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*Monohybrid Inheritance * Monohybrid cross- a cross involving contrasting expression of one trait A. Parental (P1) Generation- an initial cross between two varieties B. First Filial (F1) Generation- offspring of P1 C. Dominance- a phenomenon by w/c one trait appears and the other does not even through the factors for both are present. D. Gene an inherited factor that determines a biological characteristic of organisms. E. Allele the 2 individual genes in a particular gene pair F. Homozygous when a gene pair in an organism contains two identical alleles. G. Heterozygous when two diff. alleles are present in a single gene pair H. Dominant Alleles a gene that masks the effect of the other gene that is expressed as a trait. I. Recessive an allele that is not expressed heterozygous individuals. J. Phenotype refers to appearance of an organism. - refers to the biological appearance including chemical, structural, & behavioral attributes that one can observe about an organism but excludes its genetic contribution. K. Genotype refers to the genetic factor that influence the appearance - defines only the complement of genetic material that can organism inherits from its parents. If man, is homozygous for curly hair reproduces with his wife who has straight hair. What type of hair will child have? SOLUTION: *Curly Hair- Dominant (C) * Straight Hair- Recessive (c) Genotype of F1 *Man- CC *Wife- cc Punnet Square- (Regionald Conndall Punnet) C C (Man) * GR: 4/4 or 100% heterozygous curly hair c Cc Cc * PR: 4/4 or 100% curly hair (Wife) c Cc Cc In garden peas round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seed. A plant that is homozygous for round seeds is crossed with a plant that is heterozygous. What percentage of plants will have round seeds? What is the chance of the offspring being heterozygous? * Round seeds Dominant (R) * Wrinkled seeds Recessive (r) * GR: 2/4 or 50% homozygous round Genotype P1 2/4 or 50% heterozygous round P- RR x Rr * PR: 4/4 or 100% round seeds R R R RR RR r Rr Rr

In humans, brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. If a couple are both heterozygous for brown eyes, reproduces with one another, will the child have brown eyes or blue eyes. *Brown eyes Dominant (B) B b *GR: 1/4 or 25 homozygous brown *Blue eyes Recessive (b) B BB Bb 2/4 or 25 heterozygous brown Genotype P1 b Bb bb 1/4 or 25 homozygous recessive blue Bb *PR: 3/4 or 75% brown Bb 1/4 or 25% blue In guinea pigs, the allele for black color is dominant over the allele for light color. Predict the offspring of a cross between hybrid guinea pigs. *Black color Dominant (B) B b *GR: 1/4 or 25 homozygous black *Light color Recessive (b) B BB Bb 2/4 or 25 heterozygous black Genotype P1 b Bb bb 1/4 or 25 homozygous light P1 Bb x Bb *PR: 3/4 or 75% black 1/4 or 25% light

Laws of Probability P1 Bb X Bb Change: B 1/2 B b B b b 1/2

1. Multiplicative Law of probability - states that the probability or chance of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of their chance of occurring separately. Chance BB: (1/2 B) x (1/2 B) : 1/4 BB Bb: (1/2 B) x (1/2 b) : 1/4 Bb bB: (1/2 b) x (1/2 B) : 1/4 bB bb: (1/2 B) x (1/2 b) : 1/4 bb 2. Additive Law of Probability -the change of an event can occur in two or more ways in the sum of the individual chance. 1/2B 1/2B 1/4BB 1/4BB 1/2b 1/2b 1/4Bb 1/4Bb 1/4bb 1/4Bb 1/4bb

3:1 Ratio

A. Incomplete Dominance (Carl Correns) Ex. Red flower x White flower RR x WW R R W RW RW W RW RW RW RR RW RW RW WW

100% Pink

R W

B. Codominance in Cattle Red Cattle White R1 R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 - Red R2 - White

R2 R2

R1R2 reddish gray/ C. Lethal Genes 1. Tay Sachs Disease - Nerve cells fail to synthesize an enzyme involved in the breakdown of lipids. 2. Sickle Cell Anemia - Damage in hemoglobin content in the blood D. Dominance Lethal Gene 1. Tay Sachs Disease nerve damage 2. Epilonia abnormal skin growth *Modifier Genes genes that modify the phenotypic appearance *Suppressors contradicts the modifier