Application of Integration (Areas)

Andrew CPG Mkolesia

mkolesiaac@tut.ac.za
2012-10-23
Copyright c 2012 Tshwane University of Technology.
1 Areas Under a Curve
The area under the curve is determined by the denite integral
Z

) (r) dr = [1 (r)]
=
=
= 1 (/) 1 (a) (1)
where the indenite integral for the function j = ) (r) is given by
Z
) (r) = 1 (r) + c. (2)
1.1 Area Between The Function and The -axis
1.1.1 Above The r-axis (Figure 1)
a b
x
y
y = f(x)
A
Figure 1: Area Between The Function and The r-axis (Above The r-axis).
1
The area, , of the function j = ) (r) on the interval r 2 [a, /] is determined
by
=
Z

) (r) dr = [1 (r)]
=
=
= 1 (/) 1 (a) , where
Z
) (r) = 1 (r) + c. (3)
EXAMPLE
Determine the area between the function j = r
2
+ 1 and the r-axis
on the interval r 2 [2, 1].
The graph of the function j = r
2
+ 1. Showing the area on the interval r 2 [2, 1].
=
Z
1
2

r
2
+ 1

dr
=

1
3
r
3
+ r

=1
=2
=

1
3
(1)
3
+ (1)

1
3
(2)
3
+ (2)

= 6 units
2
.
2
1.1.2 Below The r-axis (Figure 2)
a b
y
y = f(x)
A
Figure 2: Area Between The Function and The r-axis (Below The r-axis)
The area, , of the function j = ) (r) on the interval r 2 [a, /] is determined
by
=
Z

) (r) dr
= [1 (r)]
=
=
= 1 (a) 1 (/) , where
Z
) (r) = 1 (r) + c. (4)
NOTE: The area between the function and the r-axis can also be determined
by
=
Z

) (r) dr =
Z

) (r) dr. (5)

notice that the upper and lower limits of the denite integral change.
3
EXAMPLE
Determine the area between the function j = r
2
7 and the r-axis on the
interval r 2 [2, 1].
=
Z
1
2

r
2
7

dr
=

1
3
r
3
7r

=1
=2
=

1
3
(1)
3
7 (1)

1
3
(2)
3
7 (2)

= 18 units
2
.
4
1.1.3 Above and Below The r-axis (Figure 3)
a
b
y
y = f(x)
A
1
A
2
c
x
Figure 3: Area Between The Function and The r-axis (Above and Below The
r-axis).
The area, , of the function j = ) (r) on the interval r 2 [a, /] is determined
by
=
Z

) (r) dr, where =

1
+
2
.

1
=
Z

) (r) dr and
2
=
Z

) (r) dr. (6)

Thus
=
1
+
2
=
Z

) (r) dr
Z

) (r) dr.
= [1 (r)]
=
=
[1 (r)]
=
=
= 1 (a) 21 (c) + 1 (/) , where
Z
) (r) = 1 (r) + c. (7)
NOTE: The area between the function and the r-axis (above and below the
r-axis) can also be determined by
=
Z

) (r) dr +
Z

) (r) dr.
= [1 (r)]
=
=
+ [1 (r)]
=
=
(8)
5
EXAMPLE
Determine the area between the function j = r
2
+4 and the r-axis on the
interval r 2 [3, 3].
Figure 4:
=
Z
3
3

r
2
+ 4

dr
=
Z
2
3

r
2
+ 4

dr +
Z
2
2

r
2
+ 4

dr
Z
3
2

r
2
+ 4

dr
=

1
3
r
3
+ 4r

=2
=3
+

1
3
r
3
+ 4r

=2
=2

1
3
r
3
+ 4r

=3
=2
=
7
3
+
32
3
+
7
3
=
46
3
units
2
.
6