Mark Scheme January 2009

GCE

GCE O Chemistry (7081)

Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH

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January 2009 All the material in this publication is copyright Edexcel Ltd 2009

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Contents

1. 2.

Paper 1 Mark Scheme Paper 2 Mark Scheme

6 14

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7081/01 Chemistry Paper 1 Question Number 1 Acceptable Answers

BrCaBr2 aluminium sulphate Al2(SO4)3 iron(II) nitrate / ferrous nitrate Fe2+ Cr3+ Cr(OH)3

Reject
BR-, CA2+ etc

Mark (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (Total 8 Marks)

Question Number 2 (a) Question Number 2 (b) Question Number 2 (c) Question Number 2 (d) Question Number 2 (e) Question Number 2 (f)

Acceptable Answers 2,8,8,2 Acceptable Answers 2,8,8 Acceptable Answers 35 Acceptable Answers 7 Acceptable Answers 5 Acceptable Answers 5

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1) (Total 6 Marks)

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Question Number 3 (a) Question Number 3 (b) Question Number 3 (c) Question Number 3 (d) Question Number 3 (e) Question Number 3 (f)

Acceptable Answers white Acceptable Answers blue Acceptable Answers purple or violet Acceptable Answers black Acceptable Answers white Acceptable Answers dark blue or deep blue

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1) (Total 6 Marks)

Question Number 4 (a) Question Number 4 (b)

Acceptable Answers He / Ne / Ar / Kr / Xe / Rn or full names Acceptable Answers hydrochloric / sulphuric / nitric acid or HCl / H2SO4 / HNO3 Acceptable Answers carbon monoxide / CO Acceptable Answers chlorine / Cl2 Acceptable Answers copper(II) oxide / CuO Acceptable Answers methane / CH4

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject hydrogen chloride

Mark (1)

Question Number 4 (c) Question Number 4 (d) Question Number 4 (e) Question Number 4 (f)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

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(Total 6 Marks) Question Number 5 (a) Acceptable Answers moles of P = 22.5/31 (= 0.726) and moles of Cl = 77.5/35.5 (= 2.18) P:Cl = 1:3 hence PCl3 Question Number 5 (b) Acceptable Answers pairs of electrons in covalent bonds correctly shown other electrons correct (mark dependent on first being awarded) Question Number 5 (c) Acceptable Answers Any two : chloroethane / ethyl chloride or C2H5Cl hydrogen chloride or HCl phosphorus oxychloride or POCl3 Reject Reject Reject Mark (1) (1) (1) Mark (1) (1)

Mark (1) (1)

(Total 7 Marks) Question Number 6 (a)(i) Acceptable Answers X proton Y neutron Z electron Acceptable Answers proton and neutron or X and Y Acceptable Answers atomic no. = 3 mass no. = 7 Acceptable Answers 3 protons + 3 neutrons / 3X and 3Y Acceptable Answers same number of electrons (in outer shell)/ same electron configuration / same electron arrangement Reject Reject Reject Reject Reject Mark (1) (1) (1) Mark (1) Mark (1) (1) Mark (1) Mark (1)

Question Number 6 (a)(ii) Question Number 6 (a)(iii) Question Number 6 (b)(i) Question Number 6 (b)(ii)

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(Total 8 Marks)

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Question Number 7 (a) Question Number 7 (b)

Acceptable Answers condensation / liquefaction Acceptable Answers in steam, particles are far apart; and move freely/randomly / long distances before collision; in water, particles are close together; and can only move short distances before collision / slide past each other; Acceptable Answers water to steam: particles have to be completely separated/intermolecular forces have to be completely overcome. ice to water: particles need to be loosened / intermolecular forces partially overcome

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1) (1) (1) (1)

Question Number 7 (c)

Reject

Mark (1)

(1)

(Total 7 Marks) Question Number 8 (a)(i) Acceptable Answers explodes/violent reaction / ignites any ONE any ONE Reject Reject Mark (1) (1) Mark (1) (1) Reject Mark

floats/moves on surface / fizzes / melts Question Number 8 (a)(ii) Acceptable Answers 2Rb + 2H2O formulae balance 2RbOH + H2

Question Number 8 (b)

Acceptable Answers 2RbNO3 formulae balance 2RbNO2 + O2

(1) (1) (Total 6 Marks)

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Question Number 9 (a)(i) Question Number 9 (a)(ii) Question Number 9 (a)(iii) Question Number 9 (a)(iv)

Acceptable Answers experiment A Acceptable Answers boiled to remove dissolved air covered in oil to exclude air Acceptable Answers to dry the air / remove water vapour / remove moisture Acceptable Answers both air and water are required for rusting Acceptable Answers zinc is above iron in reactivity series / more reactive corrodes/reacts in preference to iron or acts as sacrificial metal Acceptable Answers magnesium

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1) (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Question Number 9 (b)(i)

Reject

Mark (1) (1)

Question Number 9 (b)(ii)

Reject

Mark (1) (Total 8 Marks)

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Question Number 10 (a)(i) Question Number 10(a)(ii)

Acceptable Answers yeast Acceptable Answers 2540 C (any value within this range)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Question Acceptable Answers Number 10(a)(iii) exclude air / oxygen Question Number 10(a)(iv) Question Number 10(a)(v) Question Number 10(a)(vi) Acceptable Answers filter/decant Acceptable Answers fractional distillation Acceptable Answers C6H12O6 formulae balance 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1) (1) Reject answers based on cost Mark (1) (1)

Question Number 10(b)

Acceptable Answers advantage: renewable starting material / lower temperature required disadvantage: slow / product requires purification

(Total 9 Marks) Question Number 11 (a) Acceptable Answers structure showing the ester linkage (bonding must be shown in the COO section) methyl ethanoate Acceptable Answers COOCH2CH2 Acceptable Answers condensation nylon/ polyamide/terylene Reject Reject Reject Mark (1) (1) Mark (1) Mark (1) (1) (Total 5 Marks)

Question Number 11 (b)(i) Question Number 11(b)(ii)

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Question Number 12 (a) Question Number 12 (b) Question Number 12 (c) Question Number 12 (d)

Acceptable Answers 3,2 Acceptable Answers 5,4,6 Acceptable Answers 2,2 Acceptable Answers 4,2

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (1) (Total 4 Marks)

Question Number 13 (a) Question Number 13 (b)

Acceptable Answers Experiment 1, increase Experiment 2, decrease Acceptable Answers Experiment 1, addition of oxygen / copper reacts with oxygen / oxide layer forms Experiment 2, loss of CO2 Acceptable Answers Experiment 1, oxidation Experiment 2, (thermal) decomposition Acceptable Answers Experiment 1, 2Cu + O2 2CuO CuO + CO2 Experiment 2, CuCO3

Reject

Mark (1) (1)

Reject

Mark (1) (1)

Question Number 13 (c) Question Number 13(d)

Reject

Mark (1) (1)

Reject

Mark (1) (1) (Total 8 Marks)

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Question Number 14 (a) Question Number 14(b) Question Number 14(c) Question Number 14 (d) Question Number 14(e) Question Number 14(f)

Acceptable Answers acid: burette alkali: pipette Acceptable Answers methyl orange / phenolphthalein orange / colourless Acceptable Answers to ensure accuracy / check results Acceptable Answers 28.80, 27.95, 28.05 Acceptable Answers ignore 28.80 mean = 28.00 Acceptable Answers moles HCl = 0.200 x 0.028 = 0.0056 concentration NaOH = 0.0056/0.025 = 0.224 (mol dm-3)

Reject

Mark (1) (1)

Reject

Mark (1) (1)

Reject

Mark (1)

Reject

Mark (2)

Reject

Mark (1) (1)

Reject

Mark (1) (2) (Total 12 Marks)

PAPER TOTAL 100 MARKS

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7081/02 Chemistry Paper 2 SECTION A Question Number 1 (a) Acceptable Answers Accept name or formula Zn / Mg / Fe AND dil H2SO4 / H2SO4 / dil HCl / conc HCl / HCl conc. H2SO4 / anhydrous CaCl2 / silica gel / CaO / soda lime / P2O5 upward delivery / downward displacement of air / syringe Question Number 1 (b)(i) Acceptable Answers 2H2 + O2 2H2O / H2 + O2 H2 O Reject (1) Conc H2SO4 (1) (1) Reject Mark

Mark (1)

(ignore state symbols) Question Number 1 (b)(ii) Acceptable Answers add to anhydrous / white CuSO4 / OR anhydrous / blue CoCl2 OR CoCl2 paper (CuSO4) turns blue / (CoCl2) turns pink Question Number 1 (b)(iii) Acceptable Answers find b.pt. 100 0C Question Number 1 (c) / / m.pt. 0 0C Reject HCl hydrochloric acid Reject Reject Mark (1) (1) Mark (1) (1) Mark (1) (1)

Acceptable Answers H2 + Cl2 2HCl / H2 + Cl2

hydrogen chloride

(Total 10 marks)

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Question Number

Acceptable Answers Incorrect reagent / no reagent scores 0/3

Reject Mark

2 (a)

add barium chloride / BaCl2 (and HCl) NaCl: Na2SO4: no precipitate / no reaction / no observation / no change white precipitate Reject

(1) (1) (1) Mark (1) Green solution Brown solution (1) (1)

Question Number 2 (b)

Acceptable Answers add sodium hydroxide / NaOH FeCl2: green ppt. FeCl3: brown ppt.

Question Number 2 (c)

Acceptable Answers heat and pass gas through lime water / Ca(OH)2 Na2CO3: no ppt. / no reaction / does not decompose MgCO3: turns milky / white ppt. Lime water mark could be scored in M3, (gas turns LW milky)

Reject Mark (1) (1) (1)

Question Number 2 (d)

Acceptable Answers Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl / SO42 + Ba2+ BaSO4

Reject

Mark (1)

FeCl2 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl / Fe2+ + 2OH Fe(OH)2 FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 2NaCl / Fe3+ + 3OH Fe(OH)3 MgCO3 MgO + CO2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O (Total 10 marks)

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Question Number 3 (a)(i)

Acceptable Answers fraction 1 name use fraction 2 name LPG Petrol / gasoline Naphtha Kerosene / paraffin Gas oil / diesel calor gas / camping gas / fuel motor fuel petrochemicals / cracking aircraft fuel / petrochemicals central heating fuel / motor fuel / Petrochemicals Mineral / lubricating oil lubrication / petrochemicals Fuel oil fuel for ships / fuel for power stations Wax / grease candles / grease / polish Bitumen roofing / road surfacing

Reject Mark (1) (1) (1)

Question Number 3 (a)(ii)

Acceptable Answers (thermal / catalytic) cracking provides high value / more useful products demand for short chain molecules / petrol / alkenes > supply need more short chain molecules / petrol / alkenes

Reject Mark (1) (1)

Question Number 3 (a)(iii)

Acceptable Answers Minimum requirement CH2CH2 (accept any number of CH2 units but must have bond at each end) Acceptable Answers structural / displayed formula for isomer 1 structural / displayed formula for isomer 2 (if 3 structures given all 3 must be different to score (2) one correct name (if 2 names given both must be correct)
CH3CH2CHCH3 | CH3 (2-)methylbutane CH3 | CH3CCH3 | CH3 (2,2-)dimethylpropane

Reject Mark (1)

Question Number 3 (b)(i)

Reject Mark (1) (1) (1)

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane

Question Number 3 (b)(ii)

Acceptable Answers structural / displayed formula (must show double bond) CH3 CH2 CH = CH2 (as bi for > 1 formula CH3 CH = CH CH3 ignore names) CH3.C = CH2 | CH3

Reject Mark (1)

(Total 10 marks)

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Question Number 4 (a)

Acceptable Answers red-brown / brown solution OR black precipitate / solid (name) iodine (name) sodium chloride Cl2 +2NaI 2NaCl + I2 (any extra product >2 loses mark)

Reject

Mark (1) (1) (1) (1)

Question Number 4 (b)

Acceptable Answers black solid/crystals OR black (or brown) fumes formed (name) iron(III) / ferric chloride 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 (any extra product loses mark)

Reject

Mark (1) (1) (1)

Question Number 4 (c)

Acceptable Answers cream / off-white / pale yellow precipitate (name) silver bromide AgNO3 + NaBr (any extra product loses mark)

Reject yellow

Mark (1) (1) (1)

AgBr + NaNO3

(Total 10 marks)

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Question Number 5 (a)(i)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 0.05 x 4.2 x 24 5.04 kJ (accept 5040 J ) (M2 dependent on M1)

Reject

Mark (1) (1)

Question Number 5 (a)(ii)

Acceptable Answers M3 M4 M5 (M4 (M5 moles CuSO4 = (0.5 x 0.05) = 0.025 enthalpy change = 5.04/0.025 = 201.6 or 202 kJ (mol-1) ecf M2 / M3 ) dependent on M4, (accept 201600 J( mol-1))

Reject

Mark (1) (1) (1)

Question Number 5 (a)(iii)

Acceptable Answers M6 202 (or 201.6) (negative sign essential) (M6 must be negative answer to M5 in kJ)

Reject

Mark (1)

Question Number 5 (b)(i)

Acceptable Answers Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) M7 M8 Fe2+ (aq) + Cu(s)

Reject

Mark (1) (1)

formulae + balance state symbols (M8 dependent on M7) Reject

Question Number 5 (b)(ii)

Acceptable Answers M9 M10 or M9 M10 Fe loses electrons, Cu2+ gains electrons Fe oxidised, Cu2+ reduced Fe loses electrons therefore oxidised Cu gains electrons therefore reduced
2+

Mark (1) (1)

(must be answered in terms of electron transfer) (Total 10 marks)

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SECTION B Question Number 6 (a)(i) Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 M4 O2 and N2 have different b.pts. / boil off at different temperatures fractional distillation liquid air N2 boils off before O2/ N2 has lower b.pt. Reject Mark (1) (1) (1) (1)

(M4 could score both M1 and M4) Question Number 6 (a)(ii) Acceptable Answers M1 M2 spill burns brighter / continues to burn in O2 spill is extinguished in N2 Reject Mark (1) (1)

(do not accept answers in terms of a glowing splint / lighted splint rekindles in O2 / no effect with N2) Question Number 6 (a)(iii) Acceptable Answers Names of any two gases + uses Helium neon argon krypton xenon Question Number 6 (a)(iv) balloons, air/helium mixture for diving, inert atmosphere for welding advertising signs, lights etc inert atmosphere for welding extraction of metals preserving food electric lamps, discharge tubes, lasers etc arc lamps, lasers Reject Mark (1) CO2 + 2H2O (1) (M3 dependent on M2) (1) Reject Mark (1x2)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2/M3 M2 M3 (name) carbon dioxide CH4 + 2O2 formulae balance (1) (1)

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Question Number 6 (b)(i)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 correct arrangement for triple bond 1 lone pair on each N atom (M2 dependent on M1) triple bond strong / hard to break

Reject Mark (1) (1) (1) Reject Mark (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Reject Mark (1) (1)
3 3

Question Number 6 (b)(ii)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 300 550C 150 400 atm (name) iron catalyst low temperature because exothermic reaction high pressure because less mol(e)s/volume on right low temperature means slow rate use higher/compromise temperature (to increase rate) add catalyst to increase rate

Question Number 6 (b)(iii)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 moles NH4Cl = 0.535/53.5 mol = 0.01 mol moles NH3 formed = 0.01 volume NH3 = 0.01 x 24 or 24000 = 0.24 dm / 240 cm

(1)

(ecf from M1 to M2 ) (ecf from M2 to M3, M3 = answer M2 x 24) (accept any correct method for 3 marks) eg M1 M2 M3 53.5g NH4Cl gives 24 dm3 of NH3 0.533g gives (0.533 x 24) / 53.5 (ecf from Mr) = 0.24 dm3 / 240 cm3 (ecf from M2)

(Total 25 marks)

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Question Number 7 (a)(i)

Acceptable Answers M1 allotropy an element can exist in two (or more) forms in the same physical state

Reject

Mark

M2 / M3 Question Number 7 (a)(ii)

rhombic / Monoclinic /

substance (1) molecule compound atom (1) (1) Reject Mark (1) (1) Reject Mark (1) (1) (1) (1)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 A and B addition of oxygen / increase in oxidation state of S

Question Number 7 (a)(iii)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 M4 2SO2 + O2 300 to 500C 1 to 3 atms V2O5 / vanadium(V) oxide catalyst (M4 penalise any other oxidation state of V for) 2SO3 (accept single arrow)

Question Number 7 (a)(iv)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 add SO3 to conc/98% sulphuric acid add / dilute with water gets too hot / mist of acid droplets / exothermic reaction / dangerous with qualification

Reject

Mark (1) (1) (1)

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Question Number 7 (b)(i)

Acceptable Answers Incorrect reagent scores zero. Incomplete reagent eg dichromate lose M1 but allow M2 M1 (acidified) potassium dichromate / (VI) / K2Cr2O7 OR (acidified) potassium manganate / (VII) / KMnO4 potassium permanganate colour change (from orange) to green OR (purple) to colourless penalise any other oxidation state of Mn or Cr but allow M2)

Reject

Mark

(1)

M2 (M1 Question Number 7 (b)(ii)

(1)

Acceptable Answers 2NaOH + SO2 M1 M2 M3 formulae balance (M2 dependent on M1) Na2SO3 + H2O

Reject

Mark

(1) (1) (1)

(name) sodium sulphite / sulphate(IV)

(mark M3 independent of M1/M2, ignore other products in equation) Question Number 7 (c)(i) Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 (ii) (M2 M4 M5 M6 M7 heat / 150 to 200C / use hot conditions C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O role of H2SO4 : dehydrating agent / removes water allow CH3CH2OH and CH2=CH2 / CH2CH2) warm / heat (60 to 100C) CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O role of H2SO4 : catalyst / to increase rate structure (M7 could be scored in the equation) O CH3.C OCH2CH3 allow C2H5 ethyl ethanoate (Mark M8/M7 independently) C2H6O (1) (1) (1) (1) Reject Mark (1) (1) (1)

M8

(1)

(Total 25 marks)

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Question Number 8 (a)(i)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 sodium has delocalised electrons (in solid and liquid) electrons move (to carry the current) NaCl has ions / is an ionic compound ions fixed in solid / cannot move / only vibrate ions can move in liquid state

Reject Mark (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

Question Number 8 (a)(ii)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 covalent compounds consist of molecules weak attractive forces between molecules / intermolecular forces / Van der Waals forces ionic compounds consist of positive and negative ions / oppositely charged ions strong attraction between ions hence covalent particles / molecules further apart than solid particles / ions in solid state

Reject Mark (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

Question Number 8 (a)(iii)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 M4 gas is hydrogen / H2 (accept H2 in equation) HCl in water is acidic / forms hydrochloric acid / forms ions / is ionic H+(aq) ions present in water (gives acidic properties) HCl in methylbenzene consists of molecules / remains covalent

Reject Mark (1) (1) (1) (1)

Question Number 8 (a)(iv)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 powder reacts faster powder has a larger surface area so more (frequent) collisions (between acid and solid)

Reject Mark (1) (1) (1)

(M2/M3 dependent on M1)

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Question Number

Acceptable Answers Q8b(i) and (ii) require descriptions of experiments and a statement of the observation made.

Reject Mark

8 (b)(i)

M1 M2 M3

t.t / flask with H2O2 only t.t / flask with H2O2 and MnO2 / catalyst gas evolved / effervescence with catalyst OR gas evolved with catalyst only

(1) (1) (1)

For M1/M2: apparatus must be mentioned M3: observation mark can be scored independently Question Number 8 (b)(ii) Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 weigh sample of catalyst add to H2O2 and allow reaction to go to completion filter off catalyst dry catalyst reweigh to see if mass is the same Reject Mark (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (Total 25 marks)

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Question Number 9 (a)(i)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 (M2 (M3 OR moles CuFeS2 = 367000 / 183.5 = 2000 (accept 2) moles Cu = 2000 (accept 2) mass Cu = 63.5 x 2 or 2000 g = 127 kg / 127000 g ecf from M1, M2 = M1 answer ) ecf from M2, answer 63.5 x M2, insist on units) M1 M2 M3 734 kg/g CuFeS2 gives 254 kg/g Cu 367 kg/g CuFeS2 gives (367 254 / 734) kg/g = 127kg / 127000g

Reject

Mark (1) (1) (1)

Question Number 9 (a)(ii)

Acceptable Answers SO2 and water form acid rain / SO2 is a source of acid rain (ignore reference to global warming / ozone layer)

Reject

Mark (1)

Question Number 9 (b)(i)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 electrolyte : name (aqueous) copper sulphate (solution) pure copper cathode impure copper anode cathode; Cu2+ + 2e Cu anode: Cu Cu
2+

Reject

Mark (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

+ 2e (1)

any one observation brown deposit on cathode / blue solution remains / cathode increase in size or mass anode decreases in size or mass Reject

Question Number 9 (b)(ii)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 reduction at cathode (Cu2+) gains electrons / oxidation state of Cu decreases (from +2 to 0)

Mark (1) (1)

(M1 must be in agreement with the answer in part b(i))

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Question Number 9 (b)(iii)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 2 faradays give 63.5 g copper 200 f gives 6350 g

Reject

Mark (1) (1)

Question Number 9 (c)

Acceptable Answers Any 2 chemical characteristics 2x(1) with examples from Cu chemistry2 x (1) variable valency / oxidation state e.g. Cu(I) and Cu(II) or formulae / name of compounds coloured salts/ions e.g. blue CuSO4 / blue solutions of CuSO4 or Cu(NO3)2 (ignore reference to CuO) forms complexes e.g. [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2 ]2+ / tetraamminediaquacopper(II) (do not accept [Cu(NH3)4 2H2O ]2+) catalyst e.g. dehydrogenation of alcohol (accept CuSO4 in preparation of H2 from Zn and acid)

Reject

Mark 1+1 1+1

Question Number 9 (d)(i)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2/M3 M2 M3 blue precipitate CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 Or Cu2+ + 2OH Cu(OH)2 all formulae correct balance (M3 dependent on M2)

Reject

Mark (1)

(1) (1)

Question Number 9 (d)(ii)

Acceptable Answers M1 M2 black solid/residue OR turns black (red / yellow / orange) / brown gas (M1/M2ignore other observations such as melting, steam evolved etc,) 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 M3 M4 all formulae correct balance (M4 dependent on M3)

Reject

Mark (1) (1)

(1) (1) (Total 25 marks)

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Further copies of this publication are available from Edexcel Publications, Adamsway, Mansfield, Notts, NG18 4FN Telephone 01623 467467 Fax 01623 450481 Email publications@linneydirect.com January 2009 For more information on Edexcel qualifications, please visit www.edexcel.com/quals Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales no.4496750 Registered Office: 190 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH

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