Engr. Rex Jason H.

Agustin
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Strength of Materials
deals with the nature and effects of stresses in the
parts of engineering structures
Its principal object is to determine the proper size
and form of pieces which have to bear given loads,
or, conversely, to determine the loads which can be
safely applied to pieces whose dimensions and
arrangement are already given.
Stress
The ratio of the applied load to the cross-
sectional area of an element experiencing
the force.
TYPES OF SIMPLE STRESS
With normal stress, , the area is normal
to the force carried.
P

P

P

P

1. Normal / Axial Stress

= P / A
P = Tensile / Compressive Load
A = Cross Sectional Area
P

P

d

Sheared area












2. SHEARING STRESS
a. Single Shear
2
4
S
A d
t
=
= P/A
A = Total Sheared Area
Double Shear
P
P
Sheared area
= P/A
A = Total Sheared Area
A = 2 D
2
/ 4
Punching Shear
Sheared Area

p
= P / A
s

A
s
= D t
II. THIN-WALLED CYLINDERS
P
P
t
i
D
t
L
a. Tangential Stress
S
t
= D/2t
= pressure in N/mm
2
D = inside diameter
t = thickness in mm
BARLOW FORMULA
b. Longitudinal Stress
S
L
= D/4t
= pressure in N/mm
2

D = inside diameter
t = thickness in mm
Thermal Stress
Linear Expansion
L =
L
L (T)

Volumetric Expansion
V =
V
V (T)

Stress due to Thermal Expansion
Strain
A measure of the deformation of the
material that is dimensionless.
The change of shape produced by stress
= L / L
Where: = strain
L = change in length
L = original length
Hookes Law
Stress is directly proportional to Strain


named after the physicist Robert Hooke, 1676
= E ; E = /
= Stress
= Strain
E = Modulus of Elasticity
(Youngs Modulus) (GPa)
Poissons Ratio
the ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal
extension strain in the direction of stretching force
Tensile deformation is considered positive and compressive
deformation is considered negative
= -
lateral
/
longitudinal

Stress Strain Graph
Elastic Limit
the point at which permanent deformation
occurs, that is, after the elastic limit, if the
force is taken off the sample, it will not return
to its original size and shape, permanent
deformation has occurred.
Proportional Limit
The greatest stress at which a material is
capable of sustaining the applied load without
deviating from the proportionality of stress to
strain.

Ultimate Strength (Tensile)
The maximum stress a material withstands
when subjected to an applied load.
The stress required to produce rupture.

Yield Strength
Stress at which material exceeds the elastic
limit and will not return to its origin shape
or length if the stress is removed.
Working Stress
the actual stress of a material under a given
loading
Allowable Stress
The maximum safe stress that a material can
carry

Factor of Safety
The ratio of ultimate strength to allowable
strength

The condition under which the stress is
constant or uniform is known as

A. Simple stress

B. Shearing stress

C. Tangential stress

D. Normal stress
The highest ordinate on the stress-strain curve
is called

A. rupture stress

B. elastic limit

C. ultimate stress or ultimate strength

D. proportional limit
Shearing stress is also known as

A. Simple stress

B. Shearing stress

C. Tangential stress

D. Normal stress
Stress caused by forces perpendicular to the
areas on which they act is called

A. Simple stress

B. Shearing stress

C. Tangential stress

D. Normal stress
What type of stress is produced whenever the
applied load cause one section of a body to
tend to slide past its adjacent section?

A. normal stress

B. sliding stress

C. shearing stress

D. bearing stress
The ratio of the unit lateral deformation to the
unit longitude deformation is called

A. compressibility

B. bulk modulus

C. shear modulus

D. Poissons ratio
It describes the length elasticity of the material.

A. Bulk modulus

B. Youngs modulus or tensile modulus

C. Modulus of Compressibility

D. Shear modulus
Determine the outside diameter of a hollow
steel tube that will carry a tensile load of 500 kN
at a stress of 140 MPa. Assume the wall
thickness to be one-tenth of the outside
diameter.

A. 132 mm C. 113 mm

B. 143 mm D. 133 mm
What force is required to punch a 20-mm
diameter hole through a 10-mm thick
plate having ultimate strength of 450
MPa?

a.) 283 kN c.) 382 kN
b.) 312 kN d.) 293 kN
A spherical pressure vessel 400-mm in
diameter has a uniform thickness of 6 mm. The
vessel contains gas under a pressure of 8 MPa.
If the ultimate tensile stress of the material is
420 MPa, what is the factor of safety with
respect to tensile failure?

A. 3.15 C. 3.4

B. 1.90 D. 2.6
A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 150
mm
2
is stretched between two fixed points. The
tensile load at 20C is 5000 N. What will be the
stress at -20C? Assume =11.7 m/m C and
E=200x10
9
N/m2.

A. 112.8 MPa C. 132.4 MPa

B. 117.9 MPa D. 126.9 MPa
Elongation ()
P = Force
L = Original Length
A = Cross Sectional Area
E = Youngs Modulus
= PL / AE
Elongation due to Weight ()
= unit mass
g = gravity
E = Youngs Modulus
= gL
2
/ 2E
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of
300mm
2
and length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end .It supports a load of 20
kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is
7850 kg/m
3
and E=200 GPa, find the total
elongation of the rod.

A. 33.45 mm C. 53.44 mm

B. 54.33 mm D. 35.44 mm
The straight-line portion of the stress-strain
diagram has slope equal to the
_____________of the material.


A. modulus of rigidity

B. compressibility

C. modulus of elasticity

D. shear modulus
The stress beyond which the material will not
return to its original shape when unloaded is
called

A. elastic limit

B. maximum stress

C. ultimate stress

D. allowable stress
Torsion
In solid mechanics, it is the twisting of an
object due to an applied torque
Torsion

MAX
= T*r / J

MAX
= maximum shear stress
J = polar moment of inertia
r = outer radius of the shaft
c
Polar Moment of Inertia
Solid Shaft:
J = D
4
/ 32

Hollow Shaft:
J = (D
o
4
D
i
4
) / 32

Angle of Twist
= TL / JG
T = Torque
L = Length
J = Polar Moment of Inertia
G = Shear Modulus
Power Transmitted by Shaft
P = T = T(2f)
or
P = 2 T n
P = power (W)
T = Torque (Nm)
f = frequency (Hz)
n = angular speed (rev/s)
What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel
shaft that will not twist through more than 3 in a
6-m length when subjected to a torque of 14
kN-m? Use G=83 GN/m2.

A. 118 mm

B. 145 mm

C. 122 mm

D. 113 mm
Determine the length of the shortest 2-mm
diameter bronze wire which can be twisted
through two complete turns without exceeding a
shearing stress of 70 MPa. Use G=35 GPa.

A. 6280 mm

B. 3420 mm

C. 1280 mm

D. 1658 mm
Spring
device made of an elastic material that
undergoes a significant change in shape, or
deformation, under an applied load

Helical Spring
a spiral wound wire with a constant coil
diameter and uniform pitch
Common Forms:
Compression Spring
Tension Spring
Helical Spring
Max Shearing Stress
Approximate:

Exact:



R = mean radius of spring (D is mean diameter)
d = diameter of wire
m = D/d
max
3
16PR d
1
d 4R
| |
t = +
|
t
\ .
max
3
16PR 4m 1 0.615
d 4m 4 m

| |
t = +
|
t
\ .
Spring Deformation


= 64PR
3
n / Gd
4

P
L
o
Determine the maximum shearing stress in a
helical steel spring composed of 20 turns of 20-
mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 80 mm
when the spring is supporting a load of 2kN.

A. 120.6 MPa

B. 117.9 MPa

C. 132.4 MPa

D. 126.9 MPa
CABLES
I. Parabolic
Parabolic Cable
Tension at the Support
T
2
= (L/2)
2
+ H
2


Approximate Length of Cable
S = L + 8d
2
/3L 32d
4
/5L
3


Tension at the Lowest Point
H = L
2
/ 8d
L = Horizontal Span
d = sag of cable
= weight per unit length


II. Catenary
The theoretical shape of a
hanging flexible chain or
cable when supported at its
ends and acted upon by a
uniform gravitational force
(its own weight) and in
equilibrium. The curve has
a U shape that is similar in
appearance to the
parabola, though it is a
different curve.
Catenary Cable
Tension at the support
T
L
= y
L



1 1 2 2
1 2
Distance Between supports :
S y S y
x cln x cln
c c
+ +
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
( )
( ) ( )
1 2
2
2
1 1
2 2
2 2
Tension at the support T & T :
T H S
T H S
= + e
= + e
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1
2 2 2
2 2
Relationship among S, y &c :
S y c
S y c
=
=
Catenary
= weight per unit length
y = height of the support (respective)
c = minimum clearance from the ground
S = cable length (respective)

What tension must be applied at the ends of an
aluminum cable supporting a load of 0.5 kg per
horizontal meter in a span of 100 m if the sag is
to be limited to 1.25 m?

A. 423.42 kg

B. 329.82 kg

C. 500.62 kg

D. 184.29 kg
Calculate the allowable spacing of the two
towers to carry a flexible wire cable weighing
0.03 kg per horizontal meter if the maximum
tension at the lowest point is not to exceed 1150
kg at sag of 0.50 m.

A. 248 m C. 390 m

B. 408 m D. 422 m
A cable 600 m long weighing 1500 N per meter
has tension of 750 kN at each end. Compute
the maximum sag of the cable.

A. 200 m

B. 150 m

C. 100 m

D. 220 m
The light cable supports a mass of 12 kg per
meter of horizontal length and is suspended
between the two points on the same level 300
m apart. If the sag is 60 m, find the total length
of the cable.

A. 329 m C. 139 m

B. 239 m D. 429 m
TO GOD BE THE GLORY!
End of session.