody and care and handling of goods prior to \line \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 the loading on and subsequent to the discharge from t he ship.\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs18\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs17 345 \par\pard\qj \li302 3\ri2793\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f 4\fs21 This provision has been held to allow a carrier to make the provisions \u p0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 of COGSA applicable to the preloading/receipt a nd post\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 discharge/delivery stages.\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 346\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, because co urts are somewhat \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 strict in applying COGSA when go ods are not on a vessel, \u8220?errors in \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 navigatio n and management\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 347\ul0\nosu persub\cf3\f4\fs21 and \u8220?fire\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 348\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 defenses are not available \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex92 where goods are damaged on land. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\ sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 By clear and express stipulat ion in a bill of lading, the parties to a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 co ntract of carriage may also extend the benefits of COGSA to other \line \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex100 parties involved in the transaction,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 349\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 such as stevedores and te rminal \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 operators. Stevedores and terminal op erators are not parties to the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 contract of ca rriage and, unless they are employees of the carrier, owe \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 no direct contractual duty to a shipper or consignee. Although ste ve-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 dores and terminal operators may be under a contractual obligation \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 to a carrier to re nder services involving goods, this obligation does not \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex100 give rise to a contractual claim against them by a shipper.\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 350\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, \li ne \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 as a bailee of goods, a stevedore or terminal o perator must exercise \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 due care in the handli ng of goods and is liable to a shipper or con-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 signee for damage resulting from his or her negligence.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 351 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \u p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In order to protect thes e \u8220?agents\u8221? or \u8220?contractors,\u8221? as well as the \line \up0 \ expndtw-6\charscalex100 carrier as principal, bills of lading almost always incl ude a \u8220?Himalaya \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 clause.\u8221?\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 352\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A typical H imalaya clause provides that all of the immuni-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 ties and limitations to which the carrier is entitled under COGSA are \line \ up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 equally applicable to all of its servants, agents, and independent con-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 tractors (including, for example, stevedores and terminal operators). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb97\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 345.46 U.S.C. app. 1307 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13 \sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 346. Brown & Root, Inc. v. M/V Peis ander, 648 F.2d 415 (5th Cir. 1981). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 347. Vistar, S.A. v. M/V Sea Land Express, 792 F.2d 4 69 (5th Cir. 1986). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \e xpndtw-4\charscalex100 348. R. L. Pritchard & Co. v. S.S. Hellenic Laurel, 342 F . Supp. 388 (S.D.N.Y. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1972). \par\pard\ql \li 3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 349. Leather\u8217?s Best, Inc. v. S.S. Mormaclynx, 451 F.2d 800 (2d Cir. 1971). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri28 23\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 350. Thomas R. Dennist

on et al., Liabilities of Multimodal Operators and Parties \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex92 Other Than Carriers and Shippers, 64 Tul. L. Rev. 517 (1989). \par\pard\ ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 351. Robert C. Herd & Co. v. Krawill Mach. Corp., 359 U.S. 297 (1959). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\s b3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 352. The Himalaya clause ar ose as the result of a decision of the English Court of \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal ex100 Appeal in the case of Adler v. Dickson (The Himalaya), [1954] 2 Lloyd\u821 7?s Rep. 267, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 [1955] 1 Q.B. 158. \par\pard\ql \li60 23\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 81 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\pa perh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg92}{\bkmkend Pg92}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-2 30\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty a nd Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri27 95\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under this clause, servants, agents, and independent contractors may \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 invoke the benefits of COGSA. These benefits include n ot only the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 time limit for bringing suit and burden of proof,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 353\ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 but the $500 pack-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 age-unit lim itation of liability as well.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 354\ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, certain exemptions \line \up0 \expndtw-6\char scalex100 are available only to the carrier itself, such as those that relate to un-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 seaworthiness or to errors in the naviga tion and management of the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 vessel.\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 355\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Courts scruti nize Himalaya clauses strictly, enforcing them \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 7 only where they are clear and explicit as to the beneficiaries, especially \li ne \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 with regard to independent contractors. \par\par d\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf9\f10\fs24 Jurisdiction and Choice-of-Law Clauses \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\ sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In Vimar Seguros y Reaseguros, S.A. v. M/V Sky Reefer,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs19 356\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Supreme \line \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex100 Court upheld the enforcement of a foreign arbitration clause in a dis-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 pute to which COGSA was applicable. T he Court overruled previous \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 lower court deci sions that had held that choice-of-forum clauses des-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\chars calex100 ignating a foreign forum undermined the protections COGSA ex-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 tended to cargo interests and, as such, were unenforcea ble. Since Sky \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Reefer, lower courts have rou tinely enforced choice-of-forum clauses, \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 reg ardless of whether the forum was a foreign arbitral tribunal or a \line \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex97 foreign court.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 357 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The provisions of COGSA and the Harter Act ar e mandatory and \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 may not be contractually ousted by mere agreement of the parties. \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 However, courts ha ve tended to uphold clear and express clauses in \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 b ills of lading invoking foreign law\u8212?but only insofar as the stipulated \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 law increases the carrier\u8217?s liability.\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 358 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \ par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \pa r\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\ pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pa rd\qj\li3023\ri2823\sb14\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0

\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 353. B. Elliott (Canada) Ltd. v. John T. Clark & Son of Md., Inc., 704 F.2d 1305 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 (4th Cir. 1983). \par\par d\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 354. Koppers Co. v . S.S. Defiance, 704 F.2d 1309 (4th Cir. 1983). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3559\sb3\ sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 355. Vistar, S.A. v. M/V Sea Land Ex press, 792 F.2d 469 (5th Cir. 1986). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 356.515 U.S. 5 28 (1995). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri2960\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc alex96 357. See, e.g., Mitsui & Co. (USA) Inc. v. Mira M/V, 111 F.3d 33 (5th Cir . 1997). \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 358. Francosteel Corp. v. M/V Pal Ma rinos, 885 F. Supp. 86 (S.D.N.Y. 1995). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf5\f6\fs19 82 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg93}{\bkmkend Pg93}\par\pard\ql \li5438\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li5438\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5438\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li5438\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5438\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li5438\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5438\sb367\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 chapter 3 \par\pard\ql \li4012\s b76\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs39 Perso nal Injury and Death \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023 \sb208\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 In troduction \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\char scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There is a body of law applicable to perso nal injury and death claims \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 that is part of the ma ritime law of the United States. Some of it is \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 sta tutory and some is contained in the rules of the general maritime \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex100 law. Maritime personal injury and death actions are governed by a set \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 of rules that are separate and distinct from the general body of tort \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 law applicable in nonmar itime situations. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \exp ndtw-6\charscalex100 In resolving maritime personal injury and death claims that stem \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 from maritime employment or employment in a maritime environ-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ment, the status of t he parties, both plaintiff and defendant, is of pri-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc alex100 mary importance. Some rules are of a general character and may be \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 invoked by any claimant, but other rules are statu s dependent, creat-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ing both rights and remed ies that may be invoked only by a specified \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 plaintiff class against an equally well-defined defendant class.\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 359\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 With \line \up0 \ex pndtw0\charscalex101 respect to maritime personal injury and death law in the Un ited \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 States, three classes of employee claim ants are likely to be encoun-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tered: (1) seam en; (2) maritime workers who are not seamen; and \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0 \sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 (3) offshore oil and gas workers. Additionally, suits are brought by \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 passenger s, and in recent years litigation involving recreational boat-\line \up0 \expndt w-6\charscalex100 ing accidents resulting from the operation of small pleasure b oats or \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 personal watercraft such as jet skis has increased. Typical defendants \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 in these v arious actions include employers, vessel owners and opera-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex96 tors, and third-party tortfeasors, such as product manufacturers. \ par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex10 0 There are some rules that apply more or less across the board to \line \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 personal injury and death actions regardless of the statu s of the par-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 ties. \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\s l-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2821\sb194\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 359. Robert Force, Post-Calhoun Reme dies for Death and Injury in Maritime \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 Cases: Unifor

mity Whither Goest Thou, 21 Tul. Mar. L.J.\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 \ul0\no supersub\cf8\f9\fs17 7 (1996). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6 \fs19 83 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop3878\shpright9245\shpbottom3898\shpfhdr0\shp bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz38\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g94}{\bkmkend Pg94}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\s b316\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex82 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Dama ges \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Damages that may be recovered in maritime persona l injury cases in-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 clude the following: (1) l oss of past and future wages; (2) loss of fu-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ture earning capacity; (3) pain, suffering, and mental anguish; and \par\pard\q j \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 (4) past and f uture medical expenses, as well as any other condition-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex100 related expenses.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 360\ul0 \nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Prejudgment interest may be recovered if an ac-\line \u p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tion is brought in admiralty.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 361\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 At an earlier time some ci rcuits per-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 mitted recovery under the general maritime law for loss of consor-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tium or los s of society and punitive damages in appropriate circum-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex95 stances.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 362\ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 Subsequently, in Miles v. Apex Marine Corp.,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 363\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Supreme \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Court held that the surviving (nondependent) mother of a Jones Act \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 seaman could recover only for pe cuniary loss, even though the action \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 was bro ught under the general maritime law, reasoning that the dam-\line \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 ages recoverable under the general maritime law could not exceed \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 those available under the Jones Act. \par\pa rd\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 In t he wake of Miles, some lower federal courts have held that re-\line \up0 \expndt w-6\charscalex100 coverable damages under the general maritime law are restricte d to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 pecuniary losses only.\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 364\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Some courts have ref used to extend Miles to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 other situations.\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 365 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slm ult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmul t0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \ par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2822\sb154\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex9 6 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 360. Downie v. United States Lines, Co., 359 F.2d 344, 347 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 385 U.S. 897 (196

6). \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2822\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-5\ charscalex100 361. Magee v. United States Lines, 976 F.2d 821 (2d Cir. 1992) (an award for \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 unseaworthiness under the general mariti me law may include prejudgment interest). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 362. Force, supra note 359, at 36. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 363.498 U.S. 19 (1990). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb33\sl-2 07\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 364. See, e.g., Horsley v. Mobil Oil Cor p., 15 F.3d 200 (1st Cir. 1994); Wahlstrom \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 v. Kawasaki Heavy Indus., Ltd., 4 F.3d 10 84 (2d Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1114 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 (1994); Miller v. Am. President Lines, Ltd., 989 F.2d 1450 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 510 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 U.S. 915 (1993). \par\pard\qj \li 3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 365. CEH, Inc . v. F/V Seafarer, 70 F.3d 694 (1st Cir. 1995); Gerdes v. G&H \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 Towing Co., 967 F. Supp. 943 (S.D. Tex. 1997); Rebstock v. Sonat Off shore Drilling, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 764 F. Supp. 75 (E.D. La. 1991). \p ar\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb15\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 84 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs2 4\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg95}{\bkmkend Pg95}\par\pa rd\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4684\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\f s19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb316\sl-368\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Statute of Limitation s \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2798\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 By statute, the time for bringing actions to recove r damages for per\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 sonal injury or death is within th ree years.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 366 \par\pard\ql \li3023\ sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Fed eral and State Courts \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If the criteria for maritime to rt jurisdiction are present, suit may be \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 fil ed in federal court under 28 U.S.C. 1333. There is no right to a \line \up0 \exp ndtw-5\charscalex100 jury trial.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 367 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, under the \u8220?saving to suitors\u8221? clause, where di-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 versity of citizenship is p resent, suit may be brought under section \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 13 32, and a jury trial is available. Furthermore, the Jones Act specifi-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 cally provides seamen with the right to bring suit in an action at law \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 with a right to jury trial, \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 368\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and the right to jury trial is not lost by the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 joinder of general maritime law claims with the Jones Act action.\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 369 \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup ersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Finally, under the saving to suitors doctrine, maritime person al injury \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 and death claims may be filed in s tate court, and ordinarily a jury trial \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 will be available as provided by state law. The Jones Act has been con-\line \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex96 strued to permit suit in a state court.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 370 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-11\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Removal \par\pard\qj \li3023\r i2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 If the plaintiff exercises his or her right to file suit in state court, an d \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the only basis for invoking federal jurisd iction is 28 U.S.C. 1333, the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 defendant may not remove the action to federal court because this \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex100 would defeat the objective of the saving to suitors clause.\ul0\super\cf

7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 371\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, \line \ up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 if another basis for federal jurisdiction exists, s uch as diversity of citi-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 zenship or federal question, the action may be removed in conformity \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-22 0\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2819\sb114\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\ charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 366.46 U.S.C. app. 763(a) (2000) (\u82 20?Unless otherwise provided by law, a suit \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 for re covery of damages for personal injury or death, or both, arising out of a mari\u p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 time tort, shall not be maintained unless commenced within three years from the date \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 the cause of actio n accrued.\u8221?); see also 45 U.S.C. 56 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4478\sb 0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 367. Nonjury and jury trials are d iscussed supra Chapter 1. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 368.46 U.S.C. app. 688(a) (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex97 369.28 U.S.C. 1331 (2000); Fitzgerald v. United States Lines, Co., 37 4 U.S. 16 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 (1963). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822 \sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 370.46 U.S.C. app. 688 ( 2000); O\u8217?Donnell v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex92 318 U.S. 36 (1943). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex96 371. Romero v. Int\u8217?l Terminal Operating Co., 358 U.S. 354 (1959). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 85 \par\pard\sect \sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg96}{\bkmkend Pg 96}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult 0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2797\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 with the terms of the removal statute.\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 372\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Suits under the Jo nes Act filed \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 in state courts by seamen may not be removed even if there is another \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 basis for federal jurisdiction, such as diversity.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 373 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex86 \ul0\nosu persub\cf2\f3\fs31 In Personam and In Rem Actions \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb 122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If p laintiff\u8217?s injury or death was caused by a vessel, suit may be \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex97 brought in personam against the vessel owner or operator, agai nst the \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 vessel itself in rem, or both in personam a nd in rem.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 374\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 An action under \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 the Jones Act may not be bro ught in rem.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 375 \par\pard\ql \li302 3\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex82 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 S eamen\u8217?s Remedies \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb128\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1 0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Introduction \par\pard\qj \li3023\r i2796\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 Seamen\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 376\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f 4\fs21 have three primary remedies available under both the gen\up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 eral maritime law and statute. Seamen may have actions for mainte\ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 nance and cure, for negligence,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 377\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and for unseaworthiness of a vessel. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Where more than one of these claims g rows out of the same incident, \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 the claims usually a re asserted in a single action. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l

i3023\ri2821\sb214\sl-220\slmult0\fi360\tx3383\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex 100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 372. Scurlock v. Am. President Lines, 162 F. Sup p. 78 (N.D. Cal. 1958); Tenn. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 Gas Pipeline v. Houst on Cas. Ins. Co., 87 F.3d 150 (5th Cir. 1996). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charsc alex100 373.28 U.S.C. 1445(a) (2000); Lackey v. Atl. Richfield Co., 983 F.2d 620 (5th \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 Cir. 1993); Pate v. Standard Dredging Corp., 193 F.2d 498 (5th Cir. 1952). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 374. Guzma n v. Pichirilo, 369 U.S. 698 (1962). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmu lt0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 375. Plamals v. The Pinar del Rio, 277 U .S. 151 (1928), overruled on other \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 grounds, Mahnich v. S. S.S. Co., 321 U.S. 96 (1944); Zouras v. Menelaus Shipping Co., \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex95 336 F.2d 209 (1st Cir. 1964). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0 \sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 376. A seaman is one (1) who has an employment-related connection to a vessel \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ( or identifiable fleet of vessels) in navigation that is substantial in both dura tion and \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 nature; and (2) whose duties contribute t o the function of the vessel or to the accom\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 plishme nt of its mission. Chandris, Inc. v. Latsis, 515 U.S. 347 (1995). Seaman status \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 is discussed more fully infra text accompanying not es 416-44. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 377.46 U.S.C. app. 688 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li6023\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f 6\fs19 86 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkm kstart Pg97}{\bkmkend Pg97}\par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li46 84\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\ pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb96\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Maintenance and Cure \par\ pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Seamen who suffer injuries or become ill while in the serv ice of the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ship\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs19 378\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 are entitled to the remedy of ma intenance and cure.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 379\ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 The \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 doctrine of maintenance and cure is part of the general maritime law \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 and encompasses three distinct remedies: (1) maintenance; (2) cure; \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 and (3) wages.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 380 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\char scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The obligation to provide maintenance and cure payments is im-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 posed on a seaman\u8217? s employer\u8212?the employer is usually the owner of \line \up0 \expndtw-6\char scalex100 the vessel on which the seaman is employed.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs19 381\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, a demise \line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 charterer assumes both full control of the vessel and th e owner\u8217?s re-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 sponsibility for maintena nce and cure.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 382\ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 In addition, where a seaman \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 is emp loyed by one who provides contract services to a vessel owner, \line \up0 \expnd tw-5\charscalex100 the vessel owner also may be liable for maintenance and cure pay-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ments under traditional principles of ag ency law.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 383\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 The vessel itself is \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 liable in rem.\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 384 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Main tenance and cure is not a fault-based remedy. An employer\u8217?s \line \up0 \ex pndtw-3\charscalex100 liability is based on the employment relationship, and the

seaman \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 need not prove employer negligence.\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 385\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Furt her, a seaman\u8217?s own fault \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 or contribut ory negligence is irrelevant, and the award will not be di-\line \up0 \expndtw-2 \charscalex100 minished under the comparative fault rule.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 386\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The right to mainte-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 nance and cure is forfeited only by a seaman\u8217 ?s willful misbehavior or \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 deliberate act of i ndiscretion.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 387 \par\pard\qj \li302 3\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2821\sb94\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 378. Service to the ship beg ins when the employer exerts some control over the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex100 seaman and the seaman is answerable to the ship\u8217?s call. Archer v. T rans/Am. Servs., \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Ltd., 834 F.2d 1570 (11th C ir. 1988). Periods of recreation such as shore leave are \line \up0 \expndtw-5\c harscalex100 customarily viewed as service to the vessel. Warren v. United State s, 340 U.S. 523 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 (1951). \par\pard\ql \li3383\ sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 379. Warren, 340 U.S. 523. \par \pard\qj \li3383\ri5884\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 380. The Osceola, 189 U.S. 158 (1903). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 381. Warren, 340 U.S . 523. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\cha rscalex100 382. Matute v. Lloyd Bermuda Lines, Ltd., 931 F.2d 231 (3d Cir.), cer t. denied, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 502 U.S. 919 (1991). \par\pard\ql \li338 3\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 383. Archer, 834 F.2d 1570. \ par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3360\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 384. Solet v. M/V Captain H.V. Dufrene, 303 F. Supp. 980 (E.D. La. 1969). \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex93 385. Calmar S.S. Corp. v. Taylor, 303 U.S. 525 (1938). \par\pa rd\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 386. Stanislawski v. Upper River Serv. Inc., 6 F.3d 537 (8th Cir. 1993). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2 818\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 387. Aguilar v. Standa rd Oil Co. of N.J., 318 U.S. 724 (1943). In addition, \line \up0 \expndtw-6\char scalex100 fraudulent concealment of a preexisting condition may also be a defens e against the \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 87 \par\par d\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg98}{\bkmk end Pg98}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\no supersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\ slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2798\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The right to maintenance and cure exists where a seaman is in-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 jured or falls ill reg ardless of whether that occurs on board the vessel \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex96 or on land.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 388 \par\pard\qj \ li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 Maintenance is an amount of money to which a seaman is enti\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tled for daily living expenses associated with his rec overy (i.e., room \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 and board).\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 389\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Maintenance is designed to provide the seaman with \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 food and lodging compar able to that received aboard ship\u8212?therefore, \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the obligation to provide maintenance payments does not arise until \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex100 the seaman actually leaves the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 390\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Maintenance includes only \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 those expenses attributable to the seaman himself and does not en\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 compass expenses of family members.\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 391 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\

sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A seaman makes a prima facie case for an award of maintenance \line \up0 \expndtw -5\charscalex100 by offering testimony as to the cost of obtaining reasonable ac com-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 modations with respect to room and board in the community in \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 which he or she lives.\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 392\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The a mount of maintenance must be reason-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 able, an d the seaman\u8217?s employer may offer rebuttal evidence that the \line \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex100 proffered maintenance costs are excessive.\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 393\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Most courts have e n-\par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2823\sb14\sl-220\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 obligation to pa y maintenance and cure. Lancaster Towing, Inc. v. Davis, 681 F. Supp. \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex97 387 (N.D. Miss. 1988). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220 \slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 388. Warren v. United States, 340 U .S. 523 (1951) (involving injury on land \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 dur ing shore leave). Although the Court in Warren held that shore leave was an ele\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 mental necessity for the well-being of bluew ater seamen and concomitant to service \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 aboar d ship, injury or illness during periods of extended vacation do not fall within \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 the purview of the doctrine of maintenance a nd cure. See Haskell v. Socony Mobil Oil \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Co. , 237 F.2d 707 (1st Cir. 1956). Further, commuter seamen\u8212?i.e., those who s erve \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 on board a vessel for a fixed period of time and are then on shore for a fixed period \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1 00 with the ability to maintain the lifestyle of an ordinary shore dweller\u8212 ?may not be \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 entitled to maintenance and cure for injuries or illness suffered during their time on \line \up0 \expndtw-3\cha rscalex100 shore. In such situations, where the seaman is not subject to the cal l of the ship, \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 maintenance and cure will be d enied. See, e.g., Liner v. J. B. Talley & Co., 618 F.2d 327 \line \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 (5th Cir. 1980); Baker v. Ocean Sys., Inc., 454 F.2d 379 (5th Ci r. 1972); Sellers v. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 Dixilyn Corp., 433 F.2d 446 (5th Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 980 (1971). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4 214\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 389. McWilliams v. Texaco, I nc., 781 F.2d 514 (5th Cir. 1986). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 390. Moral es v. Garijak, Inc., 829 F.2d 1355 (5th Cir. 1987). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2826\ sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 391. Macedo v. F/V Paul & Michelle, 868 F.2d 519 (1st Cir. 1989); Ritchie v. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Grimm, 724 F. Supp. 59 (E.D.N.Y. 1989). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4049\sb0\sl-220\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 392. Yelverton v. Mobile Lab., Inc., 782 F. 2d 555 (5th Cir. 1986). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 393. Incandela v. Am. Dredging Co., 659 F.2d 11 (2d Cir. 1981). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosup ersub\cf5\f6\fs19 88 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\ sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg99}{\bkmkend Pg99}\par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2798\sb106\s l-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 forced a n amount fixed by a collective bargaining agreement,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs19 394\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 but \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 some courts, especially where the stipulated rate was unrealistically \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex95 low, have held such provisions to be invalid.\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 395 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmul

t0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 \u8220?Cure\u 8221? refers to the reasonable medical expenses incurred in the \line \up0 \expn dtw-3\charscalex100 treatment of the seaman\u8217?s condition.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 396\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A seaman has the duty to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 mitigate the costs associated with cure,\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 397\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and an employer will only be \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 obligated to pay th ose expenses associated with the seaman\u8217?s treat-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex100 ment that are reasonable and legitimate. Although a seaman is free to \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 see any physician of his or her choice for t reatment, the employer will \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 not be required to pay for treatments that are unnecessary or unrea-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex91 sonably expensive.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 398 \par\p ard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 An employer-established health insurance program that p ays its \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 employees\u8217? medical expenses sat isfies the employer\u8217?s obligation to pay \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10 0 cure.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 399\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs 21 In addition, the availability of free medical treatment under a \line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 government-sponsored health insurance program, such as M edicare \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 or Medicaid, has been held to satisf y the employer\u8217?s obligation to pay \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb44\sl-207\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 cure.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 400 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb10\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\chars calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The obligation to provide maintenance and c ure payments does \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 not furnish the seaman wit h a source of lifetime or long-term disabil-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ity income. The employer\u8217?s duty to provide maintenance and cure \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 payments ends when the seaman reaches the point of max imum \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 medical cure\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs19 401\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 (i.e., when the condition is c ured or declared to be \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li30 23\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2823\sb214\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 394. E.g., Gardiner v. SeaLand Serv., Inc., 786 F.2d 943 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex92 479 U.S. 924 (1986). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3960\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex93 395. E.g., Barnes v. Andover Co. L.P., 900 F.2d 630 (3d C ir. 1990). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 396. Vella v. Ford Motor Co., 421 U.S. 1 (1975). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 3 97. Kossick v. United Fruit Co., 365 U.S. 731 (1961). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri282 0\sb18\sl-226\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 398. Rodriguez-Alvarez v. Bahama Cruise Line, Inc., 898 F.2d 312 (2d Cir. \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 1990). The burden is on the defendant-employer to prove that the treatment pro vided \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 was unnecessary or unreasonably expensive. Se e Caulfield v. AC & D Marine, Inc., 633 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 F.2d 1129 ( 5th Cir. 1981). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expnd tw-5\charscalex100 399. Al-Zawkari v. Am. S.S. Co., 871 F.2d 585 (6th Cir. 1989) ; Gosnell v. Sea-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Land Serv., Inc., 782 F.2d 464 (4th Cir. 1986); Baum v. Transworld Drilling Co., 612 \par\pard\ql \li3023\s b10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 F. Supp. 1555 (W.D. La. 1985). \ par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 400. Moran Towing & Transp. Co. v. Lombas, 58 F.3d 24 (2d Cir. 1995). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ ri2822\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 401. Maximum cure contemplates that point at which the seaman\u8217?s condition \line \up0 \expndt w-4\charscalex100 will not improve despite further medical treatments. Vella v. Ford Motor Co., 421 \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb 22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 89 \p ar\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg100 }{\bkmkend Pg100}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0

\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0 \sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\ charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 incurable or of a permanent character) .\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 402\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Fu rther, the obligation to \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 provide cure exists only to improve the seaman\u8217?s condition rather \line \up0 \expndtw-4\chars calex100 than to alleviate the condition. Therefore, courts have held that an \l ine \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 employer has no obligation to provide maintena nce and cure pay-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ments for palliative treatm ents that arrest further progress of the con-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 dition or relieve pain once the seaman has reached the point of total \line \up 0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 disability.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 403\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, where a seaman has reached the point of \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 maximum medical cure and maintenance and cure payments have \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 been discontinued, the se aman may nonetheless reinstitute a demand \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 fo r maintenance and cure where subsequent new curative medical \line \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex92 treatments become available.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs19 404 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl -241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Wages \par \pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 In add ition to providing maintenance and cure, an employer must \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex96 also pay to the seaman wages that would have been earned during the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 remainder of the voyage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 405\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where a contract of em ployment fixes a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 specific term of employment , the employer must pay wages for that \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 specif ic term.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 406 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri 2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\ f4\fs21 By statute, a penalty of \u8220?double wages\u8221? applies where an em\ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 ployer, without sufficient cause, fails to pay a sea man\u8217?s wages that are \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 due,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 407\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and imposition of the penalty is mandatory for each day pay\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ment is withh eld in violation of the statute.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 408 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The wage penalty stat\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 u te is applicable to all wages due a seaman, not merely those triggered \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex96 by a claim for maintenance and cure. \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb 0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri28 24\sb114\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs1 7 U.S. 1 (1975); Farrell v. United States, 336 U.S. 511 (1949); Morales v. Garij ak, Inc., \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 829 F.2d 1355 (5th Cir. 1987). \par\pard\ qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 402. Vel la, 421 U.S. 1. In the case of permanent injury, the employer\u8217?s obligation \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 to provide maintenance and cure payments continues until the condition is diagnosed \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 as permanent. See Farrell, 336 U.S. 511. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up 0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 403. Farrell, 336 U.S. 511; Cox v. Dravo Corp., 517 F .2d 620 (3d Cir.), cert. de\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 nied, 423 U.S. 1020 (197 5). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5470\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 404. Farrell, 336 U.S. 511; Cox, 517 F.2d 620. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 2 405. Farrell, 336 U.S. 511; Cox, 517 F.2d 620. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-20 7\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 406. Archer v. Trans/Am. Servs., Ltd., 83 4 F.2d 1570 (11th Cir. 1988). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi3 60 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 407.46 U.S.C. 10504(c) (2000); see also Lipscom b v. Foss Mar. Co., 83 F.3d \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 1106 (9th Cir. 1996). \

par\pard\ql \li3383\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 408. Griffin v. Oceanic Contractors, Inc., 458 U.S. 564 (1982). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb26\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 90 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\ pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg101}{\bkmkend Pg101}\par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-230\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2 794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 There is a split among courts of appeals over whether the three-\line \ up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 year statute of limitations\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 409\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 applicable in cases of pers onal injury and \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 death actions based on marit ime torts is also applicable in mainte-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 nance and cure actions or whether the doctrine of laches applies.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 410 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-11\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Negligence: The Jones Act \par\ pard\ql \li3023\sb133\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 Statutory Provisions \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 The Jones Act\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs19 411\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 provides a seaman with a negligence-ba sed cause of \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 action against his or her employer wi th the right to trial by jury. The \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Jones Act incor porates the provisions of the Federal Employers\u8217? Li\up0 \expndtw0\charscal ex100 ability Act,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 412\ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 which provides a right of action for injured railroad \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 workers as well as wrongful death and survival actions. \par\p ard\qj \li3023\ri2764\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Pri or to enactment of the Jones Act in 1920, a seaman injured in \line \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex100 the service of a ship because of the negligence of the vessel\ u8217?s owner, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 master, or fellow employees w as entitled to receive no compensation \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 for i njuries other than the remedy of maintenance and cure, unless \line \up0 \expndt w-3\charscalex100 the injuries resulted directly from an unseaworthy condition o f the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 413\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The defenses of contributory neglig ence, assumption of risk, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 and the fellow ser vant doctrine were available to the vessel owner, \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscal ex100 thereby precluding recovery of damages in a negligence action.\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 414\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In \line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 response to this situation, Congress enacted the Jones A ct, which is \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 remedial in nature and liberall y construed in favor of injured sea-\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb44\sl-207\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 men.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 415 \ par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb38\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 409.46 U.S.C. app. 763(a) (2 000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb14\sl-230\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\char scalex96 410. Reed v. Am. S.S. Co., 682 F. Supp. 333 (E.D. Mich. 1988) (applying doctrine \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 of laches); Chacon-Gordon v. M/V Eugenio \u8220?C,\u8221? 1987 AMC 1886 (S.D. Fla. 1987) \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ( applying maritime tort statute of limitations). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb9\sl-207\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 411.46 U.S.C. app. 688 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 412.45 U.S.C. 51-60 (20 00). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc

alex97 413. Cal. Home Brands, Inc. v. Ferriera, 871 F.2d 830 (9th Cir. 1989) (di scussing \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 remedial effect of Jones Act). \par\pard\q j \li3023\ri2825\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 414. Che lentis v. Luckenbach S.S. Co., 247 U.S. 372 (1918); The Osceola, 189 \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex93 U.S. 158 (1903). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb1\sl-174\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 415. Fisher v. Nichols, 81 F.3d 319 (2d Cir. 1996). \par \pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 91 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\ paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg102}{\bkmkend Pg102}\par\pa rd\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\ fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 3\f4\fs21 Seaman Status \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-6\charscalex100 By its own language, the Jones Act remedy is available to \u8220?any sea-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 man.\u8221? The term \u8220?s eaman,\u8221? however, is not defined in the statute. In \line \up0 \expndtw-5\c harscalex100 Chandris, Inc. v. Latsis,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 416\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Supreme Court definitively articulated \l ine \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the requirements for seaman status, holding th at an employee claim-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ing such status (1) mus t have a connection to a vessel in navigation \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 (or identifiable fleet of vessels) that is substantial in both duration and \l ine \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 nature; and (2) must contribute to the functio n of the vessel or to the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 accomplishment of i ts mission.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 417 \par\pard\qj \li3023 \ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 An employee need not \u8220?reef and steer\u8221? or otherwise contri bute to \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the navigation or transportation fun ctions of a vessel in order to be \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 considered a seaman for purposes of the Jones Act; the employee sim-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\c harscalex100 ply \u8220?must be doing the ship\u8217?s work.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 418\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This element of the Chandris \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 test for seaman status broadly encompasses many individuals who \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 would not o rdinarily be thought of as seamen. In fact, individuals as \line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex97 varied as a hairdresser aboard a cruise ship,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 419\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 a roustabout aboard an \ line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 oil rig,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs19 420\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and a paint foreman aboard a vessel used in painting off-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 shore oil platforms\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 421\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 have been h eld to satisfy that requirement for \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 seaman s tatus. The more difficult prong of the test is the requirement \line \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 that the employee must have a \u8220?substantial connection to a vessel.\u8221? \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex96 Chandris requires that a seaman\u8217?s connection to a vess el be \u8220?sub\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 stantial in terms of both its dura tion and its nature.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 422\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Rejecting a \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u8220?snapsho t\u8221? approach to seaman status, the Court concluded that it \up0 \expndtw-5\ charscalex100 would not look merely at what the seaman was doing at the time of \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 injury or during the particular voyage during whic h the injury oc\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 curred, but rather the proper frame of reference is the employee\u8217?s en\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 tire emplo yment history with the employer.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 423

\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb43\sl-207\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 416.515 U.S. 347 (1995). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 417. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 418. McD ermott Int\u8217?l, Inc. v. Wilander, 498 U.S. 337 (1991). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ ri2823\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 419. Mahramas v. A m. Export Isbrandtsen Lines, Inc., 475 F.2d 165 (2d Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex94 1973). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4440\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex95 420. Offshore Co. v. Robison, 266 F.2d 769 (5th Cir. 1959). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 421. McDermott, 498 U.S. 337. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri480 2\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 422. Chandris, Inc. v. Latsis, 515 U.S. 347, 368 (1995). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 423. Id. at 371. \par\pa rd\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 92 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pap erw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg103}{\bkmkend Pg103}\par\pard\ ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li46 84\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \p ar\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 As to the temporal or durational requirement of th e test for sea-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 man status, the Supreme Court approved of the Fifth Circuit\u8217?s \u8220?rule \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex100 of thumb\u8221? that an employee who spent less than 30% in the service o f \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 a vessel in navigation does not qualify as a seaman.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 424\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 The Court \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 warned, however, that the 3 0% rule of thumb serves only as a guide-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 line , and that departure from it is appropriate, for instance, when an \line \up0 \e xpndtw-6\charscalex100 employee\u8217?s basic assignment changes\u8212?e.g., the employee is reas-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 signed from land-based dut ies to those of a crewmember of a vessel \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 and is injured shortly after the assignment begins.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 425 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expnd tw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under the \u8220?fleet doctrine,\ u8221? a worker\u8217?s employment-related con-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 7 nection need not be limited to a single vessel in order to attain seaman \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 status, but may also be satisfied by assignment to an \u8220?identifiable fleet \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 of vessels.\u82 21? This could occur where an employer owns several vessels \line \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 and the seaman is assigned to work on various ones at different \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 times.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 426\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The doctrine requires that the fleet be \ u8220?an \u8216?identifiable fleet\u8217? \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 of vessels, a finite group of vessels under common ownership or con-\line \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex100 trol.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 4 27 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Vessel in Navigation\u8212?To qualify as a sea man one must have an \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 employment-related conn ection to a \u8220?vessel in navigation.\u8221? A claim \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 under the Jones Act is dependent on the existence of a vessel. Whethe r \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 or not a structure is or is not a vessel d epends largely on \u8220?the purpose \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 for whi ch the craft is constructed and the business in which it is en-\line \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex100 gaged.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 428 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 \u8220?Vessel\u8221? has been defined broadly by Co

ngress as \u8220?every \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 description of waterc raft or other artificial contrivance used or capa-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal ex100 ble of being used as a means of transportation on water.\u8221?\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 429\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Courts \line \ up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 construing the language of the Jones Act have follo wed Congress\u8217?s \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2819\sb25\sl-230\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \e xpndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 424. Barrett v. Chevron, U.S. A., Inc., 781 F.2d 1067 (5th Cir. 1986). As a result, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\char scalex100 transitory workers (e.g., pilots) may not be able to satisfy the subst antiality prong of \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 the test for seaman status . See Bach v. Trident S.S. Co., 947 F.2d 1290 (5th Cir. 1991), \line \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex98 cert. denied, 504 U.S. 931 (1992). But see Foulk v. Donjon Mar ine Co., Inc., 144 F.3d \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 252 (3d Cir. 1998). \ par\pard\ql \li3383\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 425. Chandri s, 515 U.S. at 371. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4694\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex94 426. Harbor Tug & Barge v. Papai, 520 U.S. 548 (1997). \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex95 427. Id. at 555. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb0\sl-220\slmu lt0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 428. Blanchard v. Engine & Gas Compresso r Servs., Inc., 575 F.2d 1140, 1142 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 (5th Cir. 1978 ). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 429.1 U .S.C. 3 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb24\s l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 93 \par\p ard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg104}{\b kmkend Pg104}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\char scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 lead, and a number of otherwise nontraditi onal or \u8220?special purpose\u8221? \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 struct ures used as a means of transportation have been held to be \line \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 vessels notwithstanding the fact that \u8220?transportation\u822 1? was not their \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 sole function.\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 430\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, dry doc ks and similar structures used pri-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 marily as work platforms,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 431\ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 and structures that are permanently \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x96 moored\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 432\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 or permanently affixed\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 433\ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 to the seafloor, are not vessels as a \line \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex96 matter of law. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 With respect to structures used as work pla tforms, three factors \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 generally are used in determining whether they are vessels under the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 0 Jones Act: \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3233\sb57\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 (1) the structures involved were construc ted and used primarily as \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 work platforms; (2 ) they were moored or otherwise secured at the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 time of the accident; and (3) although they were capable of move-\par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3237\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ment and were s ometimes moved across navigable waters in the \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10 0 course of normal operations, any transportation function they \line \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex96 performed was merely incidental to their primary purpose.\ul0 \super\cf10\f11\fs18\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs17 434 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb6 4\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Work platforms generally are not considered vessels for Jones Act \line \up0 \expndtw

-7\charscalex100 purposes. However, a \u8220?structure whose purpose or primary business \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 is not navigation or commerce acros s navigable waters may nonethe-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 less satisfy the Jones Act\u8217?s vessel requirement if, at the time of the \line \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex95 worker\u8217?s injury, the structure was actually engaged in navigation.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 435 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\l i3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3 023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2819\sb14\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 430. See, e.g., Manuel v. P.A.W. Drilling & Well Serv., Inc., 135 F.3d 344 (5th \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex 100 Cir. 1998) (workover rig); Marathon Pipe Line Co. v. Drilling Rig Rowan/Odes sa, 761 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 F.2d 229 (5th Cir. 1985) (jack-up oil dril ling rig); Producers Drilling Co. v. Gray, 361 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 F.2 d 432 (5th Cir. 1966) (submersible oil drilling rig). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\ sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 431. Hurst v. Pilings & Structures, Inc., 896 F.2d 504 (11th Cir. 1990). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb3\sl-220\slmu lt0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 432. See, e.g., Pavone v. Miss. Riverboat Amusement Corp., 52 F.3d 560 (5th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 1995) . \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex93 433. See , e.g., Johnson v. Odeco Oil & Gas Co., 864 F.2d 40 (5th Cir. 1989). \par\pard\q j \li3023\ri2822\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 434. Fie lds v. Pool Offshore, Inc., 182 F.3d 353 (5th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 528 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 U.S. 1155 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb16\sl-2 26\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 435. DiGiovanni v. Traylor Bros., Inc., 959 F.2d 1119 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 506 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 U.S. 827 (1992). The Supreme Court has granted certiorari in Stewart v. Dutra Co nstr. \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 Co., 230 F.3d 461 (1st Cir. 2000), 343 F.3d 1 0, cert. granted, 124 S. Ct. 1414 (2004), on \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 the is sue of what constitutes a vessel. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li6023\sb21\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5 \f6\fs19 94 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\b kmkstart Pg105}{\bkmkend Pg105}\par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \ par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2793\sb106\sl-260\s lmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A vessel is \u8220?in navigation\u8221? when it is \u8220?engaged as an instrument of \li ne \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 commerce and transportation on navigable waters .\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 436\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 Seaman status \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 will not be accorded to e mployees working aboard \u8220?dead ships,\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs19 437 \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 vessels that are in navigation seasonally but then laid up,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 438\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 vessels \line \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex100 plying nonnavigable waters,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs19 439\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 or vessels withdrawn from\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 440\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 or not yet \ line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 in navigation. Neither ships undergoing sea t rials with additional \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 construction work or ou tfitting remaining to be performed\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 4 41\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 nor \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ships wit hdrawn from navigation for extensive repairs or conversion \line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex97 are vessels in navigation.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs19 442\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Conversely, vessels that are temporarily in \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 dry dock for repairs do not lose their vesse

l status.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 443 \par\pard\ql \li3023\s b0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Situs of Injury \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2799\ sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Where plaintiffs meet the test for seaman status, they need only show \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 that they were in the course of their employment at the moment of \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal ex100 the accident, regardless of whether the injury occurs on territorial \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 waters, the high seas, or on land.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 444 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li3023\ri2821\sb14\sl-220\slmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 436. McKinley v. All Alaskan Seafoods, Inc., 980 F.2d 5 67, 569 (9th Cir. 1992) \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 (quoting Caruso v. St erling Yacht & Shipbuilders, Inc., 828 F.2d 14 (11th Cir. 1987)). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 437. A \u8220?dead ship\u8221? is one in which the cre w is not present to operate the vessel \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 and where t he Coast Guard has not granted the vessel a certificate of operation. See \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex96 Harris v. Whiteman, 243 F.2d 563 (5th Cir. 1957), rev\u82 17?d on other grounds, 356 U.S. 271 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 (1958). \par\pa rd\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 438. In Desper v. Starved Rock Ferry Co., 342 U.S. 187 (1952), the Supreme Court \lin e \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 denied seaman status to an individual employed a s a \u8220?boat operator\u8221? but who, at the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex 100 time of his death, had been performing shore-based seasonal repairs to a fle et of \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 sightseeing boats in expectation of th eir launch one month later. The Court noted \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 that the Jones Act \u8220?does not cover probable or expectant seamen but seamen in be-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 ing.\u8221? Id. at 191. \par\pard\ql \ li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 439. Stanfield v. Shellm aker, Inc., 869 F.2d 521 (9th Cir. 1989). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri2984\sb3\sl-220 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 440. Pavone v. Miss. Riverboat Amusement C orp., 52 F.3d 560 (5th Cir. 1995). \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 441. Caruso v. S terling Yacht & Shipbuilders, Inc., 828 F.2d 14 (11th Cir. 1987). \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex93 442. West v. United States, 361 U.S. 118 (1959). \par\pard\qj \li 3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 443. \u8220?[ V]essels undergoing repairs or spending a relatively short period of time \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 in drydock are still considered to be \u8216?in na vigation\u8217? whereas ships being transformed \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex 100 through \u8216?major\u8217? overhauls or renovation are not.\u8221? Chandris , Inc. v. Latsis, 515 U.S. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 347, 374 (1995). \ par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10 0 444. Braen v. Pfeifer Oil Transp. Co., 361 U.S. 129 (1959); Hopson v. Texaco, \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Inc., 383 U.S. 262 (1966) (seamen being driven to consul\u8217?s office to be discharged); \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Mounteer v. Marine Transp. Lines, Inc., 463 F. Supp. 715 (S.D.N.Y. 1979) (seaman \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex94 being transported to vessel). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \u l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 95 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\p ard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg106}{\bkmkend Pg106}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Mariti me Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-241\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Jones Act E mployer \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex100 The Jones Act gives seamen a right only against their \u8220?employers.\u8 221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 445 \line \up0 \expndtw-4\chars calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The burden of proof as to whether there was

an employment rela-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tionship is on the perso n claiming seaman status.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 446\ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Various factors \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 are co nsidered in determining whether there is an employment rela-\line \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 tionship, the most important being the right of control.\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 447\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Vessel own\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ership, however, is not a prerequisite for e mployer status under the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex89 Jones Act.\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 448 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\sl mult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under the \u8220?borrowed servant doctrine,\u8221? an individual may be a \line \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex97 crewmember aboard a vessel, and thereby a Jones Act seaman, e ven \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 though he is employed by an independent contractor rather than the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 vessel\u8217?s own er.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 449\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The doctrine places liability for the seaman\u8217?s injuries \line \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex100 on the actual rather than the nominal employer, with the key e lement \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 in the determination being \u8220?con trol,\u8221? which a court will resolve as a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 matter of law.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 450\ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 Where the worker is employed by a charterer or con-\line \up0 \expnd tw-1\charscalex100 cessionaire, however, the vessel owner generally will not be the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 worker\u8217?s employer for purposes of t he Jones Act.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 451 \par\pard\ql \li30 23\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Standard of Care and Causation \par\pard\ qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 A cause of ac tion under the Jones Act is predicated upon a showing of \line \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 employer negligence.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 45 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The duty of care owed by the Jones Act em-\line \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ployer to the seaman is relatively straightforward. Most courts impose \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 on an employer the duty t o exercise reasonable care under the cir-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3383\sb103\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf8\f9\fs17 445. Pope & Talbot v. Hawn, 346 U.S. 406 (1953). \par\pard\qj \ li3383\ri4592\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 446. Wheatley v. G ladden, 660 F.2d 1024 (4th Cir. 1981). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 447. Id. at 1026. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2818\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\chars calex100 448. Glynn v. Roy Al Boat Mgmt. Corp., 57 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), ce rt. de\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 nied, 516 U.S. 1046 (1996). \par\pard\qj \li3 023\ri2823\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 449. Minnkota Power Co-op., Inc. v. Manitowoc Co., 669 F.2d 525 (8th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex94 1982). \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2821\sb16\sl-226\slmult0\fi360\tx3 383 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 450. Ruiz v. Shell Oil Co., 413 F.2d 310, 31213 (5th Cir. 1969), lists the factors \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 conside red by some courts in making the \u8220?borrowed servant\u8221? analysis. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 451. See, e.g., Mahramas v. Am. Export Isbrand tsen Lines, Inc., 475 F.2d 165 (2d \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 Cir. 1973). \par \pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 4 52. Lauritzen v. Larsen, 345 U.S. 571 (1953); Gautreaux v. Scurlock Marine, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Inc., 107 F.3d 331 (5th Cir. 1997). \par\pard\ql \li602 3\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb21\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 96 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\pap erh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg107}{\bkmkend Pg107}\par\pard\ql \li4684\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-

230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\l i3023\ri2796\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 cumstances.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 453\ul0\nosu persub\cf3\f4\fs21 Those courts also use a reasonable care standard in \line \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 evaluating contributory negligence.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 454\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Some courts have said a seaman \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 need only prove \u8220?slight negl igence\u8221? on the part of the employer or \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 that a seaman need only exercise \u8220?slight care\u8221? in carrying out his or \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 her duties.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs19 455\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The confusion on the issue of \u8 220?ordinary\u8221? versus \u8220?slight\u8221? \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex 100 care stems from three factors: the right to jury trial, the nature of \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 maritime employment, and the reduced burden on cau sation. On the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 first point, it seems clear t hat the right to jury trial is part of the Jones \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 Act remedy.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 456\ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 Therefore, a seaman need introduce only minimum or \line \up0 \expn dtw-7\charscalex100 \u8220?slight\u8221? evidence of employer negligence to get to the jury, and a ver-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 dict in favor of the seaman should not be taken away if the quantum \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 of proof satisfies this minimal standard.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs19 457\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 As to the second factor, an \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 employer of a Jones Act seaman is under a duty to provid e a safe place \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 to work and to supply the sea man with proper tools and equipment. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Further more, a seaman is under a duty to follow orders.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 458\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 These fac-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex97 tors facilitate a seaman\u8217?s chances of showing an employer\u8217? s breach of \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 duty and that the seaman was not contributorily negligent. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \ up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Where an employer violates a statutory duty and suc h violation \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 causes injury to a seaman, the em ployer will be liable under the Jones \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 Act wit hout regard to the employer\u8217?s negligence.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 459\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This is a species of \line \up0 \exp ndtw-7\charscalex100 strict liability in that the violation is considered neglig ence per se. Un-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 like its land-based analog, it is irrelevant whether or not the seaman is \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10 0 within the class of persons the statute is designed to protect, or that \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 the harm caused the seaman is of the type the statu te was designed to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 prevent.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 460 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \qj\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q j\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2820\sb45\sl-230\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 453. Gautreaux, 107 F .3d 331; Robert Force, Allocation of Risk and Standard of \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ charscalex100 Care Under the Jones Act: \u8220?Slight Negligence,\u8221? \u8220? Slight Care,\u8221? 25 J. Mar. L. & Com. 1 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 (1 994). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 454. Gautreaux, 107 F.3d 331. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3888\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex95 455. Williams v. Long Island R.R. Co., 196 F.3d 402 (2d Cir . 1999). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 456. Force, supra note 453, at 6, 7. \par\ pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 457. Id. \par\ pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 458. Id. \par\ pard\qj \li3383\ri4723\sb23\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 459. Ker nan v. Am. Dredging Co., 355 U.S. 426 (1958). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 460. Id. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\

slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 97 \par\pard\se ct\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg108}{\bkmkend Pg108}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu persub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\sl mult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\char scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The traditional standard of proximate caus e, however, is not re-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 quired,\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 461\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and a seaman\u8217 ?s burden of proving causation is \u8220?feather-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscale x100 weight.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 462\ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 Stated differently, a seaman need not prove that his or her \lin e \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 employer\u8217?s negligence was a substantial ca use of injury, but simply \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 that the employer\ u8217?s negligence was a cause.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 463\ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under this feather-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1 00 weight burden, the seaman-plaintiff need only prove that the em-\line \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex100 ployer\u8217?s negligence played some role, however \u822 0?slight,\u8221? in causing the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 injury.\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 464 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 \ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Application of the Jones Act to Foreign Seamen \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 A foreign seama n may maintain a cause of action under the Jones Act \line \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex97 where, after a choice-of-law analysis, sufficient contacts are present s o \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 as to allow the application of the statute . In determining the applica-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 bility of the J ones Act to a foreign seaman, the following factors are \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex100 considered in the choice-of-law analysis: (1) the place of the wrong ful \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 act; (2) the law of the vessel\u8217?s fl ag; (3) the allegiance or domicile of the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 in jured seaman; (4) the allegiance of the shipowner; (5) the place of \line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 the contract; (6) inaccessibility of the foreign forum; (7) the law of the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 forum; and (8) the vessel owner\u8217?s base of operations.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 46 5 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where the Jones Act claimant is a foreign seaman employed in the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 production of offshore ener gy and mineral resources of a country \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 other than the United States, however, Congress has proscribed re-\line \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 covery under the statute unless the seaman can show that no othe r \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 remedy is available.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 466 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3 383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li338 3\sb189\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 461. Chisholm v. Sabine Towing & Transp. Co., 679 F.2d 60 (5th Cir. 1982). \par\ pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 46 2. Evans v. United Arab Shipping Co. S.A.G., 4 F.3d 207 (3d Cir. 1993), cert. \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 denied, 510 U.S. 1116 (1994). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb 11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 463. Sentilles v. Inter-Caribbean Shipping Corp., 361 U.S. 107 (1959). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2817\sb23\sl-220\sl mult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 464. In re Cooper/T. Smith, 929 F.2d 1 073 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 865 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 (1 991). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\chars calex100 465. Hellenic Lines, Ltd. v. Rhoditis, 398 U.S. 306 (1970); Lauritzen v . Larsen, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 345 U.S. 571 (1953). \par\pard\qj \li3023

\ri2825\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 466.46 U.S.C. app . 688(b) (2000); see also Neely v. Club Med Mgmt. Servs., \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex94 Inc., 63 F.3d 166 (3d Cir. 1995). \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf5\f6\fs19 98 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl -240{\bkmkstart Pg109}{\bkmkend Pg109}\par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb96\sl-276\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Unseaworthiness \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb133\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nos upersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Nature of the Cause of Action \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb 64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Under the general maritime law, vessel owners and owners pro hac \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 vice (e.g., demise charterers) owe a duty to seamen to provide a sea-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex95 worthy vessel aboard which the seaman works, and \u8220?the vessel and her \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 owner are . . . liable . . . for inj uries received by seamen in conse-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 quence of the unseaworthiness of the ship, or a failure to supply and \line \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex95 keep in order the proper appliances appurtenant to the ship.\u822 1?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 467 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\s b0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 Only seamen have a cause of action for unseaworthiness.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 468\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex95 doctrine imposes on the vessel owner or owner pro hac vice a duty that \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 is both absolute and nondelegable. \par\pard\qj \li30 23\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 The so-called \ u8220?warranty\u8221? of seaworthiness covers all parts of the \line \up0 \expnd tw-4\charscalex100 vessel and its operation, including the hull, machinery, appl iances, \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 gear and equipment, and other appurt enances.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 469\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 The equipment \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 must be an appurtenance of or attached to the vessel or otherwise un-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 d er the vessel\u8217?s control in order for the warranty of seaworthiness to \lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 attach. Where defective, shore-based equipment ca uses the seaman\u8217?s \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 injury or death, no cause of action for unseaworthiness will lie be-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 97 cause the equipment lacks the requisite connection to the vessel to be \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 considered part of its equipment.\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 470\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The duty of seaworth iness is im-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 plicated where cargo is improper ly loaded or stowed,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 471\ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 and a statu-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 tory or regulat ory violation may amount to unseaworthiness per se.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs19 472 \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 The warranty of seaworthiness extends also to manning the vessel, \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 and an incompetent or inadequate master or crew may re nder the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 vessel unseaworthy.\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 473\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Indeed, where the v essel owner employs a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 crewmember of \u8220?s avage disposition\u8221? who assaults a fellow seaman, \line \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex92 the vessel may be considered unseaworthy.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs19 474 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2824\sb54\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 467. The Osceola, 189 U.S. 158, 175 (1903); Mahnich v. S. S.S. Co., 321 U.S. 96 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale

x96 (1944). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex9 7 468. Griffith v. Martech Int\u8217?l, Inc., 754 F. Supp. 166 (C.D. Cal. 1989). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 469. Have ns v. F/T Polar Mist, 996 F.2d 215 (9th Cir. 1993). \par\pard\ql \li3383\ri3373\ sb23\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 470. Feehan v. United States Li nes, Inc., 522 F. Supp. 811 (S.D.N.Y. 1980). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 471. G utierrez v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 373 U.S. 206 (1963). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex100 472. Smith v. Trans-World Drilling Co., 772 F.2d 157 (5th Cir. 1985). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 473. Waldron v. Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., 386 U.S. 724 (1967). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 474. Gutierrez, 373 U.S. at 210. \par\pard\ql \li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6023\sb22\sl-230\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 99 \par\pard\sec t\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg110}{\bkmkend Pg110}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup ersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slm ult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2796\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\chars calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The test for determining a vessel\u8217?s s eaworthiness is whether the \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 vessel as well as her equipment and other appurtenances are \u8220?rea\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 so nably fit for their intended use.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs19 475\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, the vessel owner is not \up0 \expn dtw-7\charscalex100 required to furnish an accident-free vessel\u8212?i.e., the \u8220?standard is not \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 perfection, but reasonable f itness,\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 476\ul0\nosupersub\cf 3\f4\fs21 with reasonableness determined \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 by the t raditional \u8220?reasonable person\u8221? standard of tort law.\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 477\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 No dis\up0 \expndtw -6\charscalex100 tinction, however, is made between unseaworthy conditions that are \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 permanent and those that are transitory.\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 478 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260 \slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Neglige nce plays only a tangential role in an unseaworthiness ac-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\ charscalex100 tion, in that negligence may create an unseaworthy condition, but \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 liability under the doctrine of seaworthines s is not contingent on the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 finding of neglige nce. The vessel owner is held to the standard of strict \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 liability.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 479\ul0\nosup ersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where an unseaworthy condition exists and causes injury \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 to a seaman, it is no defense that the vessel own er had exercised due \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 diligence to make the v essel seaworthy, that it was not negligent in \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10 0 creating the unseaworthy condition, or that it was without notice of \line \up 0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the unseaworthy condition and did not have an opportu nity to cor-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 rect it.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 480\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Operational negligence\u8212 ?i.e., an isolated act of negligence by \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 an o therwise qualified fellow worker that injures the seaman\u8212?will \line \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex93 not render the vessel unseaworthy\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 481\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 unless it is \u8220?pervasi ve.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 482 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 3\f4\fs21 To state a cause of action for unseaworthiness, a seaman must \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex100 allege not only that the vessel was unseaworthy, but also that the un\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 seaworthy condition was the proximate c ause of the seaman\u8217?s injury \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 or death.\ul0\su

per\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 483\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Proximate causation is satisfied by a showing that the in\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 jur y or death was either a direct result of the unseaworthy condition \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex92 or a reasonably probable consequence thereof.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 484 \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri4266\sb94\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 475. Mitchell v. Trawler Ra cer, Inc., 362 U.S. 539, 550 (1960). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 476. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4124\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 477 . Allen v. Seacoast Prods., Inc., 623 F.2d 355 (5th Cir. 1980). \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex94 478. Mitchell, 362 U.S. at 550. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 479. Id. at 548. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl -207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 480. Id. at 550. \par\pard\ql \li3383\ sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 481. Usner v. Luckenbach Overse as Corp., 400 U.S. 494 (1971). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi 360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 482. Cf. Daughdrill v. Ocean Drilling & Explor ation Co., 709 F. Supp. 710 (E.D. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 La. 1989). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3555\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 483. Bommarito v. Penrod Drilling Corp., 929 F.2d 186 (5th Cir. 1991). \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex98 484. Phillips v. W. Co. of N. Am., 953 F.2d 923 (5th Cir. 1992). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 100 \par\pard\sect\sectd \fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg111}{\bkmkend Pg111}\ par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Right of Action \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-26 0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The plaintiff in an action for unseawort hiness may bring an in per\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 sonam action against the party exercising operational control over the \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ves sel (either the vessel owner or demise charterer) as well as an in \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex91 rem action against the vessel itself.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs19 485 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2903\sb244\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-11\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Contributory Negligence and As sumption of Risk in Jones Act and \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex89 Unseaworthiness Actions \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb117\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Contributory negligence or assumption of risk by a seaman-plaintiff \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 will not bar recovery in a Jones Act or unseaworthiness action. How-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 ever, under principles of comparative fault, the seaman\u8217?s recovery, if \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 any, will be reduced in proportion to his or her own degree of fault.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 486 \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where a seaman is inju red by an unseaworthy condition caused ex-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 cl usively by the seaman\u8217?s own negligence, however, recovery in an \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 action for unseaworthiness will be denied.\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 487\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where an employ er has \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 violated a safety statute or regulati on, the seaman-plaintiff\u8217?s recovery \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 wi ll not be reduced proportionately under contributory negligence or \line \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex95 assumption of risk.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 488 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In the absence of a statutory violation, where a seaman is solely at \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 fault in bringi ng about his or her injury, there can be no recovery un-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch

arscalex100 der the Jones Act because proof of employer fault is a prerequisite to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 recovery.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 489\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, the mere fact that a seaman \u8217?s negligence creates \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 a risk does not mean that the employer did not likewise contribute to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\char scalex100 the risk and ensuing injury. This could occur, for example, where an \ line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 inexperienced, unsupervised seaman is ordered to perform tasks that \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 he or she is not comp etent to perform or if the seaman is ordered to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex 100 work in an unsafe or dangerous environment.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 490\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In assessing a sea-\line \up0 \expnd tw-5\charscalex100 man\u8217?s duty to care for himself or herself, the fact fin der must bear in \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2 823\sb34\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f 9\fs17 485. Baker v. Raymond Int\u8217?l, 656 F.2d 173 (5th Cir. 1981), cert. de nied, 456 U.S. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 983 (1982). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb1 1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 486. Villers Seafood Co. v. Vest, 813 F.2d 339 (11th Cir. 1987). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex96 487. Keel v. Greenville Mid-Stream Serv., Inc., 321 F.2d 90 3 (5th Cir. 1963). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex100 488. Smith v. Trans-World Drilling Co., 772 F.2d 157 (5th Cir. 1985). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1 00 489.45 U.S.C. 151 (2000); In re Cooper/T. Smith, 929 F.2d 1073 (5th Cir.), \u p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 cert. denied, 502 U.S. 865 (1991); Valentine v. St. Louis Ship Bldg. Co., 620 F. Supp. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 1480 (E.D. Mo. 1 985), aff\u8217?d, 802 F.2d 464 (8th Cir. 1986). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-20 7\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 490. Spinks v. Chevron Oil Co., 507 F.2d 216 (5th Cir. 1975). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\s b24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 101 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg1 12}{\bkmkend Pg112}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\s b0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2797\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 mind that the employer is under a du ty to provide its seamen with a \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 safe place to work and to supply proper tools and equipment, and that \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 seamen are under a duty to follow orders. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Maritime Workers\u8 217? Remedies \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb128\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charsca lex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Longshore and Harbor Workers\u8217? Compensat ion Act \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charsca lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Persons engaged in \u8220?maritime employment ,\u8221? such as longshoremen \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 and harbor wor kers, enjoy a special status that affects both the rights \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 and remedies available to them as a result of work-related injurie s or \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 disabilities. Under the Longshore and H arbor Workers\u8217? Compensa-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tion Act (LHWC A),\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 491\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 workers who come within the coverage of the \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Act and who sustain injury or illness related to their maritime em-\line \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 ployment are entitled to scheduled compensation benefits from their \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 employers. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri 2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 The LHWCA is essenti ally a federal workers\u8217? compensation stat\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ute in which a covered worker \u8220?accepts less than full damages for \up0 \expnd

tw-8\charscalex100 work-related injuries. In exchange, he is guaranteed that the se statu\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tory benefits will be paid for every workrelated injury without regard \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 to fault.\u8221?\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 492\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The sta tute was enacted in response to Supreme Court \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 decis ions that held that state worker compensation schemes could not \up0 \expndtw-4\ charscalex100 supply remedies to longshoremen who were injured or killed while \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 working on navigable waters,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 493\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 although such state benefi ts could be \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 awarded where injuries occurred on land .\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 494 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex84 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Scope of Coverage \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charsc alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In order to qualify for coverage under the L HWCA, the maritime \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 worker must meet both \u8220?sta tus\u8221? and \u8220?situs\u8221? requirements.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 495 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0 \sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb70\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 491.33 U.S.C. 901-948(a) (2000). \par\pard\qj \l i3023\ri2825\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 492. Edmond s v. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 443 U.S. 256 (1979) \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex95 (Blackmun, J., dissenting). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 493. S. Pac. Co. v. Jensen, 244 U.S. 205 (1917). \pa r\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 494. State Indus. Comm. of State of N.Y. v. Nordenholt Corp., 259 U.S. 263 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 (1922); T. Smith & Son v. Taylor, 276 U.S. 179 (1928). \ par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 495. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co. v. Schwalb, 493 U.S. 40 (1989); Herb\u8217?s W eld\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 ing, Inc. v. Gray, 470 U.S. 414 (1985). \par\par d\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 102 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pap erw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg113}{\bkmkend Pg113}\par\pard\ ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li46 84\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 Employee Status \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Coverage under the LHWCA is accorded to those who a re engaged in \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u8220?maritime employment.\u8 221? This includes \u8220?any longshoreman or other \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc alex100 person engaged in longshoring operations, and any harbor-worker \line \u p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 including a ship repairman, shipbuilder, and ship-br eaker.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 496\ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 The list \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 of individuals in the LHW CA, however, is illustrative rather than ex-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 h austive, and where an employee is engaged in activities the nature of \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 which are an integral part of loading, unloading, repa iring, building, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 or disassembling a vessel, t he employee will satisfy the status require-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 m ent for coverage under the LHWCA.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 49 7 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There is an important exception to the maritime employment \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 status requirement. The LHWCA or iginally covered only employees \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 who were inj ured or killed on navigable waters. Location alone was \line \up0 \expndtw-2\cha rscalex100 the sole criteria for eligibility; there was no occupational status r

e-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 quirement. After the maritime employment s tatus requirement was \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 added in 1972, the Sup reme Court nevertheless has continued to find \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 LHWCA coverage where a worker\u8217?s job assignment requires work in \line \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 or on navigable waters. The fact that the employee i s required to work \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 on navigable waters satisf ies the occupational status requirement, and \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 to the extent that the worker would have been covered prior to the \line \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex96 1972 amendment, he or she will be covered under the amend ed Act.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 498 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Mere \u8220?presence\u8221? on the water when an injury is sustained may not be \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 suff icient, such as where an employee is only fortuitously or tran-\line \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex93 siently on navigable waters.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs19 499 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2762\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndt w-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Act also excludes a number of occupations from its cover-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 age.\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 500\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Importantly, the Act excludes from coverage \u8220?a master or \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1 00 member of the crew of any vessel,\u8221? the definition of which is co-\par\p ard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb43\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 496.33 U.S.C. 902(3) (2000). \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\ri2818\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 497. Schwalb, 493 U.S. 40; P.C. Pfeiffer Co. v. Ford, 444 U.S. 69 (1979). How\u p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ever, a welder on an oil or gas fixed platform does not qualify. See Herb\u8217?s Welding, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 Inc. v. Gray , 470 U.S. 414 (1985). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3566\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-7\charscalex95 498. Director, O.W.C.P. v. Perini N. River Assocs., 459 U.S. 297 (1983). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 499. Bienvienu v. Texaco, Inc., 164 F.3 d 901 (5th Cir. 1999). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 500. Section 902(3)(A)-(F) of the Act specifically exc ludes from the definition of \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 the term \u8220? employee\u8221? certain classes of employees if they are covered under state sta t-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 utes. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosup ersub\cf5\f6\fs19 103 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0 \sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg114}{\bkmkend Pg114}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 extensive with that of \u8220?seaman\u8221? for purposes of the Jones Act.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 501\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The \line \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex96 remedies are considered mutually exclusive.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 502\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, the mere fact \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 that a person does the kind of work enumerate d in the LHWCA does \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 not automatically preclu de that worker from satisfying the criteria for \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex 100 seaman status. In Southwest Marine, Inc. v. Gizoni,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 503\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Supreme \line \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex100 Court held that an employee engaged in one of the occupation s enu-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 merated in the LHWCA nevertheless may be a seaman if he or she \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 satisfies the crite ria for seaman status under the Jones Act.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 504\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 For ex-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex10

0 ample, a regular member of a ship\u8217?s crew assigned to maintain and \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 repair equipment during the vessel\u8217?s voyages would be a seaman even \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 though he was a ship r epairer. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex100 Where a worker who brings a Jones Act action against his or her \lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 employer is found to be a seaman, but does not re cover because of the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 absence of employer negl igence, the seaman status determination will \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 not bar subsequent recovery in an LHWCA action.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 505\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A denial of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\c harscalex100 LHWCA benefits based on an administrative or judicial finding that \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 the applicant was a seaman does not preclude a subsequent suit under \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the Jones Act.\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 506\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There is some dispute as to whether a formal award \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 in a contested case bars a subsequent Jones Act action.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs19 507\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A worker\u8217?s \line \up0 \e xpndtw-5\charscalex100 voluntary acceptance of LHWCA benefits does not preclude a later \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Jones Act action; but if a worker re covers under the Jones Act, any \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 compensation benefits received must be returned.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 508 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3383\sb82\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf8\f9\fs17 501. McDermott Int\u8217?l, Inc. v. Wilander, 498 U.S. 337 (199 1). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca lex100 502. See, e.g., Pizzitolo v. Electro-Coal Transfer Corp., 812 F.2d 977 (5 th Cir. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1059 (1988). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 503.502 U. S. 81 (1991). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x94 504. Id. at 88. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex94 505. See, e.g., Strachan Shipping Co. v. Shea, 406 F.2d 52 1 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 395 U.S. 921 (1969). \p ar\pard\ql \li3383\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 506. McDermot t, Inc. v. Boudreaux, 679 F.2d 452 (5th Cir. 1982). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\ sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 507. Compare Papai v. Har bor Tug & Barge Co., 67 F.3d 203 (9th Cir. 1995), \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 rev\u8217?d on other grounds, 520 U.S. 548 (1997), with Sharp v. Johnson Bros. C orp., 973 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 F.2d 423 (5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 5 08 U.S. 907 (1993). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex94 508.33 U.S.C. 903(e) (2000); Gizoni, 502 U.S. 81. \par\pard\ql \li5975 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 104 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\pap erh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg115}{\bkmkend Pg115}\par\pard\ql \li4684\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 Situs of the Injury or Disability \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb64\sl-260\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 The LHWCA, as amended in 1972, covers injur ies or deaths that oc-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 cur \par\pard\qj \li33 83\ri3233\sb57\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\ f6\fs19 upon the navigable waters of the United States (including any ad-\line \ up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 joining pier, wharf, dry dock, terminal, building w ay, marine rail-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 way, or other adjoining area

customarily used by an employer in \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb19\sl-218\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 loading, unloading, repairing, dismantling, or buildin g a vessel).\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs18\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs17 509 \par\pard\qj \l i3023\ri2796\sb68\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 The status of an employee is relevant only where the injury does not \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 occur on navigable waters, but rather on a pier, w harf, or adjoining \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 area. Where the worker clearly satisfies the occupational status re\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 quirement but is injured on a situs outside the scope of the LHWCA, \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 92 coverage will be denied.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 510 \par \pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The test for determining navigable waters is the same as that used \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 for determining admiralty jurisdictio n over torts.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 511\ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 The LHWCA also \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 applies to injuries occurr ing on the high seas.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 512 \par\pard\ qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Though the majority of cases hold that proximity to navigab le \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 waters is not determinative of whether coverage will attach to an ad\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 joining area,\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 513\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Fourth Circuit holds that geographic proximity is \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 dispositive, re quiring that an \u8220?adjoining area\u8221? be contiguous with or \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex93 touching navigable waters.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 514 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\ charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The shoreward extension of coverage un der the 1972 amend-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ments to the LHWCA create s a jurisdictional overlap between the Act \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 a nd state workers\u8217? compensation statutes.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs19 515\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Therefore, a worker who \line \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex100 qualifies for both LHWCA and state compensation benefits may file \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb30\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 509.33 U.S.C. 903(a) (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri282 3\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 510. Humphries v. Direc tor, O.W.C.P., 834 F.2d 372 (4th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex92 485 U.S. 1028 (1988). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi3 60 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 511. Rizzi v. Underwater Constr. Corp., 84 F.3d 199, 202 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 519 U.S. 931 (1 996). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\chars calex100 512. Kollias v. D & G Marine Maint., 29 F.3d 67 (2d Cir. 1994), cert. d enied, 513 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 U.S. 1146 (1995); see also 33 U.S.C. 939 (b) (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb12\sl-230\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 513. Brady-Hamilton Stevedore Co. v. Herron, 568 F.2d 137, 141 ( 9th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 1978); Texports Stevedore Co., 632 F.2d 504, 518 (5th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 452 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x93 U.S. 905 (1981). \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2826\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 514. Parker v. Director, O.W.C.P., 75 F.3d 929 (4 th Cir.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 812 (1996); Sidwel l v. Express Container Servs., Inc., 71 F.3d 1134 (4th Cir. 1995). \line \tab \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 515. Sun Ship, Inc. v. Penn., 447 U.S. 715 (1980). \p ar\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 105 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs 24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg116}{\bkmkend Pg116}\par \pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\

f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\ pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 for both, either concurrently or successively.\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 516\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where an employe e \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 recovers under the state regime an amount m ore generous than under \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the LHWCA, an employ er\u8217?s obligation to provide LHWCA benefits is \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charsca lex100 discharged, since the worker will in no case be allowed to recover \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 twice for the same injury.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 517\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where the worker files firs t for state \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 benefits and later receives a hi gher award under the LHWCA, the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 worker may r ecover under both regimes, with the amount of the state \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex95 recovery credited against the recovery under the LHWCA.\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 518 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-11\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Remedies Under the LHWCA \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under the LHWCA, the payment of compensation is the exclusive \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 remedy of a covered worker against his or her employer, with limited \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 exception .\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 519\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Th e right to benefits does not depend on employer fault, \line \up0 \expndtw-4\cha rscalex100 nor is the right overcome or diminished by the comparative fault of \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the worker.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs19 520\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, an employee is not entitled to compensation \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 if the injury was caused sol ely by the employee\u8217?s intoxication or the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex 100 willful intention to injure or kill himself or herself.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 521\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The benefits are \line \ up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 fixed according to schedule. Compensation includes medical ex-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 penses,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 522\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 disability benefits,\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 523\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and rehabili tation benefits,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 524\ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 in addi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 tion to a percentage of the employee\u8217?s average weekly wage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 525\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the worker\u8217?s injuries result in death, the LHWCA enumerates a bene-\line \ up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ficiary class and a schedule of benefits to which t he members of that \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 class are entitled.\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 526 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb136\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 516. Id. at 723-24. \pa r\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 517. Strachan Shipping Co. v. Nash, 782 F.2d 513 (5th Cir. 1986); 33 U.S.C. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 933(e) (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\ri6172\sb0\sl-220\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 518. Sun Ship, 447 U.S. at 725, n.8. \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex95 519.33 U.S.C. 905(a) (2000). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 520. Id. 904(b). \par\pard\ql \li3383\ri7430\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex95 521. Id. 903(c). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 522. Id. 907. \ line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 523. Id. 908. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6787\sb0\ sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 524. Id. 908(g), 939(c). \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex94 525. Id. 906. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex94 526. Id. 909. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li5975\sb26\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5 \f6\fs19 106 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\ bkmkstart Pg117}{\bkmkend Pg117}\par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\

ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2797\sb106\sl-260\ slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Section 933 of the LHWCA preserves all causes of action an in-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\char scalex100 jured worker may have against third parties for tort damages.\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 527\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 An \line \up 0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 injured worker who brings an action against a neglige nt third-party \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 tortfeasor need not elect rem edies\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 528\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 \u8212?that is, the worker can recover \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 LHWC A benefits from his or her employer and still maintain an ac-\line \up0 \expndtw -4\charscalex100 tion in tort against the third-party tortfeasor. For example, w here a \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 longshoreman or ship repairman is wor king aboard a vessel and is \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 injured by a def ective piece of equipment, the worker may bring an \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca lex100 action in products liability against the manufacturer of that equip-\par\ pard\ql \li3023\sb44\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 ment.\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 529 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb10\sl-260\s lmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Though a worker need not elect remedies, acceptance of LHWCA \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charsc alex100 benefits from an employer pursuant to an award operates as an as-\line \ up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 signment of rights of the injured worker to the emp loyer, unless the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 worker commences an action against the third-party tortfeasor within \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 s ix months of accepting compensation benefits.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs19 530\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If the employer fails \line \up0 \expn dtw-6\charscalex100 to bring its action against the third-party tortfeasor withi n ninety days \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 of the assignment, it loses th e right to the assignment, which reverts \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 bac k to the worker.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 531\ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 Where the employer does bring a cause of ac-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\c harscalex100 tion against the third-party tortfeasor, the employer is entitled t o re-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 tain from any judgment all amounts paid as compensation to the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 worker, including th e present value of any benefits that will be paid in \line \up0 \expndtw-6\chars calex100 the future, as well as reasonable attorney fees expended in bringing \l ine \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 suit.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 532\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Recovery in excess of these amounts will be turned over to the \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 injured worker.\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 533\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where an empl oyee brings suit against a third \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 party, the employer or the employee\u8217?s insurance company may inter-\line \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex100 vene to recover indemnification for the compensation benefits i t has \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb44\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 paid .\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 534 \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-22 0\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\ slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri5726\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 527. See generally 33 U.S.C. 933 (2000). \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex91 528. Id. 933(a). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2818\sb20\sl-220\sl mult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 529. See, e.g., Lewis v. Timco, Inc., 6 97 F.2d 1252 (5th Cir. 1983), modified, 736 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 F.2d 16 3 (1984). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6418\sb20\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex96 530.33 U.S.C. 933(b) (2000). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 531. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri7425\sb20\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 532 . Id. 933(e). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 533. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\s b11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 534. The Etna, 138 F.2d 37 (3d C ir. 1943). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-23

0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 107 \par\pard\ sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg118}{\bkmke nd Pg118}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\no supersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\ slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2764\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Section 905(b) of the LHWCA expressly re cognizes the right of a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 covered employee to sue the vessel as a third party in an action for \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscale x100 injuries caused by vessel negligence.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 535\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The term \u8220?vessel\u8221? is broadly \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 defined and includes, inter alia, the vessel \u8217?s owner. Under the Act, the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 covered w orker has a cause of action against a vessel where the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 worker\u8217?s injury or death is caused by the vessel\u8217?s neglig ence.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 536\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 As to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u8220?covered\u8221? employees, the LHWCA expressly abolished the judicially \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 cr eated action for unseaworthiness that the Supreme Court had ex-\line \up0 \expnd tw-2\charscalex100 tended to injured longshoremen.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs19 537\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Through the interrelationship \li ne \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 between sections 933 and 905(b), the LHWCA pres erves \u8220?the tradi-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tional maritime tort remedy of an Act-covered employee for injuries \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 caused by the negligence of a vessel . . . while on the navigable wa-\line \u p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ters.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs19 538\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The LHWCA articulates neither the elements of the negli-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 gence cause of action nor the e lements of damages recoverable. The \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 courts, however, have done so as part of the development of this gen-\line \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex95 eral maritime law remedy.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 539 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In Scindia Steam Navigation Co., Ltd. v. De Los Santos,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 540\ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 the Su-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 preme Court articulated g uidelines setting forth the duties that a ves-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex10 0 sel owes to maritime workers. In general, a vessel owner who turns \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 part of a ship over to a stevedore may rely on the expe rtise of the ste-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 vedore in loading or discha rging cargo from the vessel. Negligence \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2819\sb135\sl-230\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex 100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 535. For LHWCA purposes, \u8220?in order for a w aterborne structure to qualify as a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 \u8216?ve ssel\u8217? under 905(b), it must be a vessel for purposes of maritime jurisdict ion. Such \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 a vessel must be capable of naviga tion or its special purpose use on or in water.\u8221? \line \up0 \expndtw-4\cha rscalex100 Richendollar v. Diamond M Drilling Co., 819 F.2d 124, 125 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 484 U.S. 944 (1987). \par\pard \ql \li3383\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 536.33 U.S.C. 905(b) (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2818\sb16\sl-228\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex96 537. In Seas Shipping Co. v. Sieracki, 328 U.S. 85 (1946), the Court extended the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 warranty of seaworthiness to l ongshoremen performing their work aboard vessels, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal ex100 thereby allowing an injured longshoreman (hence a \u8220?Sieracki seaman\u 8221?) to maintain \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 actions for both negligenc e and unseaworthiness. See McDermott Int\u8217?l, Inc. v. \line \up0 \expndtw-5\

charscalex100 Wilander, 498 U.S. 337 (1991). Congress has since amended section 905(b) of the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 LHWCA to deny covered employees the right to sue for unseaworthiness. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb19\sl-220\s lmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 538. Hall v. Hvide Hull No. 3, 746 F.2 d 294, 303 (5th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 474 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 U.S. 820 (1985). \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2821\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex96 539. See, e.g., Howlett v. Birkdale Shipping Co., S.A., 51 2 U.S. 92 (1994); Scindia \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 Steam Navigation Co., Ltd . v. De Los Santos, 451 U.S. 156 (1981). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 540.451 U.S. 156 (1981). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 108 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstar t Pg119}{\bkmkend Pg119}\par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4 684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li468 4\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\par d\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2793\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 that occurs during the se operations usually is the fault of the steve-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 dore or its employees and is not attributable to the vessel owner. Nev-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 ertheless, a vessel owner must exercise \u8220?rea sonable care under the cir-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 cumstances.\u8221 ?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 541\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Sc india described the following three duties that the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc alex100 vessel owner owes to a maritime worker:\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 542\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 (1) A \u8220?vessel owes to the \lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 stevedore and his longshoremen employees the duty of exercising due \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 care \u8216?under the circ umstances.\u8217? This duty extends at least to exercising \line \up0 \expndtw0\ charscalex101 ordinary care under the circumstances to have the ship and its \li ne \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 equipment in such condition that an expert and experienced steve-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 dore will be able by the e xercise of reasonable care to carry on its \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 c argo operations with reasonable safety to persons and property, and \line \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex100 to warning the stevedore of any hazards on the ship or w ith respect to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 its equipment that are known to the vessel or should be known to it in \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 th e exercise of reasonable care, that would likely be encountered by \line \up0 \e xpndtw-6\charscalex100 the stevedore in the course of his cargo operations and t hat are not \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 known by the stevedore and would not be obvious to or anticipated \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 by him if reasonably competent in the performance of his work.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 543 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 (2) \u8220?It is also accep ted that the vessel may be liable if it actively in-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc alex100 volves itself in the cargo operations and negligently injures a long-\li ne \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 shoreman or if it fails to exercise due care to avoid exposing long-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 shoremen to harm from h azards they may encounter in areas, or from \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 equipment, under the active control of the vessel during the steve-\line \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 doring operation.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 544\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 And (3) \u8220?We are of the view th at absent contract \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 provision, positive law, or custom to the contrary . . . , the shipowner \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex 100 has no general duty by way of supervision or inspection to exercise \line \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 reasonable care to discover dangerous conditions tha t develop within \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 the confines of the cargo op

erations that are assigned to the stevedore. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 The necessary consequence is that the shipowner is not liable to the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 longshoremen for injuries caused by dangers unknown to the owner \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 and about which he had no duty to inform himself.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 545 \par\par d\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb177\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 541. Id. at 168. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 542. Though the precedents speak of stevedores and longshoremen, the Scindia \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex97 duties are applicable to other maritime workers as well. See, e.g ., Cook v. Exxon Ship\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 ping Co., 762 F.2d 750 (9th Ci r. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1047 (1986). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 543. Scindia, 451 U.S. at 166-67. \par\pard\ ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 544. Id. at 167. \pa r\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 545. Id. at 1 72. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 109 \par\pard\sect\se ctd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg120}{\bkmkend Pg12 0}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri3235\sb122\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 I f Scindia was aware that the winch was malfunctioning to some \line \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex97 degree, and if there was a jury issue as to whether it was so u nsafe \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 that the stevedore should have ceased using it, could the jury also \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 have found that the winch was so clearly unsafe that Scindia should \line \up0 \expndtw-7\chars calex100 have intervened and stopped the loading operation until the winch \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex87 was serviceable?\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs18\ul0\super \cf10\f11\fs17 546 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb64\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The third rule means that if a shipowner is not aware that a steve-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 dore i s employing unsafe practices, it is not liable for injuries that re-\line \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 sult. A shipowner who is aware that a stevedore is using unsafe prac-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tices may be liable, under some circumstances, for its failure to inter-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex89 vene . \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex93 \ul0\n osupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Dual-Capacity Employers \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb118 \sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where the owner of the vessel is also the employer of the maritime \line \up0 \expndtw -4\charscalex100 worker, the owner-employer has dual capacity under the LHWCA. \ line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 There are restrictions on the right to sue wh ere the vessel owner has \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 dual capacity.\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 547\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 No tort action will lie against the employer where a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 maritime worker engaged in one of the \u8220?harbor worker\u8221? occupations \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 (e.g., shipbuilding and repairing or breaking services) enumerated in \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 section 905(b) is i njured and the worker\u8217?s employer is the owner of \line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 the vessel. The worker\u8217?s exclusive remedy is compensation benef its \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 under the LHWCA. If the injured worker is a longshoreman em-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ployed directly by a vess el, a tort action against the dual-capacity em-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 8 ployer may be available under section 905(b), but the action is against \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the employer only in its capacity as vessel owner. \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 548\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A l

ongshoreman \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 may not recover against a vessel under section 905(b) \u8220?if the injury \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 w as caused by persons engaged in providing stevedoring services to \line \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex90 the vessel.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 549 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb150\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 546. Id. at 178. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 547.33 U.S.C. 905(b) (2000). \par\pard\qj \li302 3\ri2820\sb18\sl-226\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 548. Reed v. Th e Yaka, 373 U.S. 410 (1963). It is not always an easy matter to \line \up0 \expn dtw-4\charscalex100 determine whether an employer has been negligent in its capa city as employer or \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 vessel owner. Gravatt v. City of New York, 226 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 2000), cert. denied, \line \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex92 532 U.S. 957 (2001). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb19\sl-220\sl mult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 549.33 U.S.C. 905(b) (2000); see also S ingleton v. Guangzhou Ocean Shipping \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 Co., 79 F.3d 2 6 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 865 (1996). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0 \nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 110 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pa rd\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg121}{\bkmkend Pg121}\par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal In jury and Death \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb96\ sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Indemn ity and Employer Liens \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If an injured worker brings an action under section 905(b) and recov-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ers d amages from the vessel, the vessel may not recover those dam-\line \up0 \expndtw -6\charscalex100 ages, either directly or indirectly, from the injured worker\u8 217?s employer, \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 notwithstanding any agreemen t to the contrary.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 550\ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 Where the injured \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 worker reco vers damages in a section 905(b) action, the worker is ob-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex96 ligated to repay any compensation benefits received, and the employ er \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 has a judicially created lien in that amo unt.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 551\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Further, where the em-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ployer\u8217?s worker s\u8217? compensation carrier (insurance company) has paid \line \up0 \expndtw-7 \charscalex100 benefits to the injured employee, the carrier may intervene to pr otect \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 its interests even where the recovery is against the employer in its ca-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 pacity as v essel owner.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 552 \par\pard\ql \li302 3\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs2 4 Forum and Time for Suit \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 With respect to the jurisdi ction over claims for compensation bene-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 fits , the maritime worker\u8217?s claim is handled by administrative process \line \ up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 through the U.S. Department of Labor.\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 553\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Any dispute regar ding the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 claim for benefits will be adjudica ted by an administrative law judge\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 5 54 \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 with appellat e review of this decision, if appropriate, by the Benefits \line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex100 Review Board.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 555\ul0 \nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The board will affirm the decision of the administra-\l ine \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tive law judge where it is supported by \u8220

?substantial evidence.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 556\ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 court of appea ls for the circuit in which the injury giving rise to the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\ charscalex100 claim occurred has appellate jurisdiction over the Benefits Review \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Board\u8217?s decision.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 557 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The period beyond whi ch an injured maritime worker\u8217?s claim will \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 be barred depends on whether it is a claim for compensation benefits \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 or an action for damages. The LHWCA provides for a one-year stat-\par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri282 0\sb214\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f 9\fs17 550.33 U.S.C. 905(b) (2000); Edmonds v. Compagnie Generale Transatlan\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 tique, 443 U.S. 256 (1979). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4496 \sb20\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 551. Bloomer v. Liberty Mut. I ns. Co., 445 U.S. 74 (1980). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 552. Taylor v. Bunge C orp., 845 F.2d 1323 (5th Cir. 1988). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 553. See gener ally 33 U.S.C. 913 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex97 554. Id. 919(d). \par\pard\ql \li3383\ri6725\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex89 555. See generally id. 921. \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc alex100 556. Id. 921(b)(3). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 557. Id. 921(c). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 111 \par\pard\sect\sectd\ fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg122}{\bkmkend Pg122}\p ar\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \pa r\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 ute of limitations.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 558\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Suit under section 905(b) is subject to t he three\up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 year statute of limitations for personal i njuries and death under the \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 general maritime law.\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 559 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Offshore Worker s\u8217? Remedies \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb128\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\cha rscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act \pa r\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The discovery and production of offshore energy resources exposed a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 new class of workers to the peril s of maritime employment. The Outer \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Continen tal Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA)\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 560\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 extends the LHWCA\u8217?s com-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex100 pensation benefits provisions to offshore workers engaged in extract-\ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ing natural resources on the Outer Continenta l Shelf.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 561\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 For offshore \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 workers (as with maritime workers), the exclusive remedy against \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 their employers is compensation; they may not maintain a tort action \line \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex93 against their employers.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs19 562 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5 \charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Workers engaged in activities on area s of the Continental Shelf \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 that lie below sta te waters have remedies with respect to their employ-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\chars calex100 ers under state workers\u8217? compensation laws.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 563\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Tort claims may be \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 brought as state claims or general maritime law cl

aims, depending on \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the circumstances. With r espect to injuries occurring on the Conti-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ne ntal Shelf within state waters, the OCSLA is silent. However, be-\line \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex100 cause the OCSLA makes nonconflicting state laws applicable to inju-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 ries occurring on covered situses adj acent to a state, presumably state \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 law would be applicable to similar events occurring within a state\u8217?s \line \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex100 territorial waters. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Status an d Situs Requirements \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-5\charscalex100 OCSLA by its own terms excludes from coverage government em-\ line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ployees\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 564\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and seamen. This does not mean, however, that all others \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 injured while engaged in act ivities on the Outer Continental Shelf are \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb57\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nos upersub\cf8\f9\fs17 558. Id. 913(a). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6038\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 559.46 U.S.C. app. 763(a) (2000). \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex95 560.43 U.S.C. 1331-1356 (2000). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 561. Id. 1333(b). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 95 562. Wentz v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 784 F.2d 699 (5th Cir. 1986). \par\pard\qj \l i3383\ri3525\sb23\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 563. Miles v. Delt a Well Surveying Corp., 777 F.2d 1069 (5th Cir. 1985). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x96 564.43 U.S.C. 1333(b)(1) (2000). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf5\f6\fs19 112 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-24 0{\bkmkstart Pg123}{\bkmkend Pg123}\par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Dea th \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-2 60\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 covered. In order for OCSLA coverage to attach, an offshore worker \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex100 must be engaged in one of the enumerated activities\u8212?e.g., \u82 20?exploring \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 for,\u8221? \u8220?developing,\ u8221? \u8220?removing,\u8221? or \u8220?transporting\u8221? natural resources a s \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 set forth in the OCSLA. As to the situs re quirement, it is not clear if it \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 applies whe re the employee is assigned to work on the Outer Conti-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 nental Shelf even though at the moment of injury he or she may not \l ine \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 in fact be in that location, or if the employe e must in fact be engaged \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 in work on the Out er Continental Shelf when injured.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 5 65\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If a worker \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 s atisfies the status requirement and is actually injured while working \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 on the Outer Continental Shelf, that worker meets the situs require-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 ment and is entitled to compens ation benefits. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15 \sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 Remedies \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri279 5\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Offshore workers injured on the Outer Continental Shelf have the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 same re medies available to maritime workers under the LHWCA.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs19 566\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In \line \up0 \expndtw-6\chars calex100 addition to compensation benefits from their employers, they have a \li ne \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 section 905(c) action for damages caused by the negligence of a vessel \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 and for injuries caus ed by the negligence of other third parties, and \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale

x96 these actions, depending on the circumstances, may be pursued under \line \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 state law or as a general maritime law cause of actio n. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal ex100 The OCSLA extends federal law to the Outer Continental Shelf \line \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 and to injuries suffered thereon that result from energyrelated activi-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ties.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 567\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In addition, the OCSLA adop ts as federal law the laws of each \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 adjacent state where they are not in conflict with federal law, \u8220?for that \line \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 portion of the subsoil and seabed of the Outer Contin ental Shelf, and \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 artificial islands and fixe d structures erected thereon, which would be \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 within the area of the State if its boundaries were extended seaward to \line \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the outer margin of the Outer Continental Shelf.\u82 21?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 568\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 State law does not \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 supplant the general mari time law, however, and injuries resulting \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 fr om tortious activity on navigable waters are governed by the latter, \par\pard\q j \li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2818\sb45\sl-230\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu persub\cf8\f9\fs17 565. Compare Mills v. Director, O.W.C.P., 877 F.2d 356 (5th C ir. 1989), with \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Kaiser Steel Corp. v. Director, O. W.C.P., 812 F.2d 518, 522 (9th Cir. 1987), and \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 Curt is v. Schlumberger Offshore Serv., Inc., 849 F.2d 805 (3d Cir. 1988). \par\pard\ ql \li3383\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 566.43 U.S.C. 1333(a) (1) (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 567. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 568.43 U.S.C. 1333(a)(2)(A) (2000). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf5\f6\fs19 113 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg124}{\bkmkend Pg124}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par \pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2796\sb106\sl-260\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 despite the fact th at the subsoil beneath those waters may form part of \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 7 the Outer Continental Shelf.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 569 \ par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf2\f3\fs31 Remedies of Nonmaritime Persons \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb128\sl-2 76\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Passengers and Others Lawfully Aboard a Ship \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb133\sl-241\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Duty and Standard of Care Generally\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 570 \par\pard\qj \li3023\r i2796\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 A variety of people other than seamen and maritime workers may be \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 lawfully present on a vessel. Every day, passengers boa rd cruise ships, \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 government officials inspect ships, and seamen receive visitors aboard \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex82 ve ssels. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex100 As a general rule, a shipowner is under a duty to exercise reason\up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 able care toward persons lawfully present aboard the sh ipowner\u8217?s \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs19 571\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The standard of care is not de pendent on whether the in\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 jured person is a \u8220?l icensee\u8221? or \u8220?invitee\u8221? on the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 572 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0

\expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Nevertheless, the duty to exercise reasonable care applies only \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 where the injured person is lawfully present aboard the vessel. With \line \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex100 respect to stowaways and other individuals who have no legal right to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 be or remain aboard the vessel, the shipowner is subject to a less de-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 manding s tandard of care, a duty of humane treatment.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs19 573\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In such \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscale x100 situations a shipowner is only liable for its willful or wanton miscon-\lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 duct toward stowaways.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs19 574 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A shipowner is liable when i t or its employee negligently causes an \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 injur y to a person lawfully present aboard the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs19 575\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 By statute, a \par\pard\qj \li3023 \sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2821\sb74\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 569. Id. 1333(f); Tenn. Gas Pi peline v. Houston Cas. Ins. Co., 87 F.3d 150 (5th \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex97 Cir. 1996). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expn dtw-6\charscalex100 570. The materials in this section have been adapted from Ro bert Force & A.N. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 Yiannapoulos, 1 Admiralty and\ul0 \nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 Maritime Law, ch.3 (2001) . \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale x100 571. Leathers v. Blessing, 105 U.S. 626 (1881); The Max Morris v. Curry, 13 7 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 U.S. 1, 2 (1890). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0 \sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 572. Kermarec v. Compagnie Ge nerale Transatlantique, 358 U.S. 625, 632 (1959) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ( holding that \u8220?the owner of a ship in navigable waters owes to all who are on board \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 for purposes not inimical to his legitima te interests the duty of exercising reasonable \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 car e under the circumstances of each case\u8221? (id. at 630) and thereby rejecting the tort \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 rules commonly applied to determine the liability of landowners). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex94 573. The Laura Madsen, 112 F. 72 (W.D. Wash. 1901). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3182\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 574. Taylor v. A laska Rivers Navigation Co., 391 P.2d 15, 17 (Alaska 1964). \line \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex94 575. Monteleone v. Bahama Cruise Line, Inc., 838 F.2d 63, 64 (2d Cir. 1988). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-23 0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 114 \par\pard \sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg125}{\bkmk end Pg125}\par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\no supersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\pard\qj \li3023\s b0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 shipowner is liable when a passenger is injured or a passenger\u8217?s prop-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 erty is damaged by \u8220?explosion, fire, collision, or other cause\u8221? if it hap -\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 pens through neglect, in violation of vario us safety measures, or \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 through known defects in the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 576\ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 Under this provision, liability \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 is imposed not only on shipowners but also on masters and other key \line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 members of the crew. Otherwise, a shipowner is only boun d to exer-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 cise that degree of care as would be exercised by a reasonable \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 shipowner under like circumstances. Specifically, with respect to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca

lex98 medical care for passengers, a cruise ship operator is not liable for the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 negligence of the ship\u8217?s doctor, but li ability would attach if the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 shipowner failed to exercise reasonable care to provide a reasonably \line \up0 \expndtw-4\chars calex100 competent doctor.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 577\ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The shipowner\u8217?s liability to passengers (non-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 maritime persons) is not limited to conduct that o ccurs within the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 confines of the ship.\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 578\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A shipown er may be absolutely liable for the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 intention al torts of its crew members.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 579 \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\ri2799\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The general maritime rule of comparative negligence may be used \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 by a shipowner to reduce the amount of damages.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 580 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb 0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Contractual Limitation of Shipowner\u8217?s L iability \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex100 The United States is not a party to any international convention, such \l ine \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 as the Athens Convention, relating to personal injuries or death of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 passengers and damage to or loss of passengers\u8217? luggage. A statute, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc alex100 however, does provide that a carrier may not \u8220?contract out\u8221? of its li-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ability for negligent acts that re sult in personal injury or death of \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 passenge rs.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 581\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 To a limited extent, a carrier may avoid liability for \line \up0 \expndtw-5\cha rscalex100 emotional distress, mental suffering, or psychological injury except \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3383\sb50\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf8\f9\fs17 576.46 U.S.C. app. 491 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 577. Barbetta v. S.S. Bermuda Star, 848 F.2 d 1364, 1371 (5th Cir. 1988). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi3 60 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 578. Morton v. De Oliveira, 984 F.2d 289 (9th C ir. 1993) (holding that a passen\up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ger who was raped by a member of the crew could recover against the shipowner \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex96 without showing any negligence on the part of the shipowner). \par\pard \qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-233\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 579. Gi llmor v. Caribbean Cruise Line, Ltd., 789 F. Supp. 488, 490 (D.P.R. 1992) \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 (denying cruise line\u8217?s motion to dismiss pas sengers\u8217? complaint alleging negligence in \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex 100 failing to advise them that the pier, where they were injured, was a high-cr ime area; \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 noting that alleged failure to warn took place on board vessel; id. at 491, 492). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3731\sb0\s l-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 580. Carey v. Bahama Cruise Lines, 86 4 F.2d 201, 205 (1st Cir. 1988). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 581.46 U.S.C. app. 183c (2000). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb10\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 115 \par\pa rd\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg126}{\bk mkend Pg126}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0 \nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-2 60\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2797\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\chars calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 when such injury occurs in specified circum stances.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 582\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 The general \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Limitation of Liability Act appli

es, including the special provisions \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 relating to pe rsonal injury and death (see infra Chapter 5). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\s l-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Likewise, a statute prohibits a carrier from requiring passengers to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 give n otice of personal injury within a period of less than six months \line \up0 \exp ndtw-2\charscalex100 after the injury or from requiring that suit be commenced w ithin a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 period of less than one year after th e injury.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 583\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 Notice and com-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 mencement of suit provi sions that comply with these limits are en-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 f orceable. A carrier may not unreasonably limit the time for giving \line \up0 \e xpndtw-2\charscalex100 notice or for the commencement of suit in cases involving lost or \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex89 damaged luggage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 584 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi36 0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In Carnival Cruise L ines, Inc. v. Shute,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 585\ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Supreme Court held \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 that forum selection clauses are enforceable as long as they are not \line \up0 \exp ndtw-5\charscalex100 deemed to be fundamentally unfair. The Court found that the forum \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 selection clause in the passage ticket s in Shute was reasonable because \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the plaint iffs had notice of it and the forum designated was not a \u8220?re-\line \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 mote alien forum.\u8221? \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-36 8\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Recreational B oating and Personal Watercraft \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Recreational boating a ccidents and injuries resulting from the opera-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1 00 tion of personal watercraft on navigable waters satisfy the require-\line \up 0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ments for admiralty tort jurisdiction.\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 586\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In these situation s, courts \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 have applied the tort rules of the general maritime law, recognizing a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 right o f recovery for injuries caused by negligence. Negligence under \line \up0 \expnd tw-4\charscalex100 the general maritime law is no different than under land-base d law \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 except that the rule of proportionate fault applies.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 587\ul0\nosupersub\cf 3\f4\fs21 Contributory \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 negligence and assump tion of risk are not complete defenses. In addi-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex 100 tion, other maritime rules (e.g., those that relate to limitation of li-\lin e \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 ability, maritime liens, salvage) may be applicab le. The use of personal \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3 383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li338 3\sb63\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 5 82. Id. 183c(b). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex96 583. Id. 183b(a), (b). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5622\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 584. The Kensington, 182 U.S. 261 (1902). \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex95 585.499 U.S. 585 (1991). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb1\sl-198\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 586. Foremost Ins. Co. v. Richardson, 457 U.S. 66 8 (1982). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex92 587. See, e.g., Carey v. Bahama Cruise Lines, 864 F.2d 201 (1st Cir. 1988). \par \pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 116 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24 \paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg127}{\bkmkend Pg127}\par\p ard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4684\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\ fs19 Chapter 3: Personal Injury and Death \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult

0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 watercraft, such as jet skis, has occasioned numerou s maritime prod\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 ucts liability actions.\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 588 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw0\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Maritime Products Liabilit y \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In East River Steamship Corp. v. Transamerica Delava l, Inc.,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 589\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 the Su-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 preme Court created the tort of maritime products liability. This ac-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tion ma y be based on negligence or strict liability. The Court has also \line \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex97 adopted the rule that recovery may not be had where the only damage \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 is to the product itself. The Suprem e Court has not otherwise given \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 guidance as t o the substantive rules of maritime products law, such as \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ charscalex100 whether it will follow Restatement of Torts Second or Third or som e \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 other approach. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\ sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Remedies for Wrongful Death \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb128\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\ch arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Introduction \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri279 6\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The general maritime law, as stated in The Harrisburg,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 590\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 once fol-\line \up0 \expndtw -4\charscalex100 lowed the common-law rule that tort causes of action died with the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 injured person.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 591\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Supreme Court, in 1907, a meliorated the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 holding of The Harrisburg by allowing admiralty courts to apply state \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 wro ngful death statutes for deaths in state territorial waters under the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u8220?maritime but local doctrine.\u8221?\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 592\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In 1920, Congre ss partially overruled \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 The Harrisburg throug h the enactment of the Death on the High Seas \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10 0 Act,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 593\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 which provides a statutory wrongful death remedy for those \line \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex97 killed on the high seas, and the Jones Act,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 594\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 which provides a remedy \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 in the case of the death of a seaman. Finall y, in 1970 the Supreme \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li33 83\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383 \ri3861\sb74\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\ fs17 588. Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A. v. Calhoun, 516 U.S. 199 (1996). \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex96 589.476 U.S. 858 (1986). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6844\sb0\sl-2 20\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 590.119 U.S. 199 (1886). \line \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex96 591. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi36 0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 592. The Hamilton, 207 U.S. 389 (1907); Robert F orce, Choice of Law in Admi-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 ralty Cases: \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8220?National Interests\u8221? and the Admiralty Cla use, 75 Tul. L. Rev. 1421, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 1451-63 (2001). \p ar\pard\qj \li3383\ri5860\sb11\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 593.4 6 U.S.C. app. 761-768 (2000). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 594. Id. 688. \par\par d\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 117 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pap erw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg128}{\bkmkend Pg128}\par\pard\ ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li49 87\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs1

9 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\q j\li3023\ri2793\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 Court in Moragne v. States Marine Lines, Inc.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 595\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 overruled The Harris-\l ine \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 burg. Currently, claimants in actions for wron gful death have several \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 remedies, again depe nding generally on the status of their decedent \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 100 and where the decedent was killed. These remedies include an action \line \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 under the Death on the High Seas Act, state wrongful death statutes, \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 the general maritime law, an d for seamen the Jones Act. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-11\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Death on the High Seas Act \par \pard\qj \li3023\ri2798\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Death on the High Seas Act (DOHSA)\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 596\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 provides in pertinent \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 part that \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3236\sb57\s l-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 [w]henev er the death of a person shall be caused by wrongful act, \line \up0 \expndtw-3\ charscalex100 neglect, or default occurring on the high seas beyond a marine \li ne \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 league from the shore of any State . . . the per sonal representative of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the decedent may mai ntain a suit for damages in the district courts \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex 100 of the United States, in admiralty, for the exclusive benefit of the \line \ up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 decedent\u8217?s wife, husband, parent, child, or d ependent relative \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 against the vessel, person , or corporation which would have been \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 liable if death had not ensued.\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs18\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs17 597 \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Enacted in 1920, DOHSA has been amended to exclude from its \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 terms deaths that result from commercial aviation accidents twelve \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 miles or closer to the s hore of any state: Such deaths are subject to the \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 r ules applicable under any federal, state, or other law.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 598 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up 0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 DOHSA provides a wrongful death\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 599\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 remedy in favor of the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 beneficiaries of al l decedents who die as a result of tortious acts com-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex100 mitted beyond state territorial waters, generally more than three \par\ pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\p ard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\par d\qj\li3023\ri2823\sb34\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 595.398 U.S. 375 (1970). For further discussion of Moragn e, see infra notes \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 619-23, 627-29, and 631 and acco mpanying text. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5860\sb20\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex95 596.46 U.S.C. app. 761-768 (2000). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 597. Id. 761. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 5 98. Id. 761(b). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expnd tw-2\charscalex100 599. Wrongful death remedies must be distinguished from survi val actions. \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 Wrongful death beneficiaries are accor ded causes of actions, the elements of damages \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 of which are based on the beneficiaries\u8217? loss; conversely, survival actions a llow the \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 decedent\u8217?s personal representative to maintain a cause of action based on claims for \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 d amages the decedent would have had if he or she had lived. \par\pard\ql \li5975\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 118 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\pape rh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg129}{\bkmkend Pg129}\par\pard\ql \li4684\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\

sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-2 30\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: P ersonal Injury and Death \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li 3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 miles\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 600\ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 from shore (except for deaths that result from commercial air \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 accidents, as noted above).\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs19 601\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Importantly, it is the situs of the tortious \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 conduct when it impacts the decedent that is controlling, rather than \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 the actual place of death.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 602 \par\pard\qj \li3023\r i2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 The DOHSA action may be predicated upon any tort theory, in-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 cluding intentional tort,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs19 603\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 negligence,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 604\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and strict products liabi lity.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 605 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 With respect to causation, in order for th e beneficiaries to recover, the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 tortious cond uct must have proximately caused decedent\u8217?s death.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 606 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 DOHSA provides a cause of action to a clearly defined beneficiary \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 cla ss, including decedent\u8217?s \u8220?wife, husband, parent, child, or depend-\l ine \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ent relative.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 607\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The listing of beneficiaries is not preclusive, and, for \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 example, a depen dent relative may recover under the Act notwith-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 94 standing that decedent is survived by a spouse, children, or parents.\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 608 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\ slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Plaintif f-beneficiaries under DOHSA may recover only for their \line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex97 pecuniary losses,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 609\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 which include loss of support,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 610\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 loss of services,\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 611 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \pa r\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2821\sb14\sl-220\slmul t0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 600. Sometime s the limit includes an area greater than three miles. See Robert \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 Force, Tort Reform by the Judiciary: Developments in the Law of Maritime Personal \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 Injury and Death Damages, 23 Tul. Mar. L.J. 351, 363-66 (1999). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2818\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi 360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 601.46 U.S.C. app. 761 (2000). Coverage under DOHSA extends to the \u8220?high \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 seas\u8221? as well as foreign territorial waters. Howard v. Crystal Cruise Line, 41 F.3d 5 27 \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 (9th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1 084 (1995); Public Adm\u8217?r of N.Y. County v. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscale x100 Angela Compania Naviera, S.A., 592 F.2d 58 (2d Cir.), cert. dismissed, 443 U.S. 928 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 (1979). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\ sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 602. Bergen v. F/V St. Pa trick, 816 F.2d 1345 (9th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 493 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex93 U.S. 871 (1989). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex96 603. Renner v. Rockwell Int\u8217?l Corp., 403 F. Supp. 849 (C.D. Ca l. 1975). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 604. Bodden v. Am. Offshore, Inc., 681 F.2d 319 (5th Cir. 1982). \par\pard\ql \l i3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 605. Pavlides v. Galvesto n Yacht Basin, Inc., 727 F.2d 330 (5th Cir. 1984). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\s b3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 606. Solomon v. Warren, 540

F.2d 777 (5th Cir. 1976), cert. dismissed, 434 U.S. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 4 801 (1977). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw -6\charscalex100 607.46 U.S.C. app. 761 (2000). It is for decedent\u8217?s perso nal representative to \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 prosecute the claim, though. See, e.g., Porche v. Gulf Miss. Marine Corp., 390 F. Supp. \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex93 624 (E.D. La. 1975). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb11\sl-220\slmult0\fi3 60 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 608. Evich v. Connelly, 759 F.2d 1432 (9th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 914 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 (1987). \pa r\pard\ql \li3383\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 609. Mobil Oi l Co. v. Higginbotham, 436 U.S. 618 (1978). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 610. Howard v. Crystal Cruises, I nc., 41 F.3d 527 (9th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 51 4 U.S. 1084 (1995); Bergen v. F/V St. Patrick, 816 F.2d 1345 (9th Cir. 1987), ce rt. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989). \par\pard\ql \li59 75\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb14\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 119 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\p aperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg130}{\bkmkend Pg130}\par\pard\ql \li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\s l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralt y and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\r i2764\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 loss of nurture, guidance, care, and instruction,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs19 612\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 loss of inheri-\line \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex95 tance,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 613\ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and funeral expenses.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs19 614\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Nonpecuniary damages, such as loss \lin e \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 of society, loss of consortium, and punitive dama ges, are not available \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 in an action under DO HSA.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 615\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, Congress not only removed \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 from DOH SA deaths from commercial air crashes occurring twelve \line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex97 miles or closer to the shore of any state, but also authorized the rec ov-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ery of nonpecuniary damages in such cases where death occurs be-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 yond twelve miles fro m the shore of any state. Such damages include \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 loss of care, comfort, and companionship.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs19 616\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Punitive damages may \line \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex95 not be recovered. The Supreme Court has specifically refused to create \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 a \u8220?survival\u8221? action to su pplement DOHSA.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 617 \par\pard\qj \li 3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 In Offshore Logistics, Inc. v. Tallentire,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 618\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Supreme Court held \up 0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 that DOHSA was preemptive of state law and that a cla imant could \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 not append a state law claim to an act ion under DOHSA in order to \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 supplement damages avai lable under the Act. The Court also held that \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 a DOH SA action may be brought in state court. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Wrongful Death Und er the General Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Subsequent to the passage of DOHSA and the Jones Act, the Supreme \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Cour t in the case of Moragne v. States Marine Lines, Inc.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs19 619\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 followed \line \up0 \expndtw-5 \charscalex100 Congress\u8217?s lead and overruled The Harrisburg. Moragne creat ed a \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 wrongful death remedy under the general

maritime law for deaths \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 occurring within st ate territorial waters. The plaintiff in that case was \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\ sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb50\s l-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 611. SeaLand Serv., Inc. v. Gaudet, 414 U.S. 573 (1974). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-20 7\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 612. Nygaard v. Peter Pan Seafoods, Inc., 701 F.2d 77 (9th Cir. 1983). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi 360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 613. Zicherman v. Korean Airlines Co., Ltd., 4 3 F.3d 18 (2d Cir. 1994), aff\u8217?d in \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 part, 516 U.S. 217 (1996). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \exp ndtw-6\charscalex100 614. Neal v. Barisich, Inc., 707 F. Supp. 862 (E.D. La.), a ff\u8217?d, 889 F.2d 273 (5th \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 Cir. 1989). \pa r\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb16\sl-226\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 615. Zicherman v. Korean Airlines Co., Ltd., 516 U.S. 217 (1996) (loss of soci\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ety); Mobil Oil Co. v. Higginbotham, 436 U.S . 618 (1978) (loss of society); Bergen v. \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 F/ V St. Patrick, 816 F.2d 1345 (9th Cir. 1987) (punitive damages), cert. denied, 4 93 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 U.S. 871 (1989). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb10 \sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 616.46 U.S.C. app. 762(b)(2) (Supp. 2000). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4633\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x94 617. Dooley v. Korean Airlines Co., 524 U.S. 116 (1998). \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex95 618.447 U.S. 207 (1986). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 619.398 U.S. 375 (1970). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 120 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\p ard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg131}{\bkmkend Pg131}\par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-230\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Personal I njury and Death \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri27 94\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 the widow of a Sieracki seaman (i.e., a longshoreman) who was killed \line \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 on a vessel in navigable waters, and the lawsuit was based on an un-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 seaworthiness theory as was t hen permitted. Subsequently, in Norfolk \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Ship building and Drydock Corp. v. Garris,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs1 9 620\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Court extended the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex100 Moragne action to encompass a negligence claim based on the death \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 of a maritime worker. Because nothing in the Garris decision limits its \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 application to ma ritime workers, the case may be taken as encom-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 passing a general maritime law wrongful death claim for any person \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 killed in state waters. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0 \sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Prior to Garris, the Supreme Court had held that Moragne\u8217?s crea-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ti on of a general maritime wrongful death action for deaths in state \line \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex95 waters did not preempt state remedies in cases involving n onseafarers. \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 In Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A. v. Calhoun,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 621\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 the Supreme Court held \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 that with respe ct to nonseafarers\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 622\ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 the general maritime law cause of \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale x100 action created by Moragne did not supply the exclusive remedy for \line \up 0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 wrongful deaths occurring in state territorial waters . Thus, at least \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 where a decedent\u8217?s be neficiaries are not provided with a preclusive \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1 00 wrongful death remedy by legislation, such as the Jones Act or the \line \up0

\expndtw-5\charscalex100 LHWCA, damages may be recovered under state wrongful d eath \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb44\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 law.\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 623 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb10 \sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 I n Sea-Land Service, Inc. v. Gaudet,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 624\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Supreme Court applied \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ charscalex100 an expansive rule of damages to actions for wrongful death in stat e \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 territorial waters, holding that the wife of a longshoreman whose \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 death resulted from an accident in territorial waters could recover for \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc alex100 loss of society. Subsequently, in Miles v. Apex Marine Corp.,\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 625\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the \par\pard\ ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb117\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 620.532 U.S. 811 (2001). \par\pa rd\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 621.516 U.S. 199 (1996). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex97 622. \u8220?Seafarers\u8221? include Jones Act seamen and maritime wo rkers covered by the \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 LHWCA. Calhoun, 516 U.S. at 20 5, n.2. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\cha rscalex100 623. On remand the Third Circuit held that the general maritime law d eter-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 mined whether or not plaintiffs had a c ause of action, Pennsylvania law determined \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the measure of wrongful death damages, and the law of Puerto Rico determined the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 right to recover punitive damages. The case is important because it accentuates the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 dis parity of recovery between the general maritime law and the laws of some states. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 Calhoun v. Yamaha Motor Corp. U.S.A., 216 F. 3d 338 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 531 U.S. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 1037 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6844\sb20\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex95 624.414 U.S. 573 (1974). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 625.498 U.S. 1 9 (1990). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 121 \par\pard\s ect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg132}{\bkmken d Pg132}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nos upersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\s lmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Court denied recovery for loss of society, hold ing that the surviving \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 (nondependent) mother of a Jones Act seaman could recover only for \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 pecuniary loss, even though as in Gaudet the action was based on un-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 seaworthiness under the general maritime law. The Court reasoned \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 that the damages recoverable under the general maritime law could \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 not exceed t hose available under the Jones Act. It did not expressly \line \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex94 overrule Gaudet, however. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slm ult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 In the wake of Miles, some lower federa l courts have held that re-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 coverable damages under the general maritime law in both death and \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex100 injury cases are restricted to pecuniary losses and have refused to al-\li ne \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 low recovery of loss of society regardless of t he status of the parties. \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Most courts have d enied recovery of punitive damages.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 626\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Thus the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 dama ges recoverable under Moragne and DOHSA may be the same. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb 0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca

lex94 Persons Entitled to Recover Under Moragne \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64 \sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 In Moragne v. States Marine Lines, Inc.,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 627\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Supreme Court created a \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 wrongful death remed y under the general maritime law for deaths \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 occurr ing within state territorial waters. Only the decedent\u8217?s personal \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex100 representative may bring suit on behalf of the beneficiari es.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 628\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Benefi\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 ciaries of a Moragne action include the deced ent\u8217?s spouse, dependent \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 children, parents, an d dependent relatives.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 629 \par\pard \ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb196\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9 \fs17 626. See, e.g., Horsley v. Mobil Oil Corp., 15 F.3d 200 (1st Cir. 1994); W ahlstrom \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb14\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex95 v. Kawasaki Heavy Indus., Ltd., 4 F.3d 1084 (2d Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1114 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 (1994); Miller v. Am. Presiden t Lines, Ltd., 989 F.2d 1450 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 510 \line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex93 U.S. 915 (1993). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex95 627.398 U.S. 375 (1970). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl233\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 628. Tidewater Marine Towing, In c. v. Dow Chem. Co., 689 F.2d 1251 (5th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 1982); Ivy v. Sec. Barge Lines, Inc., 585 F.2d 732 (5th Cir. 1978), cert. denied , 446 U.S. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 956 (1980); Neal v. Barisich, Inc. , 707 F. Supp. 862 (E.D. La.), aff\u8217?d, 889 F.2d 273 (5th \line \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex97 Cir. 1989). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi36 0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 629. See, e.g., In re Patton-Tully Transp. Co., 797 F.2d 206 (5th Cir. 1986) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 (spouse); Sistrunk v. Circle Bar Drilling Co., 770 F.2d 455 (5th Cir. 1985) (parents), \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex97 cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1019 (1986); Spiller v. Thomas M. Lowe, Jr . & Assoc., Inc., 466 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 F.2d 903 (8th Cir. 1972) (de pendent stepchildren); Smith v. Allstate Yacht Rentals, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex95 Ltd., 293 A.2d 805 (Del. 1972) (dependent siblings). \par\pard\ql \li5975\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb2\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 122 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh 15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg133}{\bkmkend Pg133}\par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4684\sb189\sl-230 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 3: Per sonal Injury and Death \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li30 23\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Seaman\u8217?s Claims \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex96 A Jones Act action provides a seaman\u8217?s beneficiaries w ith the exclusive \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 remedy against an employer for negligence.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 630\ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 A Jones Act negligence \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 action is available regardless of whether death occurs on the high seas, \line \up0 \expnd tw-2\charscalex100 in state territorial waters, or on land. Death actions predic ated on \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 other grounds, such as unseaworthine ss or against nonemployers,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 631 \lin e \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 may be brought under DOHSA where death occurs on the high seas \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 a nd under Moragne where death occurs in state territorial waters. As \line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 with DOHSA, the beneficiary class is specified in the st atute: the sur-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 viving spouse and children; i f none, then parents; and if none, then \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 next

of kin dependent on the decedent. Jones Act beneficiaries are \line \up0 \expnd tw-6\charscalex100 ranked in preclusive order\u8212?i.e., a higher ranked class \u8220?takes\u8221? to the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 exclusion of a low er ranked class.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 632\ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 The Jones Act also creates a right \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 to bring a survival action for the seaman\u8217?s conscious pain and suffer\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ing between the time of injury and death.\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 633\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There is no right to re-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 cover future lost earnings. \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 634 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Maritime Workers\u8217? Claims \par\pard\qj \li3023\r i2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Under the Longshore and H arbor Workers\u8217? Compensation Act \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 (LHWCA ), the maritime worker\u8217?s beneficiaries are entitled to the \line \up0 \exp ndtw-7\charscalex100 payment of scheduled death benefits from the decedent\u8217 ?s employer, \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 subject to the special rules ap plicable to employer vessel owners. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Where th e maritime worker\u8217?s death is caused by the negligence of a \line \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex101 vessel, the action may be brought under section \up0 \expndt w0\charscalex104 905(b) of the \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 LHWCA. Though the Supreme Court in Moragne created a general \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 maritime law wrongful death remedy in fav or of the beneficiaries of a \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 longshoreman whose de ath resulted from the unseaworthiness of the \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 vesse l upon which he was working, this action was legislatively over\up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex100 ruled by the LHWCA.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 635 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb57\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 630. Furka v. Great La kes Dredge & Dock Co., 775 F.2d 1085 (4th Cir. 1985). \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri282 3\sb18\sl-226\slmult0\fi360\tx3383\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex93 631. See, e.g., In re Cleveland Tankers, Inc., 843 F. Supp. 1157 (E.D. Mich. 1994). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 632. Hamilton v. Canal Barge Co., 395 F. Supp. 978 (E.D. La. 1975). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 633. Snyder v. Wh ittaker Corp., 839 F.2d 1085 (5th Cir. 1988); Nygaard v. Peter \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex93 Pan Seafoods, Inc., 701 F.2d 77 (9th Cir. 1983). \par\pard\ql \li33 83\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 634. Miles v. Apex Marine Co rp., 498 U.S. 19 (1990). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \ up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 635.33 U.S.C. 905(b) (2000); see also Easley v. S. S hipbuilding Corp., 936 F.2d \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 839 (5th Cir. 199 1), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1050 (1993). The longshoreman is no longer \par\pard\ ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 123 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paper w12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg134}{\bkmkend Pg134}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li49 87\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\ li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu persub\cf3\f4\fs21 Further, because the LHWCA preserves the rights of maritime \ line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 workers against third parties, actions agains t nonemployer and non-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 vessel defendants will proceed in the same manner as any other \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 wro ngful death claim.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 636\ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 Where the decedent\u8217?s death is caused by \line \up0 \expndtw -2\charscalex100 third-party negligence, if it results from an accident on land, state \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 wrongful death and survival statutes

will apply; where the accident \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 takes place o n territorial waters, Moragne-Garris applies; and where \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex100 the death results from tortious conduct on the high seas, DOHSA will \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 apply. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Offshore Oil and Gas Workers\u8217? Claims \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 If an offshore worker is covered by the LHWCA v ia OCSLA, then re-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 covery for the worker\u821 7?s wrongful death is limited to the remedies \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10 0 available to maritime workers, and claims against the employer are \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 controlled by sections 904, 905(a), and 905(c) of the L HWCA, not-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 withstanding the fact that the dea th occurred in the water or on a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 vessel whil e the employee was performing his or her duties, or while \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ charscalex100 being transported to a platform.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs19 637\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If an offshore worker is killed on a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 fixed platform in state waters, state worker s\u8217? compensation schemes \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 supply the rem edy against the employer.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 638\ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 As to actions against non-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 employers, Moragne-Garris applies to deaths resulting from maritime \line \u p0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 torts in state waters. If an offshore worker\u8217?s death results from a \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 wrongful act on the hig h seas, then DOHSA provides the remedy. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\ri2820\sb219\sl-233\slmult0 \tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 entitled to a w arranty of seaworthiness. See Scindia Steam Navigation Co., Ltd. v. De \line \up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 Los Santos, 451 U.S. 156 (1981) (discussed supra text accompanying notes 540-46). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 636.33 U.S.C . 933 (2000). Norfolk Shipbuilding & Drydock Corp. v. Garris, \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex92 532 U.S. 811 (2001). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex94 637. See, e.g., Wentz v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 784 F.2d 699 (5t h Cir. 1986). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2825\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndt w-4\charscalex100 638. Herb\u8217?s Welding, Inc. v. Gray, 470 U.S. 414 (1985); Hollier v. Union Tex. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Petroleum Corp., 972 F.2d 662 (5th Cir. 1992). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22 \sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 124 \pa r\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg135} {\bkmkend Pg135}\par\pard\ql \li5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428\sb0\ sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428\sb0\sl -368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428\sb0\sl-3 68\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428\sb367\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 chapter 4 \par\pard\ql \li3710\sb76\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs39 Collision and Other Acci dents \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb208\sl-368\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Introduction \par \pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Basic Collision Regulations (COLREGS), or Internation al Rules, \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 were developed by the Intergovernm ental Maritime Commission \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 (originally IMCO, now IMO) and agreed on in the 1972 Convention \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex10 0 on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. In \line \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 1977, these rules were adopted by statute in the Uni ted States\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 639\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 and \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 became part of the law of the Uni ted States. These rules essentially \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 deal with

the safe navigation of vessels; they are analogous to \u8220?rules of \line \up 0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the road.\u8221? It should be noted, however, that in the internal waters of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 the United States a s eparate set of navigational rules, referred to as the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\char scalex100 Inland Navigational Rules, apply.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs19 640\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Although there are many simi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 larities between the two, they are by no means identical . \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale x100 The basic international law applicable to collision liability is em-\line \ up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 bodied in the 1910 Brussels Collision Convention.\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 641\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The U nited \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 States has not ratified this conventio n. Under the convention, liability \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 for damag e or injury caused by a collision is based on fault. Despite \line \up0 \expndtw -5\charscalex100 the fact that collision law in the United States is also based on fault, \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 including the proportional fault r ule,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 642\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 important differences exist \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 between U.S. and international law relating to collisions. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-26 0\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Collision law applies in two situa tions. The first is the traditional \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 collision situ ation where two moving vessels come in physical contact \up0 \expndtw-7\charscal ex100 with each other. The second situation, referred to as an \u8220?allision,\ u8221? oc\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 curs where a moving vessel strikes a stat ionary object, such as a \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 docked vessel, a bridge, o r a wharf. \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-22 0\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri6038\sb54 \sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 639.33 U.S.C. 1601-1608 (2000). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 640. Id. 2002-2073. \par\par d\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 641. International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law with \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex91 respect to Collision between Vessels, Brussels, Sept. 23, 1910. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 642 . United States v. Reliable Transfer Co., 421 U.S. 397 (1975). \par\pard\ql \li5 975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li597 5\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 125 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop3878\shpright9245\shpbottom3898\shpfhdr0\shp bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz38\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g136}{\bkmkend Pg136}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023 \sb316\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Li ability \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Fault in a collision case may arise because of (1) negligence or lack of \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 proper care or sk ill on the part of the navigators; (2) a violation of the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\

charscalex100 rules of the road (i.e., the applicable rules of navigation laid d own by \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 or under the authority of statute or regulation); (3) failure to comply \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 with loca l navigational customs or usage; or (4) an unseaworthy con-\line \up0 \expndtw-2 \charscalex100 dition or malfunction of equipment. Liability is imposed where th e \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 negligence of the navigator of a vessel is found to have caused a colli-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 sion. The test is whether the collision could have been avoided by the \line \up0 \expndtw-2\ch arscalex100 exercise of ordinary care, caution, and maritime skill.\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 643\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Collision \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 cases tend to be fact-specific, and the circumstanc es of each case will \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 be controlling. \par\par d\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Also, a vessel may be held at fault for violation of a local naviga-\line \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex100 tional custom.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 64 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A party seeking to rely on a custom to establish f ault \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 has the burden of establishing that suc h custom, in fact, exists. Cus-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tom may be re lied on only if it does not conflict with statutory rules of \line \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex95 navigation.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 645 \par \pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf2\f3\fs31 Causation \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 No liability will be imposed even where negligent navigation is shown \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 unl ess it is proved that the negligence was the proximate cause of the \line \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 collision. A proximate cause must, however, be a substan tial factor in \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 bringing about the collision. There may be more than one proximate \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 cause to a collision. Before the adoption of the \u8220?proportionate fault\u8221? \li ne \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 rule that allocates the aggregate loss according to the degree of fault of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 the parties,\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 646\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 a series of \u8220?causation\u8221? rules had been created to amelio-\line \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex100 rate the unfairness of the \u8220?divided damages\u8221? rule th at apportions the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 loss equally among tortfea sors regardless of the degree of fault. Most \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 courts have held that some of these special collision-causation rules \line \up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 were abrogated by the Supreme Court when it overruled the divided \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb57\sl -207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 643. The J umna, 149 F. 171, 173 (2d Cir. 1906). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slm ult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 644. Valley Towing Serv., Inc. v. S.S. Am. Wheat, Freighters, Inc., 618 F.2d 341 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 (5th Cir . 1980). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\ch arscalex100 645. Zim Israel Navigation Co. v. Special Carriers Inc., 611 F. Supp . 581 (E.D. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 La. 1985). \par\pard\ql \li3383\s b11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 646. Reliable Transfer Co., 421 U.S. 397. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 126 \par\pard\s ect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg137}{\bkmken d Pg137}\par\pard\ql \li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosu persub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 4: Collision and Other Accidents \par\pard\qj \li3023 \sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 damages rule and adopted the propo rtionate fault rule.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 647\ul0\nosuper

sub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the basic rules of proxi mate cause still apply, including the rule of su\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 pe rseding cause, whereby under appropriate circumstances a subse\up0 \expndtw-5\ch arscalex100 quent negligent act may supersede prior fault and relieve from any \ up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 liability the party initially at fault.\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 648 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw0\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Presumptions \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 There are a number of presumptions that may arise under U.S. coll i-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 sion law.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 649\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The most important presumption is th e Pennsylvania \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 Rule,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 650\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 which comes into play when a vessel violates a safety standard \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 establish ed by statute or regulation. Under the Pennsylvania Rule, a \line \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex100 vessel that violates a statute or regulation must show \u8220?no t merely that \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 her fault might not have been one of the causes, or that it probably \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 was n ot, but that it could not have been\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 651\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the cause of the collision. \line \up0 \e xpndtw-4\charscalex100 Therefore, a vessel that violates a safety statute has th e burden of \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 proving that its violation of th e statute could not have caused the ac-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 cident . Where two colliding vessels have both violated a safety statute, \line \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex95 the presumption of causation will be applied to both vesse ls. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca lex100 Although the Pennsylvania Rule was formulated in a collision \line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex100 case, it is now accepted as a general rule applicable in maritime tort \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 cases.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 652\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Often the Pennsylvania Rul e is invoked together with the tort \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 doctrine of negligence per se. This is a basic tort doctrine that permits \line \up0 \ex pndtw-6\charscalex100 fault to be presumed against a party whose conduct violate d a gov-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ernmentally established norm of beha vior. A party seeking to rely on \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the doctrin e of negligence per se must show that a statute or regula-\par\pard\qj \li3023\s b0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2821\sb194\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 647. Getty Oil Co. (E. Operatio ns), Inc. v. S.S. Ponce de Leon, 555 F.2d 328 (2d \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Cir. 1977) (major-minor rule abrogated); Self v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 832 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 F.2d 1540 (11th Cir. 1987) (active-passive rul e abrogated but the Pennsylvania rule \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 still applies ), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1033 (1988). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 648. Exxon Co., U.S.A. v. Sofec, Inc., 517 U.S. 830 (1996). \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2822\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex98 649. These presumptions are in direct conflict with Article 6 of the 1910 Brussels \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 Collision Convention that abol ished all presumptions of fault in collision cases. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex94 650. The Pennsylvania, 86 U.S. (19 Wall.) 125 (1873). \par\pard\ql \ li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 651. Id. at 136. \par\pa rd\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 652. Candies Towing Co. v. M/V B & C Eserman, 673 F.2d 91 (5th Cir. 1982) \up0 \expn dtw-6\charscalex100 (sinking of barge); Self v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 8 32 F.2d 1540 (11th Cir. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 1987) (personal injury and death), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1033 (1988). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosu persub\cf5\f6\fs19 127 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb 0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg138}{\bkmkend Pg138}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0

\par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 tion establis hed a safety standard intended to protect that party and \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca lex100 that the conduct of the other party fell below that standard, thereby \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 causing injury or loss. The tandem of presumptions, ne gligence per se \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 and the Pennsylvania Rule, imposes on the alleged tortfeasor the dual \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 burden of dispro ving both fault and causation. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi 360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Another important presumption is that when a m oving vessel \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 strikes a nonmoving vessel or stationa ry object, the moving vessel is at \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 fault.\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 653\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This presump tion may be rebutted by showing, for example, \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 that the stationary object was a hazard to navigation.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs19 654 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex82 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Damages \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl -260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The measu re of damages in a collision or allision case depends on \line \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 whether the vessel is deemed a total loss or a partial loss capable of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 being repaired. In a total loss, the dama ges include the market value of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the vessel a t the time of the loss plus pending freight and pollution \line \up0 \expndtw-4\ charscalex100 cleanup, wreck removal, and other incidental costs proximately re\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 sulting from the casualty.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 655\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Loss of earnings and detention are not \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 recoverable.\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 656 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In a partial lo ss capable of being repaired, damages include the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscal ex100 cost of repairs (or diminution in value if no repairs are made), the loss \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 of earnings for the period the vessel is out of service, and incidental \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 costs such as wh arfage, pilotage, and salvage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 657\u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Repairs for damage \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 that was not caused by the collision will not be included in a damage \line \u p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 recovery.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs1 9 658\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In order to recover lost earnings, the vessel owner must \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 prove the loss.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 659\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A vessel owner may pr ove lost earnings by showing \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 that because of the damage to the vessel the owner has been unable to \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\s l-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb190\s l-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 653. The Oregon, 158 U.S. 186 (1895). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi36 0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 654. Bunge Corp. v. M/V Furness Bridge, 558 F.2d 790 (5th Cir. 1977), cert. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 denied, 435 U.S. 924 (1 978). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5885\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 4 655. The Umbria, 166 U.S. 404 (1897). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 656. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 657. S kou v. United States, 478 F.2d 343 (5th Cir. 1973). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\ sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 658. Bouchard Transp. Co. v. The Tug Ocean Prince, 691 F.2d 609 (2d Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 94 1982). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\c harscalex100 659. Delta S.S. Lines, Inc. v. Avondale Shipyards, Inc., 747 F.2d 9 95 (5th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1984). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl

-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 128 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15 840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg139}{\bkmkend Pg139}\par\pard\ql \li4564\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb189\sl-230\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 4: Colli sion and Other Accidents \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li 3023\ri2793\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 fulfill contractual commitments and has lost charter hire or freight. \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 660 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 When a vessel is not under charter, the vessel owner may prove lost \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 earnings during the period the vess el was unusable by showing earn\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 ings prior to the ac cident and after the repairs were made.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 661 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The principle of Robins Dry Dock & Repair Co. v. Flint\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 662\ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 limits a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 negligent tortfeasor\u821 7?s liability for damages caused by a collision or al-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\char scalex100 lision. In Robins Dry Dock, the Supreme Court held that a negligent \l ine \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tortfeasor who damages a vessel cannot be held liable for economic \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 losses suffered by the v essel\u8217?s time charterer because the vessel owner \line \up0 \expndtw-6\char scalex100 was unable to fulfill its contractual commitments under the charter.\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 663 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The principle has been interpreted more broadly t o mean that recov-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ery for economic losses ca nnot be had from a tortfeasor whose negli-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 ge nce damaged property unless the plaintiff had a proprietary interest \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 in the property.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 664\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This is a rule of general maritime law and applies in \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 all maritime tort cases. \par\par d\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 In Ro bins Dry Dock, the charter party had an \u8220?off hire\u8221? clause, and \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 thus the charterer was not obligated to pay chart er hire during the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 period it was unable to us e the vessel. Nevertheless the Court held that \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 the vessel owner, who obviously had a proprietary interest in the ves-\line \ up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 sel, was entitled to recover for not only the physi cal damage to the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 vessel but also its lost h ire. However, some courts have held that \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 wher e a vessel is time chartered and the charter hire is not suspended \line \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex100 while the vessel is out of service, the charterer may rec over damages \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 from the negligent tortfeasor i n the amount of the charter hire paid.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 665 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In these s ituations, the charterer steps into the shoes of the owner who \line \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex100 would have been able to recover in the absence of the clause obligat-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 ing the charterer to continue paying hire. \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slm ult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2824\sb54\sl-2 20\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 660. M oore-McCormack Lines v. The Esso Camden, 244 F.2d 198 (2d Cir.), cert. \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex91 denied, 355 U.S. 822 (1957). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-20 7\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 661. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6840\sb3 \sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 662.275 U.S. 303 (1927). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 663. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2817\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 664. State of La. ex rel. Guste v. M/V Test

bank, 752 F.2d 1019 (5th Cir. 1985), \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 cert. denied, 477 U.S. 903 (1986). But see Sekco Energy Inc. v. M/V Margaret Chouest, \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex92 820 F. Supp. 1008 (E.D. La. 1993). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb1 1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 665. Venore Transp. Co. v. M/V Str uma, 583 F.2d 708 (4th Cir. 1978). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 5\f6\fs19 129 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{ \bkmkstart Pg140}{\bkmkend Pg140}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\par d\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\ fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In State of Louis iana ex rel. Guste v. M/V Testbank,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 666\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 where a haz-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ardous substance spilled into the water as a result of a collision, vari-\line \ up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ous plaintiffs who were not directly involved in th e collision and sus-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 tained no physical damag e to their property were denied recovery for \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 their economic losses. The plaintiffs included operators of marinas \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 and boat rentals, marine suppliers, tackle and bait sho ps, wholesale \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 and retail seafood enterprises, seafood restaurants, cargo terminal op-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 erato rs, recreational fishermen, and vessel owners whose vessels were \line \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex100 trapped when the Coast Guard closed the waterway. There was some \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 suggestion that losses suffered by com mercial fishermen may be an \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 exception to the rule requiring physical damage as a prerequisite to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex100 recover for economic loss in an unintentional maritime tort.\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 667 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slm ult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In United S tates v. Reliable Transfer Co.,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 668\ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Supreme Court \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex10 0 abandoned its longstanding \u8220?divided damages\u8221? rule, which provided \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 in collision cases that damages would be div ided equally between two \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 or more tortfeasors regardless of the degree of fault of the respective \line \up0 \expndtw-5\chars calex100 tortfeasors. The Court adopted a comparative fault rule in its place, \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 holding the following: \par\pard\qj \li3383\r i3236\sb57\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\f s19 When two or more parties have contributed by their fault to cause \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 property damage in a maritime collision or stranding, liability for \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 such damage is to be allocated among the parties proportionately \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 to the co mparative degree of their fault, and that liability for such \line \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex95 damages is to be allocated equally only when the parties are equ ally \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 at fault or when it is not possible fai rly to measure the comparative \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 degree of thei r fault.\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs18\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs17 669 \par\pard\qj \li302 3\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 If a vessel sinks in navigable waters of the United States through \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 collision or otherwise, the owner of the ves sel has a statutory duty to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 mark and remove t he wreck as soon as possible.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 670\ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If a vessel collides \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 with an unmarked sunken vessel, the owner of the sunken vessel will \line \up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 be liable for damages caused by the collision if the

owner is found to \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 have been negligent.\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 671\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Further, a nonowner may be held liable for \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\p ard\qj\li3383\ri3794\sb134\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 \ul0\nosu persub\cf8\f9\fs17 666.752 F.2d 1019 (5th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 477 U.S. 903 (1986). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 667. Id. at 1021. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6 844\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 668.421 U.S. 397 (1975). \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 669. Id. at 411. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 670. The Wreck Act, 33 U.S.C. 409, 411 (2000). \ par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 671. Ison v . Roof, 698 F.2d 294 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 461 U.S. 957 (1983). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 130 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1 2240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg141}{\bkmkend Pg141}\par\pard\ql \ li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li45 64\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\s b189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Cha pter 4: Collision and Other Accidents \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \p ar\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0 \nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 contribution where the nonowner was at fault in causing a vessel to \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 sink and a collision involving the wre ck subsequently occurs.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 672\ul0\nosu persub\cf3\f4\fs21 Fi\up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 nally, the Supreme Court has held that a negligent nonowner who \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 caused a vesse l to sink may be liable for the costs of removal or may \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex92 be required to remove the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 673 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\char scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where damages are sustained by cargo inter ests in a maritime \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 accident in which both ves sels are to blame, COGSA or the Harter Act \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 m ay prevent cargo owners from recovering damages directly from the \line \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex100 carrying vessel or may limit the amount of recovery to $50 0 per pack-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 age or customary freight unit.\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 674\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Howeve r, cargo interests are able to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 recover full d amages from the noncarrying vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 675\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 COGSA defenses \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 and COGSA limitation of liability are not available to the noncarrying \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex84 vessel. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmu lt0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 In computing the amount of its damages, the noncarrying vessel \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 will include the full amount of damages paid to cargo interests in their \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charsc alex100 damages calculation. The noncarrying vessel may then recover the \line \ up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 amount of the cargo damage in proportion to the car rying vessel\u8217?s \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 fault. A vessel owner m ay not force a cargo interest to forfeit part of \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscale x100 its recovery from the noncarrying vessel by use of a \u8220?both to blame\u 8221? \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 clause because, in these circumstances , such clauses are unenforce-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 able.\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 676\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The rule that permits cargo to obtain full recovery has survived \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex89 the Reliable Transfer case.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 67 7 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nos upersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Pilots \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A vessel owner whose vesse l is involved in a collision while under \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 con trol of a voluntary pilot is liable in personam if the collision was \line \up0

\expndtw-5\charscalex100 caused by the negligence of the pilot but not if the pi lot is a compul-\par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\ sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2821\sb114\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 672. Nunley v. M/V Dauntless Coloc otronis, 727 F.2d 455 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 469 U.S. 832 (1984). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex94 673. Wyandotte Transp. Co. v. United States, 389 U.S. 191 (1967). \par\p ard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 674 . Section 3 of the Harter Act, 46 U.S.C. app. 192 (2000); The Carriage of \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex92 Goods by Sea Act, 46 U.S.C. app. 1304 (2000). \par\pard\q j \li3383\ri4361\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 675. United Sta tes v. Atl. Mut. Ins. Co., 343 U.S. 236 (1952). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 96 676. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5 \charscalex100 677. Allied Chem. Corp. v. Hess Tankship Co. of Del., 661 F.2d 10 44 (5th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1981). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 131 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15 840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg142}{\bkmkend Pg142}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and M aritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2793\s b106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 so ry pilot.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 678\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 Nevertheless, in the latter situation, the vessel would be \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex98 liable in rem. If the collision were caused both by the pilot\u821 7?s negligence \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 and crew negligence, the owner woul d be liable in personam. In any \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 event, the vessel at fault is liable in rem. Liability of vessel owners for \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex93 the negligence of pilots is discussed infra Chapter 7. \par\pard\ql \li30 23\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Place of Suit and Choice of Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The general rule is t hat a forum will apply its own collision law to col-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc alex100 lisions that occur in its waters.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 679\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Thus, U.S. courts will apply U.S. law \lin e \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 to collisions that occur in U.S. waters.\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 680\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If suit wer e brought in the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 United States based on a co llision that occurred in the territorial wa-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ters of a foreign country, then the U.S. court would apply the law of \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 the country where the collision occurred.\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 681\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 As to collisions on the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 high seas, U.S. courts will apply U.S . collision law.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 682\ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 There appears to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 be an exceptio n to the latter rule where both vessels involved in the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex100 collision are under the same flag. In such cases, a U.S. court shoul d \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 apply the law of the flag.\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 683\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Also, it appears tha t even where vessels are \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 not under the same f lag, if their respective flag states have adopted the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\char scalex100 same collision liability regime, such as the 1910 Brussels Collision \ line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Convention, then the forum should apply the l aw of that common \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 regime.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 684 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\q j\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\

li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li 3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li30 23\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023 \sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2822\sb134\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 678. Compulsory and voluntar y pilotage are explained infra text accompanying \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 no tes 799 & 800. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex95 679. The Mandu, 102 F.2d 459 (2d Cir. 1939). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5191\sb 3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 680. The Scotland, 105 U.S. (15 Ot to) 24 (1881). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 681. The Mandu, 102 F.2d 459. \par\p ard\qj \li3383\ri5744\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 682. The S cotland, 105 U.S. (15 Otto) 24. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 683. Id. \par \pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 684. The Mandu , 102 F.2d 459. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\s l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 132 \par\ pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg143}{\ bkmkend Pg143}\par\pard\ql \li5438\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5438\sb0\sl -368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5438\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5438\sb0\sl-3 68\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5438\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5438\sb0\sl-368 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5438\sb367\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 chapter 5 \par\pard\ql \li4363\sb76\sl-460\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs39 Limitation of Liability \p ar\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb208\sl-368\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Introduction \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 In the United States, a shipowner\u8217?s right to limit its liab ility is gov-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 erned by the Limitation of Vess el Owner\u8217?s Liability Act of 1851.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 685\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Limit ation Act permits a shipowner to limit its liability following \line \up0 \expnd tw-5\charscalex100 maritime casualties to the value of the owner\u8217?s interes t in its vessel \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 and pending freight, provide d that the accident occurred without the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 pri vity or knowledge of the owner.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 686\ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, the owner of a sea-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex97 going vessel involved in a marine casualty that results in the loss o f life \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 or personal injuries may be required to set up an additional fund if \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the value of the vessel and pending freight is insufficient to pay such \line \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex100 losses in full.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 687\ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The United States has failed to adopt either of the in-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ternational conventions relating to limit ation of liability that apply in \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 many other c ountries.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 688 \par\pard\ql \li3023\s b191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Prac tice and Procedure \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Limitation Act and Rule F of t he Supplemental Rules of Civil \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Procedure spe cify the procedures for limitation proceedings. To initi-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\c harscalex100 ate a limitation proceeding, a shipowner must file a complaint with in \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 six months of its receipt of a claim in w riting.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 689\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs 21 It is not the date of \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the casualty that is controlling, but the date the shipowner receives \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc alex100 notice of a claim. The complaint may seek \u8220?exoneration\u8221? as w ell as \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 limitation of liability\u8212?that is , the owner may plead that it is not liable \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 at all, and in the alternative that if it is liable it is entitled to limit its \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb177\sl-207\slmult0

\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 685.46 U.S.C. app. 181189 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 5 686. Id. 183(a). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex96 687. Id. 183(b). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \ up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 688. International Convention Relating to the Limit ation of Liability of Owners \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 of Seagoing Ships (19 57) and International Convention on Limitation of Liability for \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 Maritime Claims (1976). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 689.46 U.S.C. app. 185 (2000); Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp. R. F(1). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 133 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop3878\shpright9245\shpbottom3898\shpfhdr0\shp bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz42\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g144}{\bkmkend Pg144}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023 \sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 liability as provided in the Limita tion Act.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 690\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 A complaint seeking \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 limitation may only be f iled in a federal district court. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Upon filing a complaint for limitation, the owner of the vessel \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 must \u8220?deposit wit h the court, for the benefit of claimants, a sum equal \line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex100 to the amount or value of the owner\u8217?s interest in the vessel an d pend-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ing freight.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 691\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Alternatively, the ow ner may transfer its interest in the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 vessel and pending freight to a trustee. If the owner chooses to trans-\line \up0 \expn dtw-6\charscalex100 fer its interest in the vessel to a trustee, the owner must include in its \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 complaint any prior paramount liens and any existing liens that arose \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 upo n any voyages subsequent to the marine casualty.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 692\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The owner \line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 must also provide security for costs.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 693\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There is no requirement either \lin e \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 in the statute or Rule F that these other liens b e satisfied by the owner \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 as a precondition t o its right to limitation. The lien claimants may \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal ex100 seek to intervene and file their claims in the limitation proceeding. \lin e \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Any claimant to the fund may file a motion to ha ve the fund that has \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 been deposited with the court increased on the ground either that it is \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscale x100 less than the value of the owner\u8217?s interest in the vessel and pending \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 freight or that the fund is insufficient to meet all of the claims against \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the owner in

respect to loss of life or bodily injury.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 694\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Upon filing such \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex100 a motion, the burden of proof is on the movant. \par\pard\qj \li3023 \ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Once the owner of the vessel complies with the requirements of \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 Rule F(1), the court \u8220?shall\u8221? enjoin all claims and proceedings aga inst \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the owner of the vessel or its property with respect to the matter in \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 question.\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 695\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The cou rt must then give notice to all parties asserting \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscal ex100 claims with respect to the incident for which the owner of the vessel \lin e \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 has sought limitation, advising the parties to f ile their claims in the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 limitation proceedin g. The owner of the vessel is also required to mail \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex97 a copy of the notice to all persons known to have made claims against \pa r\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li3383\sb76\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\c f8\f9\fs17 690. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp. R.\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 \ul0\nosu persub\cf8\f9\fs17 F(2). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex95 691. Id. Supp. R.\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 \ul0\nosupersub\c f8\f9\fs17 F(1). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc alex95 692. Id. Supp. R.\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs 17 F(2). \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expnd tw-7\charscalex97 693. Id. Supp. R. F(1). If the owner of the vessel chooses to post security, it must \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 include interest at the rate of 6% a year from the date the security is posted. Id. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex95 694. Id. Supp. R. F(7). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 695. Id. Supp. R. F(3). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 134 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh158 40\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg145}{\bkmkend Pg145}\par\pard\ql \li4852\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb189\sl-230\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 5: Limita tion of Liability \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri 2806\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 the owner or its vessel regarding the incident for which limitation is \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 sought.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 696 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Rule F, therefore, results in a single proceeding , referred to as a \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8220?concursus\u8221? o f claims, in which all suits arising out of the marine \line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex100 casualty must be litigated. There are two situations, however, in whi ch \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 a claimant will be allowed to maintain it s claim outside of the limita-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 tion of liabil ity proceeding. First, when the owner of the vessel has \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex100 deposited with the court an amount in excess of all claims, a concur -\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 sus is not necessary because there is no po ssibility that the owner \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 could be held liabl e in an amount in excess of the limitation amount. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex100 In such circumstances, claimants must be allowed to pursue their ac-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tions in the forum of their choice.\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 697\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The second except ion to the con-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 cursus originally applied to situations where there was but a single \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 clai mant who stipulated that (1) the admiralty court had exclusive \line \up0 \expnd

tw-3\charscalex100 jurisdiction to adjudicate the limitation of liability issues and (2) the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 claimant would not seek to enfo rce a damage award in excess of the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 limitati on fund established by the federal court.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 698\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Some courts have \line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 extended this exception to include cases involving multiple claimants \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 who protect the shipowner\u8217?s right to l imited liability with similar \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 stipulations.\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 699\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Supreme Court has reaffirmed these exceptions \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex10 0 and stated that the right of a claimant to sue in a state court cannot be \lin e \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 undermined by a shipowner\u8217?s filing a feder al limitation proceeding if \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the shipowner\u8 217?s protection under the Limitation Act is not in jeop-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\c harscalex100 ardy.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 700\ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 Furthermore, the fact that a shipowner is permitted to plead \lin e \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 exoneration in a limitation proceeding does not mean that it has the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 right to compel the adju dication of that issue in a federal court.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 701 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 When a vessel owner files a limitation petition, the supposition is \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 that the limita tion fund will be insufficient to pay all claims in full. \line \up0 \expndtw-5\ charscalex100 Under the Limitation Act, if the owner of the vessel is held liabl e but \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 is allowed to limit its liability, the funds deposited with the court, or \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li3383\sb177\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf8\f9\fs17 696. Id. Supp. R.\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 8\f9\fs17 F(4). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex94 697. Lake Tankers Corp. v. Henn, 354 U.S. 147 (1957). \par\pard\qj \li3023 \ri2824\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 698. In re Port A rthur Towing Co., 42 F.3d 312 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex94 823 (1995). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex93 699. In re Texaco, Inc., 847 F. Supp. 457 (E.D. La. 1994). \par\ pard\qj \li3383\ri4239\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 700. Lewi s v. Lewis & Clark Marine, Inc., 531 U.S. 438 (2001). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex95 701. Id. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22 \sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 135 \pa r\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg146} {\bkmkend Pg146}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\ sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\c harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the proceeds from the sale of the vesse l and the amount of pending \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 freight, are dis tributed by the court on a pro rata basis among the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex100 claimants in proportion to the amounts of their respective claims. The \ line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 distribution is subject to all relevant provi sions of law, such as the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 rules relating to priority of claims.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 702\ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 Priorities among claimants are \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 3 discussed infra Chapter 9. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi36 0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Limitation of liability petitions may not be fil ed in state courts. \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Some courts have held th at a shipowner sued in a federal or state \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 co urt may plead its right to limitation of liability as a defense to the \line \up

0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 claim.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 703 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex92 \ul0\nosu persub\cf2\f3\fs31 The Limitation Fund \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb122\sl-260\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The limitation fund is generally equal to the amount of the owner\u8217?s \line \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 interest in the vessel and pending freight.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 704\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The value of the vessel is \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 determined at the termination of the voya ge or marine casualty.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 705\ul0\nosup ersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 vessel is a total los s, then its value is zero. Insurance proceeds received \line \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex100 by a vessel owner as a result of the marine casualty, such as where a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 vessel is a total loss, are not included in the limitation fund.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 706\ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 \u8220?Pend-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ing freight\u8 221? refers to the owner\u8217?s total earnings for the voyage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 707\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 It \line \up0 \expnd tw-4\charscalex100 includes both prepaid earnings, which by contract are not to be re-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 turned to shippers should the voyage n ot be completed, and uncol-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 lected earnings.\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 708\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A qu estion may arise as to what constitutes a voy-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex10 0 age.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 709\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 Depending on the circumstances, a round-trip voyage may be \line \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex100 the equivalent of a single adventure (which requires earned fr eight to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 be surrendered for the entire round -trip), or it may be broken into \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb36\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 702. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp. R. F(8 ) (1992). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\c harscalex100 703. Mapco Petroleum, Inc. v. Memphis Barge Line, Inc., 849 S.W.2d 312 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 (Tenn.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 815 (1993). \pa r\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 704.46 U.S.C. app. 183(a) (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex97 705. Norwich & N.Y. Transp. Co. v. Wright, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 104 (18 71). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 706. Place v. Norwich & N.Y. Transp. Co., 118 U.S. 468 (1886). \par\pard\ql \li3383\s b13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 707. The Main v. Williams, 152 U .S. 122 (1894). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex95 708. Id. at 132; 3 Benedict on Admiralty 65 (7th rev. ed. 1983). \par\pard \qj \li3023\ri2824\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 709. In re Caribbean Sea Transp., Ltd., 748 F.2d 622 (1984), amended, 753 F.2d \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex97 948 (11th Cir. 1985). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosup ersub\cf5\f6\fs19 136 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0 \sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg147}{\bkmkend Pg147}\par\pard\ql \li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 5: Limitation of Lia bility \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2799\sb106\ sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 distinc t units (with freight considered pending for the particular leg of \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex94 the voyage in which the marine casualty occurred).\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 710 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult 0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If there are p ersonal injuries or death associated with the marine \line \up0 \expndtw-8\chars

calex100 casualty, and the limitation fund is not adequate to cover such losses \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 in full, then the shipowner must increase th at portion of the limita-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tion fund allocable to personal injury and death claims up to a maxi-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal ex100 mum of $420 per ton of the vessel\u8217?s tonnage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 711\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The limitation fund \line \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 needs to be increased only in instances where the ow ner of a \u8220?seagoing \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 vessel\u8221? seeks limitation.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 712\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f 4\fs21 The term \u8220?seagoing vessel\u8221? is defined in the \line \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex96 statute, and excludes, among other vessels, pleasure yachts, tugs, and \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 towboats.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 713 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up 0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The computation of the lim itation fund may be complicated \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 when a marin e casualty involves two or more vessels in a tug and tow \line \up0 \expndtw-5\c harscalex100 situation. In a \u8220?pure tort\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs19 714\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 situation, only the vessel acti vely at fault \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 is valued or surrendered for p urposes of the limitation fund.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 715\ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 contrast, und er the \u8220?flotilla rule,\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 716\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 where a contractual relationship \line \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex97 exists between the vessel owner and the party seeking damage s, both \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the active vessel and the vessels in tow must be included in the com-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 putation of the fund.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 717\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 The continued vitality of the distinction be-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc alex100 tween a \u8220?pure tort\u8221? situation and a contractual relationship situation \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 is questionable.\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 718\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 As a result, some co urts have limited the applica-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tion of the fl otilla rule to those situations where all the vessels belong \par\pard\ql \li338 3\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\ sb70\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 710 . Id. at 626-27. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6069\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex96 711.46 U.S.C. app. 183(b) (2000). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 7 712. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 713. Id. 183(f). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex93 714. Sacramento Navigation Co. v. Salz, 273 U.S. 326 (1927). \par\pard\q j \li3023\ri2819\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 715. Liv erpool, Brazil & River Plate Steam Navigation Co. v. Brooklyn E. Dist. \up0 \exp ndtw-5\charscalex100 Terminal, 251 U.S. 48 (1919). Notwithstanding this decision by the Supreme Court, \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 several lower courts have r equired that the limitation fund equal the value of several \up0 \expndtw-6\char scalex100 vessels engaged in a common project. In re United States Dredging Corp ., 264 F.2d \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 339 (2d Cir. 1959); In re Offshore Spe cialty Fabricators, Inc., 2002 AMC 2055, No. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 CIV.A. 01-2227, 2002 WL 827398 (E.D. La. Apr. 30, 2002). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb 0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 716. Standard Dredging Co. v . Kristiansen, 67 F.2d 548, 550 (2d Cir. 1933), cert. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 91 denied, 290 U.S. 704 (1934). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex90 717. Salz, 273 U.S. 326. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\s l-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 718. Wirth Ltd. v. S.S. Acadia Forest, 537 F.2d 1272 (5th Cir. 1976); Valley Line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 Co. v. Ryan, 771 F.2d 366 (8th Cir. 1985). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosu persub\cf5\f6\fs19 137 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb 0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg148}{\bkmkend Pg148}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult

0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2798\sb106\sl-260 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 to the same ow ner and are under common control, as well as engaged \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 5 in a common enterprise at the time of the marine casualty.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 719 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Parties and Vessels Entitled to L imit \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex 100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The owner of any vessel may petition for limitat ion of liability under \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the Limitation of Ves sel Owner\u8217?s Liability Act. The Act is available to \line \up0 \expndtw-3\c harscalex100 both American and foreign vessel owners.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs19 720\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Demise or bareboat \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 charterers may apply for limitation of liability under the Act as well.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 721 \line \up0 \exp ndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, time charterers are no t allowed to limit their liability. The \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Unit ed States may apply for limitation of liability under the Act when \line \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex93 a vessel owned by the government is involved in a marine c asualty.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 722 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri 2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\ f4\fs21 A shipowner\u8217?s insurer is not authorized to limit liability under t he \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Limitation Act.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 723\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Most states do not allow a di rect action by an in-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 jured party against the tortfeasor\u8217?s liability insurer. Thus, a party who \line \up0 \expndtw-6\c harscalex100 is precluded from recovering full damages from a vessel owner who \ line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 has successfully limited its liability may no t proceed directly against \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the vessel owner\ u8217?s insurer to recover its full damages. However, both \line \up0 \expndtw-3 \charscalex100 Louisiana and Puerto Rico provide a statutory right to proceed di -\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 rectly against the insurer. These \u8220?di rect action statutes\u8221? have survived \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 co nstitutional challenges in the Supreme Court.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs19 724\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Despite the fact \line \up0 \expndtw-5 \charscalex100 that the insurance carrier is not allowed the same protection as the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 vessel owner under the Limitation Act,\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 725\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the a vailability of a direct \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 action may be small consolation because a marine insurer may indi-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10 0 rectly limit its liability by contract. It may do so by including a provi-\lin e \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 sion in its insurance policy stating that the in surer is not liable for any \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri3214\sb194\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 719. Cenac Towing Co. v. Ter ra Res., Inc., 734 F.2d 251, 254 (5th Cir. 1984). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 7 20.46 U.S.C. app. 183 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex94 721. Id. 186. \par\pard\ql \li3383\ri4722\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 722. Dick v. United States, 671 F.2d 724 (2d Cir. 1982). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 723. Md. Cas. Co. v. Cushing, 347 U.S. 409 (1954). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 724. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri 2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 725. Olympic Towing Corp. v. Nebel Towing Co., 419 F.2d 230 (5th Cir. 1969), \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex100 cert. denied, 397 U.S. 989 (1970). Although Olympic has been \u8220?overr uled\u8221? by Crown, \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 its holding that insurers ha ve no statutory right to limit their liability is still valid. \up0 \expndtw-6\c

harscalex100 Crown Zellerbach Corp. v. Ingram Indus., Inc., 783 F.2d 1296 (5th C ir.), cert. denied, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 479 U.S. 821 (1986) (en banc). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 138 \par\pard\sect\sectd\ fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg149}{\bkmkend Pg149}\p ar\pard\ql \li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4852\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5 \f6\fs19 Chapter 5: Limitation of Liability \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmu lt0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 amount greater than that for which its insured own er could be held \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 liable under the Limitation Act.\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 726 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb0\ sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 T he Limitation Act applies to \u8220?all seagoing vessels\u8221? as well as \u822 0?all \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 vessels used on lakes or rivers or in inland navigation, including canal \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 boats, ba rges, and lighters.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 727\ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Most courts have held that the Act is \line \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex100 applicable to pleasure crafts, including personal watercraft, a s well as \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 commercial vessels.\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 728 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri3404\sb231\sl-320\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Grounds for Denying Li mitation: Privity or \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 Knowledge \par\pard\qj \li3023\ ri2795\sb130\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 Under the Limitation Act, limitation will be denied if the owner had \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u8220?privity or knowledge\u8221? of the act or condition that caused the marine \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 casualty.\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 729\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In th e case of an individual owner, privity or knowledge \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc alex100 refers to the owner\u8217?s personal participation in the act or awarene ss of \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the condition that led to the marine c asualty.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 730\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 Where a corporate \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 owner seeks to limit its liability under the Limitation Act, limitation \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex100 will be denied only if a managing officer or supervisory employee had \li ne \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 knowledge or privity.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 731\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The term \u8220?managing offi cer\u8221? generally does \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 not include the ma ster of the vessel in the corporate context.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs19 732\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 How-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ever, where there is a claim for personal injury or death, the master\u8217?s \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 privity or knowledge prior to and at the begi nning of the voyage of an \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 act or condition t hat resulted in the injury or death will be attributed \line \up0 \expndtw-5\cha rscalex100 to the owner of a \u8220?seagoing vessel.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 733\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Furthermore, the owner o f a \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 vessel will be denied limitation if the court finds that the individual or \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 corporate owner was negligent in that it failed to provide adequate \par\pard\ql \li3383\ sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb 170\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 726. Crown, 783 F.2d 1296. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex95 727.46 U.S.C. app. 188 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2817\sb3\sl-2 20\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 728. In re Young, 872 F.2d 176 (6 th Cir. 1989); Gibboney v. Wright, 517 F.2d \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1054 ( 5th Cir. 1975); In re Guglielmo, 897 F.2d 58 (2d Cir. 1990); In re Hechinger, \u

p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 890 F.2d 202 (9th Cir. 1989). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb 11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 729.46 U.S.C. app. 183(a) (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 730. Cory ell v. Phipps, 317 U.S. 406 (1943). \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2823\sb3\sl-220\slmul t0\fi360\tx3383\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 731. Great Lakes Dredge & D ock Co. v. City of Chicago, 3 F.3d 225 (7th Cir. \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex93 19 93), cert. granted, 510 U.S. 1108 (1994), aff\u8217?d, 513 U.S. 527 (1995). \lin e \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 732. Waterman S.S. Corp. v. Gay Cottons, 414 F.2d 724 (9th Cir. 1969). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 733.46 U.S.C. app. 183(e) (2000). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\s b22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 139 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg1 50}{\bkmkend Pg150}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\s b0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 procedures to ensure the maintenance of equipment,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 734\ul0\nosupersub\cf 3\f4\fs21 failed to pro\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 vide the vessel with a com petent master or crew,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 735\ul0\nosup ersub\cf3\f4\fs21 or failed to use \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 reasonable dil igence to discover the act or condition that caused the \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex98 marine casualty.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 736\ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 Finally, the owner of a pleasure craft will be denied \up0 \ex pndtw-3\charscalex100 limitation of liability for negligently entrusting its ves sel to a person \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 who subsequently causes a marine ca sualty.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 737 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb1 91\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Claims Subject to Limitation \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Limitation Act allows the owner of a vessel to limit its liability \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8 220?for any embezzlement, loss, or destruction . . . of any property, \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 goods, or merchandise . . . or for any loss, damage, o r injury by colli-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 sion, or for any act, matt er, or thing, loss, damage, or forfeiture, done, \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale x100 occasioned or incurred.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 738\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A shipowner may also limit liability for \line \ up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 debts.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 739\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, a vessel owner may not limit its liabil ity for wages \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 owed to its employees\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 740\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 or for maint enance and cure.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 741\ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 Further, li-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ability for wreck r emoval under the Wreck Act\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 742\ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 is not subject to \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 lim itation,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 743\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 nor is liability for pollution damages under federal law \line \up0 \expndt w-5\charscalex100 subject to limitation under the Limitation Act.\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 744\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The various statut es \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 that deal with pollution have their own s uperseding limitation of li-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 ability provision s.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 745 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-2 07\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb16\sl-207\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 734. Waterman, 414 F.2d 724. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale

x94 735. Coryell v. Phipps, 317 U.S. 406 (1943). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb3 \sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 736. China Union Lines, Ltd. v. A.O. Anderson & Co., 364 F.2d 769, 787 (5th \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 Cir . 1966), cert. denied, 386 U.S. 933 (1967). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5195\sb0\sl-2 20\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 737. Joyce v. Joyce, 975 F.2d 379 (7th C ir. 1992). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 738.46 U.S.C. app. 183(a) (2000). \par\p ard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 739. Id. 189. \p ar\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 740. Id. \p ar\pard\qj \li3383\ri4650\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 741. B rister v. A.W.I., Inc., 946 F.2d 350 (5th Cir. 1991). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 97 742.33 U.S.C. 409 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi36 0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 743. Univ. of Tex. Med. Branch at Galveston v. U nited States, 557 F.2d 438 (5th \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Cir. 1977). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 744. Oil P ollution Act of 1990, 33 U.S.C. 2718 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 745. Robert Force & Jonathan M. Gutoff, Limitation of Liability in Oil Pollution \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscale x93 Cases: In Search of Concursus or Procedural Alternatives to Concursus, 22 Tu l. Mar. L.J. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 331, 338 (1998). \par\pard\ql \l i5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 140 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1224 0\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg151}{\bkmkend Pg151}\par\pard\ql \li4 852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li485 2\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4852\sb18 9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapte r 5: Limitation of Liability \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\q j\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The owner of a vessel may also be denied limitation of liab ility \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 under the \u8220?personal contract doc trine.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 746\ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 This rule exempts from \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 limitation claims based on the failure to perform contractual obliga-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex100 tions that the owner personally undertook to perform.\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 747\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 For example, \li ne \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the owner of a vessel who breaches a charter pa rty will be denied \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 limitation of liability.\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 748\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Simi larly, contracts made for supplies and \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 repai rs are excluded from limitation of liability.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs19 749\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, a vessel \line \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 owner will be allowed to limit liability where he or she persona lly en-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ters into a contract that is breached by the negligence of the vessel\u8217?s \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 mast er or crew.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 750 \par\pard\ql \li3023 \sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Ch oice of Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Supreme Court held in The Titanic\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 751\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 that li mitation of liability \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 was a procedural devic e, and when a foreign shipowner seeks to limit \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 its liability in a limitation proceeding brought in a U.S. court, U.S. law \l ine \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 determines the amount of the limitation fund. A subsequent Supreme \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Court case, The Norwalk Victory,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 752\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 concerned casualties that occurred \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 not on the high seas but in the territorial waters of a foreign country. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The Court admonished lower federal courts not to assume

that all \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 countries classify their limitatio n laws as procedural. Therefore, if a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 limita tion proceeding is filed in federal district court based on a casu-\line \up0 \e xpndtw-6\charscalex100 alty that occurred in the waters of a foreign country, th e court should \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ascertain whether the law of that country classifies the right to limita-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tion as procedural or substantive. If the court determines that it is \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 procedural, then U.S. law determines the limitation am ount. If a court \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 determines that it is subst antive, then the limitation law of the foreign \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex1 00 country applies. Some lower federal courts apply The Norwalk Victory \par\par d\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li3383\sb150\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8 \f9\fs17 746. Richardson v. Harmon, 222 U.S. 96 (1911). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb1 3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 747. The Soerstad, 257 F. 130 (S.D .N.Y. 1919). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4250\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex94 748. Cullen Fuel Co. v. W.E. Hedger, Inc., 290 U.S. 82 (1933). \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex91 749. Richardson, 222 U.S. 96. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\s b0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 750. Signal Oil & Gas Co. v. The Barge W-701, 654 F.2d 1164 (5th Cir. 1981), \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 cert. denied, 455 U.S. 944 (1982). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 751. Ocean Steam Navigation Co. v. Mellor (The Titanic) , 233 U.S. 718 (1914). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 752. Black Diamond S.S. Corp. v. Robert Stewart & Sons (The Norwalk Victory), \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 336 U.S. 386 (1949). \par\pa rd\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 141 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pa perw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg152}{\bkmkend Pg152}\par\pard \ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4 987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs 19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ qj\li3023\ri2806\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 to casualties that occur in the waters of a foreign country\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 753\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and The \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Titanic to casualties on the high seas.\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 754\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The resu lts are far from con-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 sistent.\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 755 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pa rd\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard \qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\q j\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\ li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li 3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li30 23\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023 \sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\s b0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0 \sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\s l-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-22 0\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\ slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\sl mult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2821\sb134\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\char scalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 753. In re Bethlehem Steel Corp., 631 F.2d 441 (6th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 U.S. 921 (19 81). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc alex100 754. In re Ta Chi Navigation (Panama) Corp. S.A., 416 F. Supp. 371 (S.D.

N.Y. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1976). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\s l-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 755. Compare In re Bethlehem S teel Corp., 631 F.2d 441 (6th Cir. 1980), cert. \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex 100 denied, 450 U.S. 921 (1981) (affirming the district court that found the Can adian \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 limitation statute to be procedural), with In re Geophysical Serv., Inc., 590 F. Supp. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscale x98 1346 (S.D. Tex. 1984) (holding the Canadian law to be substantive); and comp are Ta \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Chi Navigation, 416 F. Supp. 371 (hol ding that U.S. law applied to a casualty on the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 97 high seas involving a Panamanian flag vessel), with In re Chadade S.S. Co. (T he Yar-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 mouth Castle), 266 F. Supp. 517 (S.D. Fla. 1967) (holding that Panamanian limitation \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 92 law was substantive and applied to a casualty on the high seas). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 142 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1 2240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg153}{\bkmkend Pg153}\par\pard\ql \ li5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li54 28\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428 \sb367\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 c hapter 6 \par\pard\ql \li5500\sb76\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex84 \u l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs39 Towage \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li3023\sb208\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 2\f3\fs31 Towage Contracts \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In the United States, ther e is a distinction between towage contracts \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 and contracts of affreightment.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 756\ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The distinction is important because \line \up0 \exp ndtw-1\charscalex100 different legal liability regimes apply depending on which type of \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 contract is used. A contract of affr eightment essentially is an under-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 taking by one party to transport cargo from one place to another. A \line \up0 \expndtw-4\ charscalex100 towage contract involves an undertaking by one party to move an-\l ine \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 other party\u8217?s vessel (such as a barge) o r structure from one place to \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 another.\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 757\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where the party performing the transportation function \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10 0 supplies both the tug and the barge to carry another party\u8217?s goods \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 from one place to another, the contract is one of affreightment.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 758 \par\pard\qj \li3 023\ri2797\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 Towage contracts are governed by the general maritime law. Un-\lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 der U.S. towage law a tower does not become the bailee of the towed \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 vessel or its cargo.\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 759\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Further , a tower (often a tug boat operator) may \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 no t contract out of liability for its own negligence, but creative law-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 yering has developed a way of circumventing this rule.\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 760\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The forma-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 tion of towage contracts, either writt en or oral,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 761\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f 4\fs21 is subject to the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 common law of cont racts. A maritime lien will arise against a towed \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 vessel whose owner does not pay for services rendered under a towage \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 contract.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 762 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-220\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\ri3311\sb214\sl -220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 756. Agric o Chem. Co. v. M/V Ben W. Martin, 664 F.2d 85 (5th Cir. 1981). \up0 \expndtw-8\c

harscalex93 757. Sacramento Navigation Co. v. Salz, 273 U.S. 326 (1927). \line \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 758. Id. Contracts of affreightment are discussed su pra Chapter 2. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 759. Stevens v. The White City , 285 U.S. 195 (1932). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 760. Bisso v. Inland Waterways Corp., 349 U.S. 85 (195 5). See also infra text \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 accompanying notes 789-92. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 761. Kossick v. United Fruit Co., 365 U.S. 731 (1961) (upholding oral contrac ts \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 under the general maritime law). \par\pard\ql \l i3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 762.46 U.S.C. 31301(4) (2 000). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 143 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop3878\shpright9245\shpbottom3898\shpfhdr0\shp bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz38\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g154}{\bkmkend Pg154}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023 \sb316\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Du ties of Tug \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If a tug damages its tow, its liability i s determined under tort law.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 763 \li ne \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Towage law imposes duties on the tug beyond any specific undertak-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 ings stated in the towage contract. Foremost among these duties is \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \u8220?the duty to exercise such reasonable care and m aritime skill as pru-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dent navigators employ for the performance of similar service.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs19 764 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 H owever, there is no presumption of negligence against a tug that re-\line \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 ceives a tow in good condition and later delivers it in damaged condi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 tion.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 765\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 On the contrary, the owner o f the towed vessel has the burden \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 of proving that the damage was caused by the breach of the tug\u8217?s duty \line \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex90 to exercise reasonable care.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 766 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Federal courts have established other duties, the breach of which \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 may result in a tug being held liable for negligent damage to a tow or \line \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex98 its cargo.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 767\ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A tug owner must provide a seaworthy vessel with a quali\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 fied master and crew.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 768\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The tug must have proper l ighting and must \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 obey all navigational rules of the road.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 769\ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 It must maintain a watch \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 over the t

ow during its voyage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 770\ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 Finally, the tug has a duty to save the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex97 tow from sinking if possible.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 771 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\ charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Although the burden of proof usually l ies with the tow to prove \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 that the tug was n egligent, several courts have recognized a narrow \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex98 exception.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 772\ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 The exception, based on the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, \line \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 is applied in certain situations, such as where the t ow is unmanned\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 773 \line \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 or is grounded in a channel that is well marked and reasonably \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li3383\sb57\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f 9\fs17 763. Stevens, 285 U.S. at 195. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 764. Id. at 202. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri7591\sb3\sl220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 765. Id. at 195. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex95 766. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 767. Alex L. Parks & Edward V. Cattell, Jr., The Law of Tug, Tow & Pilotage \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 127-97 (3d ed. 1994). \par\par d\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 768. Id. at 127-33 . \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6733\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 76 9. Id. at 129-33, 144-48. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 770. Id. at 144-48. \par\ pard\ql \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360\tx3383\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 771. Curtis Bay Towing Co. of Va. v. S. Lighterage Corp., 200 F.2d 3 3 (4th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 1952); Chemical Transporter, Inc. v. M. Turecamo, Inc., 290 F.2d 496 (2d Cir. 1961). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 772. Mid-America Transp. Co. v. Nat\u8217?l Marine Serv., Inc., 497 F.2d 776 (8th Cir. \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 1974), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 93 7 (1976); The Anaconda, 164 F.2d 224 (4th Cir. 1947). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\ charscalex100 773. W. Horace Williams Co. v. The Wakulla, 109 F. Supp. 698 (E.D. La. 1953), \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 aff\u8217?d, 213 F.2d 27 (5th Cir. 1954 ). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 144 \par\pard\sect\sec td\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg155}{\bkmkend Pg155 }\par\pard\ql \li5399\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li5399\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 6: Towage \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 wide.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 774\ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 Although the tug has a duty of explanation in these circum\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 stances, the ultimate burden of proof remains upon the tow.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 775 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\ sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Duties of Tow \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A vessel owner that contracts to have its vessel towed has the duty of \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 providing a seaworthy vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 776\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 The tow must be structurally sound \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 and properly equipped.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 777\ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 Further, it must be properly manned, if it \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ charscalex100 has a crew,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 778\ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and properly loaded.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 779\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The tug has a duty to visually \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 inspect the tow before the voyage, but does not have t o perform a de-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 tailed inspection of the tow

to ensure its seaworthiness.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 780\ul0 \nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, if \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 the tug knows that the tow is unseaworthy and fails \u8220?to use reasonable \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 care under the circumstances,\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 781\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 then the tug may be he ld liable for \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the loss.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 782\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Generally, there is a pr esumption of unseaworthiness \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 against a tow t hat sinks in calm water for no apparent reason.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 783\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 To \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 overcome the presumption, the tow must prove that the loss resulted \line \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 from the tug\u8217?s negligence.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 784 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li33 83\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb202\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 774. The Anaconda, 164 F.2d at 224. \par \pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 775. Id.; MidAmerica Transp. Co., 497 F.2d 776. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slmult 0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 776. Derby Co. v. A. L. Mechling Barge Lin es, Inc., 258 F. Supp. 206 (E.D. La. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1966), aff\u82 17?d, 399 F.2d 304 (5th Cir. 1968). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 777. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb3\sl-220\slmul t0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 778. Great Lakes Towing Co. v. Am. S.S. C o., 165 F.2d 368 (6th Cir.), cert. de\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 nied, 333 U.S. 881 (1948). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 779. Salter Marine, Inc. v. Conti Carriers & Terminals, Inc., 67 7 F.2d 388 (4th \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 Cir. 1982). \par\pard\qj \li3 023\ri2822\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 780. Nat G. Ha rrison Overseas Corp. v. Am. Tug Titan, 516 F.2d 89, modified, \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex94 520 F.2d 1104 (5th Cir. 1975). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-22 0\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 781. King Fisher Marine Serv., Inc . v. NP Sunbonnet, 724 F.2d 1181, 1184 (5th \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 C ir. 1984). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex10 0 782. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 783. Parks & Cattell, supra note 767, at 202-04. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb 3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 784. Consolidated Grain & B arge Co. v. Marcona Conveyor Corp., 716 F.2d \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 1077 (5th Cir. 1983); Derby Co. v. A. L. Mechling Barge Lines, Inc., 258 F. Supp. 206 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 (E.D. La. 1966), aff\u8217?d, 399 F.2d 304 (5th Ci r. 1968). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 145 \par\pard\s ect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg156}{\bkmken d Pg156}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nos upersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-320\s lmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri3675\sb36\sl-320\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex9 1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Liability of the Tug and the Tow to Third \up0 \ex pndtw0\charscalex84 Parties \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb130\sl-260\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where a third party seeks recovery against either the tug, tow, or both \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1 00 for loss of cargo, personal injury, or damage to other vessels, each \line \u p0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 vessel will be held liable for damages in proportion to its individual \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 degree of fault.\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 785\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If damage is caused by a towed vessel, the courts will \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 app

ly the theory of \u8220?the dominant mind\u8221? to shift liability for the \lin e \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 damage from the tow to the tug, which was actual ly in control of the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tow.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 786\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, that theory m ay be overcome if the tug can present \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 eviden ce that the damage was in fact the fault of the tow.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs19 787\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The negli-\line \up0 \expndtw-7 \charscalex100 gence of the tug cannot be attributed to the tow under a towage c on-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 tract between a separately owned tug and t ow. Therefore, an innocent \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 tow cannot be held liable for damages caused by the tug.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 788 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Exculpatory and Benefit-of-Insurance Clauses \par\pard\ qj \li3023\ri2793\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 A towage contract cannot include an exculpatory clause that pur ports \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 to relieve a tug from liability for it s own negligence.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 789\ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 Similarly, a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 towage contract th at includes a clause that attempts to allow the tug to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 escape liability for the negligence of its crew by designating the tu g\u8217?s \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 crew as servants of the tow does n ot create any rights in third parties \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 agains t the tow.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 790\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 Finally, a towage contract is prohibited from in-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 cluding a clause that requires a tow to indemnify the tug for damage \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 claims brought by third parties resulting f rom the tug\u8217?s negligence.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 791 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, the Sup reme Court upheld the use of a foreign forum selec-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-2 07\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb69\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 \ul0 \nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 785. United States v. Reliable Transfer Co., 421 U.S. 39 7 (1975). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 786. Dow Chem. Co. v. Tug Thomas Allen, 349 F. Supp. 1354 (E.D. La. 1972). \par\ pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 78 7. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Progress Marine, Inc., 1980 AMC 1637 (E.D. La. \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex94 1979), aff\u8217?d, 632 F.2d 893 (5th Cir. 1980). \par\pa rd\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 788. The Hector, 65 U.S. (24 How.) 110 (1860). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex94 789. Bisso v. Inland Waterways Corp., 349 U.S. 85 (1955). \p ar\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 790. Boston Metals Co. v. The Winding Gulf, 349 U.S. 122 (1955). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2830 \sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 791. Dixilyn Drilling Co rp. v. Crescent Towing & Salvage Co., 372 U.S. 697 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex96 (1963). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 146 \par\pa rd\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg157}{\bk mkend Pg157}\par\pard\ql \li5399\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 6: Towage \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 tion clause in a towage contract despite the fact tha t the selected fo\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 rum enforced exculpatory provision s.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 792 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\s b0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2

1 Recognizing the economic inefficiency of requiring both the tug \line \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex100 and tow to procure separate insurance to protect against l oss, several \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 courts of appeals approve the u se of \u8220?benefit-of-insurance\u8221? clauses.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs19 793 \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 A typical benefit-of-insurance clause requires that the tow procure \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 insurance to cover any damage that may result to the t ow or the tow\u8217?s \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 cargo.\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 794\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Further, the clause will require that this insurance policy \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 nam e the tug as an additional insured with a waiver of subrogation.\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 795 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 The tug undertakes to procure insurance for its vessel with com para-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ble provisions. The courts that have up held these clauses concluded \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 that benefit-of -insurance clauses are not the type of exculpatory \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex93 clauses that were disapproved by the Supreme Court.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 796 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3 023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li302 3\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\ sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb 0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\ sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl -220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-2 20\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-220 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\ri2819\sb174\sl-220\slmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expn dtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 792. The M/S Bremen v. Zapata Of f-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1 (1972) (involving \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 int ernational towage operation where contract was competitively negotiated). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 793. Fluor W., Inc. v. G & H Offshore Towing Co., 447 F.2d 35 (5th Cir. 1971), \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 cert. denied, 40 5 U.S. 922 (1972); Twenty Grand Offshore, Inc. v. W. India Carriers, \up0 \expnd tw-6\charscalex100 Inc., 492 F.2d 679 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 836 (19 74); Charles S. Donovan, \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 Exculpatory and Benefit of Insurance Clauses in Towage and Pilotage, 70 Tul. L. Rev. \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex97 605-06 (1995). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4890\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex93 794. Fluor, 447 F.2d 35; Twenty Grand, 492 F.2d 679. \line \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 795. Fluor, 447 F.2d 35; Twenty Grand, 492 F.2d 679. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 796. Fluor, 447 F.2d 35; Twenty Grand, 492 F. 2d 679. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 147 \par\pard\sec t\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg158}{\bkmkend Pg158}\pard\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bk mkstart Pg159}{\bkmkend Pg159}\par\pard\ql \li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5433\sb367\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0 \charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 chapter 7 \par\pard\ql \li5476\sb76\s l-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs39 Pilotage \ par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb208\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Introduction \par\pard\q j \li3023\ri2793\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 The term \u8220?pilot\u8221? may be broadly used to describe any person direct-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ing the navigation of a vesse l.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 797\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 H owever, under U.S. maritime law, \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 the term is generally used to describe a person who is taken on board \line \up0 \expndtw-7 \charscalex100 in order to navigate a vessel through a particular river, road, o

r chan-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 nel, or into or out of a port.\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 798\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A pilot is characterized as a \u8220?compul-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 sory\u8221 ? pilot if there is a statutory mandate requiring the use of a pilot \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 in a particular situation that imposes a criminal sanct ion on a vessel \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 owner and any other person w ho violates the requirement.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 799\ul0 \nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If an \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 owner is not subject to criminal sanctions, but elects to engage the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\ch arscalex100 services of a pilot, the pilot is considered to be a \u8220?voluntar y\u8221? pilot.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 800 \line \up0 \expn dtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Even where an owner has an optio n of not utilizing the services of a \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 pilot b ut is nevertheless obligated to pay full or partial pilotage fees, \line \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex96 the situation is one of voluntary pilotage. \par\pard\qj \ li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 A compulsor y pilot is not an agent or servant of the vessel owner; \line \up0 \expndtw-4\ch arscalex100 hence the owner of a vessel cannot be held liable in personam for \l ine \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 damages caused by a compulsory pilot. However, as stated in Chapter \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex100 4 on collision, the vessel may still be held liable in rem.\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 801\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A volu ntary \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 pilot is considered to be an employee of the vessel owner and, under \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the rule of r espondeat superior, the pilot\u8217?s conduct\u8212?including negli-\line \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex97 gent acts\u8212?is attributed to the owner. In these circ umstances, a vessel \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 owner may be held liable in personam for damages caused by the neg-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb196\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 797. Parks & Cattell, s upra note 767, at 992. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex94 798. Francis Rose, The Modern Law of Pilotage 1 (1984). \par\pard\q j \li3023\ri2825\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 799. Park s & Cattell, supra note 767, at 1018-19; The China, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 53 \line \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 (1868). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5463\sb0\sl-220\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 800. Parks & Cattell, supra note 767, at 1019. \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 801. The China, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 53. \par\pard\ql \ li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 149 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop3878\shpright9245\shpbottom3898\shpfhdr0\shp bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz38\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g160}{\bkmkend Pg160}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023 \sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\cha

rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 ligence of a voluntary pilot, and the ves sel may also be held liable in \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb48\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex90 rem.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 802 \par\p ard\ql \li3023\sb200\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf2\f3\fs31 Regulation of Pilots \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb122\sl-260\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Pilotage is regulated at both the state and federal levels. Under federal \line \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex100 law, the U.S. Coast Guard is responsible for the regulation of pilots.\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 803 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Federal law requires that all seagoing vessels e ngaged in coastwise \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 trade be navigated by a p ilot who has been licensed by the U.S. Coast \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Guard.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 804\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 Only U.S. licensed vessels may engage in domestic or coast-\line \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex100 wise trade.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 805\ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Therefore, there is no requirement that foreign vessel s \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 engaged in trade between U.S. ports and for eign ports be navigated by \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 federally license d pilots. Also, U.S. registered vessels engaged in for-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\cha rscalex100 eign trade do not need to be piloted by a federally licensed pilot.\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 806 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 5 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Federally regulated vessels engaged in coastwise t rade are not required \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 to use state-licensed p ilots.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 807 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri27 95\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 Federal law grants the states the right to regulate the pilotage of \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 registered vessels engaged in foreign trade as wel l as \u8220?pilots in the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 bays, rivers, harb ors, and ports of the United States.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs19 808\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Therefore, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex96 under the statute, states may regulate the pilotage of foreign vessels as \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 well as vessels sailing under U.S. registry. \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 809\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 How ever, there is an ex-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ception with regard to the pilotage of foreign and U.S. registered ves-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 sels navigating the Great Lakes. Vessels navigating the Great Lakes \line \u p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 must be piloted by a federally licensed pilot.\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 810\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Wide lati tude is given \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl -220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2819\sb54\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 802. Homer Ramsdell Transp. Co. v. L a Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 182 U.S. 406 (1901). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 80 3.46 U.S.C. 8502 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \u p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 804. Id. 8502(a) (providing that federal regulation of pilots also extends to \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 vessels navigating on the Great Lakes). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex97 805.46 U.S.C. app. 883 (2000) (noting that vessels engaged in c oastwise trade \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 are known as \u8220?enrolled vessels \u8221?). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6347\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex95 806.46 U.S.C. 8502(a) (2000). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 807. Id. 8501(d ). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscal ex100 808. Id. 8501(a); Cooley v. Bd. of Wardens of Port of Phila., 53 U.S. (12 How.) \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 299 (1851). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb0\s l-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 809.46 U.S.C. 8501(a) (2000). S ee also Ray v. Atl. Richfield Co., 435 U.S. 151 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 98 (1978). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 810.46 U.S.C. 9304 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs

19 150 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkst art Pg161}{\bkmkend Pg161}\par\pard\ql \li5390\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i5390\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5390\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 390\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5390\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li539 0\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5390\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5390\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5390\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 7: Pilotage \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb 0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2797\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 to the states in determining the wate rs in which a vessel must procure \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 a state-licensed pilot.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 811 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb19 1\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Liabili ty of Pilots and Pilot Associations \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2764\sb122\sl-260\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In the United Sta tes, pilots are held to a high standard of care. A pilot \line \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 must have \u8220?personal knowledge of the topography through which he \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 navigates his vessel.\u8221?\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 812\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Further, pilots must be aware of all possible \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 dangers locat ed in the body of water that they navigate and must re-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\cha rscalex100 main informed of any changes that might represent a hazard to the \li ne \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 813\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Compulsory pilots are held to an exceptional ly high standard \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 of care and, as a matter of law, may be charged with knowledge of a \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 loc al condition.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 814\ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 Pilots may be held liable to the vessels they con-\line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 trol\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 815\ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 and to third parties for damages caused by the pilot\u8217?s ne gli-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex86 gence.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs19 816 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw -3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A pilot may belong to a pilots\u821 7? association. Pilots\u8217? associations \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 o ften do not actually employ pilots, but rather represent pilots and \line \up0 \ expndtw-6\charscalex100 inform them of employment opportunities. These associati ons often \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 perform administrative services fo r the pilots. A pilots\u8217? association \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 th at is merely a representative of its members and does not employ \line \up0 \exp ndtw-6\charscalex100 pilots or control the manner in which pilots perform their duties can-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 not be held liable for damages ca used by a negligent member pilot.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 81 7 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 On the other ha nd, a pilots\u8217? association, pilot company, or port \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex100 authority that employs pilots may be held liable for damages caused \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 by one of its pilots.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 818\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, a port commission or authority that \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\s b0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2820\sb14\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 811. Warner v. Dunlap, 532 F.2d 767 (1st Cir. 1976); see also Wilson v. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 McNamee, 1 02 U.S. (12 Otto) 572 (1880) (upholding state pilotage regulation re\up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex96 quiring use of a state-licensed pilot about 50 miles from port) . \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3912\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 81 2. Atlee v. Union Packet Co., 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 389, 396 (1874). \line \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex95 813. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi3 60 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 814. Bunge Corp. v. M/V Furness Bridge, 558 F.2 d 790 (5th Cir. 1977), cert. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 denied, 435 U.S. 924 ( 1978). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 815 . Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Yates, 438 F.2d 798 (5th Cir. 1971). \par\pard\qj \li 3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 816. Gulf Tow

ing Co. v. Steam Tanker, Amoco, N.Y., 648 F.2d 242 (5th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex94 1981). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex94 817. Guy v. Donald, 203 U.S. 399 (1906). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri282 3\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 818. City of Long Beach v. Am. President Lines, Ltd., 223 F.2d 853 (9th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex94 1955). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\s l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 151 \par\ pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg162}{\ bkmkend Pg162}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \u l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl -260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 regulates or licenses pilots but does not employ them cannot be held \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 liable for damages caus ed by a pilot.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 819 \par\pard\ql \li3 023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Exculpatory Pilotage Clauses \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 As a matter of common p ractice, an exculpatory pilotage clause is in-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 serted into pilotage contracts between a pilot\u8217?s employer and a \line \up 0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 shipowner, allowing the pilot and the pilot\u8217?s e mployer to escape li-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 ability for damages caus ed by the pilot. These clauses, in essence, pro-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 vide that the pilot, while navigating the vessel, is the employee of the \li ne \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 vessel owner. The effect of a pilotage clause is to make the vessel liable \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 for damages cause d by the pilot. The Supreme Court has upheld the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 use of exculpatory pilotage clauses.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 820\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 It has distinguished its decision \line \u p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 invalidating exculpatory clauses in towage contracts on the ground \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 that in pilotage situations t he pilot is actually controlling the move-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 me nt of the vessel by using the vessel\u8217?s own power and navigational \line \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 equipment. However, a pilotage clause may be held in valid in certain \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 compulsory pilot situations .\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 821\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Fu rther, a company that supplies a pi-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 lot to a vessel may not use a pilotage clause offensively in order to \line \up0 \expndt w-6\charscalex100 collect damages for injuries caused to its own property by one of its \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 pilots acting under a pilotage contra ct.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 822 \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-22 0\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\ slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\sl mult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmu lt0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult 0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri3191\sb174\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 819. Kitanihon-Oi S.S. Co. v. Gen. Constr. Co., 678 F.2 d 109 (9th Cir. 1982). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 820. Sun Oil Co. v. Dalzell Towing Co., 287 U.S. 291 (1982). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2817\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\ fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 821. Kane v. Hawaiian Indep. Refinery, Inc., 690 F.2d 722 (9th Cir. 1982); Tex\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 aco Trinidad, In c. v. Afran Transp. Co., 538 F. Supp. 1038 (E.D. Pa. 1982), aff\u8217?d, 707 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 F.2d 1395 (3d Cir. 1983). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl -207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 822. United States v. Nielson, 349 U.S

. 129 (1955). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 152 \par\pa rd\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg163}{\bk mkend Pg163}\par\pard\ql \li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5433\sb0\sl-3 68\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5433\sb0\sl-368 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5433\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5433\sb0\sl-368\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5433\sb367\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 chapter 8 \par\pard\ql \li5534\sb76\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex78 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs39 Salvage \par\pard\ql \li3023 \sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb208\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char scalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Introduction \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb 122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The United States is a party to both the 1910 Brussels Salvage Con-\line \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex100 vention\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 823\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and the 1989 Salvage Convention.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 824\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, U.S. courts \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 usually decide salvage controversies under the pri nciples of the gen-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 eral maritime law without reference to international conventions.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs19 825 \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Importa nt innovations were introduced in the 1989 Convention, es-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex100 pecially in regard to salvage efforts that protect against environ mental \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 damage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs19 826\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Federal courts have exclusive juri sdiction over salvage cases \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 that are brought in rem. It is not clear whether state courts may en-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex100 tertain a salvage claim brought in personam, but such cases are rare. \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Suit for a salvage award may be brought again st either the owner of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the vessel salvaged o r the vessel itself in rem.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 827\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The statute of limita-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10 0 tions for filing a salvage award claim is two years.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 828\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A claim for sal-\line \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex94 vage is a claim either for \u8220?pure salvage\u8221? or \ u8220?contract salvage.\u8221? \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard \qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\q j\li3023\ri2820\sb14\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nos upersub\cf8\f9\fs17 823. International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 the Salvage of Vessels at Sea, signed at Brussels, Sept. 23, 1910; codified with minor \line \up0 \expndtw -4\charscalex100 modifications in the United States as the Salvage Act, 46 U.S.C . app. 727-731 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb 11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 824. International Convention on Salvage, signed in London, Apr. 28, 1989. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb3\sl-220 \slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 825. Grant Gilmore & Charles L. Bla ck, Jr., The Law of Admiralty 534 (2d ed. \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 1975). Se e, e.g., Sobonis v. Steam Tanker Nat\u8217?l Defender, 298 F. Supp. 631 (S.D.N.Y . \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 1969) (allowing salvage awards without reference to the Salvage Treaty). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up 0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 826. International Convention on Salvage 1989, Articl e 14, and Attachment 1, \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Common Understanding Conce rning Articles 13 and 14 of the International Con\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 ve ntion on Salvage, 1989. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2817\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 827. The Sabine, 101 U.S. (11 Otto) 384 (1879) (a lien arises against a salvaged \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 vessel in favor of the salvor of the vessel). Where salvage services are rendered without \line \u p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 request by the owner or someone acting on authority of the owner, the salvor may be \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 limited to i ts lien as the sole remedy. See, e.g., Jupiter Wreck, Inc. v. Unidentified, \lin

e \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 Wrecked & Abandoned Sailing Vessel, 691 F. Supp. 1377 (S.D. Fla. 1988). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex95 828.46 U.S.C. app. 730 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosu persub\cf5\f6\fs19 153 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop3878\shpright9245\shpbottom3898\shpfhdr0\shp bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz38\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g164}{\bkmkend Pg164}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023 \sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2793\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Supreme Court has stated that \u8220?no structure that is not a ship \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 or vessel is a subject of salvage.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 829\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Nevertheless, it is apparent that \line \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 cargo, fuel, and other property salvaged from or wit h a vessel may also \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 give rise to a salvage a ward.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 830\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In order for a court to make a salvage \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 awa rd, there should be a nexus between the item salvaged and tradi-\line \up0 \expn dtw-5\charscalex100 tional maritime activities.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 831\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Lower federal courts, however, have lib-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 erally interpreted the Court\u8217?s sta tement in determining whether the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 property h as a maritime connection. Accordingly, some courts have \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex100 found such items as seaplanes\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 832\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and money found on a floating hu-\line \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 man body\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 8 33\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 to be proper subjects of salvage. One court has, however, \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 held that a house that sank while i t was being transported by truck \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 over a froze n lake lacked a maritime relationship.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 834 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A party may render salvage services to a ve ssel without the request \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 of the owner, master, or other agent of the vessel if it appears that a \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 reas onable owner would have availed itself of the services had it been \up0 \expndtw -6\charscalex100 present at the scene.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 835\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, a party who renders services to a \u p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 vessel despite the objection of a person who has aut hority over the \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 vessel will be denied a salvage awa rd.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 836 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\s l-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Elements o f \u8220?Pure Salvage\u8221? Claims \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb122\sl-260\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 \u8220?Pure salvag e\u8221? is a reward for perilous service. Public policy mandates \line \up0 \ex

pndtw-9\charscalex97 a pure salvage award for laborious, and sometimes dangerous , efforts \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 to provide maritime assistance. Aw ards are therefore designed to be \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 reasonably liberal in the salvor\u8217?s favor. There are three elements of a \line \up0 \ expndtw-6\charscalex100 pure salvage claim. First, the property must be exposed to a marine \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 peril. Second, the salvage servic e must be voluntary, whereby the sal-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb170\sl-207\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 829. Cope v. Vallette DryDock Co., 119 U.S. 625 (1887). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3757\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 830. Allseas Mar., S.A. v. M/V Mimosa, 812 F.2d 243 ( 5th Cir. 1987). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 831. Provost v. Huber, 594 F.2d 717 (8th Cir. 1979). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex92 832. Lambros Seaplane Base v. The Batory, 215 F.2d 228 (2d Cir. 1954). \ par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10 0 833. Broere v. Two Thousand One Hundred Thirty-Three Dollars, 72 F. Supp. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 115 (E.D.N.Y. 1947). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 834. Provost, 594 F.2d 717. \par\pard\ql \li 3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 835. Lambros Seaplane, 215 F.2d 228. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4 \charscalex100 836. Platoro Ltd., Inc. v. Unidentified Remains of a Vessel, 695 F.2d 893 (5th \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 818 (19 83). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 154 \par\pard\sect\s ectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg165}{\bkmkend Pg1 65}\par\pard\ql \li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li5409\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 8: Salvage \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 vor is under no preexisting duty to render the service . Third, the sal-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 vage operation must be succe ssful in whole or in part.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 837 \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A salvor is anyo ne who saves maritime property from a peril. An \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u8 220?inadvertent\u8221? salvor does not qualify for a salvage award. The \up0 \ex pndtw-5\charscalex100 would-be salvor must have the specific intent to confer a benefit on \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 the salved vessel. For example, where a person was trying to put out a \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 fire to save a whar f and in the process saved a ship, the unintended \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 r esult was not a salvage service.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 838 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex 100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 To qualify as a marine peril the danger need not be imminent. \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 There only needs to be a reason able apprehension of peril.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 839\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A claim-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 ant seeking a salvage award must show that, at the time assistance was \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 rendered, the salved vessel had been damaged or exposed to some \l ine \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 danger that could lead to her destruction or f urther damage in the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 absence of the service p rovided.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 840\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 The party seeking a salvage award \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 has th e burden to prove that a marine peril existed.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs19 841 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndt w-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Services must be rendered voluntar ily. The owner of the salved \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 vessel has the burden of proving that the salvage services were not \line \up0 \expndtw-7\chars

calex100 voluntarily rendered.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 842\u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In order for the services to be considered vol-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 untary, they must be \u8220?rendered in the absenc e of any legal duty or \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 obligation.\u8221?\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 843\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This r equirement does not preclude professional sal-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 vors from claiming salvage awards,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 844\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 but may bar certain people, such \line \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex98 as firemen, from claiming salvage awards.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 845\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Similarly, a vessel\u8 217?s crew \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 is generally precluded from claim ing salvage awards because of their \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 preexist ing duty to the vessel. They may, however, be eligible for \line \up0 \expndtw-4 \charscalex100 awards under exceptional circumstances. It is clear, however, tha t \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 persons may claim a salvage award for rende ring services to an endan-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 gered vessel notwit hstanding the fact that they are members of the \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb57\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 837. The Sabine, 101 U.S. (11 Otto) 384 (1879). \par\pa rd\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 838. See, e.g., Merritt & Chapman Derrick & Wrecking Co. v. United States, 274 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 U.S. 611 (1927). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 839. Markakis v. S.S. Volendam, 486 F. Supp. 1103 (S.D.N.Y. 1980). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex94 840. Conolly v. S.S. Karina II, 302 F. Supp. 675 (E.D.N.Y. 1969). \par\p ard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 841 . Am. Home Assurance Co. v. L & L Marine Serv., Inc., 875 F.2d 1351 (8th \line \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 Cir. 1989). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 842. Clifford v. M/V Islander, 751 F.2d 1, 5 n.1 ( 1st Cir. 1984). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3362\sb23\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex96 843. B.V. Bureau Wijsmuller v. United States, 702 F.2d 333 (2d Cir. 1983). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 844. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl -207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 845. Firemen\u8217?s Charitable Ass\u8 217?n v. Ross, 60 F. 456 (5th Cir. 1893). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf5\f6\fs19 155 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\ sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg166}{\bkmkend Pg166}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \ par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2806\sb106\sl-260\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 crew of another vessel owned by the same person who owns the salved \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex84 vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 846 \par\pard\qj \li3 023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 Finally, a party claiming a salvage award has the burden of prov-\ line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ing that the salvor\u8217?s effort contribute d to success in saving the prop-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 erty.\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 847\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This requi rement has two dimensions. First, under the \u8220?no \line \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex100 cure-no pay\u8221? rule there can be no salvage award if the property is lost \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 despite the efforts of the party rend ering services.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 848\ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 Second, the party \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 must show it pl ayed a role in the success of the salvage. This role need \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex100 not have been laborious or dangerous. As stated by one court, acti vi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex88 ties such as \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3232\s

b57\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 \u8 220?standing by or escorting a distressed ship in a position to give aid \line \ up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 if it becomes necessary, giving information on the channel to fol-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 low . . . to avoid running ag round, [and] carrying a message as a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 result of which necessary aid and equipment are forthcoming have \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex100 all qualified.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs18\ul0\super\cf10\f11\f s17 849 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb255\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex86 \u l0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Salvage and Finds Distinguished \par\pard\qj \li3023\r i2796\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 Disputes arising out of the discovery and excavation of historic ship\up0 \ expndtw-6\charscalex100 wrecks require courts to distinguish between the law of salvage and \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 the law of finds. Under the law of salv age, title to a salvaged vessel re\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 mains with the o wner of the vessel. Although the salvor of the vessel \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 95 has a lien on the vessel and may claim a salvage award, the salvor does \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 not gain title to the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 850\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In contrast, under the law of finds, the \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 finder acquires title to the property upon a determination that prop\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 erty has been permane ntly abandoned.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 851 \par\pard\qj \li 3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 The laws of salvage and finds may be subject to statutory laws \l ine \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 conferring federal government control over his toric structures. In an \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 effort to protect ar tifacts that may be retrieved from historic ship-\par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-220 \slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri3817\sb54\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 846. Markakis v. S.S. Volendam, 486 F. Supp. 11 03 (S.D.N.Y. 1980). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 847. The Sabine, 101 U.S. (11 O tto) 384 (1879). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex100 848. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expn dtw-6\charscalex100 849. Markakis, 486 F. Supp. at 1106 (quoting Gilmore & Black , supra note 825, \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 at\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13 \fs14 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 536-37). \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2824\sb0\sl-2 20\slmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 850. Chance v. Certain Art ifacts Found & Salvaged from the Nashville, 606 F. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 Supp. 801 (S.D. Ga. 1984), aff\u8217?d, 775 F.2d 302 (11th Cir. 1985). \line \ta b \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 851. Id. See also Treasure Salvors, Inc. v. Unid entified Wrecked & Abandoned \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 Sailing Vessel, 569 F. 2d 330 (5th Cir. 1978). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li597 5\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 1 56 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg167}{\bkmkend Pg167}\par\pard\ql \li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540 9\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 8: Salvage \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 wrecks within the United States, Congress passed the Archaeological \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Resources Protecti on Act of 1979,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 852\ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 which protects archaeological \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 re mains within federally owned lands other than the Outer Conti-\line \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex100 nental Shelf. The United States claims shipwrecks in specified areas \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 subject to U.S. control. Under the Ab andoned Shipwreck Act,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 853\ul0\nosup ersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 United States asserts ownership to all shipwrecks embedded in the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100

land within state territorial waters and, in turn, transfers title to those \li ne \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 vessels to the state in which the shipwreck is located.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 854\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 The Act fur-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ther provides that neither the law of salvage nor the law of finds ap-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 pl ies to shipwrecks covered under the Act. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\ slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 The Antiquities Act of 1906\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 855\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 confers cont rol in the federal gov-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ernment over historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 and items of historic and scientific interest located on land owned and \li ne \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 controlled by the United States. The Outer Cont inental Shelf Land \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Act,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 856\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 which extends jurisdicti on and control of the United States \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 over the Continental Shelf, relates to the exploitation of the mineral \line \up0 \expnd tw-6\charscalex100 resources on the Continental Shelf, and, as made clear by the Con-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 vention on the Continental Shelf,\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 857\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 does not apply to wrecked ships \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 and their cargo lying on the seabed or covered by sand or subsoil. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex82 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Salvage Awards \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If a court finds that a salvage service was performed, it must then de-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 termine the amount of the sa lvage award. Each salvage situation is \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 uniqu e, and the circumstances of each case must be considered in \line \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 fixing the award.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 85 8\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In The Blackwall,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 859\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 the Supreme Court listed a set \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 of factors that should be considered in determinin g a salvage award: \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\s b0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb150\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 852.16 U.S.C. 470aa (2000). \par\pard\qj \li 3383\ri6038\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 853.43 U.S.C. 2101-21 06 (2000). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 854. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri62 09\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 855.16 U.S.C. 431-433 (2000). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 856.43 U.S.C. 1332 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li30 23\ri2820\sb12\sl-230\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 857. Convention on the Continental Shelf, done Apr. 29, 1958, 15 U.S.T. 471, 11 \up0 \expndtw-7 \charscalex100 U.N. GAOR, Supp. No. 9, at 42, U.N. doc. A/3159 (1956) (entered i nto force June 10, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex88 1964). See also Treasure Salvors , 569 F.2d at 339. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3362\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex96 858. B.V. Bureau Wijsmuller v. United States, 702 F.2d 333 (2d Ci r. 1983). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 859.77 U.S. (10 Wall.) 1 (1869). \par\par d\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb21\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 157 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pap erw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg168}{\bkmkend Pg168}\par\pard\ ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li49 87\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs1 9 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li3566\ri3237\sb122\sl-240\slmult0\tx3926 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 (1) t he labor expended by the salvors in rendering the salvage \line\tab \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex89 service; \par\pard\ql \li3571\ri3426\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\tx3931 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 (2) the promptitude, skill, and energy displayed in rendering \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 the service and saving the p

roperty; \par\pard\ql \li3571\ri3417\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\tx3931\tx3931 \up0 \expn dtw-6\charscalex100 (3) the value of the property employed by the salvors in re n-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 dering the service and the degree of da nger to which such \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 property was exposed; \par\pard\ql \li3571\ri3425\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\tx3931 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex 100 (4) the risk incurred by the salvors in securing the property \line\tab \up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 from the impending peril; \par\pard\ql \li3571\sb9\sl -230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (5) the value of the saved property; and \par\pard\ql \li3571\ri3429\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\tx3931 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc alex100 (6) the degree of danger from which the property was res-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 cued.\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs18\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs17 8 60 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 All of the factors should be considered in determin ing the amount of \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 the salvage award.\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 861\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Each factor, howe ver, is not given equal weight. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 Furthermore, severa l courts have reversed the order of these factors so \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex1 00 that greater weight is given to the value of the salved property, which \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 includes both ship and cargo,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 862\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and the degree of danger in a given \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 situation, thus permitting a more realistic appraisal of the respective \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 costs and benefits to the parties.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 863 \par\pard\qj \li302 3\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 A salvage award may include damages if the salvor\u8217?s property i s \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 lost or damaged in the course of rendering its service.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 864\ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 Further, the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 salvor may recover ex penses incurred during the salvage effort in ad-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex 100 dition to the salvage award.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 865 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A salvage award will be apportioned \line \up0 \exp ndtw-5\charscalex100 amongst all co-salvors commensurate with each salvor\u8217? s degree of \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 participation.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 866\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Finally, professional salvors are generally granted \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 more liberal salvage awards than chance salvors because of their \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex95 unique skills and their investment in specialized equipment.\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 867 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li3383\sb37\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf8\f9\fs17 860. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex93 861. Wijsmuller, 702 F.2d 333. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 862. The Haxby v. Merritt\u8217?s Wrecking Org ., 83 F. 715 (4th Cir. 1897). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi3 60 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 863. Margate Shipping Co. v. M/V JA Orgeron, 14 3 F.3d 976 (5th Cir. 1998). \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 This is an inter esting case that uses an \u8220?economic analysis\u8221? in calculating the awar d \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 for a fully laden tanker that saved a barg e transporting a component of the space \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 shutt le. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 864. P erez v. Barge LBT No. 4, 416 F.2d 407 (5th Cir. 1969). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri28 20\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 865. Reynolds Leasing Corp. v. Tug Patrice McAllister, 572 F. Supp. 1131 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 (S.D.N.Y. 1983). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5624\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex94 866. The Lydia, 49 F. 666 (E.D.N.Y. 1892). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex95 867. Id. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb 22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 158 \ par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg16 9}{\bkmkend Pg169}\par\pard\ql \li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\

sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 8: Salvage \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\ slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 As to liability for salvage awards, any party who was involved in \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the common venture must pay its proportionate share of the award. \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 100 This means that the cargo interests may have the duty to contribute to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 the award.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs19 868\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If salvage services have not been requested by a person \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 authorized to do so (such as th e master of a vessel), the owner of the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 salv ed property is not liable in personam; the property, however, is \line \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex95 liable in rem. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw0\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Misconduct of Salvors \par\ pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 \u8220?[A] salvor must act in good faith and exercise reas onable skill and \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 prudent seamanship\u8221? in providing salvage services.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 869\ul0 \nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A salvor\u8217?s negli-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 gence may result in a reduction of the salvage award, a total denial of \lin e \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 any award, and liability for affirmative damages .\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 870\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Me re negligence \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 that results in an unsuccessful salvage will, in turn, result in a denial of \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10 0 an award under the \u8220?no cure-no pay\u8221? rule.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 871\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Negligence that only \line \ up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 reduces the degree of success will result in a redu ction of the award. \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 However, where a salvor is guilty of \u8220?gross negligence or willful mis-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc alex100 conduct\u8221? the salvor not only will be denied a reward or suffer a r e-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 duction of its award, but will be liable f or affirmative damages for loss \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 or damage to the salved vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 872\ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 Furthermore, there is authority for \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex97 the proposition that even in the absence of gross negligence, if the sal\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 vor inflicts a \u8220?distinguishable\u8221? or \u8220?independent\u8221? injury on the salved \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charsca lex100 vessel, it may be held liable to pay affirmative damages.\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 873\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A \u8220?distin-\li ne \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 guishable\u8221? injury \u8220?is some type of damage caused by the salvor to the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 salved ve ssel other than that which she would have suffered had sal-\line \up0 \expndtw-4 \charscalex100 vage efforts not been undertaken to extricate her from the perils to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 which she was exposed.\u8221?\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 874\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Finally, a sal vor may be denied a salvage \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2825\sb94\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 868. In re Pac. Far E. Line, Inc., 314 F. Supp. 1339 (N.D. Cal. 1970), aff\u8217?d, 472 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex95 F.2d 1382 (9th Cir. 1973). \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2818\sb20\sl-22 0\slmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 869. Basic Boats, Inc. v. Un ited States, 352 F. Supp. 44, 48 (E.D. Va. 1972). See \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 96 also The Noah\u8217?s Ark v. Bentley & Felton Corp., 292 F.2d 437 (5th Cir. 1 961). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 870. Basic Boats, 352 F. Supp. at 49. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5606\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 871. See infra text accompanying note 877. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 87 2. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 87 3. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 874

. The Noah\u8217?s Ark, 292 F.2d at 441. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf5\f6\fs19 159 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\s l-240{\bkmkstart Pg170}{\bkmkend Pg170}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2793\sb106\sl-260\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 award when there is dishonesty or fraudulent conduct involved.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs19 875 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Di shonesty by the master of a salving vessel is attributed to the vessel\u8217?s \ line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 owner so as to deny the owner an award. Disho nesty by the master \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 will not be attributed t o the crew unless they had knowledge of the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 m aster\u8217?s conduct.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 876 \par\pard \ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2 \f3\fs31 Contract Salvage \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Salvage services may be rend ered under a salvage contract. A salvage \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 con tract may call for compensation at a fixed rate payable regardless \line \up0 \e xpndtw0\charscalex104 of success or it may incorporate a \u8220?no cure-no pay\u 8221? provision \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 whereby compensation is conti ngent on the success of the salvage op-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 erati ons.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 877\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A court will generally enforce a salvage contract that was \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 fairly bargained for\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 878\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 even if it turned out to be a \u8220?bad bargai n\u8221? for \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the owner of the salved vessel, such as where the work turned out to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 be less onerous than the parties anticipated.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 879\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The fact that a contract \line \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 is on a \u8220?no cure-no pay\u8221? basis is a factor that tend s to establish its \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 fairness. However, even a \u8220?no cure-no pay\u8221? contract may be set aside \line \up0 \expndtw-3\ch arscalex100 if it was procured through fraud, misrepresentation, or other com-\l ine \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 pulsion.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 880 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\c harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In recent years various versions of Llo yds Open Form (LOF), a \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 salvage contract form, have been used. The use of these forms does \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 not immuni ze salvors from claims of fraud.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 881 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Furthermore, where \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 ser vices are rendered in U.S. waters and both vessel owner and salvor \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex100 are U.S. citizens, some courts have refused to enforce the Lond on ar\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 bitration provisions contained in the LOF.\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 882 \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-220\sl mult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri3678\sb134\sl -220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 875. Jacks on Marine Corp. v. Blue Fox, 845 F.2d 1307 (5th Cir. 1988). \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex95 876. Id. at 1311. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex94 877. The Elfrida, 172 U.S. 186 (1898). \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2 824\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 878. Onaway T ransp. Co. v. Offshore Tugs, Inc., 695 F.2d 197 (5th Cir. 1983), \up0 \expndtw-7 \charscalex91 superseded on other grounds, 948 F.2d 179 (1991), cert. denied, 50 7 U.S. 1050 (1993). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 879. The Elfrida, 172 U.S. at 197. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndt

w-5\charscalex100 880. Id.; Black Gold Marine, Inc. v. Jackson Marine Co., 759 F .2d 466 (5th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1985). \par\pard\ql \li3383 \sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 881. Black Gold, 759 F.2d 466. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscale x100 882. Jones v. Sea Tow Servs. Freeport N.Y. Inc., 30 F.3d 360 (2d Cir. 1994) ; \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Reinholtz v. Retriever Marine Towing & Sal vage, 1994 AMC 2981 (S.D. Fla. 1993), \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub \cf5\f6\fs19 160 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-2 40{\bkmkstart Pg171}{\bkmkend Pg171}\par\pard\ql \li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li5409\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 8: Salvage \par\pard\ql \ li3023\sb316\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex82 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\f s31 Life Salvage \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There is a statutory duty to render assistance to save lives at sea,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 883 \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 thereby preclud ing compensation for pure life salvage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 884\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 under the Life Salvage Act,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 885\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 a party who provides services that result \line \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex100 in the saving of lives is entitled to share in any salvage award granted \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 to other persons who saved th e vessel or cargo where both were en-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 gaged i n a common salvage operation. Salvors who act jointly and in \line \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex100 concert\u8212?whereby some save lives, thus foregoing an opport unity to \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 save property, while others save pr operty\u8212?are entitled to a share of \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 the s alvage award.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 886\ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 Such an award will be granted only to those who \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 have foregone the opportunity to engage in the more profitable wor k \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 of property salvage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 887 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A person who incurs exp enses in order to save lives has a right to \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 be rei mbursed for any expenditures incurred in performing a duty \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 owed by a shipowner to a member of its crew.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs19 888 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023 \sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\s b0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0 \sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\s l-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-22 0\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\ slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2818\sb114\ sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 aff\u82 17?d, 46 F.3d 71 (11th Cir. 1995); Brier v. Northstar Marine, Inc., 1993 AMC 119 4 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 (D.N.J. 1992). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 883.46 U.S.C. 2303, 2304 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3767\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 884. The Emblem, 8 F. Cas. 611, 2 Ware 68, No. 4434 (D. Me. 1840). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 885.46 U.S.C. app. 729 (1994). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex95 886. In re Yamashita-Shinnihon Kisen, 305 F. Supp. 796 (D. Or. 1969). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5 \charscalex100 887. St. Paul Marine Transp. Corp. v. Cerro Sales Corp., 313 F. S upp. 377 (D. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Haw. 1970). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri282

0\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 888. Peninsular & Orien tal Steam Navigation Co. v. Overseas Oil Carriers, 553 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x92 F.2d 830 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 859 (1977). \par\pard\ql \li5975\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 161 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\pape rh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg172}{\bkmkend Pg172}\pard\par\pard\sect\sec td\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg173}{\bkmkend Pg173 }\par\pard\ql \li5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5428\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li5428\sb367\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersu b\cf2\f3\fs31 chapter 9 \par\pard\ql \li3667\sb76\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs39 Maritime Liens and Mortgages \par\pard\ ql \li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb208\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Liens \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797 \sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Much has been written about the exact nature of maritime liens in the \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex93 United States. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3232\sb57\sl-240\slmult 0\fi182 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 A maritime lie n is a secured right peculiar to maritime law. A \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 l ien is a charge on property for the payment of a debt, and a mari\up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex98 time lien is a special property right in a vessel given to a credi tor by \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 law as security for a debt or claim arising from some service ren\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 dered to the ship to facilit ate her use in navigation or from an in\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 jury caused by the vessel in navigable waters.\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs18\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs 17 889 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The basic purpose of the maritime lien is to pr ovide security for a \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 claim while permitting the ship to proceed on her way in order to \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 e arn the freight or hire necessary to pay off the claim. The simplest \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 way of understanding the nature of a maritime lien is b y examining its \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 function. \u8220?A maritime lien is a nonpossessory security device that is \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex 100 created by operation of law.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 890\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Although parties may waive or sur-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 render the right to a maritime lien by contract or oth erwise, they may \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 not agree to confer a marit ime lien where the law does not provide for \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 one.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 891\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The United States has never ratified any of the international \line \up0 \expnd tw-5\charscalex100 conventions on maritime liens, and the U.S. law of maritime l iens is \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 purely domestic. \par\pard\qj \li3023 \ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Under U.S. law, ma ritime liens are based on the fiction of a \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u8220? personified\u8221? vessel. Under the personification doctrine, a vessel is \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 held liable for its torts and for contractual obligatio ns undertaken on \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 its behalf to facilitate the acco mplishment of its mission. As a corol\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 lary to this doctrine, an action based on a maritime lien may only be \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex93 brought in rem against the vessel itself. \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\ slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2834\sb194\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\ch arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 889. Robert Force & A.N. Yiannopoulos, 2 Admiralty and Maritime Law\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9 \fs17 2-1 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 (2001). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri8121 \sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 890. Id. \line \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex100 891. Id. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li597 5\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 1

63 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop3878\shpright9245\shpbottom3898\shpfhdr0\shp bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz44\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g174}{\bkmkend Pg174}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023 \sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The maritime lien is differe nt from the general common-law lien \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 in sever al respects.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 892\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\ f4\fs21 Maritime liens are secret liens; they do not re-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex100 quire recordation. In a fictional sense maritime liens are consider ed to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 attach themselves to a particular vesse l and follow that vessel wherever \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 it goes an d from owner to owner. Having said this, it should be noted \line \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 that in the vast majority of cases the same facts that establish in rem \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 liability of the vessel also establis h in personam liability of the owner of \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex87 the v essel. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex91 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Property to Which Maritime Liens Attach \par\pard\qj \l i3023\ri2794\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 Virtually every case involving maritime liens involves assertion of a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 lien against a vessel. The term \u8220?ves sel\u8221? is very broad and includes not \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 on ly the hull but also \u8220?components\u8221? and \u8220?accessories.\u8221?\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 893\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Compo-\ line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 nents are things attached to the vessel that become an integral part of \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 it. Accessories i nclude things that are placed on a vessel for comple-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\chars calex100 tion or ornamentation but are not attached so as to become an inte-\lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 gral part of it. The distinction between compone nts and accessories is \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 not always clear. Pre paid freight, for example, is not considered part \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex98 of the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 894\ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 A person who has a lien against a vessel does not, by \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 that fact, have a lien against that vessel\u8217?s car go. Cargo carried on \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 board the vessel,\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 895\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 even where it is the property of the vessel owner, is \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 not part of the vessel and consequently is not subject to a maritime \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 lien against the vessel. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0 \sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Where a change in the charac ter of a vessel so alters its \u8220?vessel\u8221? \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca lex100 status, it may no longer be a vessel for the purpose of acquiring a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 maritime lien. As long as the lien arises at a ti me when the structure is \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 still considered a vessel, courts will sustain the assertion of the lien.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0

\super\cf7\f8\fs19 896 \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f 4\fs21 Thus, where a vessel subject to a maritime lien subsequently is re-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 duced to a pile of scrap metal as a result of damag e sustained in a col-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383 \sb57\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 89 2. Gilmore & Black, supra note 825, 9-1 to 9-2, at 586-89. \par\pard\ql \li3383\s b13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 893. The Joseph Warner, 32 F. Su pp. 532 (D. Mass. 1939). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \u p0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 894. Galban Lobo Trading Co. S/A v. The Diponegaro, 1 03 F. Supp. 452 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 (S.D.N.Y. 1951). \par\pard\qj \li30 23\ri2824\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 895. Vlavianos v. The Cypress, 171 F.2d 435 (4th Cir. 1948), cert. denied, 337 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex93 U.S. 924 (1949). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi3 60 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 896. Arques Shipyard v. The Charles Van Damme, 175 F. Supp. 871 (N.D. Cal. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1959). \par\pard\ ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 164 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paper w12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg175}{\bkmkend Pg175}\par\pard\ql \li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li45 26\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526 \sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 C hapter 9: Maritime Liens and Mortgages \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \ par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 lision, the maritime lien still exists against the scra p metal. However, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 events that occur once the struct ure loses its status as a vessel do not \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 give rise t o maritime liens.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 897 \par\pard\qj \ li3023\ri2797\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 There seems to be no reason why liens cannot be asserted against \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 other maritime property, although there are relatively few cases that \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 discuss the matte r. Such liens would have to be based on claims \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1 00 against the cargo itself. Thus a salvor who saved imperiled cargo \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 would have a lien on the cargo because of the service r endered to the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 cargo. There are cases that a cknowledge the propriety of asserting a \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 marit ime lien against cargo.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 898 \par\par d\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex82 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 2\f3\fs31 Custodia Legis \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Generally, maritime liens do not arise for expenses incurred while a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ves sel is in the custody of a federal court pursuant to arrest or attach-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 ment.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 899\ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Nevertheless, expenses properly incurred while a ves sel is in \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the custody of a court are prefere ntially paid out of the resultant fund \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 from the sale of the vessel or from security given to secure its release \line \up0 \ expndtw-1\charscalex100 prior to any distribution of the fund to the lien claima nts.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 900\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Court \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 approval prior to contracting expense s may be required to qualify as a \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 proper cust odia legis expense.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 901 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3 \fs31 Categories of Maritime Liens \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb122\sl-260\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Most maritime clai ms arising from torts, contracts, or a peculiarly \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex100 maritime operation, such as salvage, give rise to maritime liens. Juris-\l

ine \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 prudential and statutory exceptions have been established to this gen-\par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3 023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2818\sb34\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 897. Slavin v. Port Serv. Corp., 138 F.2d 386 (3d Cir. 1943); Hayford v. Dous\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 sony, 32 F.2d 605 (5th Cir. 1929); Johnson v. Oil Transp. Co., 440 F.2d 109 (5th Cir.), \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 cert. denied, 404 U.S. 868 (1971). \par\par d\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 898. S ee, e.g., Logistics Mgmt., Inc. v. One (1) Pyramid Tent Arena, 86 F.3d 908 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 (9th Cir. 1996). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\ slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 899. The Nisseqogue, 280 F. 174 (E.D. N.C. 1922); but see City of Erie v. S.S. N. \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Am., 2 67 F. Supp. 875 (W.D. Pa. 1967) (limiting application of the custodia legis rule \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 to federal seizure and not state foreign attachmen t). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex98 900. The Poznan, 274 U.S. 117 (1927); Roy v. M/V Kateri Tek, 238 F. Supp. 813 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 (E.D. La. 1965). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-2 07\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 901. United States v. The Audrey II, 185 F. Supp. 777 (N.D. Cal. 1960). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f 6\fs19 165 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bk mkstart Pg176}{\bkmkend Pg176}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4 987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\q j \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 eral rule. Thus, a seaman\ u8217?s claim for personal injuries under the Jones \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc alex100 Act is not supported by a lien. Historically, premiums due under a \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 contract of marine insurance were not supported b y a lien.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 902\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 How-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ever, in Equilease Corp. v. M/V Sa mpson,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 903\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 the Fifth Circuit held that \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 unpaid insura nce premiums gave rise to a maritime lien.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 904\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 That case \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 is exceptional because federal courts generally apply the law of mari-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 time liens strictly and usually are reluctant to extend maritime liens to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 new situations. \par \pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 M aritime claims that give rise to maritime liens include the fol-\line \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex96 lowing claims: seamen\u8217?s wages; salvage; torts that aris e under the gen-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 eral maritime law; general av erage; preferred ship mortgages; supplies, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 re pairs, and other necessaries furnished to a vessel; towage, wharfage, \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 pilotage, and stevedoring; damage or loss to cargo whi le aboard a \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 vessel; claims by carriers for u npaid freight; and breach of charter \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 parties. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex92 \ul0\no supersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Contract Liens \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb118\sl-260\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Contract claims a lso may give rise to maritime liens because contracts \line \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex98 for necessaries, repairs, and the like are intended for the benefit of the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ship itself and contracts of affreightme nt and charter parties relate to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the use of the ship.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 905\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 In order for a maritime lien to exist, there must \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ch

arscalex100 be a maritime claim. Not all contracts that relate to vessels are cl assi-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 fied as \u8220?maritime\u8221? contract s (see Chapter 1). The distinction between \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 m aritime and nonmaritime contracts is important here because only \line \up0 \exp ndtw-4\charscalex100 maritime contracts may give rise to a maritime lien, and, a s will be \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 seen, not all maritime contracts s upport maritime liens: If a contract \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 is not subject to admiralty jurisdiction, it cannot give rise to a mari-\line \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex96 time lien.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 906 \ par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \p ar\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par \pard\qj\li3383\ri4267\sb114\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\no supersub\cf8\f9\fs17 902. In re Ins. Co. of State of Pa., 22 F. 109 (N.D.N.Y. 18 84). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 903.793 F.2d 598 (5th Cir.), cert. denie d, 579 U.S. 984 (1986). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 904. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 905 . Thomas A. Russell, 2 Benedict on Admiralty 21, at 2-2 (7th rev. ed. 1999). \li ne\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 906. Gilmore & Black, supra note 825, 9-20, at 624. For an illustration, see \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Cary Marine, Inc. v. M/V Papillon, 872 F.2d 751 (6th Cir. 1989). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 166 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\par d\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg177}{\bkmkend Pg177}\par\pard\ql \li4526\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 9: Maritime Lie ns and Mortgages \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb1 40\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Execu tory Contracts \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\c harscalex100 There is no maritime lien for breach of an executory contract, not\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 withstanding that it may be classified as a maritime contract and fall \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 within admiralty jurisdiction. If a contract is in its executory stage, no \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex95 lien exists. Thus, if a vessel has contracted to carry cargo or pas sengers \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 and then repudiates the contract bef ore the cargo is loaded or before \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 the passeng ers board the vessel, the injured parties may have a claim \line \up0 \expndtw-3 \charscalex100 for breach of a maritime contract, but they do not have a maritim e \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 lien. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb0\sl-2 60\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 As an illustration, consider the case of a contract of affreightment, \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 admitte dly a maritime contract, where the carrier failed to carry all of \line \up0 \ex pndtw-6\charscalex100 the cargo it had contracted to transport. As to the cargo that had not \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 been loaded on board, the contr act is still executory. Failure to load \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 and c arry that portion constitutes a breach of the contract of af-\line \up0 \expndtw -4\charscalex100 freightment, allowing the shipper to bring an in personam actio n in \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 admiralty against the carrier. Neverthe less, that breach does not give \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 rise to a ma ritime lien. In contrast, if some of the cargo loaded on \line \up0 \expndtw-6\c harscalex100 board had been lost or damaged, that breach of contract would give \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 rise to a maritime lien. \par\pard\ql \li3023 \sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex94 Agency Contracts \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 At one time it was thought that \u8220?agency contracts, \u8221? whereby one party \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 agrees to act as a n agent for another person, were not maritime con-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal

ex100 tracts. This per se rule was overruled by the Supreme Court in Exxon \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Corp. v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc.\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 907\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In that case an oil company agreed \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 to supply bunkers to a shipp ing company as needed. The oil company \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 usual ly supplied its own oil to the shipping company, but on the oc-\line \up0 \expnd tw-2\charscalex100 casion in question it did not have any oil available at the l ocation \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 where it was needed. The oil company contracted with another com-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 pany to supply the oil. The bunkers were delivered to the vessel, and \line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex100 the oil company paid the supplier. When the shipping company failed \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 to pay the oil company, the latter brought an action alleging breach of \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 a maritime contra ct. The shipping company argued that in procuring \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal ex100 bunkers on its behalf, the oil company was acting as its agent; the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 shipping company relied on the rule that agency co ntracts did not \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb97 \sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 907.500 U.S. 603 (1991). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24 \sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 167 \pa r\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg178} {\bkmkend Pg178}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\ sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 give rise to maritime liens. The Suprem e Court held that the oil com\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 pany supplied necessa ries to the vessel, and that a contract whereby \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 one supplies necessaries to a vessel is a maritime contract. The Court \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex100 specifically declined to express a view as to whether the brea ch of the \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 contract gave rise to a maritime lien, l eaving that issue to the lower \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 court to resolve on remand. There does not appear to be any reason \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 why the oil company should not have a lien. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Preferred Ship Mor tgage \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Ship Mortgage Act\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 908\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 provides that a preferred mor tgage \u8220?is a lien \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 on the mortgaged vess el in the amount of the outstanding mortgage \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 indebtedness secured by the vessel.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 909\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The requirements to qualify as \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 a preferred mortgage are specified in the statute, and preferred status \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 may extend to both domesti c and foreign mortgages.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 910\ul0\nos upersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The statute \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 permits enfo rcement of a preferred mortgage in an in rem action.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs19 911 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\ charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Liens for Necessaries \par\pard\qj \li 3023\ri2794\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 Part of the law of contract liens has been codified, primarily to pro -\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 vide protection to those who provide necessa ry services or supplies to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 vessels. The Fede ral Maritime Lien Act (FMLA)\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 912\ul0 \nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 states that \u8220?a per-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal ex100 son providing necessaries to a vessel on the order of the owner or \line \

up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 person authorized by the owner . . . has a maritime lien on the vessel \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb16\sl-241\slmult0\tldot\tx8528 \up0 \ expndtw-6\charscalex100 ... [and] may bring a civil action in rem to enforce the lien\expndtw0\charscalex100\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \u8221?\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 913 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb4\sl-260\s lmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The FMLA defines necessaries as including \u8220?repairs, supplies, \line \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex100 towage and the use of a dry dock or marine railway.\u8221?\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 914\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The enumer a-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tion of specific necessaries is merely by way of illustration and is not \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 preclusive. N ecessaries have been held to include \u8220?most goods or \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex100 services that are useful to the vessel, keep her out of danger, an d en-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb30\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\no supersub\cf8\f9\fs17 908.46 U.S.C. 31301-31343 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri282 0\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 909. Id. 31325(a). Mort gages are discussed infra text accompanying notes \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex100 946-62. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4917\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex96 910. Id. 31301(6)(B) (foreign), 31322 (domestic). \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex97 911. Id. 31325(b). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3655\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex96 912. Id. 31301-31343 (originally codified at 46 U.S.C. 971974). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 913. Id. 31342. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 914. Id. 31301(4). \par\pard\ql \li5975 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 168 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\pap erh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg179}{\bkmkend Pg179}\par\pard\ql \li4526\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb189\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 9: Maritime Liens and Mortgages \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0\tldot\tx7163\tx7220 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 able her to perform her particular function\expndtw0 \charscalex100\tab \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 What is a \u8216?necessary \u8217? is \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb19\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 to be determined relative to the requirements of the ship.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 915 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb4\sl-260\slmult 0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In Piedmont & G eorge\u8217?s Creek Coal Co. v. Seaboard Fisheries Co.,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 916 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\ f4\fs21 the Supreme Court held that the necessaries must be provided by the \lin e \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 supplier directly to the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 917\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Following this appr oach, it has been \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 held that although a contr act to supply containers to a carrier is a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 m aritime contract and that containers are necessaries as that term is \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 used in the FMLA, such contracts do not give rise to a maritime lien \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 because typically containers a re delivered to the carrier in bulk and \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 not d irectly to a particular vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 918 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under the FMLA, it is insufficient for a supplier to merely furnish \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 necessaries to a vessel; they must be supplied \u8220?on the order of the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 owner or a person authorized by the owner.\u8221? A question may arise as \ line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 to whether a person who requested necessaries has authority to pro-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 cure necessaries for a

vessel where that person is not the owner. The \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex 100 issue of authority is resolved under ordinary agency principles.\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 919\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 At \line \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 one time there was some controversy as to whether a char terer could \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 incur a lien on a vessel by order ing necessaries where there was a \u8220?no \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 lien\u8221? clause in the charter party or where the charter party was silent \l ine \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 on the issue of authority. (Under a \u8220?no lien\u8221? clause a charterer is pro-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 hibite d from entering into transactions that result in a lien on the \line \up0 \expnd tw-5\charscalex100 vessel.) The lien statute originally contained language that, as con-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 strued by the Supreme Court, require d a supplier of necessaries to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 exercise due c are in ascertaining the authority of a person who sought \line \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex91 to procure necessaries. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmul t0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 The Federal Maritime Lien Act has since b een amended and now \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 states that necessaries may be provided \u8220?on the order of a person \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 listed in section 31341 . . . or a person authorized by the owner [of the \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \pa r\pard\qj\li3023\ri2822\sb14\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 915. Equilease Corp. v. M/V Sampson, 793 F.2d 598, 60 3 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 579 U.S. 984 (1986). \p ar\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 916.254 U.S. 1 (1920). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex97 917. Id.; see also The Vigilancia, 58 F. 698 (S.D.N.Y. 1893); The C imbria, 156 F. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 378 (D. Mass. 1907); The Curtin, 165 F. 271 (E.D. Pa. 1908). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \u p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 918. Foss Launch & Tug Co. v. Char Ching Shipping U. S.A., Ltd., 808 F.2d 697 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 828 (1987). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ expndtw-5\charscalex100 919. See, e.g., Epstein v. Corporacion Peruana de Vapore s, 325 F. Supp. 535 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 (S.D.N.Y. 1971). \par\pard\ql \ li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 169 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw122 40\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg180}{\bkmkend Pg180}\par\pard\ql \li 4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li49 87\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb1 89\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admi ralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li30 23\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 vessel].\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 920\ul0\nos upersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The persons listed in section 31341 are presumed to have \l ine \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 authority to procure necessaries and include \ u8220?a person entrusted with \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the management of the vessel at the port of supply; or an officer or \line \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex100 agent appointed by a charterer.\u8221? There is a statutory presumpti on that \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 a charterer, for example, has author ity to procure necessaries for the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 vessel an d to incur a lien on the vessel. The presumption, however, \line \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex97 may not be invoked by a supplier who has actual knowledge that the re \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 is a \u8220?no lien\u8221? clause in the charter party or that the charterer other-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 wi se lacks authority. Recent decisions have concluded that only \u8220?ac-\line \u p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tual knowledge\u8221? will defeat the lien; construc tive knowledge, that is, \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 what a reasonable s upplier would have known, is insufficient to defeat \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc

alex94 the lien.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 921 \par\pard\qj \l i3023\ri2797\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs21 The use of a subcontractor\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 922\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and intermediaries\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 923\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 to fulfill the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 obligation of the prime contractor can present problems if the owner \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 or charterer never authorized the use of such persons. Under such \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 circumst ances, the subcontractor or intermediary could have trouble \line \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 showing that it furnished necessaries on the \u8220?order\u8221? of the owner or \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 charterer. \par\pard\qj \li3 023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Although at on e time the rule was otherwise, the FMLA also con-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscale x100 tains provisions that permit a supplier of necessaries to assert a lien \li ne \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 even where the necessaries are supplied in the vessel\u8217?s home port. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Likewise, it is no longer necessary for a supplier to show that it relied \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex98 on the credit of the vessel. However, the right to a lien may be waiv ed, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 either expressly, by implication, or by showing that the supplier ob-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 tained special s ecurity for the provision of its services. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb183\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosu persub\cf8\f9\fs17 920.46 U.S.C. 31342 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb3\s l-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 921. Belcher Oil Co. v. M/V Ga rdenia, 766 F.2d 1508 (11th Cir. 1985); but see \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Ma rine Fuel Supply & Towing, Inc. v. M/V Ken Lucky, 859 F.2d 1405 (9th Cir.), \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 opinion amended and superseded by Marine Fuel Supply & Towing, Inc. v. M/V Ken \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Lucky, 869 F.2d 473 (9th C ir. 1988). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 922. Turecamo of Savannah, Inc. v. United States, 824 F. Supp. 106 9 (S.D. Ga. \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 1993), aff\u8217?d, 36 F.3d 1083 (11th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1028 (1995); Stevens \line \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex100 Technical Servs., Inc. v. United States, 913 F.2d 1521 (11th C ir. 1990); Integral Con-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 trol Sys. Corp. v. Co nsol. Edison Co. of N.Y., Inc., 990 F. Supp. 295 (S.D.N.Y. 1998). \par\pard\qj \ li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 923. Cantie ri Navali Riuniti v. M/V Skyptron, 621 F. Supp. 171 (W.D. La. 1985), \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex93 remanded and aff\u8217?d, 802 F.2d 160 (5th Cir. 1986). \par\p ard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 170 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\p aperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg181}{\bkmkend Pg181}\par\par d\ql \li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4526\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs 19 Chapter 9: Maritime Liens and Mortgages \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb316\sl-368\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Persons Who May Acq uire Maritime Liens \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The owner, part owner, or agent o f a vessel may not acquire a lien \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 against th e vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 924\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 However, a joint venturer may acquire a lien for \line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex100 necessaries.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 925\ul0\nosu persub\cf3\f4\fs21 A stockholder in a vessel also may acquire a lien, but \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 must overcome a presumption that any advances wer e made on gen-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 eral credit. If the presumptio n is overcome, a lien may exist as long as \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 i

t does not unfairly prejudice other creditors.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs19 926\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Maritime liens are \line \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex97 assignable; the assignee ordinarily assumes the rank of the ass ignor in \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 determining lien priority.\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 927\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Additionally , a person who advances \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 funds for the purpos e of discharging a maritime lien succeeds to the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x96 lien status of the former lien holder. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Priorities of Liens \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb128\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex91 \ul0\no supersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Ranking of Liens \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb118\sl-260\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The sale of a vessel in an in rem proceeding generates a fund in the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex100 registry of an admiralty court. Where this fund, or a comparable secu -\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 rity posted by the shipowner to secure the vessel\u8217?s release, is insuffi-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 cient to satisfy all valid liens and claims, the priority of the different \line \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex100 categories of claims becomes of paramount importance. The ranking \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 of maritime lien claims by the distr ict courts and courts of appeals in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 conjuncti on with the priority rules codified in \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 46 U .S.C. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2799\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1 00 31301(5)-(6) and 31326(b)(1)-(2) has generally resulted in the \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex95 observance of the following rankings: \par\pard\li3383\sb17\sl-253 \slmult0\fi0\tx7836\tx8303 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1. expenses of justice during custodia legis\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex88 (see\tab \up0 \expndtw -2\charscalex100 46 U.S.C.\par\pard\li3383\sb2\sl-253\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndt w-2\charscalex100 31326(b)(1));\par\pard\li3383\sb73\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx5136\t x7814\tx8292 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2. the following\tab \up0 \expndtw-2 \charscalex100 \u8220?preferred maritime liens\u8221?\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\chars calex89 (see\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 46 U.S.C.\par\pard\li3383\sb2\sl253\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 31301(5)(A)-(F)):\par\pard\ql \l i3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3 383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li338 3\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 9 24. The Gloucester, 285 F. 579 (D. Mass. 1923). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb3\ sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 925. Compagnia Maritima La Em presa, S.A. v. Pickard, 320 F.2d 829 (5th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 4 1963). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2825\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 926. The Cimbria, 214 F. 131 (D.N.J. 1914); The Puritan, 258 F. 271 (D. Mass. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1919). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl -207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 927. Sasportes v. M/V Sol de Copacaban a, 581 F.2d 1204 (5th Cir. 1978). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5 \f6\fs19 171 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\ bkmkstart Pg182}{\bkmkend Pg182}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard \li3743\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li3743\sb129\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndt w-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 (a) wages of the crew and master;\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 928\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 main tenance and cure;\par\pard\li3743\sb6\sl-253\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\chars calex100 wages of stevedores when directly employed by the\par\pard\li3743\sb6\s l-253\slmult0\fi360\tx7793\tx8280 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 shipowner or the shipowner\u8217?s agent\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex89 (see\tab \up0 \expndt w-3\charscalex100 46 U.S.C.\par\pard\li3743\sb6\sl-253\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expnd

tw-3\charscalex100 31341);\par\pard\ql \li3743\sb69\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex93 (b) salvage (including contract salvage) and general average; \p ar\pard\ql \li3743\ri2796\sb64\sl-260\slmult0\tx4103 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1 00 (c) maritime torts (including personal injury, property dam-\line\tab \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex93 age, and cargo tort liens);\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs19 929 \par\pard\ql \li3743\ri2795\sb60\sl-260\slmult0\tx4103\tx4103\ tx4103\tx4103\tx4103 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 ( d) all maritime contract liens that arise before the filing of a \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 preferred ship mortgage (U.S. flag vessel) (see 46 U.S. C. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 31301(5)(A))\u8212?these include lien s for \u8220?necessaries,\u8221? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 such as repairs, supplies, towage, and the use of a dry \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex96 dock or marine railway (see 46 U.S.C. 31301(4)), as well \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 as cargo damage liens and charterer\u8217?s liens; \par\ pard\li3383\sb71\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx3743 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 3.\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 preferred ship mortgages (U.S. flag vessels);\par\ pard\li3383\sb73\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx3743 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 4.\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 other maritime contract liens that accrue after th e filing of a\par\pard\qj \li3743\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex100 preferred ship mortgage (U.S. flag vessels) and prior to a for-\line \ up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 eign preferred ship mortgage; however, all necessar ies pro-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 vided in the United States have prio rity over foreign preferred \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ship mortgages i rrespective of the time they arose (see 46 \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 U. S.C. 31326(b)(2)); \par\pard\li3383\sb61\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx3743 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex100 5.\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 foreign preferred ship mor tgages; and\par\pard\li3383\sb74\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx3743 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex100 6.\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 maritime contract liens, excluding those for necessaries pro-\par\pard\qj \li3743\ri2800\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-4\charscalex100 vided in the United States, accruing after foreign prefe rred \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 ship mortgages, such as contractual claims fo r cargo damage \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 liens and charterer\u8217?s liens. \ par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \p ar\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2819\sb85\sl-220\slmu lt0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 928. The mast er of a U.S. vessel has a lien under 46 U.S.C. 11112. A master of a \line \up0 \ expndtw-7\charscalex98 foreign vessel has a lien for wages only if the law of th e flag of the vessel provides for \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 one. \par\p ard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb14\sl-228\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 92 9. Tort liens also include damage to cargo. Therefore, claims for damage or \lin e \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 loss to cargo are preferred liens. Where there i s a possibility of pursuing either a tort \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 or breach of contract for damage to cargo, if the breach sounds in tort, a tort cl aim \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 will give rise to a \u8220?preferred lie n.\u8221? See Oriente Commercial, Inc. v. M/V Floridian, 529 \line \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex96 F.2d 221 (4th Cir. 1975); see also All Alaskan Seafoods, Inc. v. M/V Sea Producer, 882 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 F.2d 425 (9th Cir. 198 9). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb21\sl-230\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 172 \par\pard\sect\se ctd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg183}{\bkmkend Pg18 3}\par\pard\ql \li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4526\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub \cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 9: Maritime Liens and Mortgages \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl -241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Inverse Order Rule \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb 64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 According to the above ranking s

cheme, competing liens are initially \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 ranked a s to superiority by class\u8212?for example, all wage liens would be \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 grouped together and all tort liens would be grouped to gether. The \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 top priority liens, such as wage liens, will of course be paid first. If, \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ho wever, the funds in the registry of the admiralty court are insuffi-\line \up0 \ expndtw-1\charscalex100 cient to fully pay a particular class, the issue of prio rity of claims \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 within the class itself must be resolved. The rule generally applied is \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 t he \u8220?inverse order\u8221? rule. Under this rule, claims of the same class a re \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 given priority among themselves according to the inverse order of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 their accrual. The most recent lien ranks first and the oldest lien ranks \line \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 last. Having said this, admiralty judges have considerable equitable \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 powers in distributing a fund. A court, for example, might decide not \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 to apply the inver se order rule to a particular class of claims, such as \line \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex91 wage claims. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li30 23\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Exceptions to the Inverse Or der Rule\u8212?Special Time Rules \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb64\sl-260\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Though the inverse order rule is the basic gener al rule for the ranking \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 of claims within a c lass, for practical reasons the rule has been \u8220?sub-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex97 jected to a series of special rules which in effect have largely dis placed \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb44\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 it .\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 930 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb 0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb24\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Maritime Contract Liens \par\pard\qj \li3023\ ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 While the inverse order rule has the benefit of forcing a claimant to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 act quickly, it can also encourage a supplier of necessaries to arrest a \lin e \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 vessel on the same day as the necessaries were s upplied in order to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 protect itself from the liens of future suppliers. Such a practice would \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscale x100 contradict the basic purpose of the maritime lien, which is to provide \lin e \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 security for a claim while permitting the ship t o proceed on her way in \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 order to earn the fr eight or hire necessary to pay off the claim. Conse-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc alex100 quently, various special time rules\u8212?voyage, season, and calendar \ line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 year\u8212?have been devised, whereby liens w ithin a particular class ac-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 cruing during a specific period are ranked without preference. Gener-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charsc alex100 ally, for transoceanic transport the \u8220?voyage\u8221? rule will appl y. This \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 means that all contract liens that a re accrued on a particular voyage \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li3383\sb57\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\c f8\f9\fs17 930. Gilmore & Black,\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 \ul0\nosupersub\c f8\f9\fs17 supra note 825, 9-62, at 744. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf5\f6\fs19 173 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\s l-240{\bkmkstart Pg184}{\bkmkend Pg184}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 will be grouped together; none will have priority over another. The \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc

alex98 inverse order rule still has some application. If, for example, the vesse l \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 made several voyages during which contract liens accrued, all of the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 contract liens fro m the most recent voyage would be grouped together \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca lex100 and paid first. If the fund was insufficient to pay all of those contract \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 claims in full, each claimant would receive its pro rata share. If there \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 were sufficien t funds to pay all those claims in full, then all of the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex100 contract claims incurred during the next most recent voyage would b e \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 grouped together and paid, and so on, unti l the fund was exhausted. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 For transport with in the United States where a voyage rule is imprac-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca lex100 tical, there are special rules applied that differ from one geographic \l ine \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 area to another. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-24 1\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 P referred Mortgages \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex96 The existence or nonexistence of a preferred mortgage may play a role \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 in deciding the priorities among contr act lienors. Where there is no \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 preferred mort gage, the traditional inverse order rule\u8212?last is \line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 first\u8212?applies. Where there is a preferred mortgage (U.S. vessel ), all \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 contract liens in effect at the time of the mortgage prime the mort-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 gage. The mor tgage, however, primes subsequent contract liens, and \line \up0 \expndtw-7\char scalex100 the inverse order rule is not applied in this situation. This results from \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the fact that \u8220?preferred maritime liens\u8221? prime a preferred mortgage, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 an d all contract liens that predate the mortgage are included in the \line \up0 \e xpndtw-5\charscalex100 definition of \u8220?preferred maritime liens.\u8221? The presence of a preferred \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 mortgage trumps the inverse order rule by insulating prior contract \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x95 liens and subordinating later ones. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Governmental Claims \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Governmental claims, including federal, state, and l ocal municipality \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 claims, are subordinate to all ma ritime liens.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 931 \par\pard\ql \li30 23\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Conflicts of Laws \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Transactions conducted outside of t he United States and not involv-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ing U.S. par ties are not subject to the Federal Maritime Lien Act but \par\pard\ql \li3383\s b0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb137\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 931. Id. 9-73 to 9-76, at 757-64. \par\pard\q l \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 174 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw 12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg185}{\bkmkend Pg185}\par\pard\ql \li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4 526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li452 6\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\ sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Ch apter 9: Maritime Liens and Mortgages \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \p ar\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0 \nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 may give rise to a lien under foreign law. U.S. courts w ill use choice-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 of-law criteria to determine whether U.S. law or foreign law applies. If \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 U.S. law does not apply, courts will consider whether to dismiss the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 case under the doctrine of forum non conveniens. If the

case is not \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 dismissed, U.S. courts will enf orce maritime liens that arise under for-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 eig n law.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 932\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 U.S. courts, however, will apply U.S. law, including the \line \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex100 FMLA, to protect an American supplier of fuel to a foreign vesse l in a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 U.S. port even if the supply contract was made in a foreign jurisdic-\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb44\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 tion.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 933 \pa r\pard\ql \li3023\sb200\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf2\f3\fs31 Extinction of Maritime Liens \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb128\sl-276\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Destruction or Release of the Res \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Complete and total destruction of the res\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 934\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs 21 extinguishes all maritime \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 liens.\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 935\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If the res is only partially destroyed, the lien remains an en-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex96 cumbrance upon the residue of the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 936\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If the vessel is dismantled \line \ up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 and rebuilt, the maritime lien persists.\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 937\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If a lienor ha s a vessel ar-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 rested and the owner posts a b ond as security for the release of the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 vesse l, the lien is transferred to the security; the lien on the vessel is \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 extinguished. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex84 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Sale of the Res \par \pard\qj \li3023\ri2798\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The sale of a vessel by a federal court in admiralty foll owing arrest \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 under Rule C of the Supplementa l Rules to the Federal Rules of Civil \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Proced ure removes all liens on the vessel. It is said that the vessel is \line \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex100 \u8220?scraped free\u8221? of all preexisting debts or li ens. Likewise, if a vessel is \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 sold pursuant to a judicial proceeding in a foreign country in an ac-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 tion that is similar to the U.S. action in rem, U.S. courts will appl y the \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2821\sb74\sl -220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 932 .1 Thomas J. Schoenbaum, Admiralty and Maritime Law, 9-8, at 515-16 \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex94 (2d ed. 1994). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\f i360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 933. Gulf Trading & Transp. Co. v. M/V Tento, 694 F.2d 1191 (9th Cir. 1982) \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 (holding that the s ubstantial contacts between the United States and the contracting \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex96 parties justified the application of U.S. law). \par\pard\ql \li3 383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 934. Walsh v. Tadlock, 104 F.2d 131 (9th Cir. 1939). \par\pard\ql \li3383\ri3295\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex97 935. Hawgood & Avery Transit Co. v. Dingman, 94 F. 1011 (8 th Cir. 1899). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 936. Chapman v. Engines of the Green point, 38 F. 671 (S.D.N.Y. 1889). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 937. Dann v. Dred ge Sandpiper, 222 F. Supp. 838 (D. Del. 1963). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\n osupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 175 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard \sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg186}{\bkmkend Pg186}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 same rule.

In making this determination, U.S. courts will place great \line \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 weight on whether the vessel was subjected to the custody of the for-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 eign court and whether, under the law o f the country where the pro-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ceedings took pl ace, a judicial sale is free and clear of all liens. By \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 contrast, if a vessel is attached pursuant to Supplemental Rule B to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 vindicate an in personam claim, the judicial sale of the vessel does not \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 discharge mariti me liens. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex8 3 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Laches \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb118\sl-260\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There is no sta tute of limitation or prescriptive period during which a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 lien must be enforced or otherwise expire. However, a court may ex\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 tinguish a lien by the application of the do ctrine of laches.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 938\ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 A lien-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 holder must exercise re asonable diligence to enforce its lien. Courts \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1 00 often look to the comparable statute of limitations that would apply \line \u p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 to an in personam action as a guide. Absence of the vessel from do-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 mestic territorial waters can relieve a lien holder to some extent from \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 a claim of laches.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 939\ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs21 Some courts try to ascertain the commercially \line \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex100 feasible practice viewed against a background of industry custom .\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 940 \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscal ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This requires a court to consider industry pra ctice in extending credit \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 as well as the pay ment history between the parties. Generally, the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x97 laches defense is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Often the courts \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 must balance the equities of the respective partie s. Thus, a court may \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 reach different results depending on whether the parties affected in-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 clude only the shipowner and the lienor or whether they include third \line \u p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 parties whose interests have intervened. Prejudice t o a subsequent \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 purchaser for value who bought the vessel without knowledge of a lien \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 may b e an important consideration. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3 383\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 938. McLaughlin v. Dredge Glouchester, 230 F. Supp. 623 (D.N.J. 1964). \par\par d\qj \li3023\ri2824\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 939. S. Coal & Coke Co. v. Kugniecibas (The Everosa), 93 F.2d 732 (1st Cir. \line \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1937). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\ fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 940. Bermuda Exp., N.V. v. M/V Litsa (Ex. La urie U), 872 F.2d 554 (3d Cir.), \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 cert. dismissed, 4 92 U.S. 939, and cert. denied, 493 U.S. 819 (1989). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 176 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840 \pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg187}{\bkmkend Pg187}\par\pard\ql \li4526\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb189\sl-230\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 9: Maritime Liens and Mortgages \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023 \sb96\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Waiver \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2762\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal

ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Federal Maritime Lien Act\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 941\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 allows for the waive r of a lien or \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 subordinating a lien status by agreement of the parties.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 942\ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The relevant \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 question, in the absence of an agreement, is whether the lienor clearly \line \up0 \expnd tw-2\charscalex100 manifests an intention to forgo a lien in favor of some other secu-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 rity.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs19 943\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A mere request for additional securi ty is not a waiver. Some \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 courts require clea r evidence of waiver of liens for necessaries in light \line \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 of the congressionally expressed policy of protecting suppliers. \par\ pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf9\f10\fs24 Bankruptcy \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Neither bankruptcy nor reo rganization eliminates a maritime lien.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 944 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Neverthe less, the bankruptcy court has exclusive jurisdiction over the \line \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex100 debtor\u8217?s property wherever located.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 945\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Thus, a person with a m aritime \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 lien claim may have to try to enforc e it in bankruptcy court or request \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 that the bankruptcy judge permit the claimant to enforce it in admi-\line \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex100 ralty. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Ship Mortgages \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2 794\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs 21 A contract for the construction of a vessel is not considered a mari-\line \u p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 time contract and therefore does not fall within U.S . admiralty juris-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 diction.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 946\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Thus a mortgage to fi nance such construction is also out-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 side the federal courts\u8217? admiralty jurisdiction. As a consequence, state \line \up 0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 law governs the interim financing of vessel construct ion through vari-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ous state ship-mortgage sta tutes.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 947\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 Upon a vessel\u8217?s completion, the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 fin ancing of the project may fall within the ambit of the Federal Ship \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb177\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 941.46 U.S.C. 31301-31343 (2000). \ par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 942. Id. 31 305. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc alex98 943. The President Arthur, 279 U.S. 564 (1929); Nacirema Operating Co. v. S.S. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 Al Kulsum, 407 F. Supp. 1222 (S.D.N.Y. 1975). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri4148\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 944 . In re Sterling Navigation Co., 31 B.R. 619 (S.D.N.Y. 1983). \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex95 945.28 U.S.C. 1334(d) (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2817\sb0\sl-220\ slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 946. People\u8217?s Ferry Co. v. Bee rs (The Jefferson), 61 U.S. (20 How.) 393, 401 \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1 00 (1858) (\u8220?The admiralty jurisdiction, in cases of contract, depends prim arily upon the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 nature of the contract, and i s limited to contracts, claims, and services, purely mari-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex98 time, and touching rights and duties appertaining to commerce and n avigation.\u8221?). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex91 947. See, e.g., La. Rev. Stat. Ann. 9:5521-9:5538 (West 1999). \par\par d\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 177 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pap erw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg188}{\bkmkend Pg188}\par\pard\ ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\

li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li49 87\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs1 9 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\q j\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 Mortgage Act (FSMA).\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 948\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If that is the situation, the interim financing \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 can be converted to permanent financing unde r the FSMA through \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the cancellation of the i nterim mortgage and the qualification of the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 vessel as a \u8220?preferred\u8221? mortgage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs19 949\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, if the vessel fails to fulfil l \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the requirements of the FSMA, the mortgage will remain subject to \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the provisions of th e applicable state ship-mortgage statute.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs19 950\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 pr incipal advantage of receiving a preferred ship mortgage is the enti-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 tlement of the mortgagee to a maritime lien on the vess el that can be \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 enforced through an in rem act ion against the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 951 \par\par d\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In order to obtain a preferred ship mortgage, the FSMA re quires \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the satisfaction of certain statutory crite ria, including mortgaging the \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 entire vessel;\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 952\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 substanti ally complying with the filing, recording, and \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 dis charge procedures;\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 953\ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 attaining or having a current application \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex100 submitted for U.S. documentation of the vessel;\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs19 954\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 and ensuring that \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex92 the mortgagee meets the prescribed standards.\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 955 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\f i360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In the event a mo rtgagor defaults on its obligations under a pre-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 ferred mortgage, the mortgagee has several options. The mortgagee \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 may enforce the preferred mortgage lien through an in rem action in \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 district court.\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 956\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 An in personam act ion may also be brought against \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the mortgago r, co-maker, or guarantor of the debt. Such action may \line \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 be brought as a federal admiralty action or a nonadmiralty civil ac-\ par\pard\ql \li3023\sb44\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tion.\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 957 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb10\sl260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A fo reign ship mortgage may also qualify as a preferred mortgage \line \up0 \expndtw -5\charscalex100 under the Act.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 958\ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 To obtain such treatment in the United States, the \ line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 foreign mortgage must be properly executed in accordance with the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 laws of the country wher e the vessel is documented, and must be reg-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb117\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\n osupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 948.46 U.S.C. 31301-31343 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13 \sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 949. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13 \sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 950. Gilmore & Black, supra note 82 5, 9-50, at 695. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expn dtw-7\charscalex96 951.1 Schoenbaum, supra note 932, 9-5, at 502; see also Thoma s A.\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 Russell, 2 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex96 Benedict on Admiralty 69b, at 6-20 (7th rev. ed. 1999). \ par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 952.46 U.S. C. 31322(a)(1)(A) (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri5225\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \e

xpndtw-8\charscalex97 953. Id. 31322(a)(1)(B) (referring to 31321). \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex98 954. Id. 31322(a)(1)(C). \par\pard\ql \li3383\ri6778\sb0\sl-220 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 955. Id. 31322(a)(1)(D). \line \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex97 956. Id. 31325(b)(1). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 957. Id. 31325(b)(2). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 958. Id. 31325(b)(1). \par\ pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 178 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\ paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg189}{\bkmkend Pg189}\par\pa rd\ql \li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4526\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4526\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\f s19 Chapter 9: Maritime Liens and Mortgages \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmu lt0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 istered in a public registry at a central office o r the port of registry of \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex87 the vessel.\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 959 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult 0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The priority o f a preferred mortgage lien is based on the time of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 filing.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 960\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 The preferred mortgage lien has priority over all claims \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex100 against the vessel except \u8220?for expenses and fees allowed by th e court \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 (custodia legis expenses), costs imposed b y the court, and preferred \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 maritime liens.\u8221?\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 961\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Fore ign mortgage lien claims also are subordinate \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 to an y U.S.-based liens for necessaries.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 962 \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li33 83\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383 \sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\s b0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0 \sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb101\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 959. Russell, supra note 951, 70c, at 6-52. \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 960.46 U.S.C. 31326(b)(1) (2000) (noting that 46 U.S.C. 31305(1) provides \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 that preferred maritime liens include all maritime lien s that arise before the filing of \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 the preferred mor tgage). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 9 61. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\cha rscalex100 962.46 U.S.C. 31326(b)(2) (2000). Priority of liens is discussed supr a pages \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 171-74. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 179 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840 \pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg190}{\bkmkend Pg190}\pard\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24 \paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg191}{\bkmkend Pg191}\par\p ard\ql \li5371\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5371\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li5371\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5371\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard

\ql\li5371\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5371\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li5371\sb367\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3 \fs31 chapter 10 \par\pard\ql \li4699\sb76\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca lex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs39 Marine Insurance \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-3 68\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb208\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Introduction: Federal or State Law \par\pard\qj \li3 023\ri2794\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 3\f4\fs21 Federal courts have jurisdiction over marine insurance disputes be-\li ne \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 cause the insurance contracts that underlie such disputes are regarded \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 as maritime contracts , satisfying the criteria for admiralty contract \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale x100 jurisdiction.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 963\ul0\nosupersu b\cf3\f4\fs21 Under the \u8220?saving to suitors\u8221? clause,\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 964\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 state courts \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 likewise have jurisdiction over marine insurance d isputes. The United \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 States has not adopted a comprehensive marine insurance code com-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 para ble to the British Marine Insurance Act of 1906.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 965\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Insurance is-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex100 sues are decided either under the general maritime law or under st ate \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 law. Until 1955 maritime lawyers, in gen eral, were of the view that \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 marine insurance law was federal law; in the absence of a controlling \line \up0 \expndtw-5\char scalex100 statute, federal courts formulated rules to resolve marine insurance \ line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 disputes as part of the general maritime law, \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 966\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 oft en relying on the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 British Marine Insurance A ct and decisions of English courts as per-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 sua sive authority.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 967 \par\pard\qj \li 3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 The McCarran-Ferguson Act\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs19 968\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 provides that the regulation of \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 insurance generally is a matter to be governed by state law. This stat-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 ute, enacted in 1945, subseq uently influenced the Supreme Court\u8217?s \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb97\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\no supersub\cf8\f9\fs17 963. Ins. Co. v. Dunham, 78 U.S. (11 Wall.) 1 (1870). \par\ pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 964.28 U.S.C. 1 333 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6 \charscalex100 965. Marine Insurance Act, 1906, 6 Edw. 7, ch. 41 (Eng.) [hereina fter MIA]. See \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 also 1 Alex L. Parks, The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance and Average 16 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x96 (1987). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3 \charscalex100 966.1 Parks, supra note 965, at 12-15 (providing a broad overview of marine \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex97 insurance in the United States); s ee also Edward V. Cattell, Jr., et al., Introduction: An \line \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex97 American Marine Insurance Act: An Idea Whose Time Has Come, in Marin e Insurance \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Survey: A Comparison of United S tates Law to the Marine Insurance Act of 1906, 20 \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal ex100 Tul. Mar. L.J. 1 (1995) (comparing each section of the British Marine Insu rance Act \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 with the corresponding marine insur ance law in the United States). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2835\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\f i360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 967. Queen Ins. Co. of Am. v. Globe & Rutgers Fire Ins. Co., 263 U.S. 487 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 (1924). \par\par d\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 968.15 U.S.C. 1012 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 181 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop3878\shpright9245\shpbottom3898\shpfhdr0\shp

bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz38\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g192}{\bkmkend Pg192}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023 \sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 decision in Wilburn Boat Co. v. Fi reman\u8217?s Fund Insurance Co.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 969 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 that case, t he issue before the Court was the effect to be given to the \line \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 assured\u8217?s breach of warranty.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\su per\cf7\f8\fs19 970\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Court held that if there is no gen-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 erally established rule of maritime la w governing the issue in question, \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 and in th e absence of some compelling need to create a federal rule, \line \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 federal courts should not create a rule but rather should apply state \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 law.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs19 971\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Since that decision, federal courts h ave applied the following \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 rule in marine ins urance disputes: A marine insurance contract will be \line \up0 \expndtw-3\chars calex100 interpreted in accordance with the law of the state in which it was \li ne \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 formed unless there is a controlling and specif ic federal rule, or, in the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 absence of such r ule, there is some compelling reason to create a fed-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\chars calex100 eral rule.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 972\ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 Where, however, a state\u8217?s insurance law is materially dif\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ferent than federal maritime law, the state law will not govern a ma-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 rine insurance disp ute.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 973\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In other words, where there is a federal ma-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 rine insurance rule based on \u8220?entrenched federal precedent,\u8221? that r ule \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 should be applied.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 974\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 As one might imagine, it is not always easy to \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 determine whether ther e is \u8220?entrenched federal precedent\u8221? to apply in \line \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex96 a particular dispute. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmu lt0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 As a consequence of these developments, t he insurance industry is \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 regulated primarily by the individual states and not by the federal \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale x100 government. Although marine and inland marine insurance are not \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 comprehensively regulated by the states, under the Wilb urn Boat ra-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tionale, state substantive rules of insurance law are often applied in \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 marin e insurance disputes. Notwithstanding the fact that state rules \line \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex100 may in some respects differ from what is thought by admiralt y lawyers \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 to be the maritime rule, in many i nstances there are great similarities \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 between the two. \par\pard\qj \li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220 \slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\sb0\sl-220\s

lmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3383\ri6844\sb54\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 969.348 U.S. 310 (1955). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex96 970. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex100 971. Id. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2823\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \e xpndtw-6\charscalex100 972. Ingersoll-Rand Fin. Corp. v. Employers Ins. of Wausa u, 771 F.2d 910 (5th \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1046 (1986). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2825\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \exp ndtw-5\charscalex100 973. Albany Ins. Co. v. Anh Thi Kieu, 927 F.2d 882 (5th Cir .), cert. denied, 502 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 U.S. 901 (1991). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 974. Id. at 886 (citin g Wilburn Boat, 348 U.S. at 310). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5 \f6\fs19 182 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\ bkmkstart Pg193}{\bkmkend Pg193}\par\pard\ql \li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 10: Marine Insurance \par\par d\ql \li3023\sb316\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 2\f3\fs31 Interpretation of Insurance Contracts \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb12 2\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 An or al marine insurance contract will be upheld.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs19 975\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Marine insurance \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 contracts are subject to the rules that generally govern contracts , ex-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 cept to the extent that legislation pro vides a specific rule to apply to \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 insurance contracts. An ambiguous marine insurance contract drafted \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex96 by the insurer will be interpreted in favor of the insured.\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 976 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Limitation of Liabili ty \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2799\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 A shipowner\u8217?s insurer may not limit its liab ility under the general \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Limitation of Liability st atute.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 977\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 The statute enumerates the persons \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 entitled to limit their liability and does not name \u8220?insurers.\u8221? \par\pard\qj \li 3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 In states tha t follow the majority rule (nondirect-action states), \line \up0 \expndtw-2\char scalex100 insurers have de facto limitation. Where suit is brought against a \li ne \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 shipowner, and the shipowner successfully invok es its right to limit its \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 liability under th e limitation statute, its insurer pays only the amount \line \up0 \expndtw-4\cha rscalex100 for which its assured has been held liable\u8212?that is, an amount t hat \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 does not exceed the amount provided in t he Limitation of Liability \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 statute. \par\pard \qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 In sta tes that permit direct actions, insurers may not limit their \up0 \expndtw-2\cha rscalex100 liability under the limitation statute. Nevertheless, the Fifth Circu it \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 has held that an insurer, in essence, can obtai n the benefits of limita\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tion indirectly by inserti ng into the insurance contract language lim\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 iting i ts liability to the amount for which the shipowner would be li\up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex100 able under the Limitation of Liability statute.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs2 0\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 978 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw0\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Burden of Proof \par\pard\qj \li30 23\ri2796\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 The insured has the burden of proving that a covered peril was the \lin e \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 proximate cause of its loss or damage. The insur

er has the burden of \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023 \ri2817\sb174\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub \cf8\f9\fs17 975. Great Am. Ins. Co. of N.Y. v. Maxey, 193 F.2d 151 (5th Cir. 19 51). In con\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 trast, the British Marine Insurance Act requires that a marine insurance contract be in \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 wr iting. MIA, supra note 965, 22. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex100 976. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex96 977. Limitation of liability is discussed supra Chapter 5. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex 100 978. Crown Zellerbach Corp. v. Ingram Indus., Inc., 783 F.2d 1296 (5th Cir.) , \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 cert. denied, 479 U.S. 821 (1986). \par\pard\ql \ li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 183 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw122 40\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg194}{\bkmkend Pg194}\par\pard\ql \li 4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li49 87\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb1 89\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admi ralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li30 23\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 showing the loss or damage was excluded from coverage and must \line \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 prove affirmative defenses. In order for the insured to recover under a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 marine insurance policy, the loss or damage must have been proxi-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 mat ely caused by a peril insured against.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 19 979\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The discussion of proxi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex96 mate cause in the jurisprudence tends to be metaphysical and not v ery \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 helpful. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-36 8\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Insurable Inte rest \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In order for a marine insurance contract to be v alid, the insured must \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 have an insurable int erest. The definition of \u8220?insurable interest\u8221? in the \line \up0 \exp ndtw-7\charscalex100 British Marine Insurance Act is an appropriate statement of U.S. law. \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 A person has an insurable interes t \u8220?where he stands in any legal or \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 equ itable relation to the adventure or to any insurable property at risk \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 therein, in consequence of which he may benefit by the safety or due \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 arrival of insurable property , or may be prejudiced by its loss, or by \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 da mage thereto, or by detention thereof, or may incur liability in re-\line \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex97 spect thereof.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs19 980\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The owner of a vessel has an insurable interest in the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 vessel and in any liability that may result from the operation of the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 ves sel. A charterer has an interest in the use of the vessel, profits to be \line \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 made in such use, and liability that may result from such use. Both the \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 shipper and consignee ha ve insurable interests in the goods. Aside \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 f rom these obvious examples, the doctrine of insurable interest ap-\line \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 plies to many others.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 981 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Types of Insurance \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb12 2\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Vario us types of coverage apply to marine transport. Typically these \up0 \expndtw-1\ charscalex100 include the hull policy, protection and indemnity (P&I) coverage, \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 pollution insurance, and cargo insurance. There ar e numerous special \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 coverages, such as builders risk

, in port, and towers. \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li30 23\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023 \sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2824\sb94\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \e xpndtw-7\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 979. Graydon S. Staring & Geor ge L. Waddell, Marine Insurance, 73 Tul. L. Rev. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 16 19, 1673-1692 (1999). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex95 980. MIA, supra note 965, 5(2). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 981. Hooper v. Robinson, 98 U.S. (8 Otto) 528 (1878). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 184 \par\pard\sec t\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg195}{\bkmkend Pg195}\par\pard\ql \li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4967\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 10: Marine Insurance \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-276\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb96\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex95 \ul0 \nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 The Hull Policy \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb118\sl-26 0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The hull pol icy is primarily, but not exclusively, first-party coverage. \line \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex97 Its purpose is to cover damage to or loss of a vessel. However, its cov-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 erage is broader because the policy\ u8217?s \u8220?running down\u8221? clause indemni-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal ex100 fies an owner for liability to a third party resulting from a collision. \ line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Protection and indemnity coverage is primaril y third-party coverage \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 in that its purpose i s to indemnify a vessel owner for liabilities in-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscale x100 curred to third persons\u8212?these liabilities include personal injury and \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 death, property damage not covered under th e running down clause, \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 and damage to cargo. Pollution insurance, which traditionally had \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 been part of P&I coverage, has emerged as a separate coverage in the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 United States in part because of the enactment of the O il Pollution \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 Act of 1990 (OPA 90).\ul0\super\ cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 982\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 OPA 90 establi shes a strict liability regime on \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 vessel own ers and operators of facilities that discharge oil into the \line \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 navigable waters of the United States. Liability is imposed not only for \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 clean-up costs, but also for natura l resource damages. There are also \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 provisions for private parties to recover damages. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Uberrimae Fidei \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex 100 A marine insurance contract is said to be a contract uberrimae fi-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 dei\u8212?that is, based on the utmost good faith.\ul0 \super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 983\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Accordi ng to this doc-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 trine an underwriter is presu med to act on the belief that the party \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 who has applied for insurance has disclosed all facts material to the \line \up0 \ex pndtw-4\charscalex100 risk. If an applicant fails to reveal material facts known to the appli-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 cant or presumed to be known, the insurer may avoid (void) the con-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tract a b initio. The same is true with respect to material misrepresen-\line \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex98 tations.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 984\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Material facts are those that may have a bearing on whet her \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 the insurer would accept the risk or the premium or terms under \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 which the risk would be insured.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 985\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\

f4\fs21 The requirement to disclose mate-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 ri al facts applies even where the insurer does not make an inquiry into \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 a particular matter, but the failure to inquire may ha ve a bearing on \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 whether the withheld informa tion will be found to have been mate-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li3383\sb137\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf8\f9\fs17 982.33 U.S.C. 2701-2761 (2000). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3946\sb3\sl -220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 983. McLanahan v. Universal Ins. Co., 26 U.S. (1 Pet.) 170 (1828). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 984. Id. \par\pa rd\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 985. Gulfstream C argo Ltd. v. Reliance Ins. Co., 409 F.2d 974 (5th Cir. 1969). \par\pard\ql \li59 75\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 185 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\p aperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg196}{\bkmkend Pg196}\par\pard\ql \li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\s l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralt y and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\r i2796\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 rial.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 986\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 Some courts regard the uberrimae fidei rule, which also applies \up0 \exp ndtw-5\charscalex100 to agents of the insured,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\c f7\f8\fs19 987\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 as an \u8220?entrenched\u8221? rule o f marine insur\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ance law.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\ super\cf7\f8\fs19 988\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Originally applied with refere nce to hull insurance poli\up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 cies, it is not clear wh ether the uberrimae fidei rule applies with the \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 sam e strictness to other forms of marine insurance.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 989 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb1 5\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Warran ties \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1 00 A warranty is a promise that the assured will or will not undertake a \line \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 particular act or that some condition will be fulfi lled, or it is a state-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ment in which the ass ured confirms or negates certain facts.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 990\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 effe ct of a breach of warranty in a marine insurance policy is deter-\line \up0 \exp ndtw-5\charscalex100 mined under the law of the applicable state.\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 991\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Supreme Court \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 concluded that there was no established feder al marine insurance rule \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 and no need to crea te one.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 992\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs 21 State rules on the effect of a breach of \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 warranty vary. For instance, in some states the breach must have been \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 fraudulent or have been in bad faith.\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 993\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Additionally, the br each must \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 contribute to the loss insured agai nst. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex100 Warranty of Seaworthiness\u8212?There is an implied warranty in voy-\lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 age policies that the vessel is seaworthy at the commencement of the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 voyage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8 \fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 994\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Voyage policies insu re a vessel during a specific voyage. As \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 to time policies, which insure a vessel for a specified period of time, \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 the Fifth Circuit has stated that there are two warrant ies. First, a war-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ranty of seaworthiness att aches at the inception of the policy.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs1

9 995\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Sec-\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li3383\sb197\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf8\f9\fs17 986. Charles M. Davis, Maritime Law Deskbook 410 (1997). \par\pa rd\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 987. C.N.R. Atkin v. Smith, 137 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir. 1998). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220 \slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 988. Port Lynch, Inc. v. New Eng. I nt\u8217?l Assurety of Am., Inc., 754 F. Supp. 816 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 (W.D. Wash. 1991). Contra Albany Ins. Co. v. Anh Thi Kieu, 927 F.2d 882 (5th Ci r.), \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 cert. denied, 502 U.S. 901 (1991). \par\pard\q l \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 989. Davis, supra not e 986. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 990 . MIA, supra note 965, 8. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3566\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex95 991. Wilburn Boat Co. v. Fireman\u8217?s Fund Ins. Co., 34 8 U.S. 310 (1955). \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 992. Id. \par\pard\ql \li3 023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 993. Se e, e.g., Albany Ins., 502 U.S. 901 (applying Texas law that requires the \line \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 insurer to prove the assured\u8217?s intent to misre present material facts). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 994. Saskatche wan Gov\u8217?t Ins. Office v. Spot Pack, Inc., 242 F.2d 385 (5th Cir. \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex94 1957). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 995. Two experienced marine insurance lawyers expre ss doubt as to whether this \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 warranty is part of U.S . law. Staring & Waddell, supra note 979, at 1690. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \u l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 186 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\ pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg197}{\bkmkend Pg197}\par\pard\ql \li4967\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4967\sb189\sl-230\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 10: Marine I nsurance \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb10 6\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 ond, an owner will not, from bad faith or neglect, permit its vessel to \line \up0 \e xpndtw-6\charscalex100 \u8220?break ground\u8221? (i.e., commence voyage) in an unseaworthy condi-\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb44\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\chars calex100 tion.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 996 \par\pard\ql \li3 023\sb256\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\f s24 Protection and Indemnity Insurance \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Historically, protection and indemnity (P&I) insurance was created to \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 supplement the hull policy. Today, however, aside from the \u8220?ru nning \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 down\u8221? clause in the hull policy, P&I insurance is the primary means \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 whereby shipowners and operators protect themselves against third-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\ charscalex100 party liability claims. Nevertheless, events that would ordinarily be \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 included under a hull policy are express ly excluded from P&I cover-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 age regardless of whether the requisite coverage is in effect. P&I clubs \line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 are associations of shipowners (members) who have joined together \li ne \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 to mutually insure each other. The terms of ins urance are usually not \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 contained in insuranc e policies but rather are set out in the club rules. \line \up0 \expndtw-4\chars calex100 P&I coverage is based on the principal of indemnification. In addi-\lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 tion, the clubs provide a legal defense to a mem ber who is being sued \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 on a claim covered by the club rules. Coverage typically includes the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 following: \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3231\sb57\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\c harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 personal injury and death claims (inclu

ding maintenance and re\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 patriation); passenger liabi lity (including luggage); liability for \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 cargo loss and damage (including extra handling costs); collision, \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex100 wreck removal (where necessitated by law); pollution; loss of prop\up0 \e xpndtw-5\charscalex100 erty on the insured vessel; damage to fixed and floating objects; \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 towage; and general average.\ul0\super\cf1 0\f11\fs18\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs17 997 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3023\sb35\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf9\f10\fs24 Pollution Insurance \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Because of the difficulty or expense of obtaining coverage for marine \line \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 pollution, specialized insurance companies have been organized to \li ne \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 provide this type of coverage. Pollution covera ge includes removal \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 expenses and damages, as well as expenses incurred in abating or \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 avoi ding discharges of oil and releases of hazardous and noxious sub-\line \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex86 stances. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li3383\sb37\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9 \fs17 996. Saskatchewan, 242 F.2d 385. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb3\sl-220\sl mult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 997. Raymond P. Hayden & Sanford E. Ba lick, Marine Insurance: Varieties, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 Combinations, an d Coverages, 66 Tul. L. Rev. 311, 327 (1991). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\no supersub\cf5\f6\fs19 187 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\ sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg198}{\bkmkend Pg198}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime L aw \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb96\sl-276\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Cargo Insurance \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Cargo insurance is often written as an \u8220?all risks \u8221? policy. Cargo policies \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 often cover th e goods from the shipper\u8217?s warehouse to the consignee\u8217?s \line \up0 \ expndtw-1\charscalex100 warehouse.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 9 98\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, cargo policies often contain exclusions. \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u8220?Notwithstanding the all-inclusive na ture of the words \u8216?all risks,\u8217? not \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1 00 all risks are covered, only those arising from fortuitous accident or \line \ up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 casualty resulting in damage or loss attributable to an external \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 cause.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 999\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Cargo insurance is of ten written on open policies that en-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 able the assured to issue certificates to its consignee.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 1000 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb 15\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Parti cular Average \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb64\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\ch arscalex100 A policy written \u8220?free of particular average\u8221? (F.P.A.) m eans that the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 underwriters are liable only f or a total loss. There is no liability in case \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1 00 of a partial loss unless the policy so provides, and the loss is from a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 peril not specifically excluded or a peril specif ically included. A policy \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 may be written \u8 220?with average\u8221? (W.A.) to provide coverage for partial \line \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex100 losses, but it may limit its coverage of those losses only if or to the ex-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 tent that they exceed a percent age specified in the policy. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \exp

ndtw0\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Subrogation \par\pard\qj \li3023\ ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4 \fs21 The right to subrogation exists in the United States. Subrogation is \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u8220?the right by which an underwriter, having settle d a loss, is entitled to \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 place himself in the posi tion of the assured, to the extent of acquiring \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 al l the rights and remedies in respect of the loss which the assured \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex89 may have possessed.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 1001 \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-2 20\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220 \slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\s lmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2823\sb14\sl -220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 998 . See, e.g., Brammer Corp. v. Holland-Am. Ins. Co., 228 N.Y.S.2d 512 (N.Y. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1962). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6186\sb0\sl-220\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 999.1 Parks, supra note 965, at 63. \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex94 1000. Id. at 73. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2821\sb0\sl-220\slmult 0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1001. Leslie J. Buglass, Marine Insurance and General Average in the United \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 States 441 (3d ed . 1991). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 188 \par\pard\se ct\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg199}{\bkmkend Pg199}\par\pard\ql \li5399\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-368\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-368\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb0\sl-368\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5399\sb367\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex93 \ul0\nosu persub\cf2\f3\fs31 chapter 11 \par\pard\ql \li3057\sb76\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs39 Governmental Liability and Immuni ty \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb208\sl-368\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 The Federal Governme nt \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2797\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The federal government is immune from suit unless it has waived its \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 sovereign immunity. In several s tatutes, the United States has waived \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 its immunity directly relevant to maritime law. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-11\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 The Suits in Admiralty Act \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Congress\u8217?s intent in enacting the Suits in Admiralty Act (SIAA)\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1002\ul0\nosupe rsub\cf3\f4\fs21 was \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 to prevent the possibil ity of the seizure or arrest of U.S. vessels, which \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex97 provide valuable national services in times of both war and peace, and \l ine \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 to allow a remedy to be sought in personam by waiving federal sover-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 eign immunity in admir alty claims involving U.S. vessels or cargo.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7 \f8\fs19 1003 \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Su its brought under the SIAA are governed by federal maritime law \line \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex97 just as if they were suits involving private parties.\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1004\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Section 74 1 of the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 SIAA prevents the arrest or seizure of vessels substantially owned or \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 operated b y the United States as part of a suit against the federal gov-\line \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex100 ernment. This immunity extends to cargo owned by the United St ates. \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Elimination of an in rem remedy is mad e up for in the creation of a \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 libel in perso nam in section 742 that allows parties to sue the United \line \up0 \expndtw-4\c harscalex100 States in admiralty if such a suit could have been maintained if th e \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 vessel were privately owned or operated. T his statutory libel in per-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 sonam is subject

to a two-year limitation period.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 100 5\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This waiver also \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 applies to cargo owned by the United States. Section 742, along with \line \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 section 743, outlines the proper methods of service o f process and the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 procedure to be followed i n such suits. Under section 746, the United \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 States may invoke the benefits of limitation of liability accorded to \par\pard\ ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb137\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 1002.46 U.S.C. app. 741-752 (2000 ). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2818\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscal ex97 1003. Schnell v. United States, 166 F.2d 479 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 334 U .S. 833 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 (1948). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6220\s b0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1004.46 U.S.C. app. 743 (2000). \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 1005. Id. 745. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosup ersub\cf5\f6\fs19 189 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop3878\shpright9245\shpbottom3898\shpfhdr0\shp bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz46\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g200}{\bkmkend Pg200}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023 \sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2797\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 vessel owners. Traditional governme nt defenses, like the discretionary \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 function defen se, have been recognized in admiralty actions against \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 92 the United States.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1006 \par\pard \ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\c f9\f10\fs24 The Public Vessels Act \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb118\sl-260\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Originally the SIA A applied only to \u8220?merchant vessels.\u8221? The Public \line \up0 \expndtw -6\charscalex100 Vessels Act (PVA)\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1 007\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 was enacted to cover other vessels. The PVA \lin e \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 permits an admiralty action in personam to be br ought against the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 United States for damages c aused by, or for compensation for various \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 se rvices rendered to, a vessel of the United States.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs19 1008\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, the \line \up0 \expndtw -7\charscalex100 SIAA was amended, and the \u8220?merchant vessel\u8221? restric tion was elimi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 nated. Thus, there is an overl ap between the two statutes. Section 782 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 of the PVA provides that suits brought under the PVA are subject to, \line \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex100 and must \u8220?proceed in accordance with,\u8221? the SIA A so long as the SIAA \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 is not inconsistent wi th the PVA. Congress\u8217?s intent was to allow the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\chars calex100 SIAA to cover any claims associated with public vessels that fell out-\ line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 side the PVA.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super

\cf7\f8\fs19 1009\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Section 785 of the PVA contains a requirement of \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 reciprocity that restricts a foreign national\u8217?s right to sue the United \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x100 States unless that foreign national\u8217?s government allows U.S. national s \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 to bring suit in its courts under similar circumstances. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charsc alex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 The Federal Tort Claims Act \par\pard\qj \li 3023\ri2795\sb118\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 The Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA)\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf 7\f8\fs19 1010\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 allows for suit against the \up0 \exp ndtw-3\charscalex100 United States for torts committed by U.S. government employ ees \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 within the scope of their employment if, under like circumstances, a \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 private entity would be lia ble according to the law of the location \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 where the tort occurred. This liability is limited to money damages \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex93 and does not extend to punitive damages.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs19 1011 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \exp ndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 An important exception to feder al tort claim liability that relates \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 specifi cally to admiralty cases is provided under 28 U.S.C. 2680. No \par\pard\ql \li33 83\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb157\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 1006. Indian Towing Co. v. United States , 350 U.S. 61 (1955). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex95 1007.46 U.S.C. app. 781-790 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 1008. Id. 781. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri3677\ sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 1009. United States v. United Co nt\u8217?l Tuna Corp., 425 U.S. 164 (1976). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 1010.28 U.S.C. 1346 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex92 1011. Id. 2674. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs1 9 190 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmksta rt Pg201}{\bkmkend Pg201}\par\pard\ql \li4185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li41 85\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4185 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4185\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4185\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 11: Governmental Liability and Immun ity \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2793\sb106\sl260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 claim may be made under the FTCA where a remedy is provided by \line \up0 \expndtw-7\chars calex100 the SIAA or the PVA.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1012\u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 This means that all admiralty claims against \line \u p0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 the United States must be brought under the SIAA or the PVA, in-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 cluding maritime tort actions ag ainst the United States that otherwise \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 would fall under the FTCA. This is an important rule of exclusivity \line \up0 \expnd tw-6\charscalex100 because of the substantive and procedural differences between the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 FTCA and the SIAA. The FTCA bars a clai m unless it is presented in \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 writing to the f ederal agency involved within two years after the claim \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex100 accrues or an action is commenced within six months after an agency \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 denial.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\ f8\fs19 1013\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under the SIAA, on the other hand, suit must be com-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 menced within two years after th e cause of action accrues,\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1014\ul0\ nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 except in \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 suits wher e jurisdiction is based on the Admiralty Extension Act.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul 0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1015 \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 Additionally, SIAA claims are governed by the substantive federal \line

\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 maritime law, while the FTCA provides for the app lication of state \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 tort law.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\ fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1016 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw0\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 State and Municipal Government s \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2793\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution prevents suit against a \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 state or any of its departme nts or agencies without an express waiver \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 of its sovereign immunity and its consent to being sued in federal \line \up0 \exp ndtw-5\charscalex100 court. This constitutional immunity makes it very difficult to bring an \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 admiralty claim against a state in federal court. However, the Eleventh \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Ame ndment does not bar suits against state officials, even where act-\line \up0 \ex pndtw-6\charscalex100 ing in an official capacity, because the Supreme Court has held that \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 unconstitutional actions by a sta te official are not attributable to the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 state under the Eleventh Amendment.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1017\ ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In essence, suits against state \line \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 officials claiming that the officer acted outside the scope of h is or her \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 authority or that the officer\u821 7?s authorized actions were unconstitu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 tional are allowed. The Tenth Circuit has held that the Eleventh \line \up0 \expndtw-4 \charscalex100 Amendment is not violated when a plaintiff who had filed a petiti on \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb30\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosu persub\cf8\f9\fs17 1012. Id. 2680(b). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 1013. Id. 2401(b). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri6220\sb3\s l-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1014.46 U.S.C. app. 745 (2000). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 1015. Id. 740. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 1016. Patentas v. United States, 687 F.2d 707, 711 (3d Cir. 1982). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex93 1017. Fla. Dep\u8217?t of State v. Treasure Salvors, Inc., 458 U.S. 670 (1 982). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 191 \par\pard\sect\ sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg202}{\bkmkend Pg 202}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmul t0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2798\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 to limit its liability in federal court removes to that proceeding a claim \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 brought by a state against it in state court.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1018 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu persub\cf3\f4\fs21 Municipal governments are more open to liability. Municipalit ies \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 performing governmental duties are immune from the consequences \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 of their negligence, but remain liable for their negligence involving \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 property-own ership or commercial functions. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri3111\sb231\sl-320\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Foreign Governments: Th e Foreign Sovereign \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex88 Immunities Act \par\pard\qj \li3 023\ri2793\sb130\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 3\f4\fs21 Section 1605(a) of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA)\ul0\sup er\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1019 \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 provides a catalog of exceptions in the United States to the general \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 rule of sovereign immunity fo r foreign governments in U.S. courts. \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Foreig

n states are not immune from suits where they have waived \line \up0 \expndtw-7\ charscalex100 immunity;\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1020\ul0\nos upersub\cf3\f4\fs21 where the claims against them are based on their com-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 mercial activities in the United States;\ul0\super \cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1021\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 where damage s are sought \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 for injury or loss of life or pr operty that occurred in the United \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 States;\u l0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1022\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 or w here actions have been brought concerning arbitration \line \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex89 agreements.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1023 \par\pard\ qj \li3023\ri2795\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\no supersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Subsections 1605(b), (c), and (d), however, expressly apply to \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 specific maritime claims. Subsection (b) dicta tes that a foreign nation \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 is not immune from admir alty suits to enforce maritime liens against \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 that s tate\u8217?s vessel or cargo, provided a lien is predicated on the foreign \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 state\u8217?s commercial activities. Subsection (b) is subject to a proviso \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 that there be proper notice g iven to the foreign government of both \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 the suit and the beginning of such suit.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1024 \p ar\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Under the FSIA, a plaintiff who arrests or attaches the property of \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 a foreign government is lia ble for damages if the plaintiff acted with \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 actual or constructive knowledge that the property of a foreign state \par\pard\ qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\q j\li3023\ri2826\sb14\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nos upersub\cf8\f9\fs17 1018. Magnolia Marine Transp. Co. v. Oklahoma, 366 F.3d 1153 (10th Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 2004). \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri596 6\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 1019.28 U.S.C. 1602-1611 (2000) . \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 1020. Id. 1605(a)(1). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\s l-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 1021. Id. 1605(a)(2). \par\pard\qj \l i3383\ri6365\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 1022. Id. 1605(a)( 5)(A) & (B). \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 1023. Id. 1605(a)(6). \par\pard\ql \li 3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 1024. Id. 1605(b)(1) & (2 ). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 192 \par\pard\sect\sec td\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg203}{\bkmkend Pg203 }\par\pard\ql \li4185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li4185\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 11: Governmental Liability and Immunity \par\pard\qj \li3023 \sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2795\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 was involved. The FSIA originally precluded the commencement of an \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 action by arrest or attachment and provided that a plaintiff who did \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 so forfeited that claim; but the Act was amended to do away with the \up0 \exp ndtw-7\charscalex100 forfeiture provision. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb0\sl-26 0\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Subsection (c) allows maritime lie n suits to proceed based on the \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 law and practice of in rem actions just as if the vessel had been owned \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1 00 by a private entity. Subsection (d), additionally, allows suits to fore\up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex95 close on a preferred ship mortgage\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1025\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 where such suit could hav e been \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 maintained had the vessel been privately own ed. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0

\par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li33 83\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383 \sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\s b0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0 \sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\s l-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb126\sl207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 1025.46 U.S .C. 30101-31343 (2000). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li59 75\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975 \sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 19 3 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g204}{\bkmkend Pg204}\pard\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard \sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg205}{\bkmkend Pg205}\par\pard\ql \li5380\sb0\sl-368\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5380\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5380\sb0\sl-368\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5380\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5380\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5380\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5380\sb367\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 chapter 12 \par\pard\ql \li4809\sb76\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex84 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\ fs39 General Average \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023 \sb208\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 In troduction \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\char scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The usual rule in maritime law is that a l oss falls on the party that \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 suffers it. Of c ourse, fault on the part of another person who causes a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\ch arscalex100 loss may change this. \u8220?General average\u8221? is another excep tion to the \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 usual rule. General average is a means of equitable sharing, between \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 shipowne r and cargo interests, of certain losses and expenses that oc-\line \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex100 cur during a voyage. Its origins are rooted in the notion that a voyage \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 is a common adventure between the v essel owner and the cargo own-\line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ers. As an equ itable doctrine, the law of general average holds that \line \up0 \expndtw-6\cha rscalex100 some parties to the joint venture should not benefit from the misfor\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 tune of other parties to the venture. For ex ample, the master of a ves-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 sel confronting a storm may decide that some cargo must be jetti-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 97 soned to lighten the vessel, thereby giving her a better chance to avoid \lin e \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 sinking. If some cargo is sacrificed and the vess el and remaining cargo \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 survive the storm, th e latter will have benefited at the expense of the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex100 sacrificed cargo. Under the rules of general average, all parties to the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 venture, including the shipowner and all own ers of cargo, must ab-\line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 sorb a proportionate s hare of the loss suffered by the owners of the \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 7 sacrificed cargo. The law of general average is not statutory and is part \lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 of the general maritime law of the United States. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex85 \ul0\nosu persub\cf2\f3\fs31 The General Average Loss: Requirements \par\pard\qj \li3023\r i2795\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\ fs21 Historically, a party seeking to recover under a claim of general aver-\lin e \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 age had to establish three factors: (1) there wa

s imminent, common \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 danger or peril; (2) ther e was a voluntary jettison of the claimant\u8217?s \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca lex100 portion of the joint venture for the purpose of avoiding peril; and \par\ pard\qj \li3023\ri2798\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 (3) the attempt to avoid the peril was successful.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f 8\fs19 1026\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In more recent \line \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 times, the circumstances in which general average may be declared \pa r\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb197\sl-207\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 1026. Barnard v. Adams, 5 1 U.S. (10 How.) 270 (1850). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\f s19 195 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop3878\shpright9245\shpbottom3898\shpfhdr0\shp bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz48\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g206}{\bkmkend Pg206}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023 \sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 have expanded. General average is n o longer restricted to situations of \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 jettison; oth er sacrifices will support a claim.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1027\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In fact, losses other \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x97 than sacrifices of cargo or vessel may also give rise to general average \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 claims. As the Supreme Court stated: \par\pard\qj \li3 383\ri3236\sb57\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5 \f6\fs19 Losses which give a claim to general average are usually divided \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 into two great classes: (1) Those which arise from sacrifices of part \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 of the ship or part of t he cargo, purposely made to save the whole \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 v enture from perishing. (2) Those which arise out of extraordinary \line \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 expenses incurred for the benefit of ship and cargo.\ul0\su per\cf10\f11\fs18\ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs17 1028 \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb64\ sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Extraord inary expenses are those that are necessary for the safe com\up0 \expndtw-5\char scalex100 pletion of the voyage and may include costs of repairs, discharging \u p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 and reloading cargo, additional wages, and other exp enses incurred \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 during any necessary interruption of a voyage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1029 \par\pard\qj \li3023 \ri2794\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c f3\f4\fs21 Another expansion in the scope of general average claims has re-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 sulted from a deemphasis of the \u8220?imminence\ u8221? requirement. As stated \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 by one court, \u8220?If the danger be real and substantial, a sacrifice or ex-\line \up0 \expn dtw-2\charscalex100 penditure made in good faith for the common interest is just ified, \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 even though the advent of any catastr ophe may be distant or indeed \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 unlikely.\u822

1?\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1030 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\s l-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 The York-A ntwerp Rules \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2796\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The rules on general average have been \ u8220?codified\u8221? in the form of vari-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ou s versions of the York-Antwerp Rules.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs1 9 1031\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The rules consist of both \line \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex96 lettered rules and numbered rules. The lettered rules are more g eneral \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3023\ri2822\sb214\ sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 10 27. Eagle Terminal Tankers, Inc. v. Ins. Co. of U.S.S.R., 637 F.2d 890 (2d Cir. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1981). \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb0\sl-220 \slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 1028. The Star of Hope, 76 U.S. (9 W all.) 203, 228 (1869), quoted and relied on in \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 Eagl e Terminal, 637 F.2d 890. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex91 1029. Eagle Terminal, 637 F.2d 890. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2822\ sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 1030. Navigazione General e Italiana v. Spencer Kellogg & Sons, 92 F.2d 41, 43 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\chars calex97 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 302 U.S. 751 (1937), distinguished by Eagle Ter minal, 637 F.2d \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 890. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2 819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 1031. For the text of the York-Antwerp Rules, see Frank Wiswall, 6 Benedict on \line \up0 \expndtw-2\ charscalex100 Admiralty, The York-Antwerp\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 \ul0\nos upersub\cf8\f9\fs17 Rules, doc. 4-6, pp. 4-28 (7th rev. ed. 2001). For a \line \ up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 discussion of the circumstances leading to the adop tion of the York-Antwerp Rules, \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex93 see Eagle Ter minal, 637 F.2d at 890. For a discussion of the rules themselves, see Leslie \pa r\pard\ql \li3023\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex92 J. Buglass, M arine Insurance and General Average in the United States (3d ed. 1991). \par\par d\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 196 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pap erw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg207}{\bkmkend Pg207}\par\pard\ ql \li5025\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5025\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li5025\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5025\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li5025\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5025\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 5025\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5025\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li50 25\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Chapter 12: General Average \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\q j\li3023\ri2794\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers ub\cf3\f4\fs21 and require some interpretation, whereas the numbered rules are f act \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 specific. Where a numbered rule is appli cable to a particular situation, \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 it will be applied without regard to any of the lettered rules.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\s uper\cf7\f8\fs19 1032\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 The \line \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex101 York-Antwerp Rules, although not binding as law in the United \line \up 0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 States, are generally inserted into bills of lading a nd charter parties \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 and given effect by the co urts.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1033\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2 1 The rules are adopted by parties on a \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 vol untary basis and have no bearing on claims that are governed by \line \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex90 statutes such as COGSA. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri3501\sb231\sl320\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 General Aver age, Fault, and the New Jason \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex83 Clause \par\pard\qj \l i3023\ri2795\sb130\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf3\f4\fs21 At one time a carrier had no right to a general average contribution \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 where the peril necessitating the sacrifice or expense arose through its \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 fault.\ul0\supe r\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1034\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 However, an agreement between the carrier and the cargo \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100

interests can modify this result. Consequently, most bills of lading and \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 other contracts of carriage contain a clause design ated as a \u8220?Jason\u8221? or \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \u8220?New Jason\u8221? clause that provides that a carrier is entitled to a general \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 average contribution even when occasioned by its f ault, if under those \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 circumstances it is abso lved from liability by law or contract.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\f s19 1035 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb191\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex85 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 The General Average Statement \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri 2796\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s21 According to York-Antwerp Rule G, general average is calculated on \line \up 0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 the basis of the value at the time and place of the c ompletion of the \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 voyage.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs 20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1036\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 If the entire venture is lost, there is no general average \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 contrib ution.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1037\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs 21 Usually general average statements are prepared by \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\ sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb10\s l-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 1032. Eag le Terminal, 637 F.2d 890; Wiswall, supra note 1031. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\s l-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 1033. Eagle Terminal, 637 F.2d 890. \ par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2820\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 1034. Gilmore & Black, supra note 825, 5-13, at 266. See also Flint v. Christa ll \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 (The Irrawaddy), 171 U.S. 187 (1898). \par\pard\ qj \li3023\ri2819\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 1035. R oyal Ins. Co. of Am. v. Cineraria Shipping Co., 894 F. Supp. 1557 (M.D. \up0 \ex pndtw-6\charscalex100 Fla. 1995); Cal. & Hawaiian Sugar Co. v. Columbia S.S. Co. , 391 F. Supp. 894 (E.D. \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 La. 1972), aff\u8217?d, 5 10 F.2d 542 (5th Cir. 1975). The appellation \u8220?Jason clause\u8221? arises \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 from the name of the ship in the case that ultimate ly prompted the drafting of the \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 clause. The Jason, 225 U.S. 32 (1912). \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex93 1036. Wiswall, supra note 1031. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb13\sl-207\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 1037. Gilmore & Black, supra note 825, at 264. \ par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 197 \par\pard\sect\sectd\f s24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg208}{\bkmkend Pg208}\pa r\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5 \f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par \pard\qj\li3023\ri2796\sb106\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\n osupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 agents of shipowners referred to as \u8220?average adjuste rs.\u8221? In the United \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 States, absent any a greement to the contrary, a general average state-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex100 ment prepared by a professional average adjuster is without any legal \lin e \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 effect whatsoever and is open to question in ever y particular.\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs20\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs19 1038 \par\pard\ql \li3 383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li338 3\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\ sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb 0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\ sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl -207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-2 07\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slm

ult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 3383\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3383\sb184\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 1038. United States v. Atl. Mut. Ins. Co., 298 U.S. 483 (1936). \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 975\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 198 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstar t Pg209}{\bkmkend Pg209}\par\pard\ql \li4396\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4 396\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4396\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li439 6\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4396\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4396\ sb279\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs39 Sel ected Bibliography \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\s b228\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Trea tises and Other Books \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb97\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Benedict on Admiralty, 7th rev. ed., Mat thew Bender. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri2794\sb120\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\ch arscalex100 This is a multivolume work (currently 34 volumes), arranged by \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 subject matter, that deals with many areas of admiralty and mari\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 time law. Edited by lawyers and law profe ssors, it is published in \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 loose-leaf form and suppl emented on a regular basis. The name of \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the curren t author or reviser is listed on the spine and cover page \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex100 of each volume. Those volumes edited by the publisher\u8217?s staff are \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 simply titled Benedict on Admiralty. \par\pard\ql \ li3023\ri2799\sb240\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 Stewart C . Boyd et al., Scrutton on Charter Parties and Bills of Lading, \line\tab \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 20th ed., Sweet & Maxwell, London 1996. \par\pard\ql \li3 023\ri2799\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Allen E. Br anch, Dictionary of Shipping International Trade Terms \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex96 and Abbreviations, 3d ed., Whetherby & Co., Ltd., London 1986. \pa r\pard\ql \li3023\ri2800\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1 00 Geoffrey Brice, Maritime Law of Salvage, 3d ed., Sweet & Maxwell, \line\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 London 1999. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2797\sb120\sl-24 0\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Robert H. Brown, Dictionary of Ma rine Insurance Terms and Clauses, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 5th ed. , Whetherby & Co., Ltd., London 1988. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2796\sb120\sl-240\s lmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Leslie J. Buglass, Marine Insurance a nd General Average in the United \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 States, 3d ed., Cornell Maritime Press, Centerville, Md. 1991. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri27 98\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Julian Cook et al., Voyage Charters, 2d ed., Lloyds of London Press, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex96 London 2001. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2800\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \u p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Charles M. Davis, Maritime Law Deskbook, Compass Pub lishing \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Company, Seattle, Wash. 2001. \pa r\pard\ql \li3023\ri2795\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\char scalex100 Robert Force, U.S. Transport Law, in International Encyclopaedia of \l ine\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Laws, R. Blanpain ed., Kluwer Law Internat ional, The Hague \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 2001. \par\pard\ql \li30 23\ri2798\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Nicholas Gas kill et al., Bills of Lading, Lloyds of London Press, Lon-\line\tab \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex94 don 2000. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\

li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb229\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 199 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop3441\shpright9245\shpbottom3461\shpfhdr0\shp bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz31\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g210}{\bkmkend Pg210}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023 \sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\ri2796\sb122\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Grant Gilmore & Charles L. Black, Jr., The Law of Admiralty, 2d ed., \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y. 1975. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2799\sb120\sl-240\ slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Nicholas J. Healy & Joseph Sweeney, The Law of Marine Collision, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Cornell Mar itime Press, Centerville, Md. 1998. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2797\sb120\sl-240\slm ult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Arnold W. Knauth, American Law of Ocea n Bills of Lading, 4th ed., \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 American Mari time Cases, Baltimore, Md. 1953. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2798\sb120\sl-240\slmult 0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Norman J. Lopez, Bes\u8217? Chartering an d Shipping Terms, 11th ed., \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Barker & Howa rd Ltd., London 1992. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2800\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \u p0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Martin J. Norris, The Law of Maritime Personal Injur ies, 4th ed., \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 West Group, St. Paul, Minn. 1990. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2798\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\c harscalex100 Martin J. Norris, The Law of Seamen, 4th ed., West Group, St. Paul, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Minn. 1985. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2798 \sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Alex L. Parks, The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance and Average, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex97 Cornell Maritime Press, Centerville, Md. 1987. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2797 \sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Alex L. Parks & Edwar d V. Catell, Jr., The Law of Cargo and Pilotage, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex95 3d ed., Cornell Maritime Press, Centerville, Md. 1994. \par\pard\ql \li3 023\ri2795\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 David W. Ro bertson, Admiralty & Federalism History, Foundation \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex93 Press, Mineola, N.Y. 1970. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2795\sb120\sl-240\s lmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Thomas J. Schoenbaum, Admiralty & Ma ritime Law, West Group, St. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Paul, Minn. 2 001. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2799\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\cha rscalex100 Eric Sullivan, The Marine Encyclopedic Dictionary, 6th ed., Lloyds of \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 London Press, London 1999. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2797\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 William Tetley, International Conflict of Laws: Common, Civil and \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Maritime, Blais International Shipping Publications, M ontreal, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 Canada 1994 \par\pard\ql \li3023 \ri2796\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u8212? Marine Cargo Claims, 3d ed., Blais International Shipping Publi-\line\tab \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex94 cations, Montreal, Canada 1988. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2797\sb1

20\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8212? Maritime Liens & Claims, 2d ed., Blais International Shipping \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x95 Publications, Montreal, Canada 1998. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2797\sb120\sl-24 0\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u8212? Glossary of Maritime Law Terms, Lanlois, Geautreau, O\u8217?Connor, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 Montreal, Canada 2000. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2795\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Hugo Tiberg, The Law of Demurrage, 4th ed., Sweet & Maxwell, Lon-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 don 1995. \par\pard\ql \l i5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb19\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 200 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1224 0\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg211}{\bkmkend Pg211}\par\pard\ql \li5 313\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5313\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li531 3\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5313\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5313\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5313\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5313\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5313\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5313\sb18 9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Select ed Bibliography \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\ri27 95\sb122\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs21 Gunther Treitel & F.M.B. Reynolds, Carver on Bills of Lading, Sweet \li ne\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 & Maxwell, London 2001. \par\pard\ql \li3023 \ri2795\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Michael Wilford et al., Time Charters, 4th ed., Lloyds of London \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex92 Press, London 1995. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2796\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\tx 3383 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 David Wilson et al., The Law of General Avera ge and The York Ant-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 werp Rules, 11th ed., Sweet & Maxwell, London 1990. \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri2799\sb120\sl-240\slmult0\ tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 A. N. Yiannopoulos, Ocean Bills of Lading, Kluwer Law International, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 The Hague 1995. \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb315\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 \ul0\nosu persub\cf2\f3\fs31 Periodicals \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2798\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 There are three U.S. la w journals devoted exclusively to admiralty and \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 mar itime law. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri2797\sb120\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex100 Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce is published four times a \line \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 year by the Jefferson Law Book Company, Baltimore, Md., under \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 the supervision of an editorial b oard of admiralty lawyers and law \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 professors. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri2796\sb120\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Tulane Maritime Law Journal (originally The Maritime Lawyer) is \line \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex100 published twice a year by students at Tulane Law School. In typi-\line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 cal law review format, it contains lead articles by practitioners and \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 law professor s as well as shorter student comments and case \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 2 notes. \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri2797\sb120\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc alex100 University of San Francisco Maritime Law Journal is published \line \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 twice a year by students at the University of San Fran cisco Law \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 School in a similar format to the T ulane Maritime Law Journal. \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2795\sb120\sl-260\slmult0\fi3 60 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 In every odd-numbered year, the papers delivere d at the Tulane \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Admiralty Law Institute are published in the Tulane Law Review as a \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 spec ial issue. Many of the ALI proceedings have been devoted to one \line \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex100 or two topics and often provide excellent in-depth source ma terial not \line \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 otherwise available. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li597 5\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\ sb85\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 201

\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg 212}{\bkmkend Pg212}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\ sb316\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs31 Jud icial Decisions \par\pard\qj \li3023\ri2794\sb122\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6 \charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 In addition to the cases reported in the National Reporter System, a \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 group of adm iralty lawyers oversees the publication of American \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc alex100 Maritime Cases (abbreviated AMC or A.M.C.). In addition to pub-\line \up 0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 lishing reported decisions, AMC frequently publishes decisions not \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 published in the National Repo rter System and publishes important \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 maritime decisions of Canadian and British courts. Furthermore, \line \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 AMC has its own unique indexing system that facilitates research. \pa r\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li597 5\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb115\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\no supersub\cf5\f6\fs19 202 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\ sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg213}{\bkmkend Pg213}\par\pard\ql \li5673\sb0\sl-460\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5673\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5673\sb0\sl-460\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5673\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5673\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5673\sb279\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex75 \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf6\f7\fs39 Cases \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li30 23\sb180\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 A. Kemp Fisheries, Inc. v. Castle & Cooke, Inc., 852 F.2d 493 (9th Cir. \par\pa rd\li3023\sb27\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 1988)\ta b \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 46\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Aaby v. States Marine Corp., 181 F.2d 383 (2d Cir. 1950)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 45, 47\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmul t0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Adler v. Dickson (The Himalaya), [1954] 2 Ll oyd's Rep. 267 [1955] 1 Q.B.\par\pard\li3023\sb15\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 158\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 81\par\pard\li30 23\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Agrico Chem. Co. v. M/V Ben W. Martin, 664 F.2d 85 (5th Cir. 1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 143\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 Aguilar v. Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, 318 U.S. 724 (1943)\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 87\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 Al-Zawkari v. American Steamship Co., 871 F.2d 585 (6th Cir. 1 989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 89\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Albany Insurance Co. v. Anh Thi Kieu, 927 F .2d 882 (5th Cir. 1991)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 182, 186\par\pard\li302

3\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Albert E. Reed & C o. v. M/S Thackeray, 232 F. Supp. 748 (N.D. Fla. 1964)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 60\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 All Alaskan Seafoods, Inc. v. M/V Sea Producer, 882 F.2d 425 (9th Cir.\par\pard\ li3023\sb15\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 1989)\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 172\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Allen v. Seacoast Products, Inc., 623 F.2d 355 (5th Cir. 1980)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 100\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmu lt0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Allied Chemical Corp. v. Hess Tankship Co. of Delaware, 661 F.2d 1044\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (5th Cir. 1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 131\pa r\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Allsea s Mar., S.A. v. M/V Mimosa, 812 F.2d 243 (5th Cir.)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 154\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 Allstate Insurance Co. v. Inparca Lines, 646 F.2d 166 (5th Cir. 1981)\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 75\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Aluminios Pozuelo Ltd. v. S.S. Navigator, 407 F.2d 15 2 (2d Cir. 1968)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 75\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230 \slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v. Vessel Bay Ridge, 703 F.2d 381 (9th Cir.\par\pard\li3023\sb15\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8 956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 37\par\p ard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8395 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 American Dredging Co. v. Miller, 510 U.S. 443 (1994)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 22, 26, 27\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb33\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Ame rican Home Assurance Co. v. L & L Marine Service, Inc., 875 F.2d \par\pard\li302 3\sb25\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 1351 (8th Cir. 1 989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 155\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 American Marine Corp. v. Barge American Gulf III, 100 F. Supp. 2d 393\par\pard\li3023\sb15\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 (E.D. La. 2000)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 79\par\pard\ li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 American President L ines, Ltd. v. United States, 208 F. Supp. 573\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult 0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (N.D. Cal. 1961)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 49\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex94 Anaconda, The, 164 F.2d 224 (4th Cir. 1947)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 144, 145\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex95 Antilles Insurance Co. v. Transconex, Inc., 862 F.2d 391 (1st Cir . 1988)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 57\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Anyagwe v. Nedlloyd Lines, 909 F. Supp. 315 (D. Md. 1995)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 78\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb33\s l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Archer v. Trans/American Services, Lt d., 834 F.2d 1570 (11th Cir. \par\pard\li3268\sb25\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 1988)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 87, 90\par\pard \ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb115\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 203 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2995\shptop3441\shpright9245\shpbottom3461\shpfhdr0\shp bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz29\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 6250}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(6250,20);(6250,0);(0,0);(0,20)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276 8}} {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g214}{\bkmkend Pg214}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s

b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023 \sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 Arques Shipyard v. The Charles Van Damme, 175 F. Supp. 871 (N.D. Cal. \par\pard\li3023\sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 1 959)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 164\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi 0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Askew v. American Waterways Operators, Inc ., 411 U.S. 325 (1973)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 25\par\pard\li3023\sb53\ sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Atlanta, The, 82 F. Supp. 218 (S.D. Ga. 1948)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 46\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl -230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. P oseidon Schiffahrt G.m.b.H.,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 313 F.2d 872 (7th Cir. 1963)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex94 73\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 Atlee v. Union Packet Co., 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 389 (1874)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 151\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 Aunt Mid, Inc. v. Fjell-Oranje Lines, 458 F.2d 712 (7th Cir. 1 972)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 70\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 B. Elliott (Canada) Ltd. v. John T. Clark & Son of Maryland, Inc.,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 704 F.2d 1305 (4th Cir. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 82 \par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 B.V. Burea u Wijsmuller v. United States, 702 F.2d 333 (2d Cir.\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230 \slmult0\fi244\tx8111 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 155, 157, 158\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 Bach v. Trident S.S. Co., 947 F.2d 1290 (5th Cir. 1991)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 93\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Baker v. Ocean Systems, Inc., 454 F.2d 379 (5th Cir. 1972)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 88\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\f i0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Baker v. Raymond International, 656 F.2d 173 (5th Cir. 1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 101\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl -230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Balfour, Guthrie & Co. v. American -West African Line, Inc., 136 F.2d\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8 956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 320 (2d Cir. 1943)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 66\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 Barbetta v. S.S. Bermuda Star, 848 F.2d 1364 (5th Cir. 1988)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 115\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 Barnard v. Adams, 51 U.S. (10 How.) 270 (1850)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 195\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 Barnes v. Andover Co. L.P., 900 F.2d 630 (3d Cir. 1990)\tab \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 89\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Barrett v. Chevron, U.S.A., Inc., 781 F.2d 1067 (5th C ir. 1986)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 93\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult 0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Basic Boats, Inc. v. United States, 35 2 F. Supp. 44 (E.D. Va. 1972)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 159\par\pard\li30 23\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Baum v. Transworl d Drilling Co., 612 F. Supp. 1555 (W.D. La. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 89\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 Belcher Oil Co. v. M/V Gardenia, 766 F.2d 1508 (11th Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 170\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 Bergen v. F/V St. Patrick, 816 F.2d 1345 (9th Cir. 1987)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 119, 120\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx 8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Berisford Metals Corp. v. S.S. Salvador, 779 F .2d 841 (2d Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 73\par\pard\li3023\sb48\ sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Bermuda Exp., N.V. v. M/V Litsa (Ex. Laurie U), 872 F.2d 554\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (3d Cir. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 176\p ar\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Bethl

ehem Steel Corp., In re, 631 F.2d 441 (6th Cir. 1980)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex94 142\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex94 Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Yates, 438 F.2d 798 (5th Cir. 1971)\tab \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 151\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 Bienvienu v. Texaco, Inc., 164 F.3d 901 (5th Cir. 1999)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 103\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Bisso v. Inland Waterways Corp., 349 U.S. 85 (1955 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 143, 146\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb40\sl-230\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Black Diamond S.S. Corp. v. Robert Stewart & So ns (The Norwalk \par\pard\li3268\sb23\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex94 Victory), 336 U.S. 386 (1949)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 141\ par\pard\ql \li3023\sb37\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Black Gold Marine, Inc. v. Jackson Marine Co., 759 F.2d 466 \par\pard\li3268\sb21\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 (5th Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex96 160\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb9\ sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 204 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw 12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg215}{\bkmkend Pg215}\par\pard\ql \li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li590 8\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\ sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex79 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Ca ses \par\pard\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3023\sb151\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Blackwall, The, 77 U.S. (10 Wall.) 1 (1869) \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 157, 158\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\f i0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Blanchard v. Engine & Gas Compressor Servs., Inc ., 575 F.2d 1140\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex95 (5th Cir. 1978)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 93\par\pard\li30 23\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Blasser Brothers, Inc. v . Northern Pan-American Line, 628 F.2d 376\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\f i244\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (5th Cir. 1980)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex95 72, 79\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex95 Bloomer v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 445 U.S. 74 (1980)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 111\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex95 Board of Commissioners of Port of New Orleans v. M/V Space Ki ng,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 5 1978 AMC 856 (E.D. La. 1978)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 49\par\pard\li30 23\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Bodden v. America n Offshore, Inc., 681 F.2d 319 (5th Cir. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 119\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Bommarito v. Penrod Drilling Corp., 929 F.2d 186 (5th Cir. 1991)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex95 100\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex95 Boston Metals Co. v. The Winding Gulf, 349 U.S. 122 (1955)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 146\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex95 Bouchard Transp. Co. v. The Tug Ocean Prince, 691 F.2d 60 9 (2d Cir.\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi289\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex95 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 128\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\ slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 Bouchard Transp. Co., Inc. v. Up degraff, 147 F.3d 1344 (11th Cir. 1998)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 25\par\ pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Boyer, I n re, 109 U.S. 629 (1884)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 5\par\pard\li3023\sb5 3\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Brady-Hamilton Stevedor e Co. v. Herron, 568 F.2d 137 (9th Cir. 1978)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 1 05\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 B raen v. Pfeifer Oil Transp. Co., 361 U.S. 129 (1959)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex95 95\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Br ammer Corp. v. Holland-America Insurance Co., 228 N.Y.S.2d 512\par\pard\li3023\s b10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (N.Y. 1962)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 188\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up

0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Brier v. Northstar Marine, Inc., 1993 AMC 1194 (D.N.J. 1992)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 161\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Brister v. A.W.I., Inc., 946 F.2d 350 (5 th Cir. 1991)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 140\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\s lmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Broere v. Two Thousand One Hundred Thirt y-Three Dollars,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex95 72 F. Supp. 115 (E.D.N.Y. 1947)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 154\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Brown & Root, Inc. v. M/V Peisander, 648 F.2d 415 (5th Cir. 1981)\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex95 81\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex95 Bunge Corp. v. M/V Furness Bridge, 558 F.2d 790 (5th Cir. 1977 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 128, 151\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 C.N.R. Atkin v. Smith, 137 F.3d 1169 (9t h Cir. 1998)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 186\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Cactus Pipe & Supply Co. v. M/V Montmartr e, 756 F.2d 1103\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex95 (5th Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 35\par\pard\li30 23\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8390 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Caemint Food, Inc . v. Brasileiro, 647 F.2d 347 (2d Cir. 1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 64 , 78, 79\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex95 Caledonia, The, 157 U.S. 124 (1895)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 46\par \pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Calhoun v. Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A., 216 F.3d 338 (3d Cir. 2000)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex95 121\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex95 California & Hawaiian Sugar Co. v. Columbia Steamship Co.,\par\pard\li3023 \sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 391 F. Supp. 894 (E.D. La. 1972)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 197\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230 \slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 California Home Brands, Inc. v. Ferriera, 871 F.2d 830 (9th Cir. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 91\par\ pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Calmar S .S. Corp. v. Taylor, 303 U.S. 525 (1938)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 87\par \pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Candies Towing Co. v. M/V B & C Eserman, 673 F.2d 91 (5th Cir. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex95 127\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb9\ sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 205 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw 12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg216}{\bkmkend Pg216}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4 987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li498 7\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\ sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 A dmiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i3023\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Cantieri Navali Riuniti v. M/V Skyptron, 621 F. Supp. 171 \par\pard\li3023\sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8 860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (W.D. La. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 170\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 Carey v. Bahama Cruise Lines, 864 F.2d 201 (1st Cir. 1988)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 115, 116\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 Carib Prince, The, 170 U.S. 655 (1898)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 46\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 Caribbean Sea Transport, Ltd., In re, 748 F.2d 622 (11th Cir. 1984)\ta b \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 136, 137\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\ tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Carlisle Packing Co. v. Sandanger, 259 U.S. 255 (1922)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 19\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmul t0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, 499 U.S. 585 (1991)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 116\par\pard\li3023\sb48\s l-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Caruso v. Sterling Yacht & Shipbu ilders, Inc., 828 F.2d 14\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (11th Cir. 1987)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 95\par

\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Cary Ma rine, Inc. v. M/V Papillon, 872 F.2d 751 (6th Cir. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 166\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 Caulfield v. AC & D Marine, Inc., 633 F.2d 1129 (5th Cir. 1981)\tab \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 89\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 CEH, Inc. v. F/V Seafarer, 70 F.3d 694 (1st Cir. 1995) \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 84\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8 860 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Cenac Towing Co. v. Terra Resources, Inc., 734 F.2d 251 (5th Cir. 1984)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 138\par\pard\li3023\sb 53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Chacon-Gordon v. M/V E ugenio \u8220?C,\u8221? 1987 AMC 1886 (S.D. Fla. 1987)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 91\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Chadade Steamship Co. (The Yarmouth Castle), In re, 266 F. Supp. 517\par\pard\li 3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (S.D. Fla. 19 67)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 142, 156\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult 0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Chance v. Certain Artifacts Found & Salvaged from the Nashville,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 606 F. Supp 801 (S.D. Ga. 1984)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 156\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8111 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 Chandris, Inc. v. Latsis, 515 U.S. 347 (1995)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 86, 92, 93, 95\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex94 Chapman v. Engines of the Greenpoint, 38 F. 671 (S.D.N.Y. 1889)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 175\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Chelentis v. Luckenbach S.S. Co., 247 U.S. 372 (19 18)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 91\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Chemical Transporter, Inc. v. M. Turecamo, Inc., 29 0 F.2d 496\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex94 (2d Cir. 1961)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 144\par\pard\li3023\sb4 8\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Chesapeake & Ohio Railw ay Co. v. Schwalb, 493 U.S. 40 (1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 102, 103\ par\pard\ql \li3023\sb39\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Chevron U.S .A., Inc. v. Progress Marine, Inc., 1980 AMC 1637 \par\pard\li3023\sb20\sl-230\s lmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (E.D. La. 1979)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 146\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 Chilean Nitrate Sales Corp. v. The Nortuna, 128 F. Supp. 938\par\pard \li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (S.D.N.Y. 1955)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 60\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 China Union Lines, Ltd. v. A.O. Anderson & Co., 3 64 F.2d 769\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 (5th Cir. 1966)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 140\par\pard\li3023\s b49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 China, The, 74 U.S. ( 7 Wall.) 53 (1868)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 149\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Chisholm v. Sabine Towing & Transpo rtation Co., 679 F.2d 60\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 (5th Cir. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 98\par\p ard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Cimbria, The, 214 F. 131 (D.N.J. 1914)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 171\par\pard\li30 23\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Cimbria, The, 156 F. 378 (D. Mass. 1907)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 169\par\pard\li3023\sb5 3\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 City of Erie v. S.S. No rth American, 267 F. Supp. 875 (W.D. Pa. 1967)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 165\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb47\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 206 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15 840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg217}{\bkmkend Pg217}\par\pard\ql \li5908\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb189\sl-230\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex79 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Cases \par\pard\

ql \li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 City of Long Beach v. American President Lines, Ltd., 223 F. 2d 853 \par\pard\li3023\sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex95 (9th Cir. 1955)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 151\par\pard\li3023\sb49\ sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Cleveland Tankers, Inc., In re, 843 F. Supp. 1157 (E.D. Mich. 1994)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 123\ par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Clif ford v. M/V Islander, 751 F.2d 1 (1st Cir. 1984)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 5 155\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb37\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Clyde Commercial S.S. Co. v. West India S.S. Co., 169 F. 275 \par\pard\li3268\sb21\sl -230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 (2d Cir. 1909)\tab \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex96 48\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb39\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex93 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. Sea-Land Service, Inc., 349 F. Supp. \par\pard\li3023\sb20\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 964 (P.R. 1970)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 20\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\ slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Commonwealth Petrochemicals Inc. v. S.S . Puerto Rico, 607 F.2d 322\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (4th Cir. 1979)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 59\pa r\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Compagnia Mar itima La Empresa, S.A. v. Pickard, 320 F.2d 829\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmu lt0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (5th Cir. 1963)\tab \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 171\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 Concordia Co. v. Panek, 115 F.3d 67 (1st Cir. 1997)\tab \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 15\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 Conolly v. S.S. Karina II, 302 F. Supp. 675 (E.D.N.Y. 1969)\t ab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 155\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Consolidated Grain & Barge Co. v. Marcona Conveyor Corp .,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 716 F.2d 1077 (5th Cir. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 145\par\pard\li3 023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Cook v. Exxon Sh ipping Co., 762 F.2d 750 (9th Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 109\pa r\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Cooley v. Boa rd of Wardens of Port of Philadelphia, 53 U.S. (12 How.)\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl -230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 299 (1851)\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 150\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8577 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 Cooper/T. Smith, In re, 929 F.2d 1073 (5th Cir. 1991)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 98, 101\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Cope v. Vallette Dry-Dock Co., 119 U.S. 625 (1887) \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 154\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx 8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Coryell v. Phipps, 317 U.S. 406 (1943)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 139, 140\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx895 6 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Couthino, Caro & Co. v. M/V Sava, 849 F.2d 166 (5 th Cir. 1988)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 77\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Cox v. Dravo Corp., 517 F.2d 620 ( 3d Cir. 1975)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 90\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Crown Zellerbach Corp. v. Ingram Industri es, Inc., 783 F.2d 1296\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8111 \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex94 (5th Cir. 1986)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 138, 139, 183\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Cullen Fuel Co. v. W.E. Hedger, Inc., 290 U.S. 82 (1933)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 141\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 Cunard S.S. Co. v. Kelley, 115 F. 678 (1st Cir. 1902)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 57\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex94 Curtin, The, 165 F. 271 (E.D. Pa. 1908)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 169\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 Curtis Bay Towing Co. of Virginia v. Southern Lighterage Corp.,\par\pard\li30 23\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 200 F.2d 33 (4t h Cir. 1952)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 144\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Curtis v. Schlumberger Offshore Service, Inc., 849 F.2d 805\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndt

w-9\charscalex94 (3d Cir. 1988)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 113\par\pard\li 3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Daniel Ball, Th e, 77 U.S. (10 Wall.) 557 (1870)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 4\par\pard\li3 023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Dann v. Dredge S andpiper, 222 F. Supp. 838 (D. Del. 1963)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 175\p ar\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li5975\sb139\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 207 \par\pard\s ect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg218}{\bkmken d Pg218}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nos upersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Dau ghdrill v. Ocean Drilling & Exploration Co., 709 F. Supp. 710 \par\pard\li3268\s b21\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 (E.D. La. 1989)\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 100\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb39\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 David Crystal, Inc. v. Cunard Steam-Ship Co., 339 F.2d 295 \par\pard\li3268\sb20\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 (2d Cir. 1964)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 56\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb40\sl-230\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Davis v. Department of Labor & Industries o f Washington, 317 U.S. 249 \par\pard\li3023\sb23\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8673 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (1942)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 24, 26\par\par d\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Delta Steamship Li nes, Inc. v. Avondale Shipyards, Inc., 747 F.2d 995\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\ slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (5th Cir. 1984)\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 128\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex95 Derby Co. v. A. L. Mechling Barge Lines, Inc., 258 F. Supp. 206 (E.D . La.\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 1966)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 145\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmul t0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Desper v. Starved Rock Ferry Co., 342 U.S. 187 (1952)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 95\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230 \slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Dick v. United States, 671 F.2d 724 (2d Cir. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 138\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl -230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 DiGiovanni v. Traylor Broth ers, Inc., 959 F.2d 1119 (1st Cir. 1992)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 94\par \pard\li3023\sb34\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Director, Offi ce of Workers\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 \u8217?\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Com pensation Programs, U.S. Department\par\pard\li3023\sb6\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8 860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 of Labor v. Perini North River Associates, 459 U.S. 297 (1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 103\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230 \slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Dixilyn Drilling Corp. v. Crescent Tow ing & Salvage Co.,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex94 372 U.S. 697 (1963)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 146\par\pa rd\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Dooley v. Korean Airlines Co., 524 U.S. 116 (1998)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 120\pa r\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Dow Chemical Co. v. Tug Thomas Allen, 349 F. Supp. 1354\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\f i244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (E.D. La. 1972)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 146\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 Downie v. United States Lines Co., 359 F.2d 344 (3d Cir. 1966)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 84\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Duluth Superior Excursions, Inc. v. Makela, 623 F.2d 12 51 (8th Cir. 1980)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 6\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-23 0\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Eagle Terminal Tankers, Inc. v. Insur ance Co. of U.S.S.R., 637 F.2d 890\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8 486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (2d Cir. 1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 196, 197\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca

lex94 Easley v. Southern Shipbuilding Corp., 936 F.2d 839 (5th Cir. 1991)\tab \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 124\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 East River Steamship Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval, Inc.,\pa r\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8582 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 476 U.S. 858 (1986)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 20, 117\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl -230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Eastern Eagle, The, In re, 1971 AMC 236 (N.Y. Arb. 1970)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 48\par\pard\li302 3\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Edmond Weil, Inc. v. Amer ican West African Line, Inc., 147 F.2d 363\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\f i244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (2d Cir. 1945)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex94 69\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Edmonds v. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 443 U.S. 256\par\pard\li3023\sb1 0\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (1979)\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 102, 111\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Elfrida, The, 172 U.S. 186 (1898)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 160\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 Emblem, The, 8 F. Cas. 611, 2 Ware 68, No. 4434 (D. Me. 1840)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 161\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb39\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex95 English Electric Valve Co., Ltd. v. M/V Hoegh Mallard, 814 F. 2d 84 \par\pard\li3268\sb20\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 96 (2d Cir. 1987)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 61\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb210\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 208 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstar t Pg219}{\bkmkend Pg219}\par\pard\ql \li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li590 8\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex79 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Cases \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Epstein v . Corporacion Peruana de Vapores, 325 F. Supp. 535 \par\pard\li3023\sb21\sl-230\ slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (S.D.N.Y. 1971)\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 169\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 Equilease Corp. v. M/V Sampson, 793 F.2d 598 (5th Cir. 1986)\ tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 166, 169\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi 0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Etna, The, 138 F.2d 37 (3d Cir. 1943)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 107\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Evans v. United Arab Shipping Co. S.A.G., 4 F.3d 20 7 (3d Cir. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 98\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230 \slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Evich v. Connelly, 759 F.2d 143 2 (9th Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 119\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-2 30\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Executive Jet Aviation, Inc. v. City of Cleveland, 409 U.S. 249 (1972)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 7, 9\ par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Exxo n Co., U.S.A. v. Sofec, Inc., 517 U.S. 830 (1996)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 127\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8577 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 Exxon Corp. v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc., 500 U.S. 603 (1991)\tab \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex94 11, 167\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 Farrell v. United States, 336 U.S. 511 (1949)\tab \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 90\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 Feehan v. United States Lines, Inc., 522 F. Supp. 811 (S.D.N. Y. 1980)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 99\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0 \fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Fields v. Pool Offshore, Inc., 182 F.3d 353 (5th Cir. 1999)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 94\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl -230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Fireman\u8217?s Fund American Insu rance Co. v. Puerto Rican Forwarding\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\t x8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Co., 492 F.2d 1294 (1st Cir. 1974)\tab \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 62\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 Fireman\u8217?s Fund Insurance Co. v. M/V Vignes, 794 F.2d 1552\p

ar\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (11 th Cir. 1986)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 79\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Firemen\u8217?s Charitable Ass\u82 17?n v. Ross, 60 F. 456 (5th Cir. 1893)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 155\par \pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Fisher v. Nichols, 81 F.3d 319 (2d Cir. 1996)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 91\par\p ard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8395 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Fitzgeral d v. United States Lines Co., 374 U.S. 16 (1963)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 15, 16, 85\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex94 Flint v. Christall (The Irrawaddy), 171 U.S. 187 (1898)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 197\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb40\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex93 Florida Department of State v. Treasure Salvors, Inc., 458 U.S. 670 \ par\pard\li3023\sb23\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (1 982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 191\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Florida East Coast Railway Co. v. Beaver Street F isheries, Inc.,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 537 So.2d 1065 (Fla. App. 1 Dist. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex94 71\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 F luor W., Inc. v. G & H Offshore Towing Co., 447 F.2d 35\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (5th Cir. 1971)\tab \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 147\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 Foremost Insurance Co. v. Richardson, 457 U.S. 668 (1982) \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 7, 8, 116\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Forrester v. Ocean Marine Indemnity Co., 11 F.3d 1213 (5th Cir. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 43\par\pard\li302 3\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Foss Launch & Tug Co. v. Char Ching Shipping U.S.A, Ltd.,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx886 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 808 F.2d 697 (9th Cir. 1987)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex94 169\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex94 Foulk v. Donjon Marine Co., Inc., 144 F.3d 252 (3d Cir. 1998)\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 93\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 Francosteel Corp. v. M/V Pal Marinos, 885 F. Supp. 86\par\pa rd\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (S.D.N.Y . 1995)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 76, 82\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmu lt0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 F.S. Royster Guano Co. v. W.E. Hodge r Co., 48 F.2d 86 (2d Cir. 1931)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 11\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb40\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Furka v. Great Lakes D redge & Dock Co., 775 F.2d 1085 \par\pard\li3268\sb23\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 (4th Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 12 3\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb47\sl-230\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 209 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh1584 0\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg220}{\bkmkend Pg220}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Mar itime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-2 30\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Galban Lobo Trading Co. S/A v. The Dipon egaro, 103 F. Supp. 452 \par\pard\li3023\sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex93 (S.D.N.Y. 1951)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 164\par\ pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Gans S.S . Line v. Wilhelmsen, 275 F. 254 (2d Cir. 1921)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 61\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Gardiner v. Sea-Land Service, Inc., 786 F.2d 943 (9th Cir. 1986)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex93 89\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex93 Gauthier v. Crosby Marine Service, Inc., 87 F.R.D. 353 (E.D. La . 1980)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 15\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Gautreaux v. Scurlock Marine, Inc., 107

F.3d 331 (5th Cir. 1997)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 96, 97\par\pard\li3023 \sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 General Electric Co. v. S. S. Nancy Lykes, 536 F. Supp. 687\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx895 6 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 (S.D.N.Y. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 74\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 G enesee Chief v. Fitzhugh, 53 U.S. (12 How.) 443 (1851)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex93 3\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex93 Geophysical Service, Inc., In re, 590 F. Supp. 1346 (S.D. Tex. 1984)\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 142\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Gerdes v. G&H Towing Co., 967 F. Supp. 943 (S.D. Tex . 1997)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 84\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Germanic, The, 196 U.S. 589 (1905)\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 68\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex93 Getty Oil Co. (Eastern Operations), Inc. v. SS Ponce De Leon ,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 555 F.2d 328 (2d Cir. 1977)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 127\par\pard\li3023 \sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Gillmor v. Caribbea n Cruise Line, Ltd., 789 F. Supp. 488 (D.P.R. 1992)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex93 115\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Gl oria Steamship Co. v. India Supply Mission, 288 F. Supp. 674\par\pard\li3023\sb1 0\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 (S.D.N.Y. 1968)\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 50\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Gloucester, The, 285 F. 579 (D. Mass. 1923)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 171\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Glynn v. Roy Al Boat Management Corp., 57 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 96\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmu lt0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Gollatte v. Harrell, 731 F. Supp. 45 3 (S.D. Ala. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 5\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-23 0\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Gosnell v. Sea-Land Service, I nc., 782 F.2d 464 (4th Cir. 1986)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 89\par\pard\l i3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Goumas v. K. K arras & Son, 51 F. Supp. 145 (S.D.N.Y. 1943)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 11 \par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Gra ce Line, Inc., In re, 397 F. Supp. 1258 (S.D.N.Y. 1973)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex93 67\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex93 Gravatt v. City of New York, 226 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 2000)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex93 110\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb40\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 Great American Insurance Co. of New York v. Maxey, 193 F.2d 151 \par\ pard\li3023\sb23\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 (5th Cir. 1951)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 183\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmu lt0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. v. City of Ch icago, 3 F.3d 225\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex100 (7th Cir. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 139\par\pard\l i3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 Great Lakes Towing Co . v. American S.S. Co., 165 F.2d 368\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\t x8860 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 (6th Cir. 1948)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex90 145\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex95 Griffin v. Oceanic Contractors, Inc., 458 U.S. 564 (1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex90 90\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex97 Griffith v. Martech International, Inc., 754 F. Supp. 166 (C.D. C al. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 99\par\pard\li3023\sb30\sl-253\slmult 0\fi0\tx8831 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs21 Guglielmo , In re, 897 F.2d 58 (2d Cir. 1990)\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex90 139\par\pa rd\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosup ersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501 (1947)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex90 22\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb37\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex95 Gulf Towing Co. v. Steam Tanker, Amoco, New York, 648 F.2d 242 \par\pa rd\li3268\sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 (5th Cir. 1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 151\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0

\par\pard\ql\li5975\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 210 \par\par d\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg221}{\bkm kend Pg221}\par\pard\ql \li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex79 \ul0\n osupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Cases \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Gulf Trading & Transpo rtation Co. v. M/V Tento, 694 F.2d 1191 \par\pard\li3023\sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi2 44\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (9th Cir. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex95 175\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Gulf Trading & Transportation Co. v. Vessel Hoegh Shield, 658 F.2d\par\pard\li3 023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 363 (5th Cir. 1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 23\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Gulfstream Cargo Ltd. v. Reliance Insurance Co., 409 F.2d 974\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex95 (5th Cir. 1969)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 185\par\pard\li3023\ sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Gutierrez v. Waterma n Steamship Corp., 373 U.S. 206 (1963)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 99\par\p ard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Guy v. Do nald, 203 U.S. 399 (1906)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 151\par\pard\li3023\s b53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Guzman v. Pichirilo, 369 U.S. 698 (1962)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 86\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hall v. Hvide Hull No. 3, 74 6 F.2d 294 (5th Cir. 1984)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 108\par\pard\li3023\ sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hamilton v. Canal Ba rge Co., 395 F. Supp. 978 (E.D. La. 1975)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 123\p ar\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hamil ton v. Unicoolship, Ltd., 2002 WL 44139 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex95 17\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex95 Harbor Tug & Barge v. Papai, 520 U.S. 548 (1997)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex95 93\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex95 Harris v. Whiteman, 243 F.2d 563 (5th Cir. 1957)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex95 95\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8111 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex95 Harrisburg, The, 119 U.S. 199 (1886)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 117, 118, 120\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 96 Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. Pacific Far East Line, Inc., 491 F.2d 960\par\ pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (9th C ir. 1974)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 75\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult 0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Haskell v. Socony Mobil Oil Co., 237 F .2d 707 (1st Cir. 1956)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 88\par\pard\li3023\sb53 \sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Haskins v. Point Towing Co., 395 F.2d 737 (3d Cir. 1968)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 16\par\pard\li 3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hastorf v. O\u8 217?Brien, 173 F. 346 (2d Cir. 1909)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 48\par\par d\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hauter v. Z ogarts, 14 Cal. 3d 104 (Cal. 1975)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 46\par\pard\ li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Havens v. F/T Polar Mist, 996 F.2d 215 (9th Cir. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 99\pa r\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hawgoo d & Avery Transit Co. v. Dingman, 94 F. 1011 (8th Cir. 1899)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex95 175\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex95 Haxby, The v. Merritt\u8217?s Wrecking Organization, 83 F. 715\par\pard\l i3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (4th Cir. 18 97)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 158\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hayes-Leger Associates, Inc. v. M/V Oriental Knigh t, 765 F.2d 1076\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex95 (11th Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 76\par\pard\li3 023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hayford v. Douss

ony, 32 F.2d 605 (5th Cir. 1929)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 165\par\pard\l i3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hechinger, In re, 890 F.2d 202 (9th Cir. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 139\par\pard\l i3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hector, The, 6 5 U.S. (24 How.) 110 (1860)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 146\par\pard\li3023 \sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hellenic Lines Ltd. v. Rhoditis, 398 U.S. 306 (1970)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 23, 98\par\pa rd\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hellenic L ines, Ltd. v. United States, 512 F.2d 1196 (2d Cir. 1975)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex95 78\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8111 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex95 Herb\u8217?s Welding, Inc. v. Gray, 470 U.S. 414 (1985)\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex95 102, 103, 124\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hine, The, 71 U.S. 555 (1866)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex95 18\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex95 Hollier v. Union Texas Petroleum Corp., 972 F.2d 662 (5th Cir. 1992)\ tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 124\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li5975\sb210\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 211 \par\pard\se ct\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg222}{\bkmkend Pg222}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu persub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Hols atia Shipping Corp. v. Fidelity & Casualty Co. of New York, \par\pard\li3023\sb2 1\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 535 F. Supp. 139 (S.D .N.Y. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 66\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmu lt0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Homer Ramsdell Transportation Co. v. La Com pagnie Generale\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 Transatlantique, 182 U.S. 406 (1901)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 150\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 Hooper v. Robinson, 98 U.S. (8 Otto) 528 (1878)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 184\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 Hopson v. Texaco, Inc., 383 U.S. 262 (1966)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 95\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8577 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Horsley v. Mobil Oil Corp., 15 F.3d 200 (1st Cir. 1994)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 84, 122\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 Howard v. Crystal Cruise Line, 41 F.3d 527 (9th Cir. 1994)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 119\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Howlett v. Birkdale Shipping Co., S.A., 512 U.S. 92 (1 994)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 108\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Humphries v. Director, Office of Workers Compensa tion Programs,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex94 834 F.2d 372 (4th Cir. 1987)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 105\p ar\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Huron Portland Cement Co. v. City of Detroit, 362 U.S. 440 (1960)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 24, 25\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex94 Hurst v. Pilings & Structures, Inc., 896 F.2d 504 (11th Cir. 19 90)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 94\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\ tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Incandela v. American Dredging Co., 659 F.2d 11 (2d Cir. 1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 88\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-2 30\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Indian Towing Co. v. United S tates, 350 U.S. 61 (1955)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 190\par\pard\li3023\s b48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Ingersoll-Rand Financial Cor p. v. Employers Insurance of Wausau,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\t x8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 771 F.2d 910 (5th Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex94 182, 195\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex95 Insurance Co. of State of Pennsylvania, In re, 22 F. 109 (

N.D.N.Y. 1884)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 166\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\ slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Insurance Co. v. Dunham, 78 U.S. (11 Wall.) 1 (1870)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 181\par\pard\li3023\sb48\s l-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Integral Control Systems Corp. v. Consolidated Edison Co. of New York,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\ tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Inc., 990 F. Supp. 295 (S.D.N.Y. 1998)\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 170\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 International Drilling Co., N.V. v. M/V Doriefs, 291 F. Sup p. 479\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 (S.D. Tex. 1968)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 77, 78\par\pard\li3023\sb 53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Ison v. Roof, 698 F.2d 294 (6th Cir. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 130\par\pard\li3023\sb48\s l-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Ivy v. Security Barge Line s, Inc., 585 F.2d 732 (5th Cir. 1978)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 122\par\p ard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 J. Gerber & Co. v. M/V Galiani, 1993 WL 185622 (E.D. La. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex94 79\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex94 J. Gerber & Co. v. S.S. Sabine Howaldt, 437 F.2d 580 (2d Cir. 1971)\tab \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 69, 70\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 J.C. Penney Co. v. American Express Co., 102 F. Supp. 742 \par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 ( S.D.N.Y. 1951)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 62\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\s lmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Jackson Marine Corp. v. Blue Fox, 845 F.2d 1307 (5th Cir. 1988)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 160\par\pard\li3 023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Jackson v. The S teamboat Magnolia, 61 U.S. (20 How.) 296 (1857)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 3\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 J ason, The, 225 U.S. 32 (1912)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 197\par\pard\li30 23\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Jefferson Chemica l Co. v. M/T Grena, 413 F.2d 864 (5th Cir. 1969)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 70\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Jerome B. Grubart, Inc. v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 513 U.S. 527\par\pard\li3023 \sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx7924 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (1995)\tab \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 5, 7, 8, 9, 19, 25\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi 0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Johnson v. Odeco Oil & Gas Co., 864 F.2d 4 0 (5th Cir. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 94\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 2 12 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg223}{\bkmkend Pg223}\par\pard\ql \li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li590 8\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex79 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Cases \par\pard\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\p ard\li3023\sb151\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Johnson v. Oil Transport Co., 440 F.2d 109 (5th Cir. 1971)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 165\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 Joiner v. Diamond M Drilling Co., 677 F.2d 1035 (5th Cir. 1982)\tab \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 15\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 Jones v. Sea Tow Services Freeport NY Inc., 30 F.3d 360 (2d Cir. 1994)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 160\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmu lt0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Joo Seng Hong Kong Co., Ltd. v. S.S. Unibul kfir, 483 F. Supp. 43\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 (S.D.N.Y. 1979)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 61\par\pard \li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Joseph Warne r, The, 32 F. Supp. 532 (D. Mass. 1939)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 164\par \pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Joyce v . Joyce, 975 F.2d 379 (7th Cir. 1992)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 140\par\p ard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Jumna, Th

e, 149 F. 171 (2d Cir. 1906)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 126\par\pard\li302 3\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Jupiter Wreck, Inc. v. Un identified, Wrecked & Abandoned Sailing\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi24 4\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Vessel, 691 F. Supp. 1377 (S.D. Fla. 1988) \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 153\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx 8908 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Kaiser Aetna v. United States, 444 U.S. 164 (1 979)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 4,5\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi 0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Kaiser Steel Corp. v. Director, O.W.C.P., 812 F.2d 518 (9th Cir. 1987)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 113\par\pard\li302 3\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Kane v. Hawaiian Independ ent Refinery, Inc., 690 F.2d 722\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx886 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (9th Cir. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 152\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Kanematsu Corp. v. M/V Gretchen W, 897 F. Supp. 1314 (D. Or. 1995)\tab \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 51\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex95 Keel v. Greenville Mid-Stream Serv., Inc., 321 F.2d 903 (5th Cir. 1963)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 101\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmu lt0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Kelly v. Smith, 485 F.2d 520 (5th Ci r. 1973)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 6, 9\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmul t0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Kelly v. Washington, 302 U.S. 1 (1937 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 24\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx 8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Kensington, The, 182 U.S. 261 (1902)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 116\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Kermarec v. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 358 U.S. 625 (1959)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 114\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slm ult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Kernan v. American Dredging Co., 35 5 U.S. 426 (1958)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 97\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-23 0\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 King Fisher Marine Service, Inc. v. N P Sunbonnet, 724 F.2d 1181\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (5th Cir. 1984)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 145\pa r\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Kitanihon-Oi Steamship Co. v. General Construction Co., 678 F.2d 109\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (9th Cir. 1982)\tab \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 152\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 Klinghoffer v. S.N.C. Achille Lauro, 795 F. Supp. 112 (2d Cir. 1991)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 23\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmu lt0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Knott v. Botany Worsted Mills, 179 U .S. 69 (1900)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 68\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Kollias v. D & G Marine Maintenanc e, 29 F.3d 67 (2d Cir. 1994)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 105\par\pard\li302 3\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Komatsu, Ltd. v. S tates Steamship Co., 674 F.2d 806 (9th Cir. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 77\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 Koppers Co. v. S.S. Defiance, 704 F.2d 1309 (4th Cir. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 82\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8577 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 Kossick v. United Fruit Co., 365 U.S. 731 (1961)\tab \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex94 89, 143\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 LaBanca v. Ostermunchner, 664 F.2d 65 (5th Cir. 1981)\tab \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 32\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Lackey v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 983 F.2d 620 (5th Ci r. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 86\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0 \fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Lake Tankers Corp. v. Henn, 354 U.S. 14 7 (1957)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 135\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult 0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Lambros Seaplane Base v. The Batory, 2 15 F.2d 228 (2d Cir. 1954)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 154\par\pard\ql \li5 975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li597 5\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb167\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex90 213 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240 {\bkmkstart Pg224}{\bkmkend Pg224}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par

d\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pa rd\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3023\sb151\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Lancaster Towing, Inc. v. Davis, 681 F. Supp. 387 (N.D . Miss. 1988)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 88\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Laura Madsen, The, 112 F. 72 (W.D. Wash. 1901)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 114\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0\tx8111 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Lauritzen v. Larsen, 345 U.S. 571 (1953)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 22, 23, 96, 98\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-2 30\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Leather\u8217?s Best, Inc. v. S.S. M ormaclynx, 451 F.2d 800\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8395 \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex94 (2d Cir. 1971)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 14, 75, 81 \par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Lea thers v. Blessing, 105 U.S. 626 (1881)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 114\par\ pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 LeBlanc v. Cleveland, 198 F.3d 353 (2d Cir. 1999)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 4\par \pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Lewis v . Lewis & Clark Marine, Inc., 531 U.S. 438 (2001)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 135\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 Lewis v. Timco, Inc., 697 F.2d 1252 (5th Cir. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 107\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 Lindgren v. United States, 281 U.S. 38 (1930)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex94 24\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex94 Liner v. J. B. Talley & Co., 618 F.2d 327 (5th Cir. 1980)\tab \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex94 88\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex94 Lipscomb v. Foss Maritime Co., 83 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir. 1996)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 90\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Lithotip, CA v. S.S. Guarico, 569 F. Supp. 837 (S.D. N.Y. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 80\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmul t0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Liverpool, Brazil & River Plate Steam Naviga tion Co. v. Brooklyn\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 Eastern District Terminal, 251 U.S. 48 (1919)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 137\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 Logistics Management, Inc. v. One (1) Pyramid Tent Arena, 86 F.3d 908 \par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 ( 9th Cir. 1996)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 165\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\ slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Lottawanna, The, 88 U.S. 558 (18 74)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 20\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\ tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Luckenbach v. Pierson, 229 F. 130 (2d Cir. 1 915)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 50\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Lucky Metals Corp. v. M/V Ave, 1996 AMC 265 (E.D.N.Y. 1995)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 61\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230 \slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Lydia, The, 49 F. 666 (E.D.N.Y. 1892)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 158\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 M/S Bremen, The v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1 (1972)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 147\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Macedo v. F/V Paul & Michell e, 868 F.2d 519 (1st Cir. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 88\par\pard\li3 023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Magee v. United States Lines, 976 F.2d 821 (2d Cir. 1992)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 84\pa r\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Magnolia Mari ne Transp. Co. v. Oklahoma, 366 F.3d 1153\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi 244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (10th Cir. 2004)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 192\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 Mahnich v. Southern S.S. Co., 321 U.S. 96 (1944)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex94 86, 99\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 Mahramas v. American Export Isbrandtsen Lines, Inc., 475 F.2d 165\par\pa rd\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (2d Cir.

1973)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 92, 96\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmul t0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Main, The v. Williams, 152 U.S. 122 ( 1894)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 136\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\f i0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Mandu, The, 102 F.2d 459 (2d Cir. 1939)\t ab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 132\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb40\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Manuel v. P.A.W. Drilling & Well Service, Inc., 135 F.3 d 344 \par\pard\li3268\sb23\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 97 (5th Cir. 1998)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 94\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb37\ sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Mapco Petroleum, Inc. v. Memphis Bar ge Line, Inc., 849 S.W.2d 312 \par\pard\li3268\sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (Tenn. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 136\par \pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li5975\sb19\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 214 \par\pard\sect \sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg225}{\bkmkend P g225}\par\pard\ql \li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li5908\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex79 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf5\f6\fs19 Cases \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li302 3\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Marathon Pipe Line Co. v. Dr illing Rig Rowan/Odessa, 761 F.2d 229 \par\pard\li3023\sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi244 \tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (5th Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex95 94\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex95 Margate Shipping Co. v. M/V JA Orgeron, 143 F.3d 976 (5th Cir. 1998)\tab \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 158\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex95 Marine Fuel Supply & Towing, Inc. v. M/V Ken Lucky, 859 F.2d 1405\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x95 (9th Cir. 1988)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 170\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl -230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Marine Fuel Supply & Towing, Inc. v. M/V Ken Lucky, 869 F.2d 473\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (9th Cir. 1988)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 17 0\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Ma rkakis v. S.S. Volendam, 486 F. Supp. 1103 (S.D.N.Y. 1980)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex95 155, 156\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex95 Maryland Casualty Co. v. Cushing, 347 U.S. 409 (1954)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 138\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Matute v. Lloyd Bermuda Lines, Ltd., 931 F.2d 231 (3d Ci r. 1991)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 87\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0 \fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Max Morris, The v. Curry, 137 U.S. 1 (1 890)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 114\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi 0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 McDermott Inc. v. Boudreaux, 679 F.2d 452 (5th Cir. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 104\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230 \slmult0\fi0\tx8203 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 McDermott International, Inc. v . Wilander, 498 U.S. 337 (1991)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 92, 104, 108\pa r\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 McKinl ey v. All Alaskan Seafoods, Inc., 980 F.2d 567 (9th Cir. 1992)\tab \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex95 95\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex95 McLanahan v. Universal Insurance Co., 26 U.S. (1 Pet.) 170 (1828) \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 185\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx 8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 McLaughlin v. Dredge Glouchester, 230 F. Supp. 623 (D.N.J. 1964)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 176\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 McWilliams v. Texaco, Inc., 781 F.2d 514 (5th Cir. 1986)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 88\par\pard\li3023 \sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Mediterranean Marine Lines , Inc. v. John T. Clark & Son of Maryland,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\f i244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Inc., 485 F. Supp. 1330 (D. Md. 1980)\t ab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 75\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx895 6 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Mente & Co. v. Isthmian S.S. Co., 36 F. Supp. 278

(S.D.N.Y. 1940)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 61\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb39\sl -230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Merritt & Chapman Derrick & Wrecking Co. v. United States, \par\pard\li3023\sb20\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex95 274 U.S. 611 (1927)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 155\pa r\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Mid-America T ransportation Co. v. National Marine Service, Inc.,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\ slmult0\fi244\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 497 F.2d 776 (8th Cir. 1974)\t ab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 144, 145\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Midland Tar Distillers, Inc. v. M/T Lotos, 362 F. Supp. 1311\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex95 (S.D.N.Y. 1973)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 51\par\pard\li3023\sb4 9\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx7828 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Miles v. Apex Marine Co rp., 498 U.S. 19 (1990)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 84, 121, 122, 123\par\p ard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Miles v. Delta Well Surveying Corp., 777 F.2d 1069 (5th Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex95 112\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x95 Miller v. American President Lines, Ltd., 989 F.2d 1450 (6th Cir.\par\pard\l i3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8577 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 1993)\tab \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 84, 122\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx886 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Mills v. Director, O.W.C.P., 877 F.2d 356 (5th Ci r. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 113\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult 0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Ministry of Commerce, State Purchase Director ate of Athens,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex95 Greece v. Marine Tankers Corp., 194 F. Supp. 161 (S.D.N.Y. 1960)\ta b \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 60\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex95 Minnkota Power Co-op., Inc. v. Manitowoc Co., 669 F.2d 52 5\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (8th Cir. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 96\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\ slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Mission Marine Associates, Inc., In re, 633 F.2d 678 (3d Cir. 1980)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 24\par\pard \ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb90\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex90 215 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0 \sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg226}{\bkmkend Pg226}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3023\sb151\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9 047 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Missouri v. Craig, 163 F.3d 482 (8th Cir. 1998) \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 5\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx88 60 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Mitchell v. Trawler Racer, Inc., 362 U.S. 539 (1 960)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 100\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi 0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Mitsui & Co. (USA) Inc. v. Mira M/V, 111 F .3d 33 (5th Cir. 1997)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 82\par\pard\li3023\sb48\ sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Mitsui & Co. v. American Export Lines, Inc., 636 F.2d 807\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (2d Cir. 1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 75, 76\p ar\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Mobil Oil Co. v. Higginbotham, 436 U.S. 618 (1978)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 1 19, 120\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x95 Molett v. Penrod Drilling Co., 826 F.2d 1419 (5th Cir. 1987)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex95 9\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex95 Monica Textile Corp. v. S.S. Tana, 952 F.2d 636 (2d Cir. 1991)\t ab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 75, 76\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\t x8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Monte Iciar, The, 167 F.2d 334 (3d Cir. 1948) \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 57\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8 860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Monteleone v. Bahama Cruise Line, Inc., 838 F.2 d 63 (2d Cir. 1988)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 114\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl

-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Moore-McCormack Lines v. The Esso Camden, 244 F.2d 198\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex95 (2d Cir. 1957)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 129\par\pard\ li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Moragne v. States Ma rine Lines, Inc., 398 U.S. 375\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx6983 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (1970)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 118, 120, 1 21, 122, 123, 124\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex95 Morales v. Garijak, Inc., 829 F.2d 1355 (5th Cir. 1987)\tab \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex95 88, 90\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex95 Moran Towing & Transportation Co. v. Lombas, 58 F.3d 24\par\p ard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (2d Cir . 1995)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 89\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Morton v. De Oliveira, 984 F.2d 289 (9th Cir. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 115\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slm ult0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Motts v. M/V Green Wave, 210 F.3d 5 65 (5th Cir. 2000)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 6\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb37\s l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Mounteer v. Marine Transport Lines, I nc., 463 F. Supp. 715 \par\pard\li3268\sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 (S.D.N.Y. 1979)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 95\par\pard\ ql \li3023\sb39\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Nacirema Operating C o. v. S.S. Al Kulsum, 407 F. Supp. 1222 \par\pard\li3023\sb20\sl-230\slmult0\fi2 44\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (S.D.N.Y. 1975)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 177\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Nat G. Harrison Overseas Corp. v. American Tug Titan, 516 F.2d 89\par\pard\li30 23\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (5th Cir. 1975) \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 145\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Navigazione Generale Italiana v. Spencer Kellogg & So ns, 92 F.2d 41\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex94 (2d Cir. 1937)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 196\par\pard\li3023 \sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Neal v. Barisich, I nc., 707 F. Supp. 862 (E.D. La. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 120, 122\ par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Neel y v. Club Med Management Services, Inc., 63 F.3d 166 (3d Cir. 1995)\tab \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 98\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 Nesti v. Rose Barge Lines, Inc., 326 F. Supp. 170 (N.D. Ill. 1971)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 20\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\f i0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Nippon Fire & Marine Insurance Co. v. M/V Tourco ing, 167 F.3d 99\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 (2d Cir. 1999)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 77\par\pard\li302 3\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Nissan Fire & Marine Insu rance Co. v. M/V Hyundai Explorer, 93 F.3d 641\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmul t0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (9th Cir. 1996)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 69\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex94 Nisseqogue, The, 280 F. 174 (E.D.N.C. 1922)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 165\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-8\cha rscalex95 Noah\u8217?s Ark, The v. Bentley & Felton Corp., 292 F.2d 437 (5th Cir . 1961)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 159\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb90\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 216 \par\ pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg227}{\ bkmkend Pg227}\par\pard\ql \li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex79 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Cases \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li3023\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 Norfolk Shipbuildin g and Drydock Corp. v. Garris, 532 U.S. 811 \par\pard\li3023\sb21\sl-230\slmult0 \fi244\tx8111 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (2001)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 121, 123, 124\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca

lex94 Norwich & New York Transp. Co. v. Wright, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 104\par\pard\ li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (1871)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 136\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Nunley v. M/V Dauntless Colocotronis, 727 F.2d 455 (5th Cir. 1984)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 131\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230 \slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Nygaard v. Peter Pan Seafoods, Inc., 701 F.2d 77 (9th Cir. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 120, 123\par\ pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 O\u8217? Donnell v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 318 U.S. 36 (1943)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 85\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex94 Ocean Steam Navigation Co. v. Mellor (The Titanic), 233 U.S. 718\par\pard\ li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (1914)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 141, 142\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx 8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Offshore Co. v. Robison, 266 F.2d 769 (5th Cir . 1959)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 92\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8577 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Offshore Logistics, Inc. v. Tallentire, 477 U.S. 207 (1986)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 24, 120\par\pard\li3023\sb5 3\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Offshore Specialty Fabricators , Inc., In re, 2002 AMC 2055, 2002 WL 827398\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (E.D. La. 2002)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex94 137\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 Oil Shipping (Bunkering) B.V. v. Sonmez Denizcilik Ve Ticaret A.S.,\par\par d\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 10 F.3d 1 015 (3d Cir. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 23\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-2 30\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Oil Spill by the Amoco Cadiz, In re, 699 F.2d 909 (7th Cir. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 14\par\par d\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Olympic Towing Cor p. v. Nebel Towing Co., 419 F.2d 230 (5th Cir.\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmul t0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 1969)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 138\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Ona way Transportation Co. v. Offshore Tugs, Inc., 695 F.2d 197\par\pard\li3023\sb10 \sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (5th Cir. 1983)\tab \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 160\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Orduna S.A. v. Zen-Noh Grain Corp., 913 F.2d 1149 (5t h Cir. 1990)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 48\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slm ult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Ore Carriers of Liberia, Inc. v. Na vigen Co., 435 F.2d 549 (2d Cir. 1970)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 48\par\p ard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Oregon, T he, 158 U.S. 186 (1895)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 128\par\pard\li3023\sb4 9\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Oriente Commercial, Inc . v. M/V Floridian, 529 F.2d 221 (4th Cir. 1975)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 172\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8395 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 Osceola, The, 189 U.S. 158 (1903)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 87, 91, 99\ par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 P.C. Pfeiffer Co. v. Ford, 444 U.S. 69 (1979)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 103\p ar\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 PPG Industri es, Inc. v. Ashland Oil Co.-Thomas Petroleum Transit\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230 \slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Division, 527 F.2d 502 (3d Ci r. 1975)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 59\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0 \fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Pacific Employers Insurance Co. v. M/V Gloria, 767 F.2d 229\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex94 (5th Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 62\par\pard\li3023\ sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Pacific Far East Lin e, Inc., In re, 314 F. Supp. 1339 (N.D. Cal. 1970)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 159\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Pan American World Airways, Inc. v. California Stevedore & Ballast Co.,\par\pard\li 3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 559 F.2d 1173 (9th Cir. 1977)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 59\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230 \slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Papai v. Harbor Tug & Barge Co. , 67 F.3d 203 (9th Cir. 1995)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 104\par\pard\li30

23\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Paragon Oil Co. v . Republic Tankers, S.A., 310 F.2d 169 (2d Cir. 1962)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex94 48\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex94 Parker v. Director, O.W.C.P., 75 F.3d 929 (4th Cir. 1996)\tab \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex94 105\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb 90\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 217 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pap erw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg228}{\bkmkend Pg228}\par\pard\ ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li49 87\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs1 9 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3023 \sb151\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Pate v. Standard D redging Corp., 193 F.2d 498 (5th Cir. 1952)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 86\ par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Pate ntas v. United States, 687 F.2d 707 (3d Cir. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 191\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 Patton-Tully Transportation Co., In re, 797 F.2d 206 (5th Cir. 1986)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 122\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Pavlides v. Galveston Yacht Basin, Inc., 727 F.2d 330 (5th Cir. 1984)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 119\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230 \slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Pavone v. Mississippi Riverboat Amusem ent Corp., 52 F.3d 560\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8673 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 (5th Cir. 1995)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 94, 95\par \pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Peninsular & O riental Steam Navigation Co. v. Overseas Oil Carriers,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-2 30\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 553 F.2d 830 (2d Cir. 1977) \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 161\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx 8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Pennsylvania, The, 86 U.S. (19 Wall.) 125 (187 3)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 127\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 People\u8217?s Ferry Co. v. Beers (The Jefferson), 61 U.S. (20 How.) 393\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 (1858)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 177\par\pard\li3023\ sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Peralta Shipping Corp. v. S mith & Johnson (Shipping) Corp.,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx895 6 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 739 F.2d 798 (2d Cir. 1984)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex94 10\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 Perez v. Barge LBT No. 4, 416 F.2d 407 (5th Cir. 1969)\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 158\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 Phillips v. Western Co. of North America, 953 F.2d 923 (5th C ir. 1992)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 100\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmul t0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Piedmont & George\u8217?s Creek Coal Co. v. Seaboard Fisheries Co.,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex94 254 U.S. 1 (1920)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 169\par \pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Piper A ircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235 (1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 22\pa r\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Pizzit olo v. Electro-Coal Transfer Corp., 812 F.2d 977 (5th Cir. 1987)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 104\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 Place v. Norwich & New York Transp. Co., 118 U.S. 468 (1886)\t ab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 136\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx89 56 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Plamals v. The Pinar del Rio, 277 U.S. 151 (1928 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 86\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Plastique Tags, Inc. v. Asia Trans Line, Inc., 83 F.3 d 1367 (11th Cir.\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex94 1996)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 63, 78\par\pard\li3023\sb 53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Platoro Ltd., Inc. v. Unident ified Remains of a Vessel, 695 F.2d 893\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi24

4\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (5th Cir. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex94 154\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex94 Plymouth, The, 70 U.S. 20 (1865)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 5\par\p ard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Polo Ralph Laure n, L.P. v. Tropical Shipping & Construction Co.,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slm ult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 215 F.3d 1217 (11th Cir. 2000)\ta b \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 25\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Pope & Talbot v. Hawn, 346 U.S. 406 (1953)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 96\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 Porche v. Gulf Mississippi Marine Corp., 390 F. Supp. 624 (E.D . La.\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 1975)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 119\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmul t0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Port Arthur Towing Co., In re, 42 F.3 d 312 (5th Cir. 1995)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 135\par\pard\li3023\sb53\ sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Port Lynch, Inc. v. New England International Assurety of America,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8 860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Inc., 754 F. Supp. 816 (W.D. Wash. 1991)\tab \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 186\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Powell v. Offshore Navigation, Inc., 644 F.2d 1063 (5 th Cir. 1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 14\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Poznan, The, 274 U.S. 117 (1927)\t ab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 165\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li5975\sb90\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 218 \par\pard\sect \sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg229}{\bkmkend P g229}\par\pard\ql \li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li5908\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex79 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf5\f6\fs19 Cases \par\pard\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3023\sb151\ sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 President Arthur, The, 27 9 U.S. 564 (1929)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 177\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-2 30\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Producers Drilling Co. v. Gra y, 361 F.2d 432 (5th Cir. 1966)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 94\par\pard\li3 023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Provost v. Huber , 594 F.2d 717 (8th Cir. 1979)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 154\par\pard\li3 023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Public Administrator of New York County v. Angela Compania\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx 8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Naviera, S.A., 592 F.2d 58 (2d Cir. 1979)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 119\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Puritan, The, 258 F. 271 (D. Mass. 1919)\tab \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 171\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8395 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 Quaker Oats Co. v. M/V Torvanger, 734 F.2d 238 (5th Cir. 1984)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 71, 72, 79\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Quarrington Court, The, 122 F.2d 2 66 (2d Cir. 1941)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 66\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-23 0\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Queen Insurance Co. of America v. Glo be & Rutgers Fire Insurance\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Co., 263 U.S. 487 (1924)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 181\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 R. L. Pritchard & Co. v. Steamship Hellenic Laurel,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slm ult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 342 F. Supp. 388 (S.D.N.Y. 1972)\ tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 81\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx85 77 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Ray v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 435 U.S. 151 (197 8)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 23, 150\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Rebstock v. Sonat Offshore Drilling, 764 F. Supp. 75 (E.D. La. 1991)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 84\par\pard\li3023 \sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Reed v. American St eamship Co., 682 F. Supp. 333 (E.D. Mich. 1988)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94

91\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Reed v. The Yaka, 373 U.S. 410 (1963)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 110\par\p ard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Reinholtz v. Ret riever Marine Towing & Salvage, 1994 AMC 2981\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult 0\fi244\tx8572 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (S.D. Fla. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 160-61\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 Renner v. Rockwell International Corp., 403 F. Supp. 849\par\pard\li30 23\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (C.D. Cal. 1975 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 119\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\t x8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Republic National Bank of Miami v. United Sta tes, 506 U.S. 80 (1992)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 38\par\pard\li3023\sb49 \sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Reynolds Leasing Corp. v. Tug P atrice McAllister, 572 F. Supp. 1131\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\t x8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (S.D.N.Y. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 158\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 Richardson v. Harmon, 222 U.S. 96 (1911)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 14 1\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Richendol lar v. Diamond M Drilling Co., 819 F.2d 124\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\ fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (5th Cir. 1987)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 107\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 Ritchie v. Grimm, 724 F. Supp. 59 (E.D.N.Y. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 88\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex94 Riverway Co. v. Spivey Marine & Harbor Service Co., 598 F. Supp. 909\par\p ard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (S.D. I ll. 1984)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 34\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult 0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Rizzi v. Underwater Construction Corp. , 84 F.3d 199 (6th Cir. 1996)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 105\par\pard\li30 23\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Robert C. Herd & Co. v. Krawill Machinery Corp., 359 U.S. 297 (1959)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 81\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 Robins Dry Dock & Repair Co. v. Flint, 275 U.S. 303 (1927)\tab \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex94 129\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb37\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex94 Roco Carriers, Ltd. v. M/V Nurnberg Express, 899 F.2d 1292 \par\pard\li 3268\sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 (2d Cir. 1990)\ tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 14\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb39\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Rodriguez-Alvarez v. Bahama Cruise Line, Inc., 898 F.2d 312 \par\pard\li3268\sb20\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 6 (2d Cir. 1990)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 89\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb90\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 2 19 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg230}{\bkmkend Pg230}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li498 7\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li302 3\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 Romano v. West India Fruit & Steamship Co., 151 F.2d 727 \par\pard\li 3023\sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 (5th Cir. 194 5)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Romero v. International Terminal Operating Co., 358 U.S. 354\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx7550 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex93 (1959)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 13, 14, 19, 20, 25, 85\par\pard\l i3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Roy v. M/V Kat eri Tek, 238 F. Supp. 813 (E.D. La. 1965)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 165\p ar\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Royal Insura nce Co. of America v. Cineraria Shipping Co.,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult 0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 894 F. Supp. 1557 (M.D. Fla. 1995)\t ab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 197\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx89

56 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Ruiz v. Shell Oil Co., 413 F.2d 310 (5th Cir. 19 69)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 96\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\ tx8111 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Sabine, The, 101 U.S. (11 Otto) 384 (1879)\t ab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 153, 155, 156\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult 0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Sacramento Navigation Co. v. Salz, 273 U.S. 326 (1927)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 137, 143\par\pard\li3023\sb49\ sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Salim Oleochemicals Inc. v. M/V Shropshire, 169 F. Supp. 2d 194\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 (S.D.N.Y. 2001)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 5 1\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Salter Ma rine, Inc. v. Conti Carriers & Terminals, Inc., 677 F.2d 388\par\pard\li3023\sb1 0\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 (4th Cir. 1982)\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 145\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Santiago v. Sea-Land Service, Inc., 366 F. Supp. 130 9 (D.P.R. 1973)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 74\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\ slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Saskatchewan Government Insurance Offic e v. Spot Pack, Inc.,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8486 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex93 242 F.2d 385 (5th Cir. 1957)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 3 186, 187\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex93 Sasportes v. M/V Sol de Copacabana, 581 F.2d 1204 (5th Cir. 1978)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 171\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Schnell v. United States, 166 F.2d 479 (2d Cir. 1948)\ tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 189\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Scindia Steam Navigation Co., Ltd. v. De Los Santos, 4 51 U.S. 156\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx7732 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex93 (1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 108, 109, 110, 124\par\pard\li 3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Scotland, The, 105 U.S. (15 Otto) 24 (1881)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 132\par\pard\li302 3\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Scurlock v. Americ an President Lines, 162 F. Supp. 78 (N.D. Cal. 1958)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex93 86\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8111 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex93 Sea-Land Services, Inc. v. Gaudet, 414 U.S. 573 (1974)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex93 120, 121, 122\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex93 Seas Shipping Co. v. Sieracki, 328 U.S. 85 (1946)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 108\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex93 Seawind Compania, S.A. v. Crescent Line, Inc., 320 F.2d 580\p ar\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 (2d Cir. 1963)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 32\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmu lt0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Sedco, Inc. v. S.S. Strathewe, 800 F .2d 27 (2d Cir. 1986)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 73\par\pard\li3023\sb53\s l-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Seiriki Kisen Kaisha, In r e, 629 F. Supp. 1374 (S.D.N.Y. 1986)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 67\par\par d\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Sekco Energy Inc. v. M/V Margaret Chouest, 820 F. Supp. 1008\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\f i244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 (E.D. La. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex93 129\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex93 Self v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 832 F.2d 1540 (11th Cir. 1987)\ tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 127\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8 956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Sellers v. Dixilyn Corp., 433 F.2d 446 (5th Cir . 1970)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 88\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 Sentilles v. Inter-Caribbean Shipping Co rp., 361 U.S. 107 (1959)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 98\par\pard\ql \li3023 \sb39\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Servicios-Expoarma, C.A. v. In dustrial Maritime Carriers, Inc., \par\pard\li3268\sb20\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx895 6 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 135 F.3d 984 (5th Cir. 1998)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex94 80\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb90\sl -230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 220 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12 240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg231}{\bkmkend Pg231}\par\pard\ql \l i5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5

908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li590 8\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb 189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex79 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Case s \par\pard\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3023\sb151\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\t x8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Sharp v. Johnson Brothers Corp., 973 F.2d 423 (5th Cir. 1992)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 104\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-23 0\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Sidwell v. Express Container S ervices, Inc., 71 F.3d 1134 (4th Cir. 1995)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 105 \par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Sig nal Oil & Gas Co. v. The Barge W-701, 654 F.2d 1164 (5th Cir. 1981)\tab \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 141\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 Silvia, The, 171 U.S. 462 (1898)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex94 58\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex94 Singleton v. Guangzhou Ocean Shipping Co., 79 F.3d 26 (5th Cir. 1996)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 110\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Sisson v. Ruby, 497 U.S. 358 (1990)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 7, 8, 9\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex94 Sistrunk v. Circle Bar Drilling Co., 770 F.2d 455 (5th Cir . 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 122\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0 \fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Skou v. United States, 478 F.2d 343 (5t h Cir. 1973)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 128\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Slavin v. Port Service Corp., 138 F.2d 386 (3d Cir. 1943)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 165\par\pard\li3023\sb4 8\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Smith v. Allstate Yacht Rentals, Ltd., 293 A.2d 805 (Del. 1972)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 122\pa r\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8577 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Smith v. Trans-World Drilling Co., 772 F.2d 157 (5th Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex94 99, 101\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 Snyder v. Whittaker Corp., 839 F.2d 1085 (5th Cir. 1988)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 123\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 Sobonis v. Steam Tanker National Defender, 298 F. Supp. 631\pa r\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (S.D .N.Y. 1969)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 153\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slm ult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Soerstad, The, 257 F. 130 (S.D.N.Y. 1919)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 141\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Solet v. M/V Captain H.V. Dufrene, 303 F . Supp. 980 (E.D. La. 1969)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 87\par\pard\li3023\ sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Solomon v. Warren, 5 40 F.2d 777 (5th Cir. 1976)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 119\par\pard\li3023 \sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Southern Coal & Coke Co. v . Kugniecibas (The Everosa), 93 F.2d 732\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi2 44\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (1st Cir. 1937)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 176\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8299 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 244 U.S. 205 (1917)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex94 25, 26, 102\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 Southwest Marine, Inc. v. Gizoni, 502 U.S. 81 (1991)\tab \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 104\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 Spiller v. Thomas M. Lowe, Jr. & Associates, Inc., 466 F.2d 903\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 (8th Cir. 1972)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 122\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-2 30\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Spinks v. Chevron Oil Co., 50 7 F.2d 216 (5th Cir. 1975)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 101\par\pard\li3023\ sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 St. Paul Marine Transportat ion Corp. v. Cerro Sales Corp.,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 313 F. Supp. 377 (D. Haw. 1970)\tab \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 161\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 Standard Dredging Co. v. Kristiansen, 67 F.2d 548 (2d Cir. 1933)\ tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 137\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8 956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Stanfield v. Shellmaker, Inc., 869 F.2d 521 (9t

h Cir. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 95\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slm ult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Stanislawski v. Upper River Service s Inc., 6 F.3d 537 (8th Cir. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 87\par\pard\ li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Star of Hope, The, 76 U.S. (9 Wall.) 203 (1869)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 196\par\pard \li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 State Industrial Co mmission of State of New York v. Nordenholt Corp.,\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\s lmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 259 U.S. 263 (1922)\tab \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex94 102\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 State of Louisiana ex rel. Guste v. M/V Testbank, 752 F.2d 1019\p ar\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (5t h Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 129, 130\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-2 30\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Steamship Knutsford Co. v. Ba rber & Co., 261 F. 866 (2d Cir. 1919)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 46, 47\pa r\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb210\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 221 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\p ard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg232}{\bkmkend Pg232}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Mariti me Law \par\pard\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3023\sb151\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Sterling Navigation Co., In re, 31 B.R. 619 (S.D.N.Y. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 177\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl -230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Stevens Technical Services, Inc. v . United States, 913 F.2d 1521\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (11th Cir. 1990)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 1 70\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 S tevens v. The White City, 285 U.S. 195 (1932)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 1 43, 144\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x94 Stewart v. Dutra Construction Co., 230 F.3d 461 (1st Cir. 2000)\tab \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 94\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 Strachan Shipping Co. v. Nash, 782 F.2d 513 (5th Cir. 1986)\ tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 106\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8 860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Strachan Shipping Co. v. Shea, 406 F.2d 521 (5t h Cir. 1969)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 104\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Sun Oil Co. v. Dalzell Towing Co., 287 U.S. 291 (1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 152\par\pard\li3023\sb49\s l-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Sun Ship, Inc. v. Pennsylv ania, 447 U.S. 715 (1980)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 105, 106\par\pard\li3 023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Swift Textiles, Inc. v. Watkins Motor Lines, Inc., 799 F.2d 697\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi2 44\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (11th Cir. 1986)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex94 60\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 T. Smith & Son v. Taylor, 276 U.S. 179 (1928)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex94 102\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 T.N.T. Marine Service, Inc. v. Weaver Shipyards & Dry Docks, Inc.,\par\pard\li30 23\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 702 F.2d 585 (5 th Cir. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 17\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Ta Chi Navigation Corp., S.A., In re, 513 F. Supp. 148 (E.D. La. 1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 67\par\par d\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Ta Chi Navigation (Panama) Corp. S.A., 416 F. Supp. 371\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\ tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (S.D.N.Y. 1976)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 142\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Ta isho Marine & Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. v. M/V Sea-Land Endurance,\par\pard\li302 3\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 815 F.2d 1270 (9 th Cir. 1987)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 69, 70\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-23

0\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Tapco Nigeria, Ltd. v. M/V Wes twind, 702 F.2d 1252 (5th Cir. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 56\par\par d\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Taylor v. A laska Rivers Navigation Co., 391 P.2d 15 (Alaska 1964)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 114\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex94 Taylor v. Bunge Corp., 845 F.2d 1323 (5th Cir. 1988)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex94 111\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex94 Tennessee Gas Pipeline v. Houston Casualty Insurance Co.,\par\pard\li3023 \sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8577 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 87 F.3d 150 (5th Cir. 1996)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 86, 113\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\ slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Terminal Shipping Co. v. Hamberg , 222 F. 1020 (D. Md. 1915)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 10\par\pard\li3023\ sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Terne, The, 64 F.2d 502 (2d Cir. 1933)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 48\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-2 30\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Texaco Trinidad, Inc. v. Afran Trans port Co., 538 F. Supp. 1038\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (E.D. Pa. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 152\p ar\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Texac o, Inc., In re, 847 F. Supp. 457 (E.D. La. 1994)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 135\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 Texaco, Inc., In re, 570 F. Supp. 1272 (E.D. La. 1983)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex94 68\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex94 Texports Stevedore Co., 632 F.2d 504 (5th Cir. 1980)\tab \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 105\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 Thebes Shipping Inc., In re, 486 F. Supp. 436 (S.D.N.Y. 1980)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 68\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Thomas Barlum, The, 293 U.S. 21 (1934)\tab \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 20\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb40\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex95 Tidewater Marine Towing, Inc. v. Dow Chem. Co., 689 F.2d 1251 \par\ pard\li3268\sb23\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 (5th Cir . 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 122\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb57\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 222 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15 840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg233}{\bkmkend Pg233}\par\pard\ql \li5908\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb189\sl-230\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex79 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Cases \par\pard\ ql \li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex95 Tokio Marine & Fire Insurance Co. v. Retla Steamship Co., \p ar\pard\li3268\sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 426 F .2d 1372 (9th Cir. 1970)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 64\par\pard\ql \li3023 \sb39\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Trans-Asiatic Oil Ltd., S.A. v . Apex Oil Co., 626 F. Supp. 718 \par\pard\li3268\sb20\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (D.P.R. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 50\ par\pard\ql \li3023\sb40\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Transatlant ic Marine Claims Agency, Inc. v. Ace Shipping Corp., \par\pard\li3268\sb23\sl-23 0\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 109 F.3d 105 (2d Cir. 1997)\ta b \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 11\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb37\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 Transatlantic Marine Claims Agency, Inc. v. M/V OOCL Ins piration, \par\pard\li3268\sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex94 137 F.3d 94 (2d Cir. 1998)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 79\par\pard\q l \li3023\sb39\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Transorient Navigator s Co., S.A. v. M/S Southwind, 788 F.2d 288 \par\pard\li3268\sb20\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 (5th Cir. 1986)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex97 36\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb40\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Treasure Salvors, Inc. v. Unidentified Wrecked & Abandoned Sailing \par\pard\li 3023\sb23\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Vessel, 569 F

.2d 330 (5th Cir. 1978)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 156, 157\par\pard\li302 3\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Turecamo of Savannah, Inc . v. United States, 824 F. Supp. 1069\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\ tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (S.D. Ga. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 170\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Tw enty Grand Offshore, Inc. v. West India Carriers, Inc., 492 F.2d 679\par\pard\li 3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (5th Cir. 974 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 147\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\t x8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Tychy, The, [1999] 2 Lloyd\u8217?s Rep. 11 (U .K.)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 44\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 U.S. Steel International Inc. v. Granheim, 540 F. Supp. 1326\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex94 (S.D.N.Y. 1982)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 71\par\pard\li3023\sb4 9\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Umbria, The, 166 U.S. 4 04 (1897)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 128\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmul t0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Union Fish Co. v. Erickson, 248 U.S. 308 (1919)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 42\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmul t0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 United States Dredging Corp., In re, 264 F.2d 339 (2d Cir. 1959)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 137\par\pard\li3023 \sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 United States v. At lantic Mutual Insurance Co., 343 U.S. 236 (1952)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 131\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 United States v. Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co., 298 U.S. 483 (1936)\tab \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 198\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 United States v. Locke, 529 U.S. 89 (2000)\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 23\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 United States v. M/V Marilena P, 433 F.2d 164 (4th Cir. 1969)\ tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 61\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx88 60 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 United States v. Nielson, 349 U.S. 129 (1955)\ta b \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 152\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 United States v. Reliable Transfer Co., Inc., 421 U.S. 3 97\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx7358 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (1975)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 125, 126, 130, 131, 146\par\pard\li3023 \sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 United States v. Sh ea, 152 U.S. 178 (1894)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 43\par\pard\li3023\sb53 \sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 United States v. The Aud rey II, 185 F. Supp. 777 (N.D. Cal. 1960)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 165\p ar\pard\ql \li3023\sb37\sl-230\slmult0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Unite d States v. Ultramar Shipping Co., 685 F. Supp. 887 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) \tab \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex90 58 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb50\sl-230\slmult0\tx8860 \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex95 United States v. United Continental Tuna Corp., 425 U.S. 1 64 (1976) \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 190 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb50\sl-230 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 University of Texas Medical Branch at Galv eston v. United States, \par\pard\li3268\sb23\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 557 F.2d 438 (5th Cir. 1977)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 140\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb177\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 223 \pa r\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg234} {\bkmkend Pg234}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 Unterweser Reederei Aktiengesellschaft v. Potash Importing \par\pard\li3023 \sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Corporation of Am erica, 36 F.2d 869 (5th Cir. 1930)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 60\par\pard\ li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Usner v. Luck

enbach Overseas Corp., 400 U.S. 494 (1971)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 100\ par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Valentine v . St. Louis Ship Building Co., 620 F. Supp. 1480\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slm ult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (E.D. Mo. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex94 101\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex94 Vallescura, The, 293 U.S. 296 (1934)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex94 72\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 Valley Line Co. v. Ryan, 771 F.2d 366 (8th Cir. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex94 137\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 Valley Towing Service, Inc. v. S.S. American Wheat, Freighters, Inc.,\par\p ard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 618 F.2 d 341 (5th Cir. 1980)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 126\par\pard\li3023\sb48\ sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Vella v. Ford Motor Co., 421 U.S. 1 (1975)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 89, 90\par\pard\li3023\sb49\s l-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Venore Transportation Co. v. M/V Struma, 583 F.2d 708 (4th Cir. 1978)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 129 \par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Venore Tra nsportation Co. v. Oswego Shipping Corp., 498 F.2d 469\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-2 30\slmult0\fi244\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (2d Cir. 1974)\tab \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 48\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 Vigilancia, The, 58 F. 698 (S.D.N.Y. 1893)\tab \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex94 169\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex94 Villers Seafood Co. v. Vest, 813 F.2d 339 (11th Cir. 1987)\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 101\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 Vimar Seguros y Reaseguros, S.A. v. M/V Sky Reefer, 515 U.S. 528 (1995)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 82\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Vision Air Flight Service Inc. v. M /V National Pride, 155 F.3d 1165\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx895 6 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (9th Cir. 1998)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 73\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 V istar, S.A. v. M/V Sea Land Express, 792 F.2d 469 (5th Cir. 1986)\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex94 81, 82\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex94 Vlavianos v. The Cypress, 171 F.2d 435 (4th Cir. 1948)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 164\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Vodusek v. Bayliner Marine Corp., 71 F.3d 148 (4th Cir. 1995)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 14, 18\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\ slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 W. Horace Williams Co. v. The Wakulla, 109 F. Supp. 698\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 (E.D. La. 1953)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 144\par\pard\li3 023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Wahlstrom v. Kawasaki H eavy Industries, Ltd., 4 F.3d 1084\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8 577 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 (2d Cir. 1993)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 84, 122\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex94 Waldron v. Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., 386 U.S. 724 (1967)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex94 67, 99\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 Walsh v. Tadlock, 104 F.2d 131 (9th Cir. 1939)\tab \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 175\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex94 Waring v. Clarke, 46 U.S. (5 How.) 441 (1847)\tab \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex94 13, 28\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex94 Warn v. M/Y Maridome, 169 F.3d 625 (9th Cir. 1999)\tab \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 23\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Warner v. Dunlap, 532 F.2d 767 (1st Cir. 1976)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 151\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Warren v. United States, 340 U.S. 523 (1991)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 87, 88\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Waterman S.S. Corp. v. Gay Cottons, 414 F.2d 724 (9th Cir. 1969)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 139, 140\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-23 0\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Wayne v. Inland Waterways Corp ., 92 F. Supp. 276 (S.D. Ill. 1950)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 78\par\pard \li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 Wentz v. Ker

r-McGee Corp., 784 F.2d 699 (5th Cir. 1986)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 112 , 124\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 4 West v. United States, 361 U.S. 118 (1959)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 95 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li5975\sb19\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 224 \par\pard\ sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg235}{\bkmke nd Pg235}\par\pard\ql \li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li5908\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex79 \ul0\nos upersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Cases \par\pard\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3023\sb 151\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Western Fuel Co. v. G arcia, 257 U.S. 233 (1921)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 26\par\pard\li3023\s b49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Westinghouse Electric Corp. v. M/V Leslie Lykes, 734 F.2d 199\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx89 56 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (5th Cir. 1984)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 69\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Wheatley v. Gladden, 660 F.2d 1024 (4th Cir. 1981)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x95 96\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 95 Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. M/V Captayannis \u8220?S,\u8221? 451 F.2d 973 (9th Cir. 1 971)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 67\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Wilburn Boat Co. v. Fireman\u8217?s Fund Insurance Co., 348 U.S. 310\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8486 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex95 (1955)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 182, 186\par\pard\li302 3\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Wilder v. Placid O il Co., 611 F. Supp. 841 (W.D. La. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 5\par\ pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Williams v. Long Island Railroad Co., 196 F.3d 402 (2d Cir. 1999)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex95 97\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 95 Wilmington Trust v. United States District Court for the District of\par\pard \li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Hawaii, 93 4 F.2d 1026 (9th Cir. 1991)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 15, 16\par\pard\li3 023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Wilson v. McName e, 102 U.S. (12 Otto) 572 (1880)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 151\par\pard\l i3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Wirth Ltd. v. S.S. Acadia Forest, 537 F.2d 1272 (5th Cir. 1976)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 95 137\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 95 Wyandotte Transportation Co. v. United States, 389 U.S. 191 (1967)\tab \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex95 131\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8203 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex95 Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A. v. Calhoun, 516 U.S. 199 (1996 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 19, 117, 121\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmu lt0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Yamashita-Shinnihon Kisen, In re, 30 5 F. Supp. 796 (D. Or. 1969)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 161\par\pard\li302 3\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Yaye Maru, The, 27 4 F. 195 (4th Cir. 1921)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 47\par\pard\li3023\sb5 3\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Yelverton v. Mobile Lab oratories, Inc., 782 F.2d 555 (5th Cir. 1986)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 8 8\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Yo ne Suzuki v. Central Argentine Railway, 27 F.2d 795 (2d Cir. 1928)\tab \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex95 61\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex95 Young, In re, 872 F.2d 176 (6th Cir. 1989)\tab \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex95 139\par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex95 Zicherman v. Korean Airlines Co., Ltd., 43 F.3d 18 (2d Cir. 1994) \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 120\par\pard\li3023\sb48\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx 8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Zicherman v. Korean Airlines Co., Ltd., 516 U. S. 217 (1996)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 120\par\pard\li3023\sb49\sl-230\s lmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Zim Israel Navigation Co. v. Special Car riers Inc., 611 F. Supp. 581\par\pard\li3023\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi244\tx8860 \u

p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (E.D. La. 1985)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 126\ par\pard\li3023\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 Zour as v. Menelaus Shipping Co., 336 F.2d 209 (1st Cir. 1964)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex95 86\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb37\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 94 Zrncevich v. Blue Hawaii Enterprises Inc., 738 F. Supp. 350 \par\pard\li3268\ sb21\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 (D. Haw. 1990)\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 16\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li597 5\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb 109\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 225 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pa perw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg236}{\bkmkend Pg236}\pard\par \pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg237}{ \bkmkend Pg237}\par\pard\ql \li5491\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5491\sb0\s l-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5491\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5491\sb0\sl460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5491\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5491\sb279\sl460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex83 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs39 Statutes \pa r\pard\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3 023\sb1\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\c f5\f6\fs19 1 U.S.C. 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 93\par\pard\li3023\sb86\s l-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 15 U.S.C. 1012\tab \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex92 181\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex92 16 U.S.C. 431-433\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 157\par\ pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 16 U.S.C . 470aa\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 157\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0 \fi0\tx8395 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1331\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex92 13, 14, 85\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8385 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1332\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 18-19, 85\par\pa rd\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx6792 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1333\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 1, 3, 12-13, 18, 19, 20, 85, 181\par\pard\ li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 133 4(d)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 177\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi 0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1346\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex92 190\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex92 28 U.S.C. 1367\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 14, 16\par\pard\li3023\sb8 6\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8668 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1377(a)\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 14-15\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1441\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 19 \par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1445(a)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 86\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\s lmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1602-1611\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex92 192\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1605(a)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 192\par\pa rd\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1605(a)(1)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 192\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmu lt0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1605(a)(2)\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex92 192\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1605(a)(5)(A)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 192\p ar\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U. S.C. 1605(a)(5)(B)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 192\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1605(a)(6)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 192\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1605(b)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 192 \par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1605(b)(1)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 192\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-2 30\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 28 U.S.C. 1605(b)(2)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 192\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0

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\charscalex92 113\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex92 43 U.S.C. 1333(a)(2)(A)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 113\par\p ard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 43 U.S.C. 1333(b)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 112\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult 0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 43 U.S.C. 1333(b)(1)\tab \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex92 112\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex92 43 U.S.C. 1333(f)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 114\par\pard\ li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 43 U.S.C. 2101 -2106\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 157\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\f i0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 45 U.S.C. 51-60\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex92 91\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex92 45 U.S.C. 56\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 85\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-2 30\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 45 U.S.C. 151\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex92 101\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. 971-974\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 168\par\pard \li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. 23 03\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 161\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\ tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. 2304\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x92 161\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x92 46 U.S.C. 8501(a)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 150\par\pard\li3023\sb86\ sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. 8501(d)\tab \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 150\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. 8502\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 150\pa r\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S .C. 8502(a)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 150\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slm ult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. 9304\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex92 150\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb177\ sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 229 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw 12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg240}{\bkmkend Pg240}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4 987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li498 7\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\ sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 A dmiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3023\sb 185\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 10504(c)\ta b \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 90\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 11112\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 1 72\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 4 6 U.S.C. 31301\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 2\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\sl mult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 30101-31343\tab \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex93 193\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8111 \up0 \exp ndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31301-31343\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 168, 1 77, 178\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8111 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x93 46 U.S.C. 31301(4)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 143, 168, 172\par\pard\l i3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31301 (5)-(6)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 171\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0 \fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31301(5)(A)\tab \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex93 172\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31301(5)(A)-(F)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 171\pa r\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S .C. 31301(6)(B)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 168\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230 \slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31305\tab \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex93 177\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expnd tw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31305(1)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 179\par\pa rd\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31322\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 168\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\f i0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31322(a)(1)(A)\tab \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex93 178\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndt

w-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31322(a)(1)(B)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 178\p ar\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U. S.C. 31322(a)(1)(C)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 178\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl -230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31322(a)(1)(D)\ta b \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 178\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx886 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31325(a)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 93 168\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 93 46 U.S.C. 31325(b)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 168\par\pard\li3023\sb92\ sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31325(b)(1)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 178\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31325(b)(2)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex93 172, 178\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha rscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31326(b)(1)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 171, 179\par\pa rd\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 3 1326(b)(1)-(2)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 171\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\ slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31326(b)(2)\tab \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex93 179\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx7924 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. 31341\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 2, 169, 170, 172\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex93 46 U.S.C. 31342\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 168, 170\par\pard\li3023\s b86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 181-189 \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 133\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx 8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 182\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex93 68\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex93 46 U.S.C. app. 183\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 2, 138\par\pard\li3023\ sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx7732 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 183(a )\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 133, 136, 139, 140\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb177\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 230 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstar t Pg241}{\bkmkend Pg241}\par\pard\ql \li5817\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5 817\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5817\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li581 7\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5817\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5817\ sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5817\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5817\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5817\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Statutes \par\pard\li3023\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\ par\pard\li3023\sb185\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 183(b)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 133, 137\par\pard\li3023\sb9 2\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 183(e)\t ab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 139\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx88 60 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 183(f)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex91 137\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex91 46 U.S.C. app. 183b(a)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 116\par\pard\li30 23\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 18 3b(b)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 116\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\f i0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 183c\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex91 115\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 183c(b)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 116\par\pard \li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. ap p. 185\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 133\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\ fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 186\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex91 138\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 188\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 139\par\pard\li3 023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 1 89\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 140\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\ tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 190\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex91 57\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8395 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex91 46 U.S.C. app. 190-196\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 53, 54, 56\par\par d\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. a pp. 191\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 57\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\

fi0\tx8577 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 192\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex91 58, 131\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw -9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 195\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 56\par\pard\ li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app . 491\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 115\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\f i0\tx7828 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 688\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex91 2, 85, 86, 91, 117\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 688(a)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 85\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 688(b)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 98\par\pard\li3023\sb86\s l-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 727-731\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 153\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 729\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 161\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 730\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 153\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl -230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 740\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 3, 6, 191\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx886 0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 741-752\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex91 189\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex91 46 U.S.C. app. 741\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 2\par\pard\li3023\sb86 \sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 743\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 189\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 745\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 189, 191\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8299 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex91 46 U.S.C. app. 761\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 2, 118, 119\par\pard\li 3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 46 U.S.C. app. 7 61-768\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 117, 118\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb177\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 231 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg2 42}{\bkmkend Pg242}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex1 00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime Law \par\pard\li3023\sb0\s l-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3023\sb185\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 761(b)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 118\par\pard\l i3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 762(b)(2)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 120\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmu lt0\fi0\tx8299 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 763(a)\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex92 85, 91, 112\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 781\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 2 , 190\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex9 2 46 U.S.C. app. 781-790\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 190\par\pard\li3023\sb8 6\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 785\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 190\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8860 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 883\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 150\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8395 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1300\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 20, 59, 60\par\pard\li3023 \sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 13001312\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 51\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \tx8395 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1300-1315\tab \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex92 53, 54, 58\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9047 \up0 \ex pndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1301\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 2\par\ pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C . app. 1301(b)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 60\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\s lmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1301(c)\tab \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex92 61\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \e xpndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1301(e)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 63

\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1303\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 64\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230 \slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1303(1)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 64, 66\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1303(2)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x92 64, 67\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8395 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1303(3)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 63, 64, 78\par\pa rd\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8395 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1303(6)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 78, 79, 80\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl -230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1303(7)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 63\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1303(8)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale x92 64\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8577 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex 92 46 U.S.C. app. 1304\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 78, 131\par\pard\li3023\ sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8395 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1304( 1)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 66, 74, 79\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmul t0\fi0\tx8395 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)\tab \up0 \expn dtw-9\charscalex92 67, 74, 79\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(a)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex92 65, 67\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(b)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 65, 68\par\pa rd\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(c)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 65, 69\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(d)\ta b \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 65\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(e)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\char scalex92 65\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars calex92 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(f)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 65\par\pard\q l \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb177\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-9\charscalex90 232 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\ sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg243}{\bkmkend Pg243}\par\pard\ql \li5817\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5817\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5817\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li5817\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5817\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li5817\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5817\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li5817\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5817\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Statutes \par\pard\li3023\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3023\sb185\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\ charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(g)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 65\par\p ard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(h)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 65\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230 \slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(i)\tab \ up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 65\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(k)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca lex93 65\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8673 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex93 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(m)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 65, 70\par\pard\ li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app . 1304(2)(n)-(o)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 65\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\ slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(p)\tab \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 66\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8395 \up 0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(2)(q)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal ex93 66, 71, 72\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9\c harscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 1304(4)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 73\par\pard\ li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8111 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app . 1304(5)\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 74, 75, 76, 77\par\pard\li3023\sb92\s l-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8395 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 1305\tab \u p0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 60, 72, 76\par\pard\li3023\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx 8395 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 1307\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc alex93 63, 80, 81\par\pard\li3023\sb92\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8956 \up0 \expndtw-9 \charscalex93 46 U.S.C. app. 1312\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 59\par\pard\l

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ex94 vessel in navigation 93-95 \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 jurisdictio n 1-27\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri487\sb0\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 6 Admiralty Extension Act 3, 6, 191 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 in contract ca ses 9-11\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri1350\sb2\sl-201\slmult0\fi177 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex95 mixed contracts 11 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 in tort cases 2, 39\par\pard\qj \li3383\ri1287\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ma ritime locus 5-6 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 maritime nexus 6-9\par\pa rd\qj \li3383\ri585\sb5\sl-196\slmult0\tx3566 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 navig able waters of the United \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 States 3-5\par \pard\qj \li3206\ri1264\sb2\sl-201\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 multiple claims 12-17 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 hybrid claims 16 -17\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 joinder 12-17\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri408\sb4\sl-199\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex100 multiple jurisdictional bases 12-17 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex95 Rule 9(h) (FRCP) election 12 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 navigable waters 3-5\par\pard\ql \li3206\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 removal 19\par\pard\ql \li3206\ri343\sb5\sl-196\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex93 saving to suitors clause 18-20 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex96 admiralty actions at law in federal\par\pard\ql \li3566\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 court 18-19\par\pard\qj \li3383\ri373\sb6\sl-196\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 admiralty cases in state courts 18 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex93 law applicable 19\par\pard\qj \li3023\ri1243\sb0\sl-251\s lmult0\fi182 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 sources of law 1, 20-27 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex91 Life Salvage Act 161\par\pard\qj \li3023\ri1035\sb66\sl-196\slm ult0\tx3206 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 limitation of liability 133-42 \line\ tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 cargo damage 74\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri1298\sb2 \sl-201\slmult0\fi177 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex88 see carriage of goods \line \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 choice of law 141-42\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri391\sb0\ sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 claims subject to limitation 140-4 1 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 concursus of claims 135\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb1\ sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 exceptions 135\par\pard\qj \li3206\ ri873\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 grounds for denying 139-4 0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 limitation fund 136-38\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri47 6\sb6\sl-196\slmult0\tx3311 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 parties and vessels ent itled to limit \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 116, 138-39\par\pard\qj \l i3206\ri704\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 personal contract do ctrine 141 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 pollution 140\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri6 81\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 practice and procedure 133-3 6 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 priority of claims 136\par\pard\ql \li3206\sb0\ sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 privity or knowledge 139-40\par\pa rd\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb90\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 239\par\pard\column \qj \li63 35\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri3019\sb171\sl-201\slmult0\tx131 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 Limitation of Vessel Owner\ u8217?s Liability \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Act 133-40\par\pard\q l \li20\sb74\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Lloyds Open Forum 160\ par\pard\qj \li20\ri2909\sb86\sl-196\slmult0\tx131 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Longshore and Harbor Workers\u8217? Com-\line \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 pensation Act 102-10\par\pard\qj \li20\ri3070\sb87\sl-196\slmult0\tx127 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex92 maintenance and cure 12, 13, 14, 15, \line\tab \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex94 16, 86, 87-91\par\pard\qj \li203\ri3383\sb3\sl-199\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 amount of maintenance 88 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 basis of liability (nonfault) 87 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 duration 89 -90\par\pard\qj \li203\ri4176\sb3\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 ma ximum cure 89 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex89 seaman status 86 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex91 wages 90-91\par\pard\qj \li20\ri3274\sb87\sl-196\slmult0\tx213 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 marine insurance 64, 166, 181-88 \line\tab \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex100 burden of proof 183-84\par\pard\qj \li203\ri3723\sb4\sl-199\s lmult0\tx390 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 cargo insurance 184, 188 \line\tab \u

p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 particular average 188 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex95 hull policy 184, 185\par\pard\ql \li203\sb1\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex94 insurable interest 184\par\pard\qj \li203\ri2915\sb0\sl-199\slmu lt0\tx318 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 interpretation of insurance contracts \li ne\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 10, 183\par\pard\ql \li203\ri3375\sb2\sl-199 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 law applicable 2, 181-82 \up0 \expndtw-6\ charscalex100 limitation of liability 138, 183 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 par ticular average 188\par\pard\qj \li203\ri3191\sb6\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex97 pollution insurance 185, 187-88 \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex 100 protection and indemnity (p&i)\par\pard\ql \li203\ri3764\sb4\sl-199\slmult0\ fi105 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 insurance 184, 187 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x94 proximate cause 183-84 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 subrogation 188\par\pa rd\qj \li203\ri3875\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 uberrimae fi dei 185-86 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 warranties 186-87\par\pard\qj \li20\ri 2993\sb78\sl-201\slmult0\tx213 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 maritime contracts 9-11, 22, 181, 183 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 bills of lading 52-54 , 60-61, 197\par\pard\qj \li203\ri3255\sb0\sl-199\slmult0\tx318 \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex91 carriage of goods 10, 41, 54, 56, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charsc alex100 58-62\par\pard\qj \li203\ri3733\sb5\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex95 charter parties 10, 44-45 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 insurance 10, 1 83\par\pard\qj \li203\ri4273\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ju risdiction 9-11 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 liens \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc alex100 166-68\par\pard\qj \li203\ri4685\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex93 pilotage 10 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex87 salvage 160\par\pard\q l \li203\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 towage 10, 143, 145, 1 52\par\pard\qj \li20\ri2958\sb77\sl-201\slmult0\tx127 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 94 maritime liens and mortgages 33, 134, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10 0 163-79\par\pard\qj \li203\ri3227\sb0\sl-199\slmult0\tx390 \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex94 categories of maritime liens 165 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 6 contract liens 166-68 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\ sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg250}{\bkmkend Pg250}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Maritime L aw\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6295\colsr40\colno2\colw5765\col sr160\qj \li3023\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3383\ri1273\sb171\sl-201\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 crew wages 166, 1 72 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex89 general average 166\par\pard\qj \li3383\r i753\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 liens for necessaries 16870 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 personified vessel 163\par\pard\qj \li3383\ri31 0\sb5\sl-196\slmult0\tx3566 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 preferred ship mortgage 168, 174, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 177-79\par\pard\ql \li3383\s b2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex87 salvage 166\par\pard\qj \li3383\ ri1273\sb5\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex88 stevedore wages 166 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 tort liens 166\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri1191\sb2\sl-201\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 conflicts of laws 174-75 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex88 custodia legis 165\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri347\sb0\sl-199\slmult0\tx33 83 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 extinction of maritime liens 175-77 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 bankruptcy 177\par\pard\qj \li3383\ri522\sb6\sl-19 6\slmult0\tx3566 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 destruction or release of the res \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 175\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb2\sl-201\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex88 laches 176\par\pard\qj \li3383\ri1191\sb5\sl-196 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 sale of the res 175-76 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex93 waiver 177\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri411\sb2\sl-201\slmult0\tx3311 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 persons who may acquire maritime \line\tab \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex94 liens \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 163-64, 171\par\pard\ql \li32 06\ri924\sb0\sl-199\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 priorities of l iens 171-74 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 governmental claims 174\par

\pard\ql \li3383\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 ranking of lien s 171-74\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri572\sb0\sl-199\slmult0\tx3311 \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex100 property to which maritime liens \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale x95 attach 164-65\par\pard\qj \li3383\ri1364\sb4\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8 \charscalex96 other property 165 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 vessel 164-65\pa r\pard\qj \li3023\ri513\sb21\sl-278\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 mariti me products liability 117, 119 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 maritime work ers\u8217? remedies 102-12\par\pard\ql \li3206\ri645\sb0\sl-192\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex93 dual capacity employers 110 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charsca lex100 forum and time for suit 111-12\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri455\sb2\sl-201\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 indemnity and employer liens 111 \line \up0 \e xpndtw-8\charscalex97 Longshore and Harbor Workers\u8217?\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri 540\sb0\sl-199\slmult0\fi105 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Compensation Act 102, 106-10 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 scope of coverage 102-06\par\pard\ql \li32 06\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 suits against the vessel ( 905 (b))\par\pard\ql \li3311\sb1\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 108-11 \par\pard\qj \li3206\ri585\sb2\sl-201\slmult0\tx3311 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 5 suits against third parties ( 933) \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 107\p ar\pard\ql \li3023\ri712\sb11\sl-283\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 McCarr an-Ferguson Act 181 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 mortgages, see maritime liens and\par\pard\ql \li3124\sb1\sl-178\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 mo rtgages\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb82\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 off hire clause 47, 129\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li597 5\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li597 5\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li597 5\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb36\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\ch arscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 240\par\pard\column \qj \li6335\sb0\sl-20 1\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri3147\sb171\sl-201\slmult0\tx127 \up0 \expndtw-8\c harscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 offshore workers\u8217? remedies 112-14 , \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 124\par\pard\qj \li203\ri3061\sb0\sl-19 9\slmult0\tx318 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act \ line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 112-14, 124\par\pard\ql \li380\sb1\sl-201\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 remedies 113-14\par\pard\qj \li380\ri3271\ sb0\sl-199\slmult0\tx573 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 status and situs requireme nts \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 112-13\par\pard\qj \li20\ri2900\sb87 \sl-196\slmult0\tx127 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 passengers and others lawfull y aboard a \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 ship 114-16\par\pard\qj \li20 3\ri2884\sb5\sl-196\slmult0\tx318 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 contractual limi tation of shipowner\u8217?s \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 liability \u p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 115-16\par\pard\qj \li203\ri3028\sb2\sl-201\slmult0\ tx318 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 duty and standard of care generally \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 114-15\par\pard\qj \li20\ri3417\sb11\sl-283\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 personal contract doctrine 141 \line \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex95 personal injury and death 2, 24,\par\pard\ql \li117\sb1\sl-1 78\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 83-124\par\pard\qj \li203\ri3100\sb9\sl -196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 beneficiaries 106, 118-19, 121-23 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex88 damages 84\par\pard\qj \li203\ri2974\sb2\sl-201\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 Death on the High Seas Act 118-24 \up0 \expndtw -8\charscalex94 federal and state courts 85-86\par\pard\ql \li380\sb0\sl-196\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 removal 85-86\par\pard\qj \li203\ri3075\sb2\ sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 in personam and in rem actions 86 \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 Jones Act 91-98\par\pard\qj \li203\ri3192\sb0\sl-19 9\slmult0\tx318 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 Longshore and Harbor Workers\u8217? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 Compensation Act 102-10\par\pard\ql \li 203\ri2933\sb5\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 maintenance and cure 87-91 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 maritime workers\u8217? remedies 10212\par\pard\qj \li203\ri4016\sb2\sl-201\slmult0\fi177 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 95 nonpecuniary 120 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 navigable waters 105\pa r\pard\qj \li203\ri3006\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 offshore workers\u8217? remedies 112-14 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 passengers and oth

ers lawfully\par\pard\ql \li308\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 aboard 114-16\par\pard\ql \li203\ri3796\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex87 see seamen\u8217?s remedies \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 statute of limitations 85\par\pard\qj \li20\ri3149\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi182\tx318 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 wrongful death under the general \line\tab \up0 \expndt w-7\charscalex100 maritime law 117-18, 120-24 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 3 pilotage 2, 10, 128, 149-52\par\pard\qj \li203\ri4338\sb0\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 compulsory 149 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 def inition 149\par\pard\qj \li203\ri3083\sb4\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex92 exculpatory pilotage clauses 152 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 lia bility of pilots and pilot associa-\par\pard\ql \li308\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-8\charscalex100 tions 151-52\par\pard\qj \li203\ri3573\sb5\sl-196\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 regulation of pilots 150-51 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex92 standard of care 151\par\pard\ql \li203\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-7\charscalex100 voluntary 149-50 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\pap erh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg251}{\bkmkend Pg251}\par\pard\ql \li5903\s b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5903\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5903\sb0 \sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5903\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5903\sb0\s l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5903\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5903\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5903\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5903\sb189\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Index\par\p ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5915\colsr60\colno2\colw6125\colsr160\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri1054\sb171\sl-201\slmult0\tx3 206 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 pollution 20, 25, 185 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 basis for liability \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex90 185\par\pard\ql \li3206\ri931\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex89 damages 128, 140 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 insurance 185, 187-88 \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 liability \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 0 140\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 limit ation 140\par\pard\qj \li3023\ri269\sb0\sl-251\slmult0\fi182 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch arscalex97 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 2, 185 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 Pomere ne Act 54-56, 60\par\pard\ql \li3206\sb1\sl-177\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex100 applicability 54\par\pard\ql \li3206\sb5\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\ charscalex100 carrier liability \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 55-56\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri0\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 carrier\u8217?s ob ligation to deliver 55-56 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 negotiable and non negotiable bills of\par\pard\qj \li3023\ri1247\sb0\sl-259\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex96 lading 54-55, 60 \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 preem ption 23-27 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 procedure 27-39\par\pard\qj \li 3206\ri1139\sb0\sl-192\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 arrest 12, 3 0-31, 33 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex84 see arrest\par\pard\qj \li3206\r i1241\sb0\sl-199\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 attachment 31-33 \ line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 see attachment\par\pard\ql \li3206\sb2\sl201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 garnishment 31-32\par\pard\qj \li3206\ ri492\sb0\sl-199\slmult0\tx3383 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 limitation of liab ility 133-36 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 see limitation of liabilit y\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri323\sb4\sl-196\slmult0\fi177 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex9 3 see personal injury and death \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 special admiralty r ules 28\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri950\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 94 supplemental rules 29 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 types of actions 2 8-33\par\pard\qj \li3023\ri57\sb78\sl-201\slmult0\tx3119 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex95 recreational boating and personal wa-\line \tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex 100 tercraft \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 116-17\par\pard\qj \li3023\ri635\sb11 \sl-283\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 restraint of princes 47-48, 65 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 Reverse Erie Doctrine 19\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb59\sl207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 salvage 2, 116, 128, 153-61\par\pard\q l \li3206\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 awards 157-59\par\par d\qj \li3206\ri752\sb3\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 contract salv age 153, 160 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 conventions 153\par\pard\ql \li3206\ sb1\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex89 life salvage \up0 \expndtw-8\ch

arscalex90 161\par\pard\ql \li3206\ri112\sb4\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex95 misconduct of salvors 159-60 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 no cure-no p ay rule 156, 159, 160 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \u8220?pure salvage\u8221? 153, 154-56\par\pard\qj \li3383\ri1380\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc alex100 peril \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 154, 155 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex85 success 156\par\pard\ql \li3383\sb1\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\char scalex94 voluntary service 155\par\pard\qj \li3206\ri209\sb4\sl-199\slmult0\tx3 311 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 reimbursement for expenses 161 \line \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex93 salvage and finds distinguished \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\ch arscalex100 156-57\par\pard\column \qj \li6335\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \ li380\ri2970\sb171\sl-201\slmult0\tx573 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 saving to s uitors clause 18-20, 85, 181 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 admiralty actions \u8220?at law\u8221? in federal\par\pard\ql \li668\sb1\sl-196\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 court 18-19\par\pard\qj \li563\ri3153\sb2\sl-201\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 admiralty cases in state courts 18 \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex93 law applicable 19\par\pard\ql \li563\sb1\sl-196\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 removal 19-20\par\pard\qj \li380\ri3359\sb20\sl-278\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 seaman status 92-93, 95, 96, 104 \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex92 seamen\u8217?s remedies 86-102\par\pard\qj \li563\ri3611\sb0 \sl-192\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 assumption of risk 91, 101 \line \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 basis of liability, strict \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex90 97\par\pard\qj \li563\ri3023\sb2\sl-201\slmult0\tx678 \up0 \expndtw-8\chars calex94 contributory negligence 87, 91, 97, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscale x100 101-02\par\pard\ql \li563\sb1\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex88 d amages 91\par\pard\qj \li563\ri4281\sb4\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal ex91 death 91, 99, 100 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex88 defenses 91, 100 \li ne \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 employer 87, 96\par\pard\qj \li563\ri3263\sb2\s l-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 general maritime law 86, 87, 99 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 Jones Act 91, 96\par\pard\qj \li563\ri3178\sb0\sl-199\ slmult0\tx750 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 maintenance and cure 86, 87-91 \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 wages 90-91\par\pard\qj \li563\ri3769\sb5\sl196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 proximate cause 98, 100 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 situs of injury 95\par\pard\ql \li563\ri3631\sb4\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 statute of limitations 91 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ charscalex94 unseaworthiness 101-02 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 vessel i n navigation 93-95\par\pard\qj \li380\ri3148\sb87\sl-196\slmult0\tx487 \up0 \ex pndtw-8\charscalex91 ship mortgages 3, 33, 168, 172, 174, \line\tab \up0 \expnd tw-8\charscalex90 177, 179\par\pard\qj \li563\ri3129\sb2\sl-201\slmult0\tx678 \u p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 enforcement of the preferred ship \line\tab \up0 \exp ndtw-8\charscalex92 mortgage 168\par\pard\ql \li563\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-7\charscalex100 maritime liens 178-79\par\pard\qj \li563\ri3045\sb2\sl-20 1\slmult0\tx678 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 mortgage creation: formal require-\ line \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 ments 177-79\par\pard\ql \li563\ri3854\s b0\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \u8220?no lien\u8221? clause 169 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 Ship Mortgage Act 168\par\pard\qj \li380\ri 2971\sb87\sl-196\slmult0\tx487 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 sources of admiralty and maritime law \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 1-3, 20-27\par\pard\ql \li563\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 choice of law 21-27\par\ pard\qj \li563\ri2986\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 forum non conveniens 21-22, 26-27 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 general maritime law 21\p ar\pard\qj \li380\ri3006\sb86\sl-196\slmult0\tx487 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 Supplemental Jurisdiction Act 14-15, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 16\ par\pard\ql \li380\ri3075\sb87\sl-196\slmult0\tx573 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 torts 3-9, 107, 110, 125-30 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 collision; accidents 7, 125-30, 137\par\pard\qj \li563\ri4019\sb5\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-6\charscalex100 jurisdiction 6-9, 195 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 liens \ up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 33, 163-64\par\pard\ql \li563\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 Pennsylvania Rule 127-28\par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-23 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb51\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \u

l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 241 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\ pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg252}{\bkmkend Pg252}\par\pard\ql \li4987\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4987\sb189\sl-230\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 Admiralty and Marit ime Law \par\pard\ql \li3206\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3206\ri6457\sb155 \sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 persona l injury and death 83, 85, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 107, 108, 117-19 \par\p ard\qj \li3206\ri7927\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 pilotage 128 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex87 salvage 128 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex88 towage 144 \par\pard\ql \li3023\ri7346\sb80\sl-200\slmult0\tx3206\tx3206 \tx3206\tx3206 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 towage 2, 10, 143-47 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 affreightment 143 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex 95 contracts 143-44 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 duties of tow 145 \ line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 duties of tug 144-45 \par\pard\ql \li3206 \ri6187\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 exculpatory and benefitof-insurance \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 clauses 146-47 \par\pard\ql \li3206\r i6503\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 liability of the tug and the tow to \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 third parties 146 \par\pard\ql \li3206\ sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 towage contracts 143 \par\pard\ ql \li3023\ri6267\sb109\sl-190\slmult0\tx3206 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 unsea worthiness 12, 14, 15, 16, 58, 65, \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 66, 67, 99-102, 145, 186, 187 \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 carriage of goods 67 \p ar\pard\qj \li3206\ri6983\sb2\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 COGSA 65-67, 69, 79, 82 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 death 121, 122 \par\pard\ql \li 3206\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 Harter Act 58 \par\pard\ql \li3206\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 insurance 186-87 \par\ pard\ql \li3206\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 maritime worker s 123-24 \par\pard\ql \li3206\ri6392\sb29\sl-190\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc alex95 personal injury 13, 16, 91, 99-102 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 se amen 86, 91, 99-101, 123 \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 tow 145 \par\pard\ ql \li3023\sb96\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 voyage rule 173-74 \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb53\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 York-Antw erp Rules 196-97 \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb 0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\ sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb144\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 242 \par\pard\sect\sec td\fs24}