BOTANY LABORATORY VEGETATIVE PARTS OF PLANT Roots - Anchorage - Absorption of nutrition 2 Types of Root System 1.

Taproot - Primary root is present - Taps deep sources of water Best root system for anchorage 2. Fibrous - Primary root is lost - Primary root is replaced by numerous root arising from the lower part of the plant

Internal Anatomy 1. Longitudinal Section Elongation Region

Root Hair Protoderm

Merismatic Region

Ground Procambium

Root

a. Root Cap - Thimble shape - Forms the apex of the root - Protects the merismatic region (produce mucigel- a slimy out cell of the root cap are continually being broken of by their contact with rock particle, as the outer cell are broken, new root cap cell are being formed in the inner part of the root cap by the cells of the merismatic region) - Function: Protection, lubrication, water and nutrient absorption b. Merismatic Region - Compress a mass of small nearly cubical cell with thin wall & dense protoplasm - Region in which new cells are formed by mitosis - Region where the first phase of growth of a root in length takes place 3 Primary Meristem Protoderm- develops into epidermis Ground Meristem- Develops into the Cortex Procambium- develops into the vascular stele (Pericycle, xylem, phloem) *Quiescent Zone- Slower or no cell division c. Elongation Region - Mass of cells here are recently formed & undergoing enlargement particularly in length - Cell walls increase in length, new protoplasm is formed and vacuoles increase in size d. Maturation Region - Situated above elongation region - Enlarge cells become differentiated into mature tissue of the root - All the portions of the root above the elongation region maybe included in the maturation region - The younger part of the region of maturation is the root hair zone, in which the epidermal cells develop protuberance known as root hair 2. Cross Section

Epidermis Cortex Stele

a. Epidermis - Surface layer of the root, uncutinized - Absorbs water and dissolved material from the soil - Offers some protection to the inner tissue b. Cortex - Region between the stele and epidermis - irregularly shaped parenchyma cell with many intercellular spaces - Chiefly a water and food storage region Endodermis- Innermost cell layer of the cortex - Composed of: Casprian strip- Composed of suberin and sometimes lignin, impregnated cell walls and seal the spaces between the cells Passage Cell- thin walled cell - Function as a water dam which prevents the outward passage of water from the tissue inside the endodermis c. Stele/Vascular Cylinder c.1. Pricycle - Lies interior to the endodermnis - Gives rise to branch root by cell division c.2. Xylem - Composed of vessel, tracheids - Conducts water, mineral and often food upward - If the root has four ridges, they appear in cross section as arms of a cross c.3. Phloem - Composed mainly of sieve tube and companion cell in groups which alternate with the radial xylem band - Function chiefly for downward conduction of food

c.4. Parenchyma - Surrounds the band of xylem and phloem - Stores food and gives support to other tissue *Cambium- Develops between the xylem and phloem area - Made up of merismatic cell which by preclinical cell division produce secondary xylem and phloem and thus increase the diameter Comparison between Monocot and Dicot Stem Criteria Type of stele Presence of cambium Presence of pith Type of Vascular Bundle Arrangement of Vascular Bundle Number of Xylem Poles Specialized Root Function Support Photosynthesis Protection Enlarge Root Monocot (Zea mays) Siphonostele Absent Present Exarch Alternate Polyarch Type of Root Brace Root Prop Root Buttress Green Root Spine Food Storage Dicot elegans) Protostele Present Absent Exarch Alternate Tetrach (Aristolochia

STEM - Develop from the epicotyls, a continuation of the hypocotyls, cylindrical structure with a mass of merismatic cell & often a pair of leaves at the apex. - Functions for support and conduction of minerals 2 Types of Stem Herbaceous Soft and Green Little growth in diameter Tissues chiefly primary Chiefly Annual Covered with epidermis Buds mostly naked Woody Tough and not green Considerable growth in diameter Tissue chiefly secondary Chiefly perennial Covered by corky bud Buds chiefly covered by scale

External Anatomy 1. Buds- Located at the axil of leaves, upper angle between the points of juncture. It is consist of merismatic cells. (Apical or terminal bud- located at the tip of the stem; Lateral or auxillary- located at the side of the stem) 2. Node- Point on a stem from which leaves and buds grow

3. 4. 5. 6.

Internode- Length of stem between 2 nodes Lenticel- Tiny raised pores for gaseous exchange Lear Scar- Crescent shaped or circular mark left by the fall of leaves Bundle scar- Broken ends of vascular bundle

Comparison of Monocot and Dicot (External Anatomy) Criteria Monocot Dicot Nodes Not Distinct Distinct Internodes Longer Shorter Leaf Scar Circular Present Lenticel Absent Present Bud Not Distinct Present

Internal Anatomy 1. Epidermis - Cutinized single layer - Nearly water proof outerwall - Protective tissue, prevents evaporation of water 2. Cortex - Contains collenchymas, storage parenchyma usually strengthening fiber and stone cell - Region of protection, strength and storage 3. Stele 3.1. Pericycle - Consist of parenchyma cell, often of strengthening fiber 3.2. Phloem - Found inside the pericycle - Sieve and companion cell- conducts food downward - Fiber provides strength, parenchyma stores various substance 3.3. Cambium - Continuous layer of merismatic cell just inside the phloem - Forms new xylem and phloem 3.4. Xylem - Consist of vessel, xylem fiber, tracheids and xylem parenchyma - Vessel and tracheid- for conduction and support - Xylem fiber- Thickening walls and strengthening cell - Parenchyma- stores food 3.5. Ray - Band of cell (chiefly parenchyma) which extends radially in a stem - Functions for transverse conduction of material in stem & for food storage

Comparison Monocot vs Dicot (Internal Anatomy) Criteria Monocot Dicot Distinctness of region Not Distinct Distinct Hypodermis Not Distinct Distinct Bundle Sheath Present Distinct Vascular Cambium Absent Present Kind of Growth Endogenous Exogenous Arrangement of Bundle Scattered Broken Ring Sheath Secondary Growth - Woody cambium active along the entire stem - Annual ring- layer of xylem formed by one year of growth - Tissues formed are secondary xylem and secondary phloem - Ray- Primary Cells - Outward Inward Secondary Cells Inward Outward - Cork cambium secondary merismatic tissue - Develop from certain parenchyma cell in the outer and inner face Cork Cell- Cells formed on the outer face of the cambium - Walls are suberized - Annual Ring: Inner Band- Larger; Formed in spring Springwood Outer Band- Thicker; Formed in summer Summerwood Comparison Sapwood vs Heartwood Criteria Sapwood Location Outer Color Lighter Nature of Cell Living Function Conduction Use Lumber Heartwood Inner Darker Dead Support and Strength Lumber