Wohlers Report 2007

Wohlers Report 2007
Appendix E: Material Properties
Appendix E: Material properties

by Joel Segal
The following tables compare the physical and mechanical properties of some of the most popular materials for additive fabrication. The first table provides common manufacturing materials for the purpose of comparison.
Description
ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)
Nylon 66
polycarbonate
PVC (polyvinylchloride)
polypropylene
Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa)
6,628 (46)
9,224 (63.6)
9,065 (62.5)
5,000-9,000 (34-62)
4,500-5,400 (31-37)
Tensile modulus (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elongation at break Elongation at yield Impact strength (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)
290,000 (2,000)
305,000 (2,100)
334,000 (2,300)
350,000-600,000 (2,400-4,100)
170,000-250,000 (1,172-1,724)
41.6% not available
82.8% 10.7%
110% 6%
3-120% not available
7-13% not available
1.7-4.5 (0.9 -2.4)
0.75-24.4 (0.4-13)
0.93-18 (0.5-10)
0.75-20 (0.4-10.1)
0.4-1.4 (21-75)
Hardness
75-115 Rockwell (R)
93-122 Rockwell (R)
118-133 Rockwell (R)
70 Shore (D)
68-83 Shore (D)
Glass-transition o temperature C (Heat-deflection o temperature C)
not available o (94-194 )
150 o (130 )
130-168 o (107-121 )
Source: www.matweb.com and CADCAMNet
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WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.
Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Material Type of material AccuGen 100
Stereolithography
3D Systems (1 of 2)
AccuDur 100 Accura SI 10
photopolymer resin (epoxy)
Accura SI 20
Accura SI 55
Type of machine helium- argoncadmium ion (laser) lasers lasers
solidstate lasers
solid-state lasers
solid-state lasers
solid-state lasers
solid-state lasers
Notes
fast, general-purpose resin with mid-range physical properties
durable, waterresistant resin, with high impact strength and high rate of part building
high green strength, good humidity resistance, ideal for QuickCast parts, optical clarity, and smooth side walls
durable white material, ideal for snap fits and RTVmolding applications
durable and rigid material, ABS-like, fast build speed
Postcure method
UV light
UV light
UV light and heat
UV light and heat
UV light and heat
Process properties liquid resin Critical exposure 2 Ec (mJ/cm ) Depth of penetration Dp (mils) Viscosity o centipoise at 30 C
7.4 7.27 10.8 13.2 13.2 10.2 7.4
4.4
3.92
4.4
5.7
5.2
485
485
500
485
485
450
155-185
Continued on the following page
COPYRIGHT 2007
Wohlers Report 2007
Material
AccuGen 100
AccuDur 100
Accura SI 10
Accura SI 20
Accura SI 55
Physical properties Tensile strength lb/in2 (MPa) UV postcure UV plus heat UV postcure UV plus heat
9,2409,330 (64-65)
7,9808,190 (55-57)
9,700 (67)
7,200 (50)
9,240-9,450 (64-65)
4,080-4,260 (28-30)
9,200-9,850 (63-68)
Tensile modulus lb/in2 (MPa)
410,000- 390,000450,000 430,000 440,000 (2,840- (2,701- (3,030) 3,117) 2,978)
330,000 (2,280)
450,000-480,000 (3,100-3,307)
170,000-180,000 (1,176-1,285)
460,000-490,000 (3200-3380)
UV Elongation postcure 4.6-5.6% % at break UV plus heat Impact strength (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) UV postcure
5.87.8%
4.6%
15%
4.6-5%
18-23%
5-8%
0.380.38-0.45 0.45 (20.2(20.224.5) 24.5) UV plus

heat
0.32 (17.1)
0.47 (25.1)
0.3-0.34 (16-18.2)
0.6-0.68 (32.1-36.6)
0.2-0.4 (12-22)
Hardness (Shore D-scale)
86
84
82
82
86
84
85
General information
Heat deflection temperature oC @66 lb/in2 @265 /lb/in2
59 o 50
57 o 51
not available
not available
59 o 53
58 o 50
55-58 o 51-53
Glass-transition temperature oC
81
81
82
54
61
39
56
Cost of raw material
$175/kg $175/kg $175/kg
$175/kg
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Source: Wohlers Associates, Inc.
COPYRIGHT 2007
Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Material Type of material Accura SI 40
Stereolithography
3D Systems (2 of 2)
Accura Bluestone Accura SI 45HC
Accura SI 50
Accura Amethyst
Type of machine argon-ion solid-state lasers lasers (laser)
solid-state lasers
helium-cadmium lasers
solid-state lasers
solid-state lasers
Notes
tough, high-temperature material, not brittle
engineering high green strength, purple, superior feature nanocomposite good humidity durable natural or detail and part quality, material, exceptional resistance, build grey material, ideal for highly accurate, good stiffness and thermal speeds that are up to snap fits and RTVcombination of speed resistance, low two times the speed molding applications and part quality shrinkage of other resins
Postcure method
UV light and heat
UV light and heat
UV light and heat
UV light and heat
UV light and heat
Process properties liquid resin Critical exposure 2 Ec (mJ/cm ) Depth of penetration Dp (mils) Viscosity centipoise at o 30 C
11.3 20.1 6.9 7.4 9.0 14.4
4.2
6.8
4.1
5.1
4.5
3.7
485
485
1,200-1,800
475
600
350
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Wohlers Report 2007
Material
Accura SI 40
Accura Bluestone Accura SI 45HC

Physical properties
Accura SI 50
Accura Amethyst
Tensile strength lb/in2 (MPa)
UV 8,890-8,990 8,890-8,990 postcure (61.5-62.2) (61.5-62.2) UV plus heat 10,82011,080 (75-76) 410,000440,000 (2,8403,048) 440,000510,000 (3,0473,532) 4.1-4.3% 5.9-7.5% 10,05010,660 (69.6-73.8) 410,000440,000 (2,8403,048) 420,000460,000 (2,9093,186) 4.9-5.1% 1.4-2.4% 4.7-6.4% 4.8-5.4% 5.3-15.0% .56-1.04% 9,600-9,800 (66-68) 8,520-8,860 (59-61) 7,030-7,240 (48-50) 3,130-5,450 (22-38)
Tensile modulus lb/in2 (MPa)
UV postcure
1,100,000-1,700,000 (7,600-11,700)
400,000-430,000 (2,760-2,960)
360,000-390,000 (2,480-2,690)
510,000-580,000 (3,514-3,996)
UV plus heat
UV Elongation postcure % at break UV plus heat Impact strength (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) UV postcure
0.42-0.56 (22.3-29.9)
0.42-0.56 (22.3-29.9) 0.24-0.32 (13-17) 0.2-0.3 (11-16) 0.31-0.51 (16.5-28.1) 0.16-0.23 (9-12)
UV plus heat
0.42-0.56 (22.3-29.9)
0.42-0.56 (22.3-29.9)
87
87
92
87
86
87
General information
Heat deflection temperature oC @66 lb/in2 @265 /lb/in2
114 o 89
102 o 87
65-66 o 65
58 o 51
49-53 o 43-46
77 o 62
90
72
71-83
66-87
62
103
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COPYRIGHT 2007
Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer
Stereolithography
DSM Somos (Table 1 of 5)
Somos Somos ProtoGen Somos ProtoCast ProtoGen O-XT O-XT 18420 AF19120 18120 DMX-SL 100 (based on preliminary product data sheet) WaterClear Ultra 100*
Material
Somos NanoTool
Type of material Type of machine (laser)
photopolymer resin
composite filled photopolymer resin
solid-state lasers optically clear resin with ABSlike properties strong, stiff, high and improved temperature water resistant composite resistance parts (water absorption 0.8%) UV light and heat
Notes
general purpose antimony free, low general purpose high ash residue for high temperature temperature investment-casting ABS-like parts ABS-like parts applications
high toughness, durable parts
Postcure method
UV light and heat
UV light Process properties liquid resin
Critical exposure 2 Ec (mJ/cm ) Depth of penetration Dp (mils) Viscosity o centipoise at 30 C Density 3 o g/cm at 25 C
6.38
6.73
8.16
11.3
9.8
8.3
0.12
0.11
5.21
0.135
0.155
0.11
300
350
265
1,200-1,400
90
2,500
1.16
1.13
1.13
not available
not available
1.65
COPYRIGHT 2007
Wohlers Report 2007
Material
Somos ProtoGen Somos ProtoGen Somos ProtoCast O-XT 18120 O-XT 18420 AF19120 Physical properties
DMX-SL 100*
WaterClear Ultra 100*
Somos NanoTool
UV postcure UV plus heat
8,000 (54.9) 10,000 (69) 397,000 (2,740) 433,000 (2,990)
6,400 (43.8) 7,900 (54.9) 9,900 (68.1) 336,000 (2,310) 368,000 (2,540) 430,000 (2,960) 350,000 (2,400) 385,000 (2,650) 6,200 (43) 7,300 (50)
11,300 (78) 11,600 (80.3) 1,650,000 (11,400) 1,620,000 (11,200)
Tensile UV modulus postcure (ASTM D638) 2 UV plus lb/in heat (MPa) UV Elongation postcure (ASTM D638) % at break UV plus heat Impact UV strength postcure (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of UV plus notch heat (J/m) UV Hardness postcure (Shore D-scale) UV plus heat
6-12%
8-16% 8-10% 12-20% 10.5%
0.7-1.0%
7-8%
6-9%
0.7-1.0%
0.49 (26)
0.41 (22) 0.45 (24) 1.5 (80) not available
0.29 (15)
0.47 (25)
0.39 (21)
0.31 (16)
87
88 86 not available not available
94
88
87 General information
94
Heat UV deflection postcure temperature o C @66 lb/in2 UV plus heat @265 /lb/in2
55-58 o 48-50 95-97 o 79-82 71-94

o o
53-56 o 46-47 93-98 o 74-78 57-111

o o
o o
225 o 85-90 45
o
56-58 o 50-51
not available 258-263 o 104

o
Glass-transition o temperature C Price
50-53
not available call for pricing
70
57-89
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Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Somos 7110 Somos 8110 Somos 9110
Stereolithography
Somos 10110 WaterClear Somos 11110 WaterShed Somos ProtoTherm 12110
Material
photopolymer resin (epoxy) SLA 190/SLA 250 (HeCd laser)
Notes
high-speed, humidityrobust general-purpose resin specialty durable, strong, semitolerant, resin for with mid-range resin for transparent, waterheatfunctional properties; produces flexible parts resistant resin resistant parts clear parts resin
strong, high-temperature tolerant, water-resistant resin; parts have cherryred appearance
Postcure method
UV light and heat
UV light
UV light and heat
Process properties liquid resin Critical exposure 2 Ec (mJ/cm ) Depth of penetration Dp (mils) Viscosity o centipoise at 30 C Density 3 o g/cm at 25 C 8.2 5.3 8.0 9.0 11.5 12.2
5.5
6.0
5.2
5.75
5.45
5.5
800
600
450
130
92
410
1.13
1.11
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.15
COPYRIGHT 2007
Wohlers Report 2007
Material
Somos 7110
Somos 8110
Somos 9110
Somos 10110 WaterClear
Somos 11110 WaterShed
Somos ProtoTherm 12110
Physical properties Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) UV postcure UV plus heat 8,100 (56) 2,570 (17) 10,000 (69) 307,000 (2,117) 46,000 (318) 350,000 (2,413) 231,000 (1,590) 295,877 (2,040) 382,900 (2,640) 471,374 (3,250) 4,500 (31) 6,295 (43.4) 7,005 (48.3) 10,182 (70.2) 11,168 (77) 510,534 (3,520)
Tensile UV modulus postcure (ASTM D638) 2 UV plus lb/in heat (MPa) UV Elongation postcure (ASTM D638) % at break UV plus heat Impact UV strength postcure (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of UV plus notch heat (J/m) UV Hardness postcure (Shore D-scale) UV plus heat
5.4-7.1% 27% 4.2-4.9% 15-21% 37% 25%
4%
4.5%
0.52 (27.8) 1.63 (86) 0.64 (34.2) 1.03 (55) 0.85 (45) 0.362 (19.3)
0.215 (11.5)
0.315 (16.8)
82 77 85 83 83 not available
85.3
86.7
General information
59-89
44-49
60-65
52 o 45
49.6 o 46.2
56.5 o 51.9 126.2 o 110.7

o o
not available $225/kg
41
41
74-111
$225/kg
$235/kg
$240/kg
COPYRIGHT 2007
Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Somos 7120 Somos 8120
Stereolithography
Somos 9120 Somos 7620 Raven Somos Somos 10120 11120 WaterClear WaterShed Somos 12120 ProtoTherm
Material
Type of material
Type of machine (laser)
solid-state lasers
Notes
tough highgeneraldurable, generalstrong, highspeed, purpose strong, specialty durable purpose temperature humidityresin with semiresin for resin for resin; tolerant, watertolerant, mid-range transparent, flexible functional produces resistant resin; parts heatproperties; waterparts parts dark have cherry-red resistant produces resistant colored appearance resin clear parts resin parts
Postcure method
UV light and heat
UV light and heat
8.0
6.75
10.9
11.0
9.7
11.5
11.8
4.8
6.1
5.6
4.7
6.3
6.5
6.0
800
620
450
270
130
260
550
1.13
1.11
1.13
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.19
COPYRIGHT 2007
10
Wohlers Report 2007
Material
Somos 7120
Somos 8120
Somos 9120
Somos 7620 Raven
Somos Somos 10120 11120 WaterClear WaterShed
Somos 12120 ProtoTherm
Physical properties Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) UV postcure UV plus heat 8,400 (58) 9,100 (63) 10,182 (70.2) 11,168 (77) 510,534 (3,520) 471,374 (3,250)
3,4003,900 (24-27)
4,0006,500 (28-45)
8,300 (57)
3,736 (26)
6,821-7,774 (47.1-53.6)
Tensile UV 359,000 modulus postcure (2,477) 150,00068,000(ASTM 212,000 102,000 (1,034D638) (470-705) 2 1,462) UV plus 375,000 lb/in (2,588) heat (MPa) UV 2.1-6.9% Elongation postcure (ASTM D638) % at break UV plus 2.3-4.1% heat Impact UV strength postcure (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of UV plus notch heat (J/m) UV Hardness postcure (Shore D-scale) UV plus heat 0.5 (27) 1.1 (55) 0.6 (32) 0.9-1.1 (48-59)
335,000 (2,310)
248,000 (1,710)
384,000418,000 (2,6502,880)
4% 18-30% 7-9% 9.7% 32% 11-20% 4.5%
0.215 (11.5) 0.456 (24) 0.91 (48) 0.4-0.6 (20-30) 0.315 (16.8)
85.3 88 75-78 80-82 80 81 Not available 86.7 General information
70-97
60-63
50-61
53.5
47-45
45.9-54.4 o 49.0-49.7
56.5 o 51.9 126.2 o 110.7

o
not not not not available available available available $225/kg $225/kg $225/kg $225/kg
28
36-46
74-111
$225/kg
$235/kg
$240/kg
COPYRIGHT 2007
11
Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Somos 9920
Stereolithography
Somos Somos NanoForm 14120 White 15120 Somos ULM 17220 Black Somos ProtoTool 20L
Material
Type of material
composite photopolymer resin (epoxy)
solid-state lasers
Notes
robust, nanoparticle-filled ultra-low functional and low-viscosity resin for strong, modulus resin accurate ceramic-filled resin for building resin for stiff, high with rubber-like polypropylenetough, heat-resistant parts; strong, tough, temperature properties; for like parts; parts have opaque-beige water-resistant resistant parts with parts like seals, superior appearance parts an opaque gray keypads and chemical appearance hoses resistance
Postcure method
UV light
UV light & heat Process properties liquid resin
UV light
Critical exposure 2 Ec (mJ/cm ) Depth of penetration Dp (mils) Viscosity o centipoise at 30 C
10.9
13.0
16.3
3.69
12.5
5.45
6.25
5.2
5.1
6.0
450
240
570 1.33 at 25 C (liquid) 1.38 (solid)

o
3,400 1.07 at 23 C (liquid) 1.12 (solid)

o
2,500
Density 3 o g/cm at 25 C
1.13
1.10 at 22 C
1.6
COPYRIGHT 2007
12
Wohlers Report 2007
Material
Somos 9920
Somos 14120 White
Somos NanoForm 15120
Somos ULM 17220 Black
Somos ProtoTool 20L
Physical properties UV Tensile strength postcure 4,496-5,627 (ASTM D638) (31-39) 2 lb/in UV plus (MPa) heat UV Tensile modulus postcure 195,076262,519 (ASTM D638) 2 (1,345-1,810) lb/in UV plus (MPa) heat UV Elongation postcure (ASTM D638) % at break UV plus heat Impact strength (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) UV postcure 0.5-1.0 (27-50) UV plus heat UV postcure 81 UV plus heat 81 92 General information Heat UV deflection postcure temperature o C 2 UV plus @66 lb/in 2 heat @265 /lb/in UV Glasspostcure transition temperature o UV plus C heat Price 65.5 o 52.9 not available 269 o 115
o o
6,630 (45.7)
6,900 (48) 7,700 (53) 725,000 (5,000)
503 (3.47)
10,400-11,400 (72-79)
357,000 (2,460) 856,000 (5,900)
not available
1,340,200-1,392,000 (9,240-9,600)
2.1-3% 20% 7.9% 1.2-1.5% 75% 1.2-1.3
0.28 (15.0) 0.44 (23.5) 0.30 (15.9) not available 0.3 (13.3-13.7)
93 70 (Shore A) 92.9-94.7
54.5-61.6 o 45.4-48.0
53 o 48
257-259 o 83-94
39 37-52
o
44
o o
not available 80
49
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$295/kg
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Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Somos 7100 Somos 8100
Stereolithography
Somos 9100 Somos 10100 WaterClear Somos ProtoTherm 12100
Material
photopolymer resin (epoxy) SLA 500 (argon ion laser) general-purpose resin strong, high-temperature with mid-range tolerant, water-resistant properties; produces resin; parts have cherry-red clear parts appearance UV light and heat
Notes
high-speed, specialty resin for durable resin for humidity-tolerant, flexible parts functional parts heat-resistant resin
Postcure method
UV light and heat
10.0
7.2
6.8
8.1
12.2
5.6
6.2
5.1
5.5
5.5
800
600
560
130
410
1.13
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.15
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14
Wohlers Report 2007
Material
Somos 7100
Somos 8100
Somos 9100 Physical properties
Somos 10100 WaterClear
Somos ProtoTherm 12100
UV Tensile strength postcure (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in UV plus (MPa) heat UV Tensile modulus postcure (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in UV plus (MPa) heat UV Elongation postcure (ASTM D638) % at break UV plus heat Impact strength (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) UV postcure
8,600 (59) 3,800 (26) 9,500 (66) 331,000 (2,282) 337,000 (2,324) 4,000-4,600 (27.6-31.7) 5,076 (35)
10,182 (70.2) 11,168 (77) 510,534 (3,520)
40,000107,000 (276-740)
166,000-205,000 (1,144-1,413)
284,274 (1,960) 471,374 (3,250)
5.5-7.7% 17-24% 2.7-7.8% 14-17% 23%
4%
4.5%
0.5 (26.7) 1.1 (55) 0.6-0.8 (46-62) 0.648 (345)
0.215 (11.5)
UV plus heat UV postcure UV plus heat
0.6 (32)
0.315 (16.8)
86 81 86 85 81
85.3
86.7
General information Heat UV deflection postcure temperature o C UV plus 2 @66 lb/in heat 2 @265 /lb/in Glass-transition o temperature C Price 56.5 o 51.9 126.2 o 110.7
o o o
63-99
54
60-65
52.9 o 45.7
37
74-111
$225/kg
$240/kg
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Material
Stereolithography
Huntsman (Table 1 of 4)
Renshape Renshape Renshape Renshape Renshape Renshape Renshape Renshape Renshape SL-5170 SL-5210 SL-5220 SL-5240 SL-5260 SL-5180 SL-5410 SL-5430 SL-5440 photopolymer resin (epoxy) helium-cadmium lasers argon-ion laser durable resin for heat- and testable waterprototypes, resistant mimics resin polypropylene UV light and heat UV light
Notes
highaccuracy generaluse resin
heat and waterresistant resin
fast, generaluse resin
tough highdurable resin, material accuracy mimics that mimics generalpolyuse resin ABS propylene
fast, generaluse resin
Postcure method
UV light
UV light and heat
UV light
UV light
UV light and heat
UV light
UV light
Process properties liquid resin Critical exposure 2 Ec (mJ/cm ) Depth of penetration Dp (mils) Viscosity o centipoise at 30 C Density 3 o g/cm at 25 C Continued on the following page 13.5 5.0 9.0 9.9 5.2 16.2 10.1 7.3 6.5
4.8
4.9
5.6
6.7
4.2
5.2
4.8
5.8
4.9
165-195
305
275
375
290
187
370
495
280
1.14
1.15
1.14
1.14
1.18
1.15
1.16
1.18
1.14
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Wohlers Report 2007
Material
Renshape Renshape Renshape Renshape Renshape Renshape Renshape Renshape Renshape SL-5170 SL-5210 SL-5220 SL-5240 SL-5260 SL-5180 SL-5410 SL-5430 SL-5440 Physical properties
UV Tensile strength postcure (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) UV plus heat
8,6008,800 (59-60)
2,200 (15) 9,000 (62) 6,500 (45)
5,2005,500 (36-38)
8,300 (58)
8,600 (60)
6,0006,300 (41-43)
10,450 (72)
7,3008,050 (51-56) 4,9008,480 (34-59) 2,3582,660 (342-387) 3,2403,720 (467-540) 2.9-4.9%
5,1005,400 (35-37)
UV Tensile modulus postcure 542,000(ASTM D638) 603,000 2 (2,400lb/in 2,500) (MPa) UV plus heat UV postcure 7-19% UV plus heat
211,000 (1,455) 392,000 (2,703) 438,000 (3,020)
227,000245,000 (1,5651,689)
360,000 (2,500)
350,000 (2,400)
372,000410,000 (2,5652,827)
449,000 (3,095)
200,000230,000 (1,4001,600)
Elongation (ASTM D638) % at break
1.2% 8.3% 1.6% 0.4 (21) 0.5 (27) 84 85 86 85 84 22-26%
12% 6-16% 14% 0.7 (40) 0.7 (40) 85 84 86 86 4.2%
18-21% 1.3-2.7% 0.4 (21) 0.29 (15) 87 82 90
UV Impact strength postcure (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch UV plus (J/m) heat UV postcure UV plus heat
0.5-0.7 (27-30)
0.7 (37)
0.8-1.0 (43-53)
0.6-0.8 (32-47)
0.73 (39)
0.65-0.75 (35-40)
General information Heat deflection temperature o C 2 @66 lb/in 2 @265 /lb/in UV postcure UV plus heat 47 o 46 99 o 74
o o o
55 o 49
46 o 42 76 o 62
o o
58 o 50 82 o 66 61
o o
58 o 51 97 o 78 73-95
o o
49 o 42
61 o 55 88 o 76
o o
63 o 52 281 o 122
o o
60 o 52 81 o 60
o o
65-90
60-92
53
65-85
68-88
88-119
$165/kg
$165/kg
$165/kg
$165/kg
$165/kg
$165/kg
$165/kg
$165/kg
COPYRIGHT 2007
17
Wohlers Report 2007
Renshape SL-5530 RenShape SL-7510 RenShape SL-7520
Stereolithography
RenShape SL-7540 RenShape SL-7545 RenShape SL-7560
Material
Type of material
photopolymer resin (epoxy) solid-state lasers 1 2 3 4 ( -SLA 3500 -SLA 5000 -SLA 7000 -SLA Viper)
Notes
heat- and fast, general-use water- general-use, resin, good resistant humiditysurface finish resin resistant resin
tough resin, mimics thermoplastics like polypropylene
produces opaque white parts produces that resemble polypropylene-like injection-molded plastics with parts ABS-like properties
Postcure method
UV light and heat
UV light
UV light and heat
Process properties liquid resin Critical exposure 2 Ec (mJ/cm ) Depth of penetration Dp (mils) Viscosity o centipoise at 30 C Density 3 o g/cm at 25 C
8.9 13.81/10.92/8.33 9.5 10.11/8.72/10.93/114 9.6 5.4
5.4
5.81/5.52/5.13
4.9
6.21/6.02/6.63/7.24
6.6
5.2
210
325
450
279
350
200
1.19
1.17
1.18
1.14
1.15
1.18
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007
Material
Renshape SL5530
RenShape SL-7510
RenShape SL-7520
RenShape SL-7540
RenShape SL-7545
RenShape SL-7560
Physical properties
5,500-5,900 (38-41)1 5,500-5,700 (38-39)2 5,000-5,200 (34-36)3 5,700 (39)4 5,100-5,700 (35.2-39.3)1 5,500-5,900 (38-41)2 5,500-5,700 (37.9-39.3)3 5,200 (34)4 242,000-251,000 (1,669-1,731)1 223,000-241,000 (1,538-1,662) 2 209,000-222,000 (1,441-1,531)3 219,000 (1,510)4 192,000-202,000 (1,324-1,393)1 192,000-202,000 (1,324-1,393)2 195,000-201,000 (1,344-1,386)3 180,000 (1,241)4 21.4-25.5%1 21.2-22.4%2 19.9-21.9%3 32%4 18.2-23.2%1 19.2-22.1%2 17.6-20.8%3 24%4
UV 8,300-8,900 (56-61) postcure Tensile strength (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus heat 6,800-8,900 (47-61) 8,300 (57)1 6,500 (44)2 7,340 (51)3
9,000-9,400 (62-65)
5,000-5,700 (35-40)
6,000-9,000 (42-62)
9,100-10,000 (63-69)
5,000-5,700 (35-40)
8,000-10,000 (56-69)
UV postcure Tensile modulus (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus heat
419,000456,000 (2,889-3,144)
2,937-3,158 (426-458) 382,000 (2,634)1 320,000 (2,206)2 331,000 (2,282)3 2,882-2,958 (418-429)
200,000-275,000 (1,400-1,900)
350,000-375,000 (2,400-2,600)
520,000545,000 (3,585-3,758)
220,000-280,000 (1,400-1,900)
350,000-385,000 (2,400-2,700)
UV postcure
3.8-4.4% 10.1% 13.7%2 4.2%3

1
5.2-7.2%
12-21%
6-15%
UV plus heat
1.3-2.9%
2.9-3.8%
10-16%
6-15%
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007
Material
Renshape SL-5530
RenShape SL-7510
RenShape SL-7520
RenShape SL-7540
RenShape SL-7545
RenShape SL-7560
Physical properties
0.68-0.89 (36.3-47.5)1 0.72-0.86 (38.4-45.9)2 0.69-0.84 (36.8-44.8)3
UV Impact postcure strength (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) UV plus heat
0.4 (21) 0.7 (37.4)1 0.6 (32)2 0.5 (26.7)3 0.4 (21)
0.29-0.34 (15.5-18.1)
0.5-0.7 (28-39)
0.5-0.8 (28-44)
0.20-0.28 (10.7-15.0)
0.52-0.62 (27.8-33.1)1 0.52-0.64 (27.8-34.2)2 0.48-0.56 (25.6-29.9)3
0.4-0.6 (22-33)
0.5-0.8 (28-44)
UV Hardness postcure (Shore D-scale) UV plus heat
88 87 90
86
79
79
86
90
81-82
81
88
General information
UV 70-85o Heat postcure 55-58o deflection temperature o C @66 lb/in2 UV plus 170-250o 109-120o heat @265 /lb/in2 58o 49o 54o 49o 62o 50o 48-50o 43-48o 56-60o
89o 73o
89o 72o
74o 55o
58-60o 48-50o
84-101o
79-122o
65o
68-87o
55-57o
55-58o
60-62o
Price
$215/kg
$215/kg
$215/kg
$215/kg
$215/kg
$215/kg
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007
RenShape SL-7565
Stereolithography
RenShape SL-7570 RenShape SL-7580 RenShape SL-7800
Material
Type of material
photopolymer resin (epoxy) solid-state lasers 1 2 3 4 ( -SLA 3500 -SLA 5000 -SLA 7000 -SLA Viper)
Notes
produces optically clear clear, colorless material for produces opaque ABS-like parts with parts with long-term stability high accuracy ABS-like properties
general purpose resin excellent for QuickCast patterns
Postcure method
UV light and heat Process properties liquid resin
Critical exposure 2 Ec (mJ/cm ) Depth of penetration Dp (mils) Viscosity o centipoise at 30 C Density 3 o g/cm at 25 C Continued on the following page
8.2
6.2
9.4
9.98 (SLA 5000/7000) 9.51 (SLA 500/3500/Viper Si2)
5.2
4.5
4.7
5.74 (SLA 5000/7000) 5.67 (SLA 500/3500/Viper Si2)
165
180
580
205
1.17
1.16
1.18
1.12
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007
Material
RenShape SL-7565
RenShape SL-7570
RenShape SL-7580
RenShape SL-7800
Physical properties
UV postcure Tensile strength (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus heat
6,600-7,800 (46-54)
8,600-8,700 (59-60)
7,700 (53)
6,000-6,800 (41 47)
6,600-7,800 (46-54)
8,600-8,700 (59-60)
7,700 (53)
6,400 (44)
UV postcure Tensile modulus (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus heat
290,000-360,000 (2,000-2,500)
330,000 (2,300)
300,000-350,000 (2,075-2,400)
390,000-420,000 (2,700-2,900)
290,000-360,000 (2,000-2,500)
330,000 (2,300)
310,000-320,000 (2,180-2,250)
UV postcure
19-30%
6-7%
11%
10-18%
UV plus heat
22-35%
7-8%
10%
10-15%
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007
Material
RenShape SL-7565
RenShape SL-7570
RenShape SL-7580
RenShape SL-7800
Physical properties
UV Impact postcure strength (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) UV plus heat
0.5-0.7 (28-38)
0.45-0.49 (24-26)
0.6 (34)
0.7-1.1 (37-58)
0.5-0.7 (28-38)
0.47-0.54 (25-29)
0.6 (34)
0.7-0.9 (37-48)
UV Hardness postcure (Shore D-scale) UV plus heat
84
89
84
87
85
90
85
87
General information
UV Heat postcure deflection temperature o C @66 lb/in2 UV plus @265 /lb/in2 heat 48-52o 50-60o 52-63o 62 o
51-57o
93-95o
76-97o
n/a
56-72o
60-65o
70-72o
57-59 o
Price
$215/kg
$215/kg
$215/kg
call for pricing
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007
Renshape SL-5190 Renshape Renshape SL-5195 SL-5510
Stereolithography
Renshape H-C 9100R RenShape Y-C 9300R RenShape Y-C 9500 RenShape Y-C 9500 FT1
Material
Type of material

helium-cadmium laser
photopolymer resin (acrylate)
solid-state lasers
solid-state lasers
Notes
humidityclear material for lowresistant, lowspecialty resin for medical viscosity high- medical models; may be sterilized applications; may viscosity general-use general- accuracy in autoclave; color may be be sterilized by use resin general- selectively added by overcuring resin conventional use resin techniques
flesh-colored material for medical applications such as hearing aids; may be sterilized by conventional techniques
Postcure method
14.9
13.1
11.4
6.1
8.4
4.3
4.4
4.6
5.2
4.1
5.3
9.4
6.3
3.8
175
180
180
1,030
1,090
1,090
1,050
1.15
1.16
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007
Material
Renshape SL-5190
Renshape Renshape SL-5195 SL-5510
Renshape H-C 9100R
RenShape Y-C 9300R
RenShape Y-C 9500
RenShape Y-C 9500 FT1
Physical properties UV Tensile strength postcure (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in UV plus (MPa) heat
8,0008,200 (55-57)
6,740 (46.5)
11,100 (77)
7,250 (50)
6,525 (45)
6,525 (45)
5,200 (36)
UV Tensile modulus 315,000postcure (ASTM D638) 330,000 2 (2,150lb/in UV plus 2,250) (MPa) heat UV Elongation postcure (ASTM D638) % at break UV plus heat UV Impact strength postcure (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch UV plus (J/m) heat UV postcure 80 UV plus heat
303,000 (2,090)
478,000 (3,296)
201,000 (1,389)
191,000 (1,315)
191,000 (1,315)
115,000 (800)
9%
11-22%
5.4%
8%
7%
7%
10%
0.5 (27)
1.0 (54)
0.5 (27)
not available
not available
not available
not available
83
86
75
75
75
75
General information UV Heat deflection temperature postcure o C 2 @66 lb/in UV plus 2 @265 /lb/in heat Glass-transition o temperature C Price 62 o 53 not available 87 o 76 68
o o o
50 o 43
47 o 43
not available
not available
not available
60-80
flash point >140 $215/kg
flash point o >140 $215/kg
52
72
$175/kg
$175/kg
$215/kg
call for pricing
COPYRIGHT 2007
25
Wohlers Report 2007
Technology
Stereolithography
SLA Materials Inc.
HI-REZZ A1850CL G3-HCH G3-HCM G3-HCF
Manufacturer
Tuxedo Photopolymers
Material
G3-ARH
G3-ARM
G3-ARF
G3-SLH
G3-SLM
G3-SLF
photopolymer solid-state lasers ABS-like waterresistant, tough, clear resin
photopolymer resin (carbonate-epoxy) helium-cadmium lasers argon-ion lasers solid-state lasers
Notes
hard parts
mediumhard parts
flexible parts
hard parts
mediumhard parts
flexible parts
hard parts
mediumhard parts
flexible parts
Postcure method
UV light
Process properties - liquid resin Critical exposure Ec 2 (mJ/cm ) Depth of penetration Dp (mils) Viscosity (centipoise at o 30 C) Density 3 o g/cm at 25 C
6.7
9.5-11.0
9.5-11.0
9.5-11.0
7.0-11
7.0-11
7.0-11
9.5
9.5
9.5
4.6
5.6-6.0
5.6-6.0
5.6-6.0
5.0-6.0
5.0-6.0
5.0-6.0
5.6
5.6
5.6
140
380
380
380
380
382
382
380
380
380
not available
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.13
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007
Material
HI-REZZ A1850CL
G3-HCH
G3-HCM
G3-HCF
G3-ARH
G3-ARM
G3-ARF
G3-SLH
G3-SLM
G3-SLF
Physical properties Tensile 2 strength lb/in (Mpa) ASTM D638 Tensile 2 modulus lb/in (Mpa) ASTM D638 Elongation at break ASTM D638 Impact strength (notched Izod) (J/m) ASTM D256 Hardness (Shore Dscale) ASTM D2240
6,338 (43.7)
7,000-7,440 4,200-4,570 2,572-2,857 6,850-7,720 4,000-4,350 3,150-4,000 5,000-5,300 4,400-4,700 4,000-4,285 (49-52) (29-32) (18-20) (48-54) (28-30) (22-28) (35-37) (31-33) (28-30) 266,000305,000 (1,8602,130) 6-8% 202,000215,000 (1,4101,500) 15-17% 95,700112,850 (670-790) 15-18% 283,000316,000 (1,9802,210) 5-8% 178,500207,000 (1,2501,450) 14-18% 103,000117,000 (720-820) 20-28% 236,000260,000 (1,6501,820) 11-14% 187,000220,000 (1,3101,540) 16-25% 140,000164,000 (980-1,150) 18-27%
336,487 (2,320)
11%
0.41 (22)
(52-55)
(50-53)
(80-82)
(25-28)
(34-38)
(50-60)
(37-40)
(47-51)
(54-56)
83
83-85
81-83
78-80
83-85
81-83
77-80
83-85
81-83
80-82
General information Heat deflection temperature o C 2 @66 lb/in 2 @265 /lb/in Glass transition Tg DME Peak E Price
-42
not available
77 call for pricing
56-61
56-61
55-57
58-61
56-61
53-57
56-61
56-61
56-61
$100150/kg
$100150/kg
$100150/kg
$100150/kg
$100150/kg
$100150/kg
$100150/kg
$100150/kg
$100150/kg
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Material DuraForm PA DuraForm GF
Selective Laser Sintering

3D Systems
DuraForm AF CastForm DuraForm Flex LaserForm ST-200 LaserForm A6 polymercoated A6 steel and tungstencarbide powders
Type of material
polyamide powder
glass-filled polyamide powder
polyamidealuminum powder
polystyrene powder
elastomeric plastic powder
polymer-coated stainless steel powder
Type of machine
Sinterstation and Vanguard laser-sintering systems rubber-like cast aluminum increasedhigh-durability performs almost performance to tooling material; good thermal look with hardness material; good identically to simulate gaskets, provides stability and excellent tooling thermal stability foundry wax for hoses, seals; can performance chemical surface finish, material; and chemical shell investment be colored or similar to P20 resistance detail, and wear similar to tool resistance casting pressure-sealed steel resistance steel with infiltrants General properties
Notes
Density 3 (g/cm ) Average particle size (microns) Specific gravity o at 20 C
0.59 58 .097
0.84 48 1.4
0.89 not available not available
0.46 62 0.86
0.44 85 not available
6.73 23 not available
7.8 2-40 not available
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007
Material
DuraForm PA
DuraForm GF DuraForm AF
CastForm
DuraForm Flex
LaserForm ST-200
LaserForm A6
Physical properties 88,000 62,000 (610) (435) 228 (1.6) as infiltrated infiltrated with produced with bronze bronze 293 (20) 45% bronze/ 46% bronze/ infiltrated 55% 54% stainless stainless steel steel 20,000,000 19,700,000 (138,000) (137,000) 926 (6.4) as infiltrated infiltrated with produced with bronze bronze 1,440 (9.9) 45% bronze/ 46% bronze/ infiltrated 55% 54% stainless stainless steel steel 2-4% 6% infiltrated infiltrated with 104% as with bronze bronze produced 45% bronze/ 46% bronze/ 117% infiltrated 55% 54% stainless stainless steel steel
6,300 (44)
5,500 (38.1)
4,786 (33)
415 (2.8)
Elastic modulus (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa)
230,000 (1,600)
855,000 (5,910)
638,000 (4,400)
233,000 (1,604)
Elongation (ASTM D638) % at yield
9%
2%
2.1%
not available
Impact strength (notched Izod test) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)
4.0 (214)
1.8 (96)
not available
<0.20 (<11)
not applicable
not applicable
not applicable
not available
not available not available
not available
60 Shore A as produced 67 Shore A infiltrated
79 Rockwell B-scale
10-20 Rockwell C-scale may be heattreated to 39 Rockwell C-scale
General information Melting point o C Glass-transition temperature o C Cost of raw material not applicable not applicable call for pricing
184
185
not available not applicable
192
not applicable
not applicable
not applicable not applicable
89
not applicable
not applicable
$132/kg
$88/kg
not available
$132/kg
not available
$79/kg
COPYRIGHT 2007
29
Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Material Type of material Type of machine DirectSteel 20
Direct Metal Laser Sintering

EOS (1 of 3)
DirectMetal 20 DirectSteel H20 fine-grained alloy steel powder EOSINT M 250 Xtended, EOSINT M 270 MaragingSteel MS1 EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 (based on provisional product data sheet) fine-grained 17-4PH (1.4542) stainless steel powder EOSINT M 270 pre-alloyed ultra-highstrength steel powder
fine-grained steel- fine-grained bronzebased metal powder based metal powder EOSINT M 250 Xtended EOSINT M 250 Xtended, EOSINT M 270
EOSINT M 270
Notes
injection molds and heavy-duty injection inserts for molding a molds, direct few thousand parts, manufacture of direct manufacture of metal parts metal parts
functional prototypes, injection molds with small series production, tooling, parts requiring properties similar to individualized products particularly high strength and those made of tool etc. with high toughness hardness steels and ductility
General properties Density 3 (g/cm ) Part density approx. Part density approx. Part density approx. 7.6 7.6 7.8
not available
not available
Average particle size (microns) Specific gravity o at 20 C
approx. 20
approx. 20
approx. 20
approx. 20
approx.20
not available
COPYRIGHT 2007
30
Wohlers Report 2007
Physical properties Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elastic modulus (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elongation (ASTM D638) % at yield Impact strength (notched Izod test) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) Hardness (Shore D-scale)
87,000 (580)
58,000 (400)
160,000 (1,100)
130,000 (900)
145,000 up to 275,000 (1,000 up to 1,900 after age hardening)
19,000,000 (130,000)
11,600,000 (80,000)
26,000,000 (180,000)
28,000,000 (190,000)
26,000,000 (180,000)
not available
not available
4%
up to 30%
up to 8% (at break)
not available
not available
not available
not available
notched Charpy 45
94 Rockwell B-scale
65 Rockwell B-scale
38-42 Rockwell C-scale General information
approx. 40 Rockwell C-scale
Up to 50-54 Rockwell C on age hardening
Melting point Glasstransition temperature o C Cost of raw material
not available
not available
not available
not available
not available
not available
not available
not available
not available
not available
call for pricing
call for pricing
call for pricing
call for pricing
call for pricing
COPYRIGHT 2007
31
Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Material Type of material Type of machine EOS CobaltChrome MP1 fine-grained CoCrMobased superalloy powder EOSINT M 270
Direct Metal Laser Sintering

EOS (2 of 3)
EOS Titanium Ti64 EOS Titanium CP2 CarbonMide carbon fiber-filled polyamide powder PA2210 FR polyamide powder with added chemical fire retardant EOSINT P3 series and P700
fine-grained Ti fine-grained Ti-6Al-4V commercially pure grade powder 2 powder EOSINT M 270 EOSINT M 270
EOSINT P38x
Notes
especially suitable for especially suitable for biomedical implants and biomedical implants and especially suitable for parts requiring high parts requiring high biomedical implants mechanical properties in strength to weight ratio elevated temperatures
high stiffness and strength applications
for flame-resistant plastic parts
General properties Density 3 (g/cm )
Part density approx. 8.3
not available
not available
Part density 1.04
Part density 1.05
approx. 20
approx. 20
approx. 20
60
not available
not available
COPYRIGHT 2007
32
Wohlers Report 2007
Physical properties Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elastic modulus (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elongation (ASTM D638) % at yield Impact strength (notched Izod test) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)
200,000 (1,400)
170,000 (1,200)
not available
in x 10,000, y 8,000, z 3,600 (in x 72, y 56, z 25)
6,500 (45)
30,000,000 (210,000)
17,000,000 (120,000)
not available
in x 884,000, y 493,000, z 319,000 (in x 6,100, y 3,400, z 2,200)
326,000 (2250)
10%
approx. 8%
>30%
x 4.1, y 6.3, z 1.3 (at break)
5.0
not available
not available
not available
x 5.3 KJ/m , y 4.4, z 2.1 (notched Charpy)
not available
Hardness 40-45 Rockwell C-scale (Shore D-scale)
approx. 33 Rockwell C-scale
not available
not available
not available
General information Melting point o C Glasstransition temperature o C Cost of raw material not available not available not available 172-180
o
172-180
not available
not available
not available
not available
not available
call for pricing
due for commercial release later this year
call for pricing
call for pricing
COPYRIGHT 2007
33
Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Material PA 2200 polyamide powder
Laser Sintering
EOS (3 of 3)
PA 3200 GF PrimeCast 101 Quartz 4.2/5.7 glass-filled polyamide powder EOSINT P highdurability material; good thermal stability and chemical resistance polystyrene powder phenolic resincoated sand EOSINT S Alumide 30%aluminumfilled polyamide EOSINT P
DSM Somos
Somos 201
Type of material
elastomeric polymer powder
Type of machine
plastic-sintering systems
Notes
good thermal stability and chemical resistance
suitable for building investmentcasting patterns
sand-casting patterns and cores
stiff, durable parts with metallic appearance
highly flexible with rubber-like properties
General properties Density 3 (g/cm )
0.435-0.445
0.59-0.62
0.61
4.2-5.7
not available
0.58
60
60
80
140-160
not available
93
not available
0.91 1.07 infiltrated with wax
COPYRIGHT 2007
34
Wohlers Report 2007
Material
PA 2200
PA 3200 GF
PrimeCast 100
Quartz 4.2/5.7
Alumide
Somos 201
Physical properties Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elastic modulus (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa)
6,000 (45)
6,850 (48)
170-790 (1.2-5.5)
not applicable
6,000 (45)
not available
2,215 (15.5) 242,000 (1,700) 457,000 (3,200) 230,000 (1,600) not applicable 522,000 (3,600) 2,500 (17.3) infiltrated with wax 111% 130% infiltrated with wax
Elongation (ASTM D638) % at yield Impact strength (notched Izod test) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)
20% (at break ISO 527)
0.4% (at break ISO 527)
not applicable
8.2 (440)
4.0 (213)
not available
not applicable
not available
not available
74 Shore A-scale Hardness (Shore D-scale) 75 80 not available not applicable 76 75 Shore A-scale infiltrated with wax
General information Melting point o C Glasstransition temperature o C Cost of raw material 172-180
o
172-180
Not applicable
not applicable
180
not applicable
not applicable not applicable
105
not applicable
not available
melting point o 156
$79/kg
$64/kg
$99/kg (provisional pricing)
$1.80-4.00/kg
$68/kg
$132/kg
COPYRIGHT 2007
35
Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Material WindformGF
Laser Sintering
CRP Technology
WindformPRO WindformPRO B Windform XT
aluminum- and Type of material glass-filled nylon powder Type of machine Notes
aluminum- and black-colored nylon carbon and nylon glass-filled nylon powder composite powder powder laser-sintering machines
superior stiffness improvement of improved HDT, wear very high UTS and and surface WindformGF resistance, and wear resistance finish mechanical props. elasticity General properties
Density 3 (g/cm ) Average particle size (microns) Specific gravity o at 20 C
1.5
1.42
1.21
1.101
not available
not available
not available
not available
not available Physical properties
Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elastic modulus (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elongation (ASTM D638) % at yield
6,910 (47.646) EN ISO 527-1-2
7,600 (52.56) EN ISO 527-1-2
6,800 (47.05) EN ISO 527-1-2
11,300 (77.85) EN ISO 527-1-2
639,900 (4,412) EN ISO 527-1-2
720,000 (4,964.8) EN ISO 527-1-2
523,800 (3,612) EN ISO 527-1-2
1,061,000 (7,320) EN ISO 527-1-2
2.5% at break
2.92% at break
3.81% at break
2.6% at break
Impact strength Charpy (notched Izod Charpy unnotched Charpy unnotched Charpy unnotched unnotched ASTM ASTM D256 ASTM D256 ASTM D256 test) D256 2 2 2 (31.08 KJ/m ) (32.4 KJ/m ) (17.75 KJ/m ) ft-lb/in of notch 2 (31.86 KJ/m ) (J/m) Hardness (Shore D-scale) not available not available General information Melting point, C Glass-transition o temperature, C Cost of raw material
o
not available
not available
180 not available
180 not available
180 not available
179.33 not available
call for pricing
call for pricing
call for pricing
call for pricing
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Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Material ABS ABSi ICW06 wax
Fused Deposition Modeling

Stratasys
Elastomer Polycarbonate PolyPolycarbonate E20 ISO phenylsulfone PC-ABS
Sibco
Multipurpose ABS filament
Type of material
methyl methacrylonitrile investment acrylate proprietary butadiene -casting polycarbonate polycarbonate acrylonitrile plastic styrene wax filament filament butadiene filament filament filament styrene filament Dimension Maxum Titan TI Vantage SE Vantage S Vantage i (when configured with ABS) Prodigy Plus Dimension Maxum Titan TI Vantage SE Vantage S Vantage i (when configured with ABS) Prodigy Plus
polyphenyl sulfone filament
polycarbonate /acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blend filament
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene filament
Type of machine
FDM-2000 FDM-3000
Titan TI Vantage S Vantage SE Vantage i (when configured with PC)
Titan TI Vantage S Vantage SE
Titan TI
FDM-2000/ FDM-3000/ FDM-8000/ Titan TI Prodigy Vantage S Plus/Quantum Vantage SE / Maxum/Titan/ Dimension
Notes
durable, Complies with tough, durable, strong, investment ISO-1099-3 this blend can be very tough flexible very tough strong, good good heat -casting and Class VI combines the sterilized material; thermoplastic, thermoplastic, heat and and wax, burns classification most with commonly ideal for commonly chemical chemical out with so can be desirable gamma used for seals, used for resistance; resistance; normal used for properties of radiation gaskets, manufacturing manufacturing comes in comes in procedures packaging both materials etc. colors colors and medical
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Wohlers Report 2007
Material
ABS
ABSi
ICW06 wax
Elastomer Polycarbonate PolyPolycarbonate E20 ISO phenylsulfone Physical properties
PC-ABS
Multipurpose ABS filament
Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elastic modulus (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elongation (ASTM D638) % at yield Impact strength (notched Izod test) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) Hardness (Shore Dscale)
5,000 (34.45)
5,400 (37.21)
509 (3.5)
930 (64)
9,211 (63)
7,500 (52)
10,100 (69)
5,040 (34.8)
360,000 (2,495)
286,000 (1,963)
40,000 (275)
10,000 (69)
350,000 (2,380)
253,000 (1,744)
340,000 (2,312)
265,000 (1,827)
3,800 (19.3) o at 71 C 6,100 (35.2) o at 23 C 190,000 (1,300) o at 71 C 270,000 (1,900) o at 23 C 12.29% (at break)
>10%
>10%
>10%
>10%
not available
5%
7.2%
4.3%
2.0 (107)
3.3 (176)
0.32 (17)
6.5 (347)
13.2 (754)
1 (53.39)
13.7 (782)
2.3 (123)
not available
78
76
13
96 Shore A-scale
70 Rockwell R
not available
122 Rockwell R
110 Rockwell R
102 Rockwell R
General information Glasstransition temperature o C (Heatdeflection temperature o C)
not available
not available
not available
not available
not available o (125 )
161 o (127 )
not available o (207 )
125 o (110 )
240 (melting point)
$250/kg $250/kg ($425 per ($425 per 116-cubic- 116-cubicinch spool) inch spool)
$250/kg
$320/kg
$261/kg ($380 per call for pricing 93-cubicinch spool)
$450/kg ($660 per 93cubic-inch spool)
NA
$80/kg
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Wohlers Report 2007
Technology
Jetting
Solidscape
ProtoBuild NanoCure RC25
Digital Light Processing

Envisiontec
Perfactory R5 Perfactory Y8 Perfactory PIC-100
Laminated Object Manufacturing

Cubic Tech.
Perfactory Cubic SixMill E-Shell paper
Manufacturer Material
Sibco
MHP MRP
Type of material
blend of proprietary organic compounds
nanoparticlefilled photopolymer photopolymer
photopolymer
photopolymer
photopolymer
paper paper bleached with with kraft paper heatheatwith heatactivated activated activated adhesive adhesive adhesive coating coating coating
Type of machine
PatternMaster/ T66 Personal Modeler T612
Perfactory, Vanquish
Perfactory Mini, Standard & Vanquish
Perfactory Mini, Standard, Vanquish
LOM-1015/LOM-2030
Notes
can be sanded, for strong, shaped, for robust and for flexible stiff, high painted, or accurate parts high impact temperature coated; that are strength resistant optimized for polypropylene parts composite investment-like parts casting and mold-making
temperat moistureurefor resistant, temperatureresistant, investment- Class 6 biohighresistant, highcasting, the compatible perforhighperforphotoresin melts mance performance mance polymer into liquid LOM coated paper coated wax paper paper
Physical properties Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elastic modulus (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa)
data not available
6,600 (46)
4,500 5,600 (31-39)
3,960 (27.3)
6,900 (47.8)
SolidScape says the material provides mechanical Elongation strength about (ASTM D638) twice that of investment% at yield casting wax and has Impact plastic-like strength structural and (notched Izod) tactile qualities. ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) Hardness (Shore Dscale)
709,000 (4,890)
180,500 219,000 (1,245 1,510) 11-25% (at break)
40,900102,500 (282-707)
342,200 (2360) not available
2.5% (at break)
27% (at break)
not available
3.2% 5.9% (at break)
produces parts with similar characteristics to fine-grained plywood; can easily be sanded and finished; may be used for investment-casting patterns
0.3 (16)
0.5-0.9 (27-50)
1.01 (54)
0.4 (21.1)
52
93.1
81
78 General information
83
Glasstransition temperature o C Cost of raw material
melting point o 92-106 $385-430/kg
42-70
37-52
deflection temperature not available 52 call for pricing call for pricing
109 call for pricing
deflection o temp. 77 call for pricing
deflectio deflectio n temp. n temp. o o 77 77 call for pricing call for pricing
call for pricing
$175/kg
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Wohlers Report 2007
3DP
Z Corporation
ZP100 ZP14 (infiltrated (infiltrated with with RenInfiltrant RenInfiltrant zi580) zi580) ThermoJet 88
Multi-Jet Modeling
3D Systems
ThermoJet 2000 VisiJet M100 VisiJet HR-M100
Material
ZCast
Type of material
plaster starch mixture of powder powder ceramic infiltrated infiltrated and with two-part with two-part plaster heat-curable heat-curable powder infiltrant infiltrant ZPrinter 310 Z-406 Z-810 Z-406 Z-810
organic thermo-polymer (wax)
acrylic photopolymer resin
acrylic photopolymer resin
Type of machine
ThermoJet
InVision 3D printer
InVision HR 3D printer
Notes
creamy white with waxy feel; models opaque white white, gray, red, Z Corp. machines print parts by opaque blue parts parts; may be used blue, or black jetting binder onto the base powder; with high feature produces as parts; produces after fabrication, a part may be resolution, durable investment- durable parts; durable parts; infiltrated for added strength; making for presentation good detail casting good detail even colored parts is possible by using models and even on patterns; on down-facing colored water-based binder; ZCast patterns down-facing also surfaces parts are not infiltrated surfaces available in black and gray
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Wohlers Report 2007
Manufacturer
Z Corporation
Physical properties
3D Systems
Tensile strength 1,560-2,175 1,247-2,146 (ASTM D638) (10.8-15) (8.6-14.8) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elastic 435,000modulus 529,000580,000 ZCast 636,000 (ASTM D638) (3,0002 (3,657-4,389) patterns are lb/in 4,000) not (MPa) infiltrated; they must be Elongation not not available baked to (ASTM D638) available remove any % at yield moisture prior to Impact casting. strength (notched Izod 0.22-0.24 0.18-0.21 not test) (12-13) (10-11.21) available ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) Hardness (Shore Dscale)
3D Systems says ThermoJet 88 delivers superior model quality and surface workability that is best suited for producing communication models and patterns for casting or molding applications; when model toughness is a requirement, ThermoJet 2000 material delivers greatly enhanced model durability
3,480 (24)
3,480 (24)
112,400 (775)
112,400 (775)
15.6% (at break)
15.6% (at break)
0.25 (13.3)
0.25 (13.3)
not available 68-74 74-80 not available not available
General information melting melting point point o o 85-95 70-75 softening softening temp. temp. o o 70 55
Glasstransition temperature o C
not available
not available
not available
$0.31-$1.65 per cubic ReInfiltrant inch of part, zi580 epoxy depending costs $3/oz. upon infiltrant
call for pricing
$218/kg
$218/kg
call for pricing
call for pricing
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Material Type of material Type of machine Notes general purpose transparent resin FullCure 720 Vero White
PolyJet
Objet Geometries (Table 1of 2)
Vero Blue Vero Black Tango Black Tango Gray
acrylate photo-polymer resin Eden 250/260/330/350/350V/500 good impact strength and flexural modulus with opaque colors Physical properties Eden 330/350/350V/500 rubber-like flexible materials; black is slightly softer; gray is harder but still flexible.
Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elastic modulus (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elongation (ASTM D638) % at yield Impact strength (notched Izod test) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) Hardness (Shore Dscale)
8,700 (60.3)
7,200 (49.8)
8,000 (55.1)
290 (2.0)
632 (4.36)
416,000 (2,870)
361,900 (2,495)
397,400 (2,740)
not available
not available
15-25% (at break)
15-25% (at break)
15-25% (at break)
not available but similar to other Vero materials
47.7% (at break)
47.0% (at break)
0.74 (39.6)
0.7 (37.5)
0.8 (42.5)
not available
not available
83
83
83
61 (Shore A)
75 (Shore A)
General information Glass-transition temperature o C Cost of raw material
48.7 $225/kg
58.0 call for pricing
48.7 call for pricing call for pricing
-10.7 call for pricing
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007
Technology Manufacturer Material Type of material Type of machine Hearing aid materials clear Notes FullCure 640
PolyJet
Objet Geometries (Table 2 of 2)
FullCure 660 acrylate photo-polymer resin Eden 250/260/330/350/350V/500 rose clear Physical properties FullCure 680
skin tone
Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elastic modulus (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa) Elongation (ASTM D638) % at yield Impact strength (notched Izod test) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) Hardness (Shore D-scale)
6,200 (43.1)
6,200 (43.1)
8,100 (56.0)
280,000 (1,931)
280,000 (1,931)
392,000 (2,700)
18% (at break)
18% (at break)
10.4% (at break)
0.84 (45)
0.84 (45)
0.61 (32.7)
84
84
85
General information Glass-transition temperature o C Cost of raw material
63.3 $225/kg
Source: Wohlers Associates, Inc. Note: All data was supplied by the material vendors and has not been verified through independent testing. Wohlers Associates makes no claims as to the suitability of any material for any purpose. Users of any materials should read and understand each materials Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) prior to use. Test values have not necessarily been derived by identical methods. Not all physical testing has been done according to ASTM procedures or on test bars manufactured on the additive fabrication equipment. Data should be used for general comparison purposes only. Unless otherwise stated, prices reflect the per kilogram price of material purchased in a standard container for delivery in the U.S. Material prices may vary with the amount purchased and they may not be up to date. Please contact the material vendors for exact prices. Pricing for deliveries outside of the U.S. will vary.
COPYRIGHT 2007
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Wohlers Report 2007

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Appendix E: Material Properties

Appendix E: Material properties

ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)

Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 2 lb/in (MPa)

41.6% not available

3-120% not available

7-13% not available

1.7-4.5 (0.9 -2.4)

75-115 Rockwell (R)

93-122 Rockwell (R)

118-133 Rockwell (R)

68-83 Shore (D)

Glass-transition o temperature C (Heat-deflection o temperature C)

not available o (94-194 )

not available o (80-210 )

not available o (66-89 )

Source: www.matweb.com and CADCAMNet

WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.