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Post-Colonialism: Definition, Development and Examples from India This speech deals with the phenomenon of post-colonialism. It presents general definitions of the post-colonial theory and provides some information about its development as well as illustrating background knowledge about basic landmarks of India's colonial past. It then concentrates onthe post-colonial development of India which was a British colony until 1947. 1. Post-colonialism in general1.1 Definition Post-colonialism is an intellectual direction (sometimes also called an era or the postcolonialtheory) that exists since around the middle of the 20 th century. It developed from and mainlyrefers to the time after colonialism. The postcolonial direction was created as colonial countries became independent. Nowadays, aspects of post-colonialism can be found not only in sciencesconcerning history, literature and politics, but also in approach to culture and identity of both thecountries that were colonised and the former colonial powers. However, post-colonialism cantake the colonial time as well as the time after colonialism into consideration. 1.2 Development The term decolonisation seems to be of particular importance while talking about postcolonialism. In this case it means an intellectual process that persistently transfers theindependence of former-colonial countries into peoples minds. The basic idea of this process isthe deconstruction of old-fashioned perceptions and attitudes of power and oppression that wereadopted during the time of colonialism.First attempts to put this long-term policy of decolonising the minds into practice could beregarded in the Indian population after India became independent from the British Empire in1947.However, post-colonialism has increasingly become an object of scientific examination since1950 when Western intellectuals began to get interested in the Third World countries. In theseventies, this interest lead to an integration of discussions about post-colonialism in variousstudy courses at American Universities. Nowadays it also plays a remarkable role at EuropeanUniversities.A major aspect of post-colonialism is the rather violent-like, unbuffered contact or clash of cultures as an inevitable result of former colonial times; the relationship of the colonial power tothe (formerly) colonised country, its population and culture and vice versa seems extremelyambiguous and contradictory.This contradiction of two clashing cultures and the wide scale of problems resulting from it must be regarded as a major theme in post-colonialism: For centuries the colonial suppressor often had been forcing his civilised values on the natives. But when the native population finally gainedindependence, the colonial relicts were still omnipresent, deeply integrated in the natives mindsand were supposed to be removed.So decolonisation is a process of change, destruction and, in the first place, an attempt to regain and lose power. While natives had to learn how to put independence into practice, colonial powers had to accept the loss of power over foreign countries. However, both sides have to dealwith their past as suppressor and suppressed.This complicated relationship mainly developed from the Eurocentric perspective from whichthe former colonial powers saw themselves: Their colonial policy was often criticised asarrogant, ignorant, brutal and simply nave. Their final colonial failure and the totalindependence

of the once suppressed made the process of decolonisation rather tense andemotional.Post-colonialism also deals with conflicts of identity and cultural belonging. Colonial powerscame to foreign states and destroyed main parts of native tradition and culture; furthermore, theycontinuously replaced them with their own ones. This often lead to conflicts when countries became independent and suddenly faced the challenge of developing a new nationwide identityand self-confidence.As generations had lived under the power of colonial rulers, they had more or less adopted their Western tradition and culture. The challenge for these countries was to find an individual way of proceeding to call their own. They could not get rid of the Western way of life from one day tothe other; they could not manage to create a completely new one either.On the other hand, former colonial powers had to change their self-assessment. This paradoxidentification process seems to be what decolonisation is all about, while postcolonialism is theintellectual direction that deals with it and maintains a steady analysis from both points of view.So how is this difficult process of decolonisation being done? By the power of language, evenmore than by the use of military violence. Language is the intellectual means by which post-colonial communication and reflection takes place. This is particularly important as mostcolonial powers tried to integrate their language, the major aspect of their civilised culture, inforeign societies.A lot of Indian books that can be attached to the era of post-colonialism, for instance, are writtenin English. The crossborder exchange of thoughts from both parties of the post-colonial conflictis supported by the use of a shared language.To give a conclusion of it all, one might say that postcolonialism is a vivid discussion aboutwhat happened with the colonial thinking at the end of the colonial era. What legacy arouse fromthis era? What social, cultural and economical consequences could be seen and are still visibletoday? In these contexts, one examines alternating experiences of suppression, resistance,gender, migration and so forth. While doing so, both the colonising and colonised side are takeninto consideration and related to each other. The main target of post-colonialism remains thesame: To review and to deconstruct one-sided, worn-out attitudes in a lively discussion of colonisation. 2. The post-colonial experience in India2.1 History of Indian colonialism In the 16 th century, European powers began to conquer small outposts along the Indian coast.Portugal, the Netherlands and France ruled different regions in India before the British East India Company was founded in 1756.The British colonialists managed to control most parts of India while ruling the key citiesCalcutta, Madras and Bombay as the main British bases. However, there still remained a fewindependent regions (Kashmir among others) whose lords were loyal to the British Empire.In 1857, the first big rebellion took place in the north of India. The incident is also named Firstwar of Indian Independence, the Sepoy Rebellion or the Indian Mutiny, depending on theindividual perspective. This was the first time Indians rebelled in massive numbers against the presence and the rule of the British in South Asia. The rebellion failed and the British colonialistscontinued their rule.In 1885, the National Indian Congress (popularly called Congress) was founded. Itdemanded that the Indians should have their proper legitimate share in the

government. Fromthen on, the Congress developed into the main body of opposition against British colonial rule.Besides, a Muslim anti-colonial organisation was founded in 1906, called the Muslim League.While most parts of the Indian population remained loyal to the British colonial power during theFirst World War, more and more Muslim people joined the Indian independence movement sincethey were angry about the division of the Ottoman Empire by the British.The non-violent resistance against British colonial rule, mainly initiated and organised byMahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, finally lead to independence in 1947.At the same time, the huge British colony was split into two nations: The secular Indian Unionand the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan. The Muslim League had demanded for an independentMuslim state with a majority of Muslims.India became a member of the British Commonwealth after 1947. 2.2 Post-colonial development in India The Partition of India (also called the Great Divide) lead to huge movements and an ethnicconflict across the Indian-Pakistani border. While around 10 million Hindus und Sikhs wereexpelled from Pakistan, about 7 million Muslims crossed the border to from India to Pakistan.Hundreds of thousands of people died in this conflict. Ever since these incidents, there have beentensions between India and Pakistan which lead to different wars particularly in the Kashmir region.For decades the Congress Party ruled the democratic country which had become a republic withits own constitution in 1950. In 1977 the opposition gained the majority of votes. In 1984, after the Congress Party had regained the majority, conflicts with the cultural minority of the Sikhslead to the assassination of the Indian prime minister Indira Ghandi.Today, apart from the significant economic progress, India is still facing its old problems:Poverty, overpopulation, environmental pollution as well as ethnic and religious conflicts between Hindus and Muslims. Additionally, the Kashmir conflict has not come to an end yet,while both Pakistan and Indian are threatening each other with their arsenals of atomic weapons.Concerning post-colonial literature, Edward Saids book Orientalism (published in 1978) isregarded as the beginning of post-colonial studies. In this book the author analyses howEuropean states initiated colonialism as a result of what they called their own racial superiority.The religious-ethnic conflicts between different groups of people play an important role in theearly years of post-colonialism. Eye-witnesses from both sides of the Indian-Pakistani conflictwrote about their feelings and experience during genocide, being confronted to blind andirrational violence and hatred. The Partition is often described as an Indian trauma.One example for a post-colonial scriptwriter who wrote about this conflict is Saddat HasanManto (1912 1955). He was forced to leave Bombay and to settle in Lahore, Pakistan. He published a collection of stories and sketches (Mottled Dawn) that deal with this dark era of Indian history and its immense social consequences and uncountable tragedies.Furthermore, there are many different approaches to the topic of intercultural exchange betweenthe British and the Indian population. Uncountable essays and novels deal with the ambiguousrelationship between these two nations. One particularly interesting phenomenon is that authorsfrom both sides try to write from different angles and perspectives and in that way to showempathy with their cultural counterpart.The most famous novelist who wrote about these social and cultural exchanges is SalmanRushdie. Rushdie, who won the booker prize among various others, was born in India, butstudied in England and started writing

books about India and the British in the early eighties. Hisfunny, brave, metaphoric and sometimes even ironical way of writing offers a multi-perspectiveapproach to the postcolonial complex. This can be also seen in his book Midnights Children.In the past, Salman Rushdie was also repeatedly threatened by Irani fundamentalists because of his critical writing about Muslim extremism in the Middle East.Another famous postcolonial novel is Heat and Dust (published in 1975) by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala that contains two plot set in different times: One about a British lady starting an affair with a local Indian prince in the 1920s, the other one set in the 1970s, featuring young Europeanson a hippie trail who claim they have left behind Western civilisation and are trying to somespiritual home among Indian gurus.Bollywood has become a notorious synonym for the uprising Indian film industry in recentyears. Young Indian scriptwriters have discovered post-colonial issues as themes for their moviesand as a way of dealing with the changeful past of their country.Concerning the integration of Western values in the Indian population and culture, one can saythat the British influence is still omnipresent in the Asian subcontinent. The reason for this can bealso found in the persistence of the English language.Many Indians are conversant with the English language, because the British colonialists intendedto export their values and culture by teaching the Indian population their language. This wasregarded as the basic fundament for further education. Top of Form Search Bottom of Form Search History: Searching... Result 00 of 00 00 results for result for p. Colonialism and India General essay by Nils Ole Gluck Download or Print Add To Collection 29.3K Reads 33 Readcasts 6 Embed Views This is a private document. Published by Medway08 Follow Top of Form

Search Bottom of Form TIP Press Ctrl-FF to search anywhere in the document. Info and Rating Category: Uncategorized. 5.0 Rating: (3 Ratings) Upload Date: 05/22/2008 Copyright: Attribution Non-commercial India Colonialism India Tags: Colonialism (fewer) Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Word Doc (.doc), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Flag document for inapproriate content http://www.scribd.com/doc/3047993/Colonialism-and-India 01/30/2013 pdf text original Download and print this document Read offline in your PDF viewer Edit this document in Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft Word, Notepad Keep a copy in case this version is deleted from Scribd Read and print without ads Email the file Choose a format to download in Top of Form .PDF .DOC .TXT Bottom of Form Download Choose a format to download in Top of Form

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