Unit 6

Ann Elizabeth Neaderman

elneade@online.no

5. Assignment for unit six, reading two

List 10 herbs that were mentioned in the Quran and find information on them using M. Grieves Database. Please write the passage from the Quran next to each of the ten herbs and a few sentences about the herb from M. Greives book.
Cucumbers 2:61 O Moses! We cannot endure one ... herbs and its cucumbers, and its cereals and its lentils, and its onions M. Grieve: the whole fruit peeled and unpeeled, raw and cooked.

Date 4:49-53, 4:78, 4:124, 6:95, 6:99, 16:11, 17:71, 19:25, 35:13 And shake towards you the trunk of the palm tree, it will drop on you fresh ripe dates. M. Grieve: No reference found

Fig 95:1 I swear] by the fig and the olive. (Qur'an, 95:1 M. Grieve: No reference found Fruit 16:11, 55:11 He sends down water from the sky from which we bring forth growth of every kind, and from that We bring forth the green shoots and from them We bring forth close-packed seeds, and, from the spathes of the date-palm, date clusters hanging down, and gardens of grapes and olives and pomegranates, both similar and dissimilar. Look at their fruits as they bear fruit and ripen. There are signs in that for people who believe. (Surat al-An am: 99) 55:11 wherein are fruit and sheathed palm-trees, Grapes 12:36, 16:11, 80:28 And two young men went to prison with him. One of them said: I dreamed that I was pressing wine. The other said: I dreamed that I was carrying upon my head bread whereof the birds were eating. Announce unto us the interpretation, for we see thee of those good (at interpretation).

Therewith He causeth crops to grow for you, and the olive and the date-palm and grapes and all kinds of fruit. Lo! Herein is indeed a portent for people who reflect. 80:28 and grapes and green fodder

M. Grieve: No reference given

Leaf 6:59 With Him are the keys of the unseen, the treasures that none knoweth but He. He knoweth whatever there is on the earth and in the sea. Not a leaf doth fall but with His knowledge: there is not a grain in the darkness (or depths) of the earth, nor anything fresh or dry (green or withered), but is (inscribed) in a record clear (to those who can read M Grieve: No reference given:

Lentils 2:61 And when you said: o musa! we cannot bear with one food, therefore pray lord on our behalf to bring forth for us out of what the earth grows, of its herbs and its cucumbers and its garlic and its lentils and its onions he said: will you exchange that which is better for that which is worse? enter a city, so you will have what you ask for. and abasement and humiliation were brought down upon them, and they became deserving of Allahs wrath; this was so because they disbelieved in the communications of Allah and killed the prophets unjustly; this was so because they disobeyed and exceeded the limits M. Grieve: No reference given Lotus 34:16 But they turned away (from Allah), and We sent against them the Flood (released) from the dams, and We converted their two garden (rows) into "gardens" producing bitter fruit, and tamarisks, and some few (stunted) Lote-trees. M. Grieve: No reference given

Nabaq 56:28 They shall be in the midst of thorn less lote trees, That is, lote-trees without thorns on them. This will be a superior kind of the lote-tree to be only found in Paradise, and its fruit likewise will be much superior to that found in the world. M. Grieve: No reference given

Olive 6:11, 6:99, 6:141, 24:35, 80:29, 95:1, 80:29 And he it is who produces gardens (of vine), trellised and untrellised, and palms and seedproduce of which the fruits are of various sorts, and olives and pomegranates, like and unlike; eat of its fruit when it bears fruit, and pay the due of it on the day of its reaping, and do not act extravagantly; surely he does not love the extravagant Say: "Travel through the earth and see what the end of those who rejected truth was." It is He who produceth gardens, with trellises and without, and dates, and tilth with produce of all kinds, and olives and pomegranates, similar (in kind) and different (in variety): eat of their fruit in their season, but render the dues that are proper on the day that the harvest is gathered. But waste not by excess: for Allah loveth not the wasters. Allah is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The Parable of His Light is as if there were a Niche and within it a Lamp: the Lamp enclosed in Glass: the glass as it were a brilliant star: Lit from a blessed Tree, an Olive, neither of the east nor of the west, whose oil is well-nigh luminous, though fire scarce touched it: Light upon Light! Allah doth guide whom He will to His Light: Allah doth set forth Parables for men: and Allah doth know all things. 80:29 and olive-trees and palm-trees 95:1 by the Fig and the Olive, M. Grieve: Parts used: The oil of the fruit leaves and barks.

Onions 2:61 And remember ye said: "O Moses! We cannot endure one kind of food (always); so beseech thy Lord for us to produce for us of what the earth groweth, -its pot-herbs, and cucumbers, Its garlic, lentils, and onions." He said: "Will ye exchange the better for the worse? Go ye down to any town, and ye shall find what ye want!" They were covered with humiliation and misery; they drew on themselves the wrath of Allah. This because they went on rejecting the Signs of Allah and slaying His Messengers without just cause. This because they rebelled and went on transgressing. M. Grieve: Parts used the bulb. Is useful in treating tumors, poultices, earache, and as syrup for colds. Palm 2:266, 5:11, 6:99, 6:141, 13:4, 16:67, 17:91, 18:32, 19:23-25, 20:71, 23:19, 36:34, 36:39, 54:20, 69:7, 80:29 It is He who produceth gardens, with trellises and without, and dates, and tilth with produce of all kinds, and olives and pomegranates, similar (in kind) and different (in variety): eat of their fruit in their season, but render the dues that are proper on the day that the harvest is gathered. But waste not by excess: for Allah loveth not the wasters.

Pomegranates 55:68

In both of them will be fruits and date-palms and pomegranates, the [latter] two [fruits] being from among these [fruits of the two gardens]; but it is also said that they belong to [the fruits of] some other [garden]. M. Grieve: the root, bark, the fruits, the rind of the fruit and the flowers.

Pumpkin 37:146 And we grew a tree of gourd (as a shelter) above him. M. Grieve: No reference found

Sidrat 53:14 Near the Lote-tree beyond which none may pass: AAinda sidrati almuntaha M Grieve: No reference found

Tamarisk 34:16 But they turned away from Permanent Values and we sent on them the Flood of the Aarim released from water dams. And we turned their Gardens into gardens producing wild bitter fruit, and a thorny Lote-tree here and a tree there. M Grieve: No reference given Thorny 88:16 And rich carpets spread out M. Grieve: no reference given

Timber 63:4 When thou lookest at them, their exteriors please thee; and when they speak, thou listenest to their words. They are as (worthless as hollow) pieces of timber propped up, (unable to stand on their own). They think that every cry is against them. They are the enemies; so beware of them. The curse of Allah be on them! How are they deluded (away from the Truth)! M. Grieve: No reference given Vine 16:67, 18:32 And from the fruits of the palm trees and grapevines you take intoxicant and good provision. Indeed in that is a sign for a people who reason.
O Muhammad, present a parable *36 before them. There were two persons; to one of those we gave two gardens of vine and surrounded them with a fence of date-palm trees and We kept a piece of land between them for cultivation. M. Grieve: No reference given

Zaqqum 44:43, 56:52 Surely the tree of the Zaqqum, M. Grieve: No reference given

5. Assignment for unit six, reading two

List 10 herbs that were mentioned in the Quran and find information on them using M. Grieves Database. Please write the passage from the Quran next to each of the ten herbs and a few sentences about the herb from M. Grieves book.

1. Who was Xenophanes and what did he notice about human kind? Xenophanes was the earliest philosopher to recognize man's practice of making gods in his own image and endowing them with human faculties and attributes. his story is largely associated with a pantheon of greater and lesser gods, which he has manufactured wholesale. Xenophanes was the earliest philosopher to recognize man's practice of making gods in his own image and endowing them with human faculties and attributes; the Thracians, he said, made their gods blue-eyed and red-haired, the Ethiopians, snub-nosed and black, while, if oxen and lions and horses had hands and could draw, they would represent their gods as oxen and lions and horses. In relation to nature and to disease, all through early history we find a pantheon full to repletion, bearing testimony no less to the fertility of man's imagination than to the hopes and fears which led him, in his exodus from barbarism, to regard his gods as "pillars of fire by night, and pillars of cloud by day."

2. In ancient Egypt anyone who treated a sick person had to find out two things. What were these two things? Once he found out these two things what did he have to do? Whoever treats a sick person has therefore two equally important duties to perform. He must first discover the nature of the spirit in possession, and, if necessary, its name, and then attack it, drive it out, or even destroy it. He can only succeed by powerful magic, so he must be an expert in reciting incantations, and skilful in making amulets. He must then use medicine [drugs and diet] to contend with the disorders which the presence of the strange being has produced in the body.

3. In ancient Egypt what was the supposed cause of most diseases? How does this differ from our view on disease today? Do you agree more with the ancient Egyptians or the modern way of looking at disease? Why? Diseases were believed to be due to hostile spirits, or caused by the anger of a god, so that medicines, no matter how powerful, could only be expected to assuage the pain; but magic alone, incantations, spells and prayers, could remove the disease.

I think most diseases today are caused by imbalances in the body, either through the food that we eat, things that we do or very often to things in the environment that we are exposed to, whether it be food, the air that we breathe or things that we could be around as an example in our work. 4. What were two things Egyptian medicine had in common with modern medicine? Alchemy or chemistry, which had its cradle in Egypt, and derived its name from Khami, an old title for this country, passed to the hands of the Greeks, and later of the Arabs, this sign passed with it. It was also adapted to some extent by the Gnostics of the early Christian church in Egypt. In a cursive form it is found in medieval translations of the works of Ptolemy the astrologer, as the sign of the planet Jupiter. As such it was placed upon horoscopes and upon formula containing drugs made for administration to the body, so that the harmful properties of these drugs might be removed under the influence of the lucky planet. At present, in a slightly modified form, it still figures at the top of prescriptions written daily in Great Britain. Two world-wide modes of practice found their earliest illustration in ancient Egypt. Magic, the first of these, represented the attitude of primitive man to nature.

There were gargles, salves, snuffs, inhalations, suppositories, fumigations, enemata, poultices and plasters; and they knew the use of opium, hemlock, the copper salts, squills and castor oil. 5. What is the most famous Egyptian medical document ancient Egypt ever discovered? The Royal Pharmacopoeia" of Moses Charras (London ed., 1678), the most scientific work of the day, is full of organ therapy and directions for the preparation of medicines from the most loathsome excretions. 6. What health necessity was regulated by law in ancient Egypt? One department of Egyptian medicine reached a high stage of development, hygiene. Cleanliness of the dwellings, of the cities and of the person was regulated by law, and the priests set a splendid example in their frequent ablutions. 7. How did ancient man view the world and how did this effect the way he tried to cure disease? Is this the same view we have of the world today? How does it differ? 8. What were saliva and worms used for in ancient Egypt? They were important ingredients in the pharmacopoeia. Saliva, urine, bile, fces, various parts of the body, dried and powdered, worms, insects, snakes were important ingredients in the pharmacopoeia. 9. What were powdered mummies used for in Europe? They believed that it cured various maladies, including curing wounds and balsams. 10. What did the word alchemy or chemistry come from? It came from the word Khami which is Greek.

Alchemy or chemistry, which had its cradle in Egypt, and derived its name from Khami, an old title for this country, passed to the hands of the Greeks, and later of the Arabs, this sign passed with it.

11. Our first recorded observations of anatomy are in connection with the art of divination. The first recorded observations on anatomy are in connection with the art of divination, the study of the future by the interpretation of certain signs. 12. What was the most important organ in ancient times and thought to be the seat of the soul? What has now replaced that organ as the most important in modern thought (Hint: Aristotle agreed with the modern doctors)? 13. What is hepatoscopy and when did it become a popular medical study? Hepatoscopy is the examination or the inspection of the liver of sacrificial animals. The Babylonians were famous for hepatoscopy. 14. What did the Babylonians contribute to medicine in their time? The important feature in Babylonian medicine is the evidence afforded by the famous Hammurabi Code (circa 2000 B. C). -- a body of laws, civil and religious, many of which relate to the medical profession. 15. How was mathematics regarded in the time of the Middle Ages? Mathematics along with astrology was long regarded with suspicion. 16. The medicine of the Old Testament was influenced by what race? THE medicine of the Old Testament betrays both Egyptian and Babylonian influences.

17. Ancient man defined magic as what? To primitive man, magic was the setting in motion of a spiritual power to help or to hurt the individual, and early forms may still be studied in the native races. This power, or "mana," as it is called, while possessed in a certain degree by all, may be increased by practice. Certain individuals come to possess it very strongly: among native Australians today it is still deliberately cultivated. Magic in healing seeks to control the demons, or forces; causing disease; and in a way it may be thus regarded as a "lineal ancestor of modern science" (Whetham), which, too, seeks to control certain forces, no longer, however, regarded as supernatural. Primitive man recognized many of these superhuman agencies relating to disease, such as the spirits of the dead, either human or animal, independent disease demons, or individuals who might act by controlling the spirits or agencies of disease. 18. In what Holy Book were enactments against witches magic to be found? In the Bible, Old Testament

19. How did the important feature in Babylonian medicine is the evidence afforded by the famous Hammurabi Code (circa 2000 B. C). -- a body of laws, civil and religious, many of which relate to the medical profession. differ from the Old Testament in its view on witches and divination? 20. What was the most popular healing tool in ancient times that is still popular today?

21. What are Yin and Yang and where are they spoken of? The Chinese believe in a universal animism, all parts being animated by gods and spectres, and devils swarm everywhere in numbers incalculable. The universe was spontaneously created by the operation of its Tao, "composed of two souls, the Yang and the Yin; the Yang represents light, warmth, production, and life, as also the celestial sphere from which all those blessings emanate; the Yin is darkness, cold, death, and the earth, which, unless animated by the Yang or heaven is dark, cold, dead. The Yang and the Yin are divided into an infinite number of spirits respectively good and bad, called shen and kwei; every man and every living being contains a shen and a kwei, infused at birth, and departing at death, to return to the Yang and the Yin. Thus man with his dualistic soul is a microcosmos, born from the macrocosmos spontaneously. Even every object is animated, as well as the Universe of which it is a part.

22. Who are the Wu? Is there a similar equivalent in Islam?

In the animistic religion of China, the Wu represented a group of persons of both sexes, who wielded, with respect to the world of spirits, capacities and powers not possessed by the rest of men. Many practitioners of Wu were physicians who, in addition to charms and enchantments, used death-banishing medicinal herbs. Of great antiquity, Wu-ism has changed in some ways its outward aspect, but has not altered its fundamental characters. The Wu, as exorcising physicians and practitioners of the medical art, may be traced in classical literature to the time of Confucius. In addition to charms and spells, there were certain famous poems which were repeated, one of which, by Han Y, of the T'ang epoch, had an extraordinary vogue. De Groot says that the "Ling," or magical power of this poem must have been enormous, seeing that its author was a powerful mandarin, and also one of the loftiest intellects China has produced. The only thing a little similar in Islam might be Sufi.

23. How did the Chinese believe that a persons health was determined? The Chinese system of healing divides people into dry, damp, hot, cold, and deficient and excess just as the Ayruvedic system divides people into vata, pitta & kapha (air water and fire). In the Ayruvedic system the Vata (air) predominant type is prone to neurological disorders, coldness, and dryness. Foods that have cool energy, dry and rough qualities with bitter or astringent tastes aggravate Vata. Vata should instead have warm, moist, nourishing, sweet and salty and sour foods.

24. How was the first medicine discovered? Our knowledge of Egyptian medicine is derived largely from the remarkable papyri dealing specially with this subject. Like animals, primitive man used plants as medicine. Animals seem to know what is good for them when they are ill. It may be inherited or instinctive knowledge, or a little bit of both. With prehistoric man it was probably the same thing. Over time with much experimentation, people came to know more and more about the helpful

plants around them. These herbs, fruits and vegetables were therefore the first medicine humans discovered. Like animals, primitive man used plants as medicine. Animals seem to know what is good for them when they are ill. It may be inherited or instinctive knowledge, or a little bit of both. With prehistoric man it was probably the same thing. Over time with much experimentation, people came to know more and more about the helpful plants around them. These herbs, fruits and vegetables were therefore the first medicine humans discovered.

25. In China what medical art reached its peak? The Wu, as exorcising physicians and practitioners of the medical art, may be traced in classical literature to the time of Confucius. In addition to charms and spells, there were certain famous poems which were repeated, one of which, by Han Y, of the T'ang epoch, had an extraordinary vogue. De Groot says that the "Ling," or magical power of this poem must have been enormous, seeing that its author was a powerful mandarin, and also one of the loftiest intellects China has produced. This poetic febrifuge is translated in full by de Groot (VI, 1054-1055), and the demon of fever, potent chiefly in the autumn, is admonished to be gone to the clear and limpid waters of the deep river. 26. Who practiced inoculation? During what era?
The Chinese practiced inoculation for smallpox as early as the eleventh century.

27. What influence did Pythagoras have on medicine? Pythagoras, whose life and work had an extraordinary influence upon medicine, particularly in connection with his theory of numbers, and the importance of critical days. 28. What in his teaching influenced medicine the most? His influence upon medicine, particularly in connection with his theory of numbers, and the importance of critical days. Nothing in his teaching dominated medicine so much as the doctrine of numbers, the sacredness of which seems to have had an enduring fascination for the medical mind. Many of the common diseases, such as malaria, or typhus, terminating abruptly on special days, favored this belief. How dominant it became and how persistent you may judge from the literature upon critical days, which is rich to the middle of the eighteenth century. 29. Many people refer to Hippocrates as the Father of Medicine. However, there were other famous doctors before him. Name one. The Crotonian physician Democedes. 30. How were State physicians elected in Platos time? They elected by a public assembly. 31. What is the doctrine of signatures?
An old herbal book that was full of illustrations upon which, the so-called doctrine of signatures depends. Observation came, and with it an ever widening experience. No society so primitive without some evidence of the existence of a healing art. It described

32. What did Aristotle say about the medical significance of dreams? The views on dreaming are developed out of Aristotles concepts of mind and imagination, and his observation of how people deal with sleeping and waking. For instance he saw

imagination as the result of sensory and subjective perception occurring after the disappearance of the sensed object. Recognising that the human mind can form powerful and realistic afterimages of things no longer present. Aristotle carried this insight into the realm of sleep and applied it to dreaming. He added to this the observation that while awake we have the easy ability to distinguish between what is an external object and what is our imagined object. In sleep however this faculty disappears or is almost completely absent. This produces the sense of enormous reality we have in dreams, and the feeling that we are facing actual events and people. The views on dreaming are developed out of Aristotles concepts of mind and imagination, and his observation of how people deal with sleeping and waking. For instance he saw imagination as the result of sensory and subjective perception occurring after the disappearance of the sensed object. Recognizing that the human mind can form powerful and realistic afterimages of things no longer present. Aristotle carried this insight into the realm of sleep and applied it to dreaming. He added to this the observation that while awake we have the easy ability to distinguish between what is an external object and what is our imagined object. In sleep however this faculty disappears or is almost completely absent. This produces the sense of enormous reality we have in dreams, and the feeling that we are facing actual events and people. 33. Hippocrates said that nature and the body could only be understood as a practical nature of the art, and in placing its highest good in the benefit of the patient. _____________________. 34. How did Hippocrates divide the body?
In Hippocratic writings and nothing can be clearer than the following statement from the work "The Nature of Man": "The body of man contains in itself blood and phlegm and yellow bile and black bile, which things are in the natural constitution of his body, and the cause of sickness and of health. He is healthy when they are in proper proportion between one another as regards mixture and force and quantity, and when they are well mingled together; he becomes sick when one of these is diminished or increased in amount, or is separated in the body from its proper mixture, and not properly mingled with all the others.

35. The great contribution that Hippocrates made to medicine was Hippocrates, came to excel, his theory being no more than an exact description or view of nature. He found that nature alone often terminates diseases, and works a cure with a few simple medicines, and often enough with no medicines at all. _______________________________________________________________. 36. Before 300 B.C. what was taboo in the medical field and how did Alexandria change this? Dissection of the human body was taboo.

37. What did Aristotle consider the central organ of the body? To Aristotle the heart was the central organ controlling the circulation, the seat of vitality, the source of the blood, the place in which it received its final elaboration and impregnation with animal heat. 38. Who was the first to make an exhaustive study of the pulse?
Praxagoras was one of the first to make an exhaustive study of the pulse.

39. In what areas did Alexandria contribute the most knowledge? Mechanics and physics, astronomy, mathematics and optics, the work of the Alexandrians constitutes the basis of a large part of our modern knowledge. Mechanics and physics, astronomy, mathematics and optics, the work of the Alexandrians constitutes the basis of a large part of our modern knowledge. Alexandria was the growth of the first great medical school of antiquity. 40. What was the Medieval thought expressed by Jerome that encouraged people not to bathe? Does your skin roughen without baths? Who is once washed in the blood of Christ needs not wash again." In this unfavorable medium for its growth, science was simply disregarded, not in any hostile spirit, but as unnecessary.

41. Who was a famous Italian medical professor during medieval times? Pythagoras also Empedocles of Agrigentum. 42. From what era is the earliest known complete manuscript? The earliest manuscript is the "Codex Laurentianus" of Florence, dating from the ninth century. 43. What did the Arabs do in less than a century that took the Germans a thousand years? They provoked the competition of the conquered Christians -- a healthy competition which secured the harmony of the races.

44. How did Greek medicine come to the Arabs originally? It was chiefly through the Nestorians that the Arabs became acquainted with Greek medicine, and there were two famous families of translators, the Bakhtishuas and the Mesus, both Syrians, and probably not very thoroughly versed in either Greek or Arabic. But the prince of translators, one of the finest figures of the century, was Honein, a Christian Arab, born in 809, whose name was Latinized as Joannitius. 45. Who was Honein? Honein was a Christian Arab, born in 809, whose name was Latinized as Joannitius. "The marvellous extent of his works, their excellence, their importance, and the trials he bore nobly at the beginning of his career, everything about him arouses our interest and sympathy. If he did not actually create the Oriental renaissance movement, certainly no one played in it a more active, decided and fruitful part." His industry was Colossal. He translated most of the works of Hippocrates and Galen, Aristotle and many others. His famous "Introduction" or "Isagoge," a very popular book in the middle Ages, is a translation of the "Microtegni" of Galen, a small hand-book, of which a translation is appended to Cholmeley's "John of Gaddesden." The first printed edition of it appeared in 147. 46. Who was called the rival to Galen? The first of the Arabians, known throughout the middle Ages as the Prince, the rival, indeed, of Galen, was the Persian Ibn Sina, better known as Avicenna, one of the greatest names in the history of medicine. 47. What was considered the medical bible for much of history? The "Canon" written by Ibn Sina or Avicenna was a medical bible for a longer period than any other work. 48. How did Avicenna spend the last days of his life?

Avicenna died in his fifty-eighth year. When he saw that physic was of no avail, resigning himself to the inevitable, he sold his goods, distributed the money to the poor, read the Koran through once every three days, and died in the holy month of Ramadan. His tomb at Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, still exists, a simple brickwork building, rectangular in shape, and surrounded by an unpretentious court. He sold his goods, distributed the money to the poor, read the Koran through once every three days, and died in the holy month of Ramadan. 49. What was one limitation of Arab medicine? Arabian medicine had certain very definite characteristics: the basis was Greek, derived from translations of the works of Hippocrates and Galen. No contributions were made to anatomy, as dissections were prohibited, or to physiology, 50. In what domain did the Arabs make the most advances? It was in the domain of chemistry that the Arabs made the greatest advances.

51. How did the Arab knowledge pass from the Arab world to South and Central Europe? Many of the translators of the period were Jews, and many of the works were translated from Hebrew into Latin. For years Arabic had been the learned language of the Jews, and in a large measure it was through them that the Arabic knowledge and the translations passed into South and Central Europe. 52. How was Roger Bacon important to medicine? Roger Bacon more than any other medieval mind he saw the need of the study of nature by a new method. The man who could write such a sentence as this: "Experimental science has three great prerogatives over other sciences; it verifies conclusions by direct experiment; it discovers truth which they never otherwise would reach; it investigates the course of nature and opens to us a knowledge of the past and of the future," is mentally of our day and generation. From the days of the Greeks, no one had had so keen an appreciation of what experiment meant in the development of human knowledge, and he was obsessed with the idea, so commonplace to us, that knowledge should have its utility and its practical bearing. "His chief merit is that he was one of the first to point the way to original research -- as opposed to the acceptance of an authority -- though he himself still lacked the means of pursuing this path consistently. 53. What authorities did Roger Bacon use in his treatise, Cure of Old Age and the Preservation of Youth? Roger Bacons authorities were largely Arabian. 54. Osler says of later European manuscripts that, The influence of the __________is striking. 55. The Greek doctrine of what colored all conceptions of disease until modern times? The four humors colored all the conceptions of disease. 56. What practice carried into the middle Ages and was looked at warily by the church but encouraged in University studies? 57. What is the Quadivium? The quadrivium is arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy

58. In Medieval times physicians practiced astrology. True or False? True

59. During what age did Europe start to reject the knowledge of the Arabs? Why? The middle Ages.

60. What three things did the 16th century do to medicine? The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries did three things in medicine -- shattered authority, laid the foundation of an accurate knowledge of the structure of the human body and demonstrated how its functions should be studied intelligently -- with which advances, as illustrating this period, may be associated the names of Paracelsus, Vesalius and Harvey.

61. How did Paracelsus feel about Avicenna? How did he express his feelings? At the Feast of St. John, the students had a bonfire in front of the university. Paracelsus came out holding in his hands the "Bible of medicine," Avicenna's "Canon," which he flung into the flames saying: "Into St. John's fire so that all misfortune may go into the air with the smoke." It was, as he explained afterwards, a symbolic act: "What has perished must go to the fire; it is no longer fit for use: what is true and living, that the fire cannot burn." With abundant confidence in his own capacity he proclaimed himself the legitimate monarch, the very Christ of medicine. "You shall follow me," cried he, "you, Avicenna, Galen, Rhasis, Montagnana, Mesues; you, Gentlemen of Paris, Montpellier, Germany, Cologne, Vienna, and whomsoever the Rhine and Danube nourish; you who inhabit the isles of the sea; you, likewise, Dalmatians, Athenians; thou, Arab; thou, Greek; thou, Jew; all shall follow me, and the monarchy shall be mine.

62. What project was Vesalius obsessed with in the 16th century? Did he accomplish his task? Vesalius set himself to accomplish was to give an accurate description of all the parts of the human body, with proper illustrations. He studied it in so orderly and thorough a manner that for the first time in history it could be presented in a way that explained the entire structure of the human body. Yes he wrote the "Fabrica" is one of the great books of the world, and would come in any century of volumes which embraced the richest harvest of the human mind. In medicine, it represents the full flower of the Renaissance. You can find the chef d'oeuvre in any medical library. 63. Who finally realized that blood moved in a circle? Harvey to put into practice the experimental method by which he demonstrated conclusively that the blood moved in a circle. 64. Who was the Dutch Hippocrates? Why was he called that? Boerhaave He was often spoken of as the Dutch Hippocrates, who inspired a group of distinguished students. I have already referred to the fact that Franciscus Sylvius at Leyden was the first among the moderns to organize systematic clinical teaching. Under Boerhaave, this was so developed that to this Dutch university students flocked from all parts of Europe. After teaching botany and

chemistry, Boerhaave succeeded to the chair of physic in 1714. With an unusually wide general training, a profound knowledge of the chemistry of the day and an accurate acquaintance with all aspects of the history of the profession, he had a strongly objective attitude of mind towards disease, following closely the methods of Hippocrates and Sydenham. He adopted no special system, but studied disease as one of the phenomena of nature. His clinical lectures, held biweekly, became exceedingly popular and were made attractive not less by the accuracy and care with which the cases were studied than by the freedom from fanciful doctrines and the frank honesty of the man. He was much greater than his published work would indicate, and, as is the case with many teachers of the first rank, his greatest contributions were his pupils.

65. What does the author say that science hopes to accomplish by knowing the world better? I believe that he was hopeful through education, organization, cooperation in knowing the cause of the disease, knowing how it is distributed, better able to recognize the early symptoms, better able to cure a very considerable portion of all early cases of diseases. 66. Who laid the foundations of modern clinical medicine according to Osler? It was a pupil of Corvisart, Rene Thophile Laennec, who laid the foundation of modern clinical medicine. 67. What was Pasteurs ambition that he shared with the King? Pasteur assured the French Emperor of his ambition "to arrive at the knowledge of the causes of putrid and contagious diseases. After a study upon the diseases of wines, which has had most important practical bearings, an opportunity arose which changed the whole course of his career, and profoundly influenced the development of medical science. A disease of the silkworm had, for some years, ruined one of the most important industries in France, and in 1865 the Government asked Pasteur to give up his laboratory work and teaching, and to devote his whole energies to the task of investigating it.

68. What did Koch prove in his paper about anthrax? His literature as the starting point of a new method of research into the causation of infectious diseases. Koch demonstrated the constant presence of germs in the blood of animals dying from the disease. Koch by means of a new technique, -- pure cultures and isolated staining, -introduced us to a new world. Koch grew these organisms in a pure culture outside the body, and to produce the disease artificially by inoculating animals with the cultures. 69. What does the author call one of the most momentous discoveries ever? The bacillus tuberculosis by Koch. Bacillus tuberculosis was one of the most momentous discoveries.

70. When doctors discovered parasites and germs how did their perception of medicine change? Yes, with the discovery of parasites and germs it opened a whole new field in the treatment and in the prevention of many diseases.

71. What does Dr. Payne say is the basis of medicine? Dr. Payne said that "the basis of medicine is sympathy and the desire to help others and whatever is done with this end must be called medicine."

He said "the basis of medicine is sympathy and the desire to help others and whatever is done with this end must be called medicine."

72. What work did Claude Bernard do?] One of the greatest contributions of the nineteenth century to scientific medicine was the discovery of the internal secretions of organs. The basic work on the subject was done by Claude Bernard, a pupil of the great Magendie, whos saying it is well to remember -- "When entering a laboratory one should leave theories in the cloakroom." 73. How did Pliny learn anatomy? He picked up his earliest knowledge from the observation of certain practices in animals, as the natural phlebotomy of the plethoric hippopotamus, or the use of emetics from the dog. 74. For long centuries Egypt represented possession of knowledge true or false? True Egypt became a center from which civilization spread to the other peoples of the Mediterranean. For long centuries, to be learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians meant the possession of all knowledge.

75. Sanitation is called a modern revolution in the later pages of Oslers work; however earlier in the document he credits Great Britain with following important cleanliness procedures. Sanitation takes its place among the great modern revolutions- Political, social and intellectual. Great Britain deserves the credit for the first practical recognition of the maxim salus populi lex. In the middle and latter part of the century a group of men, Southwood Smith, Chadwick, Budd, Murchison, Simon, Acland, Buchanan, J. WI Russell and Benjamin Ward Richardson, put practical sanitation on a scientific basis. Even before the germ theory they had grasped the conception that the battle had to be fought against a living contagion which found in poverty, filth and wretched homes the conditions for its existence. The terrible Disease of Typhus Fever was practically wiped out in twenty-five years of hard work. The interdependence of the sciences of the discovery of the transmissions of diseases, The flea, the louse, the bedbug, the house fly, the mosquito and the tick took their places as important transmitters of disease. 76. What do we know about medicine and Neolithic skulls? The oldest existing evidence of a very extraordinary practice, that of trephining. Neolithic skulls with disks of bone removed have been found in nearly all parts of the world. Many careful studies have been made of this procedure, particularly by the great anatomist and surgeon, Paul Broca, and M. Lucas-Championnire has covered the subject in a monograph. Broca suggests that the trephining was done by scratching or scraping, but, as Lucas- Championnire holds, it was also done by a series of perforations made in a circle with flint instruments, and a round piece of skull in this way removed; traces of these drill-holes have been found. The operation was done for epilepsy, infantile convulsions, headache, and various cerebral diseases believed to be caused by confined demons, to which the hole gave a ready method of escape. 77. Who is the God of Medicine in Ancient Egypt?

Zoser the Greeks, called him Imouthes, recognized their own Asclepius.