Section B: Masonry Design.

Part A) Vertical Loading.

Note: The design of masonry has been broken down into two comparisons: A Clay brick wall design
and a concrete block wall design.
Clay Brick Wall Design:
Assumed a wall thickness of 90mm. Manufacture and Construction: Normal, with ties. Mortar
Designation 3. 7%-12% water absorption.
Loading: Roof and wall.
D.L: Wall - P= Density x 1m x Height x Thickness
=18 x 1 x 0.3 x 0.09
= 4.86KN/m
D.L: Roof - P = 1m x Height x D.L
= 1m x 3 x 3.5
=10.5KN/m
L.L: Roof - P= 1m x Height x L.L
=1m x 3 x 2
=6KN/m
L.L: Roof with safety Factor: 1.6 x 6 = 9.6KN/m
D.L: Roof with Safety Factor: 1.2 x 10.5 = 12.6KN/m
Total Roof Load: (9.6 + 12.6)/2 = 11.1KN/m
Note: Divided by 2 as half roof load taken by wall.
Total D.L: Wall with safety factor: 1.2 x 4.86 = 5.83KN/m
Ultimate Load: 5.83 + 11.1 = 16.93KN/m
Therefore: Ultimate loading on wall: P =16.93KN/m
Now work out Q: Load Capacity. But before need: Slenderness Ratio (S.R) and thus Teff (Effective
thickness).
Teff =2/3(t1+t2)
=2/3(90+90)
=120mm
S.R =Heff/Teff
=3/0.12
= 25

Check: OK: 25 < 27

From Table: = 0.34

fk: From table: Mortar desig. 3 use interpolation.
15-18/5-x = 15-20/5-5.8
-3/5-x=-5/-0.8
2.4=-25+5x
X=5.48
Therefore fk=5.48.
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Now Solve Q
Q=.Teff.fk/m
=(0.34)(120)(5. 48)/3
=74.53KN/m
P < Q therefore: Ok.
Concrete Block Wall Design:
Assumed a wall thickness of 190mm. Mortar desig. 3. Construction and Manufacture: normal, with
ties.
Total loading on Roof: P= 11.1KN/m
D.L: Wall: P=Density x 1m x Height x Thickness
=20 x 1m 3 x 190
= 11.4KN/m
D.L. with Safety factor: 1.2 x 11.4 = 13.68KN/m
Therefore Total loading: P = 13.68 + 11.1
=24.78KN/m
Now work out Q: Load Capacity
Slenderness Ratio (S.R.) and Teff.
Teff=2/3(t1+t2)
=2/3(190+190)
=253.33mm
S.R.=Heff/Teff
=3/0.253
=11.84
Approximately 12
Therefore ok as 12 < 27
From Table: = 0.73, from table: fk = 5.8
Now Solve for Q.
Q=.Teff.fk/m
=(0.73)(253.33)(5.8)/3
=357.533KN/m
Therefore Ok, as P < Q

Part B: Lateral Loading.

Part 1: Clay Brick Wall.

Note: Roof pinned, foundation pinned. Fixed both sides.
Assumed 7%-12% water absorption. Mortar desig. 3.
Support Condition G.
Step 1: Aspect Ratio (A.R.); Orthogonal Ratio ()
A.R. = H/L
=3000/7000
= 0.43.
Orthogonal Ratio = fkb/fkp
From table: fkb=0.4
fkp=1.1
=0.36
On table 0.36 lies between 0.35 and 0.40
Use Interpolation to find
@ 0.3
0.35 -0.014
0.36 x
0.40 0.013
0.35 0.36/0.014 x = 0.35 0.40/0.014 0.013
-0.01/0.014 x=-0.05/0.001
-0.00001=-0.0007 + 0.05x
X = 0.0138 @ : 0.3

@ 0.5
0.35 - 0.025
0.36 - x
0.40 0.023
0.35 0.36/0.025 x=0.35 0.40/0.025-0.023
-0.01/0.025-x =-0.05/0.002
-0.00002=-0.00125 + 0.005x
X=0.0246 @ :0.5
Now Find for 0.36
- 0.3 - 0.0138
- 0.43 x
- 0.5 0.0246
0.35 0.43/0.0138 x=0.30-0.50/0.0138-0.0246
-0.13/0.0138-x=-0.2/-0.0108
0.0001404=-0.00276+0.2x
X=0.021
Therefore @0.36 = 0.021
Step 2: Applied Bending Moment (m)
Given: Wk =0.8KN/m
yf =1.2
m = 3
m = .Wk.yf. L
=(0.021)(0.8)(1.2)(7)
=0.988KN.m
Step 3: Moment Resistance (M)
M = fkb.b.t/ m.6
=(1.1)(1)(120) (1x10)/(3)(6)
=0.88KN.m
For Clay brick wall to be acceptable: m<M.
This is not the case. Therefore clay brick wall of 90mm thickness will not be acceptable.
Therefore not OK.
Part 2: Concrete block: Complete concrete block wall through the same steps as clay brick wall.
Step 1: Aspect Ratio (A.R.); Orthogonal Ratio ()
A.R. =H/L
=3000/7000
=0.43
Orthogonal Ratio: =fkb/fkp
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Through Interpolation
fkb: From tables
100-0.25
250-0.15
190-x
100-190/0.25-x=100-250/0.25-0.15
-90/0.25-x=-150/0.1
-9=-37.5+150x
X=0.19
Therefore fkb=0.19
fkp: From Tables
@ 100
3.5-0.45
5.8-x
7.0-0.60
3.5-5.8/0.45-x=3.5-7.0/0.45-0.60
-2.3/0.45-x=-3.5/-0.15
0.345=-1.575+3.5x
X=0.55
@250
3.5-0.25
5.8-x
7.0-0.35
3.5-5.8/0.25-x=3.5-7/0.25-0.35
-2.3/0.25-x=-3.5/-0.1
0.23=-0.875+3.5x
X=0.32
@5.8
100-0.55
190-x
250-0.32
100-190/0.55-x=100-250/0.55-0.32
-90/0.55-x=-150/0.23
-20.7=-82.5+150x
X=0.412
Therefore fkp=0.412
Orthogonal Ratio ()=fkb/fkp
=0.19/0.412
=0.46
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Further interpolation:
From table: 0.46 lies between 0.40 and 0.50
@0.4
0.40-0.013
0.46-x
0.50-0.011
0.40-0.46/0.013-x=0.40-0.50/0.013-0.011
-0.06/0.013-x=-0.1/0.002
-0.00012=-0.0013+0.1x
X=0.012
@0.5
0.50-0.021
0.40-0.023
0.46-x
0.40-0.46/0.023-x=0.40-0.50/0.023-0.021
-0.06/0.023-x=-0.1/0.002
-0.00012=-0.0023+0.1x
X=0.0218
@0.46
-0.30-0.012
-0.43-x
-0.50-0.0218
0.30-0.43/0.012-x=0.30-0.50/0.012-0.0218
-0.13/0.012-x=-0.2/-0.0098
0.001274=-0.0024+0.2x
X=0.019
Therefore = 0.019
Step 2: Applied Moment (m)
m = .Wk.yf. L
=(0.019)(0.8)(1.2)(7)
=0.89KN.m
Step 3: Moment Resistance (M)
M = fkb.b.t/ m.6
=(0.4120(1)(253.33) (1x10exp-3)/(3)(6)
=1.462KN.m
Therefore m is < then M: OK. This tells us that the concrete block wall is a workable design.
Thus we can now assume to use the concrete block wall.

We now use the concrete block walls units in further design.

Step 4: Slenderness Limits.
For a panel thats supported on four edges:
Height x Length < and/or = 2050(teff)
3000 x 7000 = 21 x 10
2050(253.33)= 129.96 x 10
Therefore ok as 21 x 10 < 129.96 x 10
Step 5: Shear Design

Total load to support = f.Wk.Area loaded

=(1.2)(0.8)(0.5 x 7 x 3.5)
= 11.76KN
11.76KN becomes an assumed UDL

Design Shear Force (S.F.) per meter

11.76/7 = 1.68KN/m
Design for shear strength (fv)
Vh = vf.Wk.Aw/Ay
=1.68 x 10/253.33 x 1000
=0.0066N/mm

Characteristic Shear strength (fv)

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0.35 + 0.6gd
Also ignore self weight.
Vh=Fv/ mv
=0.35/2.5
=0.14N/mm
Therefore ok along the base.

Part C: Comments:
After reviewing the above work, one can see that during the design for a clay brick (90mm thickness)
wall the applied moment was greater than the moment resistance. This would cause a failure. (A
greater thickness of a clay brick could possibly work -230mm thick). We then chose to look at a
concrete block of 190mm thickness. Here we see that the applied moment was less than the
moment resistance -this case wouldnt cause a failure. We thus carried on further design with the
concrete block of 190mm thickness.

Part D: Retaining Wall Design:

Assumed: From rules of thumb: min footing 300.

Cover: 40
Fcu:30Mpa
High yield Steel: 450Mpa.
h=H/12
=3000/12
=250mm
B=2/3H
=2/3(3000)
=2000

Force: KN/m
Horizontal Load (Rh)

Distance(m)

Moment(M)(KN.m)

Surcharge:
(0.3)(6)(3.5)=5.94KN/m

1.65m

9.801KN.m

Earth:
(0.5)(0.3)(18)(3.3)= 29.403KN/m

1.1m

32.343KN.m

Total Rh: 35.343KN/m

Vertical Load (Rv)
Surcharge:
(6)(1.083)=6.498KN/m

0.542m

3.522KN.m

Soil:
(3)(1.083))(18)=58.482KN/m

0.542m

31.697KN.m

Stem:
(3)(0.250)(24)=18KN/m

1.208m

21.744KN.m

Base:
(2)(0.3)(24)=14.4KN/m

1.000m

14.4KN.m

Total Rv: 97.38KN/m

Total M: 113.507KN.m

Checks:
Safety against sliding:
Rh < Rv tan30
35.343 < (97.38)tan30
35.343 < 56.22
Therefore OK.
Check against Overturning.
e =M/Rv
=113.507/97.38
=1.16m
Therefore OK: stable: lies in middle segment (2)
Factor of Safety:
=Rv tan30/Rh
=56.22/35.343
=1.59
Therefore ok: greater than 1.5.
Reinforcement:
Cover 40
Fcu: 30Mpa
High yield steel: 450Mpa
M=113.507KN.m
A.S.=M/0.87.fy.Z
Need K
K=M/fcu.b.d
=113.507x10/(30)(3000)(250)
=0.020
Therefore ok: K<0.156: No compression reinforcement needed.
Z=d(0.5+(0.25-(k/0.9))
=d(0.5+0.477)
=d(0.977)
0.977d>0.95d
Use 0.95d

A.S=M/0.87.fy.z
=113.507x10/(0.87)(450)(0.95)(250)
=1220.75mm
From Table 14:
Use : 1256mm
Therefore Rebars: 1-Y 40
Spacing at every 1m centers.
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