ED 107 102

. AUTHOR
TITLE
SPONS AGENCY
BUREAU NO
PUB DATE
CONTRACT
NOTE
EDRS PRICE
DESCRIPTORS
'. , \
DOCUIIBIT BESUIIB
I'L 005 091
Leslau, Wolf
Intermediate Amharic Cultural Reader. Final

Report.
Institute of International Studies (DHEW/OE),
Washington, D.C.
BR-1-1015
Oct 73
OEC-0-71-2395 (823)
357p.; Not available in hard copy due to marginal
of original document

r--- - ------ -------
8P-$0.76 HC Not ivailable from EDRS. PLUS
Afro Asiatic Languages; *Aaharic; *Cultural ,
Background; Instructional lIaterials: Language \
Instruction; *Reading ftaterials; semitic
Sociocultural Patterns; Student Developed ftaterials;
Teacher ----....
Taught Languages; Vocabulary \
. ,
IDEliTIPIERS
*Ethiopia; NDEA Title VI \
ABSTRACT \
This reader is intended to provide lIaterial for the \
intermediate-level student of Amharic,. as veIl as to introduce the
student to the cultural and social life of Ethiopia. 39 texts
were by a different at Haile Selassie I
University, providing the reader with a variety of language
styles. The Amharic texts are followed by their English translations,
which are as close as possible to the original, and retain
Aaharic technical terms. An Amharic-English glossary the
'Volulle. Uft)
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'I
II
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Final Report
Contract No. OEC-0-7l-2395 (823) _
INTERMEDIATE AMHARIC CULTURAL READER
Woi:t-Leslau- -
University of California
Los Angele3, California
October 1973
''''l
The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract
"1 with the Office of Education, u.s. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare. contractors undertaking such projects under Govern-
ment are encouraged to express freely their
judgment in the conduct of the Points of view or opinions
stated do not, therefore, necessarily represent official Office of r
Education position or
U.s. DEB\RTMENT OF HFALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Office of Education
Institute of International Studies
US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.
EDUCATION & WELFARE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
EDUCATION
THIS OOCUMfNT orEN REPRO
DUCED EXACTLY 'ROM
THE PERSON OR OR(,AI<IZAIION ORIGIN
AllNG IT POIN T50 OJ VIEW OR OPINIONS
STATED 00 NOT NI Cl REPRF
SENT NATIONAL
EDUCATION POSlllON OR POllCV

by
',WLli\ LESLAU
I
.....
, .
I
j


\
\
c
INTRODUCTION
o
There is at present no Amharic Reader available to ctudentsL
who have completed the study of Amharic grammar and are in the
, intermediary stage of the of Amharic. The Intermediate

Amharic Cultural Reader is intended to fill this gap. At the'
protides the student wi thtexts that-de---
"
scribe the material culture as well as the soclal institutions
of thereby 'introducing him to the cultural life of
the country.

The texts were prepared under my direction by students of
the Haile Selassie I U:1iversi ty, each text by another student.
I adopted this procedure, rather than having all the texts
written by the writer, in order ,to provide the student
of Amharic with a variety of styles.
The English translation is as close as possible to the
Amharic Amharic technical terms are retained in the
.
. !English text, and the meaning of these terms is given in the
.
vocabulary.
The notes refer to the English translation. The voca'Du-
lary contains all the words of the Amharic text.
7
.-
TEXTS
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4-5
6-7
8-9
10-12
13-13a
14-15
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16-17
18-21
c
22-24
25-26
2'7-28
29-30
31-33
'"
34-36
,
37-39
40-41
4?-44
J

45-46
47-48
49-51
52-54
55-60
61-62
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Addis Ababa
'l'he city of Gondar
Harar
r'iercato
Country market
Christening I
Naming
i:ledding
Burial ceremony
Food and:-drink
House construction in country
(l.
f)
I
...
... 63-65
b
66-67

68-69
.
?O-'7
2a
73-'75
76-77
78-81
82-84
85-87
. 88-90
91-92
93-96
97.-98
99-101
1c2-103
104-106
107-109
110-112
11,-115
116-120
121-123
124-126
126-130
...
131-134a
. 135-138
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139-vn
"The manner of wearinK the

Credit. society
"Burial society
Communal lubor
Communal inquest
Fukkara
Priest
mibto.ra
11onkhood
t Clerical education
Divination
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Christmas
Epiphany
Easter
St. John's Day
142-144-
. lL15-14'7
148-150
151-155
156-159
160-161
162-165
166-168
169-171
1'1
2
-
1
75
176-179
180-186
187-189
190-193
19
L
,.-196
197-199
200-203 Co
204-207
ficrchants
208-210
Artis3ns
i'iinstrel
l'he daily duties of an Amhara farmer
the
Jhat is the daily work of an Ethiopian woman?
runctions of an eld8r in society
A pernon of breeding and upbrinLing
4
211-215
216-219
220-223
224-229
230-232
233-237
238-241
4
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character'?
Just what is an Ethiopian girl of good 2'4201t245
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.
Beauty 24f>-249
NOTES 250-253
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254-343
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IJl)IJ 72. S gJ r: 'IJ 1.0 a) IY} Z : ;11 Ir 1- .; 17 0'7)171>: 'rI Pt, eft : 'n P oJ/!. : f OJ- :
Ptff. ,,;;..,.: : ,n[)lr() tf :"JJ:IAdJ-'c:4dlJI1}-j.'or.: .J.. it. 1-= /r
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'711'11, OJ .fli.,g ar-: ftlf'.. EI:: 7I>OlJ'P: '1M- .. tJ}J!.:!z.1: ern..J' j,:
Il.': cl{V:- /J'IH.J'tzJ-. l' : 0'r;'i."'or1S' 'tt. (,'1rIJ-'1' 1 j!. '.
jt) '1iUo'..J.: tf'lifi m,Brt'}-/c-r:tjJ?-tP1-; i>.e1''rf/V::
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J
,
,
T RAN S L A T ION S
I1fJ
.
Addis Ababa
Ethiopia's was previously built on llt. Entotto. However,
W
since it i.,as unsuitable fer a city, in Emperor Menelik founded
. the city that he name a. and that lmown at present as Addis Ababa.
I
,
Addis Ababa is surrounded by mou.ntains like Entotto. Since the alti-
tude. of the city is 8000 feet above sea (level), its highland is
percepti ble. , Its environs are full of places "lhich 'ar-a like fields, are
louer in altit'lde (and) are su:ltable for farming. Since the city js one
in which eucalYPtus trees seen in large number, it as though it
had been founded in the nnddle of a forest. Still, the various kinds of
trees plnnted along the streets at present give the city a special eppear-
ance. According to the census ll1..a.de by the Addis Ababa t1Unicipali ty in 1960
(=1968), it shO\-1S that there were 637,831 inhabitants.
One of the parts of the city is the one dubbed Yekatit
Most of the time it as tiiddist Kilo. The monument "was set
up to the Ethiopians whom the Fascir.ts killed with picks. and
spades on Yekatit 12. On this monument, a sculpture showing the atroC'ity
. which the Fascists co:mnitted on this date is to be seen. Near this monu-:,
ment is the large compound of Haile University which was formerly
the palace. To tlie right of the university is the Haile Selassie I
Hospi tal. Across (the square) is the Imperial BQdyguard A

little further along t== the lions' enclosure which is by many
P
eople and in which they relax. Even though the roaring of the lionS frightens
. . V J
the in which they are is well-con.tructed so that it would be
easy to look (at the,lions)
. There is anvther str.lare a moderate distance from Siddist Kilo. "ihile
it is called Arat KilO, it has been designated Independence Monument Square
.1 I fi

It is also called Hiyazya 27 Square. 'I'his is bec.D.Use the Italians 'Were
dri veit out of F..'thiupia on that. date. The Ninistry of Education r .. nd Fine
Arts, t.he Engineering Collee;e, l-1enelilc II 89hool and t.lso so .e large off.Lce
are located in this area. In a place opposite and dO\olpJlill from
Ind0pendence (Square), the Great Palace is built. This f.:>rmcrJy
Dnperor !!cnelik' s palace. 110\'1, however, Emperor Haile holc.f> court
in it. l3et\leen the monumcmtf> and the palace, the Parlia.:r.ent buiJding to"lers.
Behind, it is the Cathedral of St. Hary's.
Not only is Addis Ababa the capital of 1taiopia, it has also to
be a place ,for .being host to the leaders of Opposite Jubilee
Palace, Africa Hall a.ppears, beauti ful and splendid. The area. bet\ieen these
t"ro bailtlings has been constructed as a l'ablic parlt -and adorned wit.h various
t.ree3 and flo..,lers. One \1110 has gone down following (the rO!\d) passes
.' by this way will arrive ut J.\HsqUl Square. }"ollo,dng the road extem:._ne 'to
the left, the Haile Selassie I International Airport is located about six km
c,
,.. further out. It is the only airport in the city.
,.
It is known through the license plate numbers issued by the
" that the number of vehicles in Addis Ababa is constantly this
period . It ",as discovered in 1960 (=1968) that there were 30,001 go ernment
"
cars and private vehicles.
A little the north ,of the ,Piazza, known as De Ciaulle)quare,
,
. appears the cl'JlJrch'",f St. George . Near this churcp is the statue c.\f the

Emperor Menelik which is enclosed by a fence. Going down Churchill Avenue
""-
"
from the .Piazza, the railro8a,station appears at the end ...,f this street.
On the bal;;is of a recent street survey made by the M,micipali t" Churchill
: j
"
Avenue has been (re)constructed in'a fashion so that the 1 sta-
"
.
'
tioD and the Mmicipa::.ity building' will be' opposite each othe:.:-.
,
e '. In the area between hlO buildi.Il;,;S, a llide arca has been delimited so
that the .(Emperor) Theodore5nonurr.ent may be St;t up in it. The foundations
"
have teen laid. Lo\-:er Adowa SC]).lare is surrO"v.nded by ' ... he new b::mk
puilding, Haile Selassie I Theatre, the Defense Ministr'J anll also ::;on:e
,
modern buildinr,s: Leaving the roa.d goin'S to the railroad statirm on the
left and follouine; the rpad out of Ado\la Square, one arrives at
Nexico SC]).lare. Near this square the Vocational School and several large
offices are located.
J .,
To the right of City Hall is located tre statue of Abuna Petros. One
.
who travels straiBht past that (statue) and over the HabtR-giyorgis bridge
will arrive at a very large area, the 14ercato.. This area is (also) called
,
Addis Klltfuna.. It is a place people around on market days. l1ere
t'-10 large U".3.rkct ha.lls are loco.ted. In this area, buses of different rout;s
have .Located tneir p01'nt. oi Ont'! of tIle surprising i.h.i.ugt:l It> Lila'\.
,
one .spends the jjime shoving ,-lith the r:lDJ1Y' people, as ,,'i th the many livestock
,
and vehicles.
Eyen though the modern buildings recently appearing here and there in
AdQis Ababa. give a special appearance to variOUS places, the narrow streets,
the unclel:\.l1 houses and shacks are found to be numerous. Be that as it may,
the city is growing.
.,
11 H


"
1'.
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. .
.' .
.e
0:
The City of Gondar .-
Gondar is the chief city 01.' 13lietL'1ld?)l' Provlnce. This city's rcason

for fame is the fact that it is ancient rather than modern. In its time'it
was one in which lungs set up their thrones, courts iolere held, a.nd pub-
"-
J
lic assemblies iolcre conducted. Starting with (ldng,) like Fasil to
t town ,of jdngs, center of trade. At'the present time,
even though it appea.rs stripped of its ancient -liglory, on acccunt of the -
houses wiuch (Western) culture has.crcnted and its asphalted'streets, it
i& a city which seems rene''Ied, linking.its ancient glory with the culture
of this
f
Gondar is very different from Addis Ababa in its size and in its
moderni ty. Nevertheles's, just like Addis Ababa, much goverrunent ,,,ork is
dO.ne in it. It provides hospitality to many travelers and stro.ngGrs
o
' Since
{
all the offices have been built grouped together, a person with a
problem ca..ll/-settle many .mthout wandering from 'one office to another
Toe dwellings often in rows built joined together.' ;n'Drder to preserve
the, c).eanline'Ss of the city, all houses are repaired every year by order of
-
the runicipality.
J

Whst has caused the city to be to the world is the historical
castle 'of (Emperor) Fasil. The number of foreigners and natives who come to
,
see this buildi-ilg large. t The strengtb of this blildlng which has lasted
abOl't "three hundreli years is a reason fOl' Bdmiration. Even though it is
called Fasil's castle, there are 1IUUW buildings inside it. Each build-
'",
il-.6 \(as constructed in the reign of different ldngs. Since the building
which Was adyanced in age approached the point o,f fa.lling apart, it would
be from, time to before it collapsed
J 1 !f
. "
(
Gondar is a town whiQh IS fru'llou!'3 for i:ts churches.' 'T.'here is a church
in every neiGhborhood. Among the existinc churches have a history, the
1
of DllbrU"bc)rhan,. (Holy) Tl'inity and is ancient.
manuscripts and "pictures in them are thl)se having historical' value.
4
A
/1'
The
faithful eo to Ba 'ata and Loze. !,b.ry'am in search of ,ho'1y water in order to
recover from illness or some kind of or to be cleansed of sin
.
. I'
AmOng all these l:hurches there is a mosque. This mosque 'Which ",as
.
built a little outside the city is the place of prayer for man..v Mlslims. In
the city, with regard to religion, the Christians, rather, than the Muslims,
ere in the prepondcrance. The is Orthodox (CHristianity).
Attending church, celebrating (religious) hollda;y's, alros";giving, feeding and
gi vinB to drink the hungry and t'he thirsty are a. few of the activities of
t
the C9ristian folk.
,
the education of the (present) ace .a<ivanced (liKe) tOdB\Y,
Gondar" being originally wldely (l'.no,m) thl'Ough clerical education, wns a.'
district or city of scholars to which they would travel from many- places in
search J. education. Since clerical training has struck root, modern school-
"
tLe
ing has not expanded properly. However, since _ loS someWhat weakened on
account. of her clerical achievement, the fact that this 4f hers
is a characteristic in the process of g17adually disappearing. TodB,
,
there is one high school. and numerous primary schools in Gondar. A 1'l\blic
Health college is located there. Even though the number of schools is more
,
than one, when (this ,number) is compared with the number of people and (their)
needs, it is quite small. EVen though the people displa the necessary .
eration, since are not enough teachers, the nwnber of students entering
school and those }>&ssing on to college is quite small.
"
120
....
\
In the Public Health collc6c there hospital. t onlY does this
hospita.l provide fts services to the peoplc oi' the city, it a training
- installation for the students in the college. 'I'he place where nurses, health
officers, e..ld sanitarians are trained is ht!re in this hospital: 'l1}le
..
of clinics' is small. Therefore the day's injured and ill suffer mucp

difficulty order to Get medical attention by their turn.
manY find it hard to gct medica.l treatment by, paying medicine is
. .
distributed 1Tee by the.Bovernment.
"
.
Ev,en tho}lSh the number of people is not kno"ln exactly, i-r probably
. amounts to na.ti ves of many districts live in' this
, to
to,m on account of goverrl.'nent jobs or commerce. The Ethiopian le.nguages
spoken in this city are mostly Amharic and Tigrinya.
T;he city is some,-:ha.t underdeveloped with respect to the It
seelllS that pu13lic is retrogressing, not advancing.
seen in, other laree towr.s a.re not even known by in
The. industries

On a.ccount
.
"
of this, many people are unemployed. The eElucated are secretaries and tea.-
<>
..
c
.chers and there are a. modera.te number of soldiers qr police also. Illiterate
and uneducated persons make.a l.i ving by engaging in various of trade.
.
.J
I
Even though commerce appears preponderant, aside from the. successful traders,
the profit of the trader. does not exceed his dailY consumption.
Jo

.
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.
Those whose luck orwealth does not allow them to engage in commerce make a
..
11 ving as coolies and da Since unemplqyment is. widespread among
#
,
,
.
the women, those who are not fortunate enough to be married open small or
liquo/ businesses and make a living prostitutes. .Their hum-
ber is constantly increaSing. This in turn also increases the llUmber of
bachelors. Control of the city has weakened since the Italians occupied it
0.
and were and the government has forgotten it more and mo'
.1 l
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(i I Harar City
The c"ity '/r' Earar a.n ancient city '\-lhich is located in Harar
In the part of Ethiopia . is apparent because'
. pf tqe way in which the city is constructee and because there are not many
the old cit.y'which is 'called the adfu.
. proof of its ary,tiquitt on account of the fact that it has reached
. ,
the point of into ruin.
, .
The highway which goc" f'".com Dire Dawa +.0 Hsrar cuts right through uhe
.
, -
middle of Harar and proceed's on 'to Jijjigo..
Ras Hotel building is located
on the right just as one comes a 11 ttle ,\-l8 into the 'town of liarat' and the
building located G.t>posite ltt is the palace. As soon as on
7
has proceeded eo
,
little further by follo\rl.ng thiS' (high\,1\Y) which is decorated "Jy trees along
I a 4
I"
.'the sides, the statue of Ra.s 'is found. In ti>..!;; 'area the atlministra.-
e 'ti ve -offices a.nd. the headqUarter:! of. the Harar m.ill tal'Yo al"E: loca.tad.
A little to the eo.st on leaving the is the village of Bottega which
was during the Italian
.
"
When one travels along this , it takes one to FRrlls }.1Ngala .
I .' -
Since this place which is known as FHrRa MHgala is,one in
vehicles take on let off cargoes and passengers, J]J1ch ,of the time people, .
. f . IU$IM..J.
are seen shoving each other apd dashiag about in it. it is it. place of
there are a Ia1'ge number bars and hbtels around it in which the
, '-
lie
I
.
. .
blngry and drink and eat the weary may rest and those who
have been overtaken by evening 'CDD\f spend the night. The Ras Hall "
in which the of the town assemi>le "ror various reasons is located

here.
A " .)
On accoWlt of its antiquity, many walls and ruined bui.ldings are "
located in it. Inasmuch as it is surrounded. with walls, it haS seven
. .

1

122
"
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"e In former trj,mes, these gates had doors and guards. All the leaving
from these gates came in the FH.rlls l,1t{gala. These were the Track
I -
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gate_, the Shoa the :&lda Gate, the Ox Gate, the Ycrer Gate, the FHlana
, 14 ' '
Gate a.'1d the Pepper Gate eyery gate, except the Pepper small
markets',are found. The blggest market of all is the- one near Shoa In
the -big markets, as in the other tOioms, very ma.!lY (types of) merchandise are
,
_ v
sol<1. The streets here in,. the old tOiom (specific name: G!lgo:q are '"
'end llave lots of pebbJes in The ,big Ras }:a.'konnen Hospital and the J..8.rge
""':i '
"
I-b:::lim mosque are located here in the GRgol. If one leaves the Ox Gate and
bears to tpe right, tl'J!?re one 'finds 'l;.f\e 'man ''lbo, feeds tbe hyenas 'Who has won
. , . - '"
the of the natives' cf the area. as ,;ell as (that of the) foreign
visitors. Every deY thi.c (hyena) feeder collects bOI.les ,all day and every
eveni!lg he allmrs many s-pectat.ors to "latch hilll feeding the llyenas. His
li.velihood is oased on this.
"-
S:i.,nce Harar is an area of various l"J.nds of fruit, 1X' ... (article of)
merchandise seen in C}!.lantity in every market is fruit of various !O-llds. A
iittle out!;ide the tmm, the fertile spots in the surrounding area. are full
. ' .
: ...
of ,fruit. trees. ' ,
When one takes the main street and goes out a little 'Way from the old
tm-m, one returns to the new town. This place has taken on a handsome 8.p-
. pearance 01l account of its cleanliness and ts modernity. 'l'l1e houses are
built of st'one and are constructed in 8. modern style. The city, to a per-
son looking a. tit from Haran Mountain or" Haldm Mounta.in, lookS like a
village which ,was built on a small hill. The fact that the old town and
.the new (one) are side by side gives it an ,appearance different from the
other Ethiopian
" "

12:S
,9
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o
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,I'
. 'One of the teacher tralning institutes \.;hidi -are located in Etbiopia .
is in Harar. Besides this, there is a high school and primary schools.'
"
. All these schools are, located in the new tmm.
. '(
Even though the number of people is not known exactlY, iy is
./
I
large. The principal'lA!l&Uages spoken in the town are: Mare,
Arabic aria AmPeric.' As in other towns; since the (level of) the economy
"
is low:; n\;.Illber of unemployed and of prostitutes is large. Most of the
,
whether successful (ill.ma.Y.ing a living) or not are, engaged in com-
.,J
merce. their income is low, it is not a kind which. goes beyond (pro-
...
viding them) with (their) daily Even though the this little
<?ut -of -date city is ma..ld ng to improve, just like many big ci ti e s (dd)) do not
soothe"one's emotions, (yet) it r.aptures the visitor's eye because its an lt
glory has n0t been completely stripped aW8\\r.
,"
r
Mercato
There is a. large market place which is for the buying and selling of
,'"
domestic as wall as foreign goods. Its name is the In this place
buyers, and honest men are all mixed together.
The l-iercato of Addis Ababa is .,.located in the west (ern part) of Addis
Ababa.. There are large ruilciings there built in the IlPdern style. These
buildings are side-by-side. A broad street which separates the two
buildings goes across the middle. Aut'obuses -which transport the plblic from
.the market to all over and from various places to the market let off and take
01" paSSenger's on" this street.
..
Besides the fact that the usual merchandise
is sold in buildings, some bars are located therein. In that large
, "
building, sInall shops encased in glass e:re built close to one another. Not
only are the kinds of goods each shop the manner in which they
e are laId out is Therefore the market goer obtains. the ari..icle

he I wants after much confusion. In the arel\ around these larger buildings,
there are built or simply open air merchandise of mercha.nt.s
who were not given locations Tbose things sold here range
9,0110 on whic;h dust has blown anP 'angRra to native pr.oducts
which visitors eagerlY seek. In this area, are very many of those
-.
who JlUt a couple of items in a sort of box which they sus?Cnd on a kind of
" '
rope from their shoulders down over their,chests and go around here and there
in order to earn their daily bread by' crying out, 'Anyone want a
nail clippers; anyone out of perl\une?' '!'he number of those who spend the
c.ay by pilfering and stealing and when convenient, by picking pockets, is
very large.
At the entra.nce of the new marketing there are persons in
c."t
. groups of ten and fifteen who spend the da maldng .coffee, chewing
/
"
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-:--
e _ singing a song, the others singil'.g the refrain, one beating n. drum, the
others clapping and by' bowing down and ris1.ng up. From there they
.

'(]/
v
come forward for spitting a blessing and then disperse. The elder
infJ.a.tes his cheeks which are packed full of tat and gives his blessing

by sending out his spit with. the cud of which he held (in his mouth)
..:..-
One who is tired from being in the market all day and who has kept &
little money tied (in ,a after ip in the evening
;

at a bet in the a couple of ,such, somewhat high, bo&rd the
bus for 15 cents and go home. Those who are drunk spend the evening lament-

'.

1O
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...
ing, singing, shoving and _ then go to a place to spend the night. _ A , '
, p
,
poor person who has no money, after spending the somehow, begging here
.
. \
.
and there (hoping) that he might find someone to toss him something for his
.
supper, but if he does not, nibbling on the little bit (of food) he had, and
.
8,/ .
not having a regular home, taking shelter on a ufl lie the
night (there).
The market is divided}lp into many (sections). It is divide'C!: thusl..v:
I
I
a clothing potter.ysection, a grain section, a spice section, a
.
'
butter section, hoUsehold furnishings and jewelrY section.
,
I
Generally cdnsidered, the Mercato is not just a place in which goods
are exchanged a place in-which social needs satisfied. ,However
I
"
,,- ..
maD;Y' quarrelling sep'ers and there tnO' be, there are just as many
- ,
: I
peace-maldng elders: there. There is noth'1ng strange in seeing young men
I
.
. I
and women ogling each for long periods or just briefly. Moreover, it
,
is quite see people meeting and discussing or domes-
,
I
tic affairs, of the state of society in general. The
Mercato is a source: of information and a place for disseminating news as
~ ~ - - - - - - ~ - ~ - ~ - ' I
e --much as it can. LOOked at . quickly, this is \lhat the Y.ercato of Addis Aba'Ua.
seems to b ~ .
. I-
country Market
Botb in the countryside and in tbe town, a place in whicb mercrumdise
tbat is needed is bought end. sold is called market.
The period during wbicb 1 mportant ms.rkets are beld anywhere in tbe
to

,
countryside is not more tban two days per }reek. Of tbese days, tbe first is
tbe most' considerable, one' in very lllalV p,eople from ple.ces come
togetber. The main for tbis is tbat most of tbe tbe people wbo
transact business in the country market 11 ve in villages far apart and since
tbey could not go on leaving off tbeir daily work from time to time or be
. :going back and forth on foot, it is more convenient to sell and suffi-
cient goods and come back (home) with provisions for tbe housebold all at one
.
time. A market like tbis mAY be very and lively. In view of tbe
fact that the Etbiopinn 'mostly make tbeir living from fatming, (tbe
.
place) where they get tne Kinds' of food which tbt:.Y Cwulot on their lAnd
,
.
and genere.l.ly those tbings wbich agriculture does not provide, things made
in factories, goods such as salt, coffee, sugar, spices, oil, kerosene,
fabrics, sboes, cbina, glasses, plates, is only in tbis market, so
going out to market once a week is an obligation for them.
The country market is different from tbe one beld in the town. As
tbe market goes. bas to travel a long way on fOQt, and his intention is to
b.ly things he needs Wi tb the money he obtained by selling bis grain,. and to
return, all this will take him from. morning to Among his family,
except tbe cbildren, berdsmen and the very feeble old men and women, there
i. no one wbo does not go to market. Tbe' reason that this is so is tbat
going tbat IIl1cb distance while stl'aigbtening up tbe load every time it slips
down, unloading it after arriving at tbe market and reloading it will not
proceed very well witb on'd0ne peraonts effprts. Since tbe women are tbe
12H
. e
,
,
!
i
ones who know the household items which ere needed, they do not stay away
from the market.
Tbe women, having noted wha.t is lacking from among the household nec-
essaries and keeping what is neede1 in their heads, not on paper, get up in
the morning, bring the calves and the cows together, and after they finish
scooping up the dung, they boil coffee. After they they begin
,'gathering up their fabrics for the market foray as soon as they have finished
drinking their coffee.
Until the coffee boils, the men also measure out in g,tmnas the grain
they sell a.t the ma.rket. They fill the grain that ha.s to be ground in
- ..
bags, load the donkeys and then until they leave, give them a. kind of grass
and let them graze. Later the women, dressed in their best clothes, call
their neighbors and head for the market. Chickens in their hands or eggs
plt together with grain in small bags :will. not be absent. :;..etore they al'ri ve
. ,
,.
at the lnarket, dealers in poultry who are waiting for the IJUitkctgoers whopl
they find along the road take (these) chickens and eggs off their hf'.nds.
As soon as they arrive at the market, take) the things to be
sold by weight to the weighing platform and after unloading the things to
be sold retail, they spread them O'-1t on a hide or a piece of cloth and begin
selling and buying. Husband and wife spend the dCl together receiving cus-
! '
tomers. After tying the donkeys to a peg with the pack stra.ps, spread
out a sort of straw and let them browse Tbey spend the da,y measuring

grain and other things, haggling, agreeing on. a price, telling each other,
'it's a deal'> (or) 'it's no The wife measures cut (the grai:l), the
husband taking the money and' (customer and seller) sa,y to each other, 'add
sorne more', (or) 'we will not add more.'
,<
.12:1
-,e
Since in the each person establisbes himnelf in his respective
c
location) not much difficulty is the market goers. The pepper, spice,
.
butter, livestock, grain, stalks of sugar cane, 'Wood and pottery sections,
all these have their locations. large the
number of people may be, buyer Md seJ.ler rw.y get together without confusion.
Since countrYside traders come from all over, even if 'tlhe city traders
and retail sellers ,occupy the place first,:the not really get
underway before mid-morning. The women and men go their seplU'ate W8S, (the
women) to where their wants are, (the men) to pick out the things they deSire.
On finishing their marketing, they meet by going back ,to the place where they
tied their _'donkeys. Since the country market goers cannot repeatedly return
to market every their principal aim is to take care of all the matters
for which they (to market>.' on that same dB\Y t:md return (bome). '.
After going to tbe section for c'hoosir,g ga.rwents
from those hanging up or spread out on'the ground each'according to its kind,
taking out a gabi, a poncho (or) what (ever) appeals to him,
i
turning it this w;xy- and that and looking at it, he buys the one which suits
him. He goes into section, at'the bxen, the cow which
stopped producing calves, the young bullock, t.be calf or the gelded steer,
,
avoiding the fierce one which is bad-tempered, poking the good ones with
the staff he carries, identifying by appearance the ones which are good for.
plowing or butchering, the fat and those whose fat is not desirable, bargain-
ing and haggling about, the is the,rule and then buying what looks
(good) to him. Going into the sheep section, squeezes their tails, pokes
-
them in the breast and makes a deal,as is the rule. If it is for
him to jutlge the pack animal {he does otherwise he notes its weakness,'
<
or its streng:"u through the evidence (proVided by) its teeth and so he avoids
.lao
,
e the reallY saddle-sore, picks out the really plump one and buys it.
Traveling through each merchandise section in this w8, choosing care-
,
fully, handling, haggling about the highness of thl ,tlrice) the smeJ.1ness of
the merchandise, he purchases wbat is necessary.
....
'rut after aU, the marketer IIllst 'become tired and weary when he goes
hither and thither, so the who know this spend the da in a sepa-
"
rate place which they call a (small market) an.d
bread on wicker'fl':>rk parched grain in beer in crockS
,
and arrack in bottles or ct'.nt,eens to the hungry and thirsty- who come (there)_
Since their merchandise has a'fixed price, it not suitable for dickering.
Therefore income which they get from these separate items is advantageous.
,
So 'after the market goers finish the business and before they
,
go home, they probably remember the children whom they left behind at home.
Therefore they journey (homewa..Tf..) after buying candy ,or m1gar cana to please
those who saw
ii off weepins- At that time, they (al.so) buy 'kerosene and
Nafta for the lamps.-
Since most of the titl'e there is no mill in the countryside, having
mch of grain grCi.md at the market at the same occo.sion, they .return
After all this has te..lten place, the ones who own a donkey loads the
merchandise on it, the ones who do not, carrying (the merchandise) on their
backs and, indul8ins in talks'; the state of the markets, they
travel quickly so they will, ani ve home before it gets dark. Singing and
joking with each other so they will not feel tired, sometimes resting, they
walk on for a while. and just before arr';' ving at the hoose or t'1e vil.lage,
those who have been at home all ;-">"rhe merchandise
is unloaded and the children are given the slll!lar cane ,that was bought f9
r
.tal
e-
-'
them. Ai'tel' that, they sit, breathing a sigh of reliet' and drinkir.g good
coffee until supper is ready. ~ e next market is a weelt away.
J

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.132
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Christening
l'orty ruiys after a. boy is born and 7ighty clss after a girl, they are
For the boy there'is a godfather and for the girl a godmother.
;-
If the which is ,!>orn is a boy) the is asked to give his
child 'for christening to the requester. contrast to this, if the child
.
is' a girl, it is the mother who has to be asked. Persons eager for rela.-
tionship and friendship ask, as soon as they i'ind out the mother has con-
ceiv:
d
, tIf your child is a boy (give it) to me, if it a (give it)
.. to rru wife.' TheiT purpose is' to have the parents pronrl.se before a.Dbody
else asks first.
For example, in Gojjam, one who gives (the chilli in christening)
asks (for the child). In Shoa, the parents ask (someone) to give (the child)
in christen:.ng for them. If the child the child of the these
are not made but the child is given Lu
who are strong in their fat th make a covenant so that the child, when he
grows up_ will serve the tabot that was chosen. Even though the basic. mean-
-.
.
ing of christening is linked with custom, the source of this custom. is the
need for relationship. Both the (parents) who ask for and (others) who
seek to be are looking for a means of protection in a relative
who is strong in wealth and honor. Even though the one christenec1. 'is a baby
who bas not attained the age of reason, the entire afftrlr is carried Q,lt
persons who have attained the age of reason.
A da before the christening, the mother tells all the neighbors that
sbe has a christeIUng on the morrow and asks them to escort her. On the
day--6 a.m. on a non-fast day and 12 a.m. on a fast dq--the
gi vers in and those who are bav1ng the christening done travel
, 'J'-'
fl'S
e-.

"
"
,.
"
I
to the cr
Ch
The motller comes with spun thread and the givers'" i n
the christening with new clothes and towels or a kind of muslin.
. . ...
As soon as they arrive at the church, if a place is availab.le they
t. ' , ""\.
stand at the place, stand) under the eaves. The
'!, . ,
priest carries out the necessary ccre:mony, carrying the cross and conducting
the with the deacons giving the The deacon receives the
. .
thread from the mother and suspends it on the croSs. Pla.cing this near the
water whlrCh he has brought in a clay "bowl, he stays urise t
"
and begins the
prayer.
6
Those who give the response follow' (him) j..t1., the same fashion.' Arter
prs\yer, the priest blesses the water with the cross and adds cm'ism (holy
oil) to it.
While the child is naked, the deacon takes him from his mother and
when he comes fon.'al'd holding him in his hands under each armpit, the pioiest
immerses him in the water which he has prepared. Even though it is said that
the child ought to be happy on a Chrlsti!n, it bitterly on
\ J
feeling the coldness of the water. Wben he has finished being 1JmDersed, the'
thread which his mother brought for him and which had been Fa;yed over while
banging on the cross,is tied around his neck. me....; he bas become l
Christian.
In any case, the procedure of.gi ving the' Christian name is simple.
If the baby is a the saint's da;y is' taken into consideration axitr trom
. '
the beginning, most often the v.lrd son-of or servant-of is added to Christ's
.
or a martyr's or
4
saint's name and the name such as CbriBt' (or)
'son-of Gabriel' is given him. In contrast to this, the girl is given the
,
name (st.) George' or 'handmaiden-of Christ.'
As soon as the na.me-giving is over, the godfather or godmother takes
his spiritual child from the deacon and holds it in his /her armS ... Afterwards
.134
III
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the mother takes her child and with the escorts, goes inaide (the church).
. ,
After attending they administer coamunion to the From the ,
..
tliey start Maas until they leave, the ehil,A does not tnke the even
though hullger l'!.JJRI be gnawing at him. Could that be to show through fasting
tbat'ne is to the Lord since he has become a Christian?
. '" '
, - 'Now, since the christening cercmoD,Y is oVE;r, the mother pits tHe child
. . ., " . ' .,' ,
on ller back and returns to her hoo.se together with her escort.' Sbe gathers ,.
' ,

. "
tbe neighbors and and gives them to eat and drink of .the
feast she haS prepare .,.... After tlle pr1est.g and of the
,. yf --...,,"
t1thC for 'them, 'go ,If
at Sb/ ld be of their leaving a week
the ening a .full of fine wheat, :-aisins ,and ce.ndles would be sent.
.. . ,...,.. . '.' .
, '
,
.
"
co
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.. ,
F
..w'
J
. .J
. '"
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-
Wh<.:.l the fatherS' tcll parables _ 'angels give names.' When
they say this, it is to suggest that ,before tile c- 'ld is born,his profes-
sion and bis name are decided"'&,.r angels. It is s&itkt if the ,name which
is desired is given him once he is born, thE;l'e is nothing which will be '
, . added or taken away !'rom him.
6
Whether- or not (such), tales told, l'. child 'a name--hia pp-:.ol.'!r,Ci
name--has been cpnsidered for some time, not, as 'soon as he is Jlom.
This name which is givcn cbnsideration ms:y be a hero's name like (I
baVing cll.sturbed), GoS'i)mIne' (I havirWclbowed), Kande elbow), (the
. -
'
,
!
bitter), Amblirba-r (ransacker) and the like. \Uames exprcssing handsomeness
" '
'.
'.
"'-
are of the kind Wabltu \the beauty), Amai'H (he is DHnnIlqa

'
(he is admirable).

"
The names given express b&auty. Just for example:
(diamond) ,c] VI abi tu (the beauty),. agel'Uda (rose) and the like. who
have'lost a bqy or girl through childbirth illness changing the s.ex
J
call the boy by'the girl's name and the 'girl by the boy's name. reason
they do this 1>j because of belief that. c.haDging the sex by na"Ae
will keep the children from <\ving.
When a baby hay is born, be is christened on the fortieth da, tbe
&11'1 on the eighti,eth. 'The givers in christening look for a ..... woman to be
the the If anyone asks .to give tbe child in .
to be the 6odJoother, her circumstances are taken into consideration and the

I

, child is -given to her. On the part of the boy, a godfather is likewise

,
q ,
sought. '!be parents go to a nearby church, explain to the vicar that they


I
have a newly born. child, decide the Christian name by which the chlld will
be baptized and the dat'3' (on whicb thename w;l.ll be given) and return.
. '
13fi
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, I
.e

..
. '
' ....
On the day of the christening, the, parents, and i'f they are still.

'sllve,the go to the church-wlth (their) relatives,
attend the ceremony of the Mass and Give child in christening. A deacon
takes the child "in his:arms and brings it to the baptismal font.' Then,
. crossing':himself and sa.y:ing 'Halleluiah tQ the. to the
Son, halleluiah to -the Holy Ghost, t he baptizes the baby. The name of the
tabot which is ceIebrated on the the baby is baptized as
, .
the child's Christian For' exumple, j, f the val is (Saint) Mi-chael s
4
- he ,,:ill be called by (Saint) luchael's name; if a boy, Wlildli-Mikael,
GRbrH.-l.1ikael, F.ay,llL-MikQ.el, etc. If a girl, shemay be callec1 Aml!tlL-Mikael,
.0
Wy':l1!.ttH.-!.1ikael etc. As Ii of the chri stening, the priest tie a
. ,
white thread around the child's neck. This is ca.lled the matB.ba
After the parents return. a.nd hole. a fantasia in the presence of.
. . c
.
the relatives on account; of the christelliug, the .Lai.,hel' Si-wlUb up
and :publicly proclaims the name hi "lhicl) he wants his son to be called. This
"
is called the 'w?rld name;' When the priest s8\Ys, tl-19.y the name be blessed.
and holy!' the people respond, saying, 'Let it be so . May it be
We like it.'
The priest gives his blessing, sa;ys a prayer, has everyone
(
say 'OUr father who art in and after he has finished, everyone gulps
what remains in his respective cup and they take leave of each other.
The child's Christian and plblic names differ in function. His plb-
lie name will always be his appelation, his Chri:
stian
name will for
I>
him to be called by when he takes conmnnion and will be used in the obse-
quies wben he dies. Sometimes his Christian name serve as his plblic
name.

If he should be the con of a. wealthy' man; an Bddi tional 'horse name I
....,/1
may be given him . Just for example, it rJJB;y be Tatliq. V

o
.e
There names knO,\ffi as :pet names. The pet name is one which they
use to display affection by taking the world name of someone and shortening
it or making some alt.eration in it. If his usual name is 'Bayu,' t is ."
the pet name (for a boy).. is (actually) a woman's name A'b$Ubli be-
. v v
comes Abbe; GnroalGcmnos; Particularly 'With reference to

'Women, -yye is added and becomes a special pet name. That is to say, Abliba
(becomes) AbUbewye or
GeneroJ.ly when a name is given it has a meaning. It has the meaning
of desire, hope, love and the like. It is the rule in Ethiopia t; t for all
these names which are given that they have a meaning is connected to
the thing the parents 'Wllllt their child to become \'11 th the chara:::ter they
want their child to have.
. .
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Wedding
/
In Ethiopia, specifically in keeping with the customs of the Amharas,
" ' ., 1J!,(l, .. "
weddings arc performed by cODllllLUUon, CJ.vil or hire. Most .often
ci vil marriages are Throughout the countryside, the ccnmn.uUon
,
marriage is greatly respected, since it couples lrusband and wife together
until the end
..In keeping with this .custOm, when a fine young fellow is fifteen years
old, he is considered to be mature and a. life's companion is for him.
When the pretty girl is all of twelve 01' thirteen, she is scrutinized if she
is not yet betrothed. As is the Gustom, the parents of the girl, even though
r
their daughter is u.mnarried, will not seek a husband for her but will only
./ _t "
feel disappointed. Alwa.ys they are .the ones who are asked but those
who ask. Until a bu.sband is ;'ound, their is only' to help her preserve
tit her chastity and to more adept in her housewil'ely skillso
Even though it seems a custom which the present day has abolished,

three things mUst be considered when a wife is sought for a man. The betro-
thed must be equal in wealth. their lineage must be pure. 'l'hird:lY,
they must be of the same faith.
The girl's family and the'bQy's family or not be
with each othe-r (beforehand). Even though they do or do not know each
other, it is necessarY to have a mediator who has companionship with both
'" . ,-
(sides) in order to bind them together in marriage. In order to obtain for
their son the girl on whom their eye has lighted, the boy's f8ill1ly choose
some of the ccuntry elders and send them as intermediaries to ask the girl fS
family to give their daughter in marriage' to their son_ The elders go to
"
the girl's famil with dollars and a. salt bar. As is the rule, when they
arrive there, instead of going directly into the girl's house, they stand

'. oj
aside until SOl.'Qeone comes to welcome them and tell them to enter.
After that, they go into the girl's hcr..1se, rest a while, b,lt do not
begin (to discuss) the Illatter about which they have come. Food
and drink are served. Sitting there they indulge in conversation. Even
though the girl's family know a.bout the matter, having heard various r.uoors,
they talk about llvestock, the crops, the and people just as though
nothine (about marriage) had been heard. '{hen the conversatioll appeal's
ended, the girl's family says to them, ''Well, fathers., what may we do for
you'?" The elders place the money they have brought on the nilsob. This
lOOney is called the 'means for removing the maal.' After that, they say,
"We came thinking that you llOttld give us your. for our child."
e discuss the matter thoJ.uug11,y t.\.uu thej- ha.-.-': accept.ed the propoalll
in their hearts, the girl's pretending that they don't need it,
make an appointment, sBiYing they mIst think about it and take counsel on
it. Even though the da,te is set, the family have to (try) to speed
up the l!il.tter.
After the girl's famdly accepts the andagrees to it, the
for the banquet will be made by both parties e. month or t,,-o
.
before the wedding. About two weeks before the wedding, the young g:l,rls
of village sing in each of the houses. While all this is going on, the
boy and the girl do not see each other. Sometimes they are not acquainted
with each other at all.
On the wedding day, the elders, followed by the groom's best men, go
to the girl's house, dancing and boas t1ng of (their) fighting prowess. When
, ;
tpey arrive there, they weit O'..1tside until someone tells them to come in.
11 {J
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They chatter animatedly. After they enter, t.he elders in front and the

best men (following) after, they sit -in the front and (the best men in) in
back of them. Even then, they put qllestions as if the matter about wuich
they came were (something) new., When they haw finished ea.ting and drinking,
the elders stand' up and lAY out the dmn-y which .they Since this is
girl's side). "till undoubtedly tha.t it is too little while
(the boy's side) will say tha.t it is too wch. After they are generally
,
agreed, the girl's summons tbe hest men and hands over the bride with
the things that she has. Since it is customary to weep.",hen one gets married,
. -1
the bride cries copiously, s8iY'it1g s,he will not go. Tears cho}-;e the parents
as though she parted from by ldeath. If the place too. ,.,hich the bride. is
.',

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going is far off, she travels by 6thern-j,se one of the bast !OOn carries
her 011 his back.
,
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On the boy's side, tnere is mcn ,feasting' and dancing. One 01' '-WU of
the best men have reme.ined behind and welcome guests, get things ready and


put the honeymoon
A
in order. When is somewhat dark, bridegroom starts
out with his best men to receive his bride. From the time the bridegroom
,
leaves the house she DllSt be veiled in JlIlLSlln. on entering into the bower,
there is terrific jubilation and dancing. One eats, drinks and dances. One
engages in talk and conversation. \<lhen . everyone has drunk, eaten, enjoyed
himself gotten a bit tired, the bridegroom and bri'de, escorted by
the best men, go to the honeymoon hut. The guests are seen off. Every close
friend of the family spends the evening dancing and singing.
In the honeymoon hut there is a struggle, although it is for the sake
of pla. The girl (says) she will not be violated, the boy sa.,ys that he is

the son of so-and"so. After Dllch struggling, the boy wins. He takes her
virtue. She becomes his first-time wife. If she is found to be a virgin,
.1 11
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the jubilation, the dancir.g, the shooting (of are t but if not, .
the surprise and the shame are just as great (in extent). If it (i.e. marks
of virginity) is foond, the boy's family goes in the morning to the girl's
house and says, 'Gopd news! . He broke a fine bracelet to yot''':' advantage.'
a sigrt, they take a baked dabbo and a blood-stained clc,th. The girl's
family is pleased and prood. However, if she is no!; a virgitl, she is whipped
and. sent home. This means there will be gossip for a year. r-
If things have gone 'Well, on the third day the bride's family send
someone to inquire after their . Clothing and money for the gO'vd
news are sent to them. After that, they are invited everywhere FlIld some time
later tliey finally ,come out of the (honeymoon) hut and organize their lives
until they too engender offspring and marry them off.

:.. ,
Dlrial Ceremony
There are very many things which can make great differences in the
turial cereIUOl\Y of a deceased person. When a headman or a rich person dies,
the Christian burial customs are performed for them without anything being
" Al-
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left out.
If it is a poor person, however, even though. he is a Christian,
he is interred in a cursory fashion. The one who has a lot of relatives is
buried in a more thorough fashion thrOugh the efforts of his survivors. If
during his lifetime the deceased person 'WtlSII a good man, a participant in
tbe afflictions and the joys of others, even though poor in relatives and
property, because of his good deeds, he will be buried, his 't.ake being per-
formed with many details and hi.s grave "till be dug verr deep.
i
Another thing 'which may make something of a difference in theburial
cereillol\Y, is the time in '\-1hich the soul and body of the deceased became sepa-
e rated. For somoone ,\-1ho lasted through the night but was a COll'l:it! iii the
morning, there is plenty of time, so relatives from far and near gather
together and he is burled in a thorough fashion. But if he died during
the time between noon and four 0 'clock, he is sald to have died inopport,- Jely.
This is because from far awa;y cannot arrive on time (for the funeTal).
A priest ma;y not be in church. What is worse, "there ma;y be no sexton in the '.
village. It is not liked that the corpse shculd be buried in the morning
J
because keeping the corpse all night will, increase the sorrOW of the rela-
ti ves. '!bere is also concern that the corpse JtJFq' putrefY and fall apart,
therefore the burial. be done summarily md incompletely (0l! the
same dt\Y).
A corpse that stBs arrund overnight harm the sui-vivors, but the
ceremony itself woo.ld be comple ted somehow. If someone dies in the period
from four o'clock until suppertime, there is no imnediate outcry. It would
J 1a
e be a di.sgrace. The grieving person has to spend the evening containing his
grief somehOll until the neighbors h!lve finished eating supper. Even though
the rules require this, after ali, wben a relative they love has been in his
deatq. throes for a while, a friend who sees eyesand mouth close ,and the soul
part from the body will probably cry out being crazed anddru.nlt with grief.
As soon as it is ascertained that this person is dead, the men in the
house get the women away from the corpse, put up a curtain, dress up the body
properly and lay it out. The cloth, the mat, the thread, the rope and all the
things used for enshrC1J.ding (the body), after they have been collected from
variOUS and stockpiled', the corpse is ensbroo.ded and wrapped for
,..
burial. When the neighbors are thought to have finished eating S'.lpper, the
death is openly announced and lamenting and confusion produced
.
After t.he body is 'restored,' it is put in a place where the mourners
,e can see it. What is meant by 'restored i is ",hen the corpse is tied
upright with a sort of a made of cotton to a support or a piece of
---W()d-rt-xe-d-to--its back, dressed best clothes, and if a
(
according to the procedures f( a. lady, if a priest, according to a priest' fJ,
and if a person of rank, according to that of a. person's of rank just like
it 'taB when alive. Ai)'er that" the deceased's goodness, his havill6 provided
food'and drink-and if poor)the fact that he died still in a. low state .... in
general. his virtues are enumerated by a professional mourner. The relatives
(filling) the house, spend the evening bathed in tears while beating of the
breast and enumeration of virtues is done b,y a. professional
,t So that relatives from distant (areas) 't!JtJ\f arrive'J"for the funeral.,
messengers are sent on horseback and on foot. People to tell the death tid-
ings are also sent everywhere of tl',e deceased person are said to
)
,
At midnightJthe deceased's father confessor comes with his censer.
Except for a few men, he clears the hoose completely of men and he fumiga.tes
the corpse with incense after the clothes have been taken off. Afterwards
everything is (put back) jUs't\like it was, the motU'Ilers return and
\
start up the wake again.
When morning comes and all the re!atives have come, the corpse is
'.' taken out of the house about 8:30. When it is approximately 500
trom the church where it is to be Wried, the corpse is placed on the ground
and the burial chant (ceremol1Y) is begun. .Now is the start of the 'proces-
siona! obsequies.'. In tbis fashions the burial chant is intoned five times
while (corpse) is rested on the ground at intervals of a hundred meters,
and on the tit;,e it is taken around the church three times, then rest'ed
in the . doorway The complications of processional' obsequies end at this '
t
. -. h - . -' . . .. , .. ' . 'h'
pa1n. However,).1 't e aeceasea 18 'to De '=,,! ! '=IOOI\J rl.go I. e
proce,onal '\dll not be enough. They ha.ve to recite Psal.ms,
the Book of Funeral Ceremony and the Gospels.
Recitation of the Psalms is in any caGe a powerful and important pr8er
for holiness. The .priests recite, the"Psblms dividing it up chapter by chapter.
At the end of each chapter, they call out the deceased' s name and
beseech God sSing, 'Place his soul on Your right band with the souls of
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.' At the time of tbis -pr8er, -the deceased's'
'.
secular name is not mentioDed since God knows him onli by his baptismal
name. If there are ma.l\Y priests (so engaged) in thi.1 fashion, they go. through
, .
the Psalms many times. It has never been decided how nany times the PseJms
. t
mst be repeated. Arqwe;y, the fortunate one for whom there are many priests,
,
the Psa.lms are recited for him that maz:w times. It will be said that the
Psalms are recited for him.
"
.1 -1:)
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While all this is going on, the gravediggers are not idle. Before
the body' is taken' out !)f the boose, they have come with their spades and
and prepare a pit three cubits deep and four cubits long. They adjust
the size of the pit"by measuring tbe coffin beforeha.nd.
Until the pr8er ceremony' is oyer, the mourners'resembling e. wall
stand around the bed on which the corpse was carried. The profess:i:on:.4l
,
mourner stands in (their) midst and utters cries of AU the roourners
c
join' (her cries) " in unison.
,After a.l.l these ceremonies are over, the corpse is lifted from the
, .
place in whiCh, it had been and is taken to the grav,e. People frye There

is much beating of breasts. QClose tear out their hair. -(Some)
. become crazed and fall down and get up.
The father confessC'r comes awinging censer back and forth s.nd
e gabbling his He blesses the gra.ve and smokes it with incense. At
this time the mourners' cries of and all the (other) outcries and tumult
" .,
eease, so all,1s complete silence. The priest utters a prayer.
. "
Right a.fter the priests stop speaking when the body' is lowered into
;
..
the pit and the dirt and stolJes heaped up on either side are returned (to
">-:-f
the pit), there is a rumbling ndise Uke the sky in June. the grave
-
is filled with earth, a (head) stone is placed upon it.
NoW it doesn't seem that a.n;vo.!;b1ng been left out. The deceaced
has gone into his eternal home, never to come out again. The despairing
,
survi vors, realizing that the deceased will never come back, stand in the
. church compound after vent:i;.ng their grief. Male and female mourners stand
sepa.re.tely apart from other. ,An r.er 'I'A9.Y speak mentioning, varioUS
incidents of the deceased's llfetime. He bleGs the sexton. After that,
the father confessor concludes the ceremoD with a. prayer. The mourners may
11 f)
\
e' sit on the ground once, pat the earth with their fingers and wipe their
cheeks and forehea.d with (the earth). The significance of this is tha.t the
f
e3l'th weighL.6 down upon the deceased should tooch (the mourners) too. After
tha.t, one who wishes to lea.ve i1llUleclia.te],y tells the (ot.her)- lIlOUl'ners, 'May
God console yoo' and takes his leave. All the others,escorting the
return home, th" in f'ront and the men in rear.
\
\
(
i,
}'ood and Drink
In Ethiopia, the main thing by which a girl's womanly quality is
measured is hE'r housewifely abill W Keeping h01lse) ving guests,
-: :

respecting the husband, but most of all, making bread, cutting up
brewing beer--these are the biggest things of whicb a girl is proudest and
in which sbe competes "Ii tb the other (girls). At every banquet,
like "so-and-so's beer is lightning," "it looks like a chicken's e.1c,"

and-so's sauce does not upset tbe stomacb," "she is keen," "the
of women" is a measure of this (excellence). When women r.avc no work to do,
_ discussing the kinds of bHrbRrre.&, spices, beer and hydromel is a typica.l
activity of theirs.
In the countryside, 'the woman arises a.t dawn, .goes to fetch water,
sweeps the house clean, and according to what her station in life a.llows
ber, puts coffee on the fire, prepares parched. grain .:>r g,nd
..,
,
when convenient for her, boils up a bit of suro-stew and breakfasts witb her
-

neighbors, provides coffee '. from the first boiling to the third and then takes
up her work for the day. After tbe famer goes to bis work, she prepares
sauce and bread, packs it in a lJUts beer in a crock or a canteen
- --
...-
and tt\kes it to the field for him. After retUrning from there, prepares
supPer. Since the extent of the income is 'low, tbe food--except on
--does not go beyond tbe usual bread and s8l!ce. When holidays e.rri ve, such
thiDgs as lambs are ,butchered and sometimes a fantasia is beld . Besides
(this), beans steeped in hot water, pease and wheat porridge, parcbed barley
and chickpeas are tbe farmer's food.
When we go into town, 'we see things which differ from this. Parched
,
grain and porridge are occasionally eaten unless there is want. NonE'thcJess
bread and sauce do not cede their places (in the '8 diet). Even i,hm;.($.l'
'.'
/
.'"
the tY1)es and amount of food 8.!e limi tC,d 'by tbe standard of 11 ving, brea.kfast,
lunch, and supper are served a.t their proper times. The weU:..to.o.o, the cul-
ttured,do. not eat agaill. dSiY what they ate tbe day be!ore.
. For mJ.ch of the tf,\e. :Y'Pical foods are gafa].fal-stew with
'v J*
a,ne;fLra-bread, if there is then with dabbo, fresh fried meat witb
( II J! Y .' :
eggs, conrse porridge, and things art.. .80 11 ttle t.ight, wheaten
. ,
bread a.nd. butter, (such) are typicv.l 'lUth breakfast, plaCk coffee
"
(without milk or rutter) is served, somet,imes with butter. Wben things are
well, yoghurt fJ.I:I.vored with strong pepper. -This is
,
for the rich. of tirne "Qreo.kfast is a very light'meal.
Thou...cll mlch of tbe time lunch consistG of
,
I
tUld sauce, the kinds of sauce differ. Meat sauces (range)
lm1c;b is a hea.vier meal.
" f'
from red za-lb!> sauce, ftln&.lgreck pot, za-ga
n
to ca.bbagp.. veg-
e eta'9le sauces are sauce ma.de of rwsh1.y groullu
.
peas. DuriIlg fastin8 periods, rolled chickpeas pltt into stew J
in&lLra-breo.d plt into sauce, salSo, sunflower oil f,.tta-t--all these are typi-
caJ. foods. l-lhat is 'eaten for lunch might not served for supper. In
. case, this 1s as may be convenient. Primari 1y food of this )dnd is served
. I '-'" ,
. for SllppefNOW and again chicken: sauce, chopped meat, meat and salad
JJJB;y be served. Most . tbe time beer--and if there is 8t).) and
arrack --is drUnk during lUnch and supper.
Tbe kinds of food made during work da,ys are somewhat few in number.
This bectmse (m.Cl}dng '/UADY'rinds) is hard to do. Besides, there are many
types of foods. Of all kinds of sauce, chicken sauce is preferred.

Since the of preparing it is different from the others and
reCDlires a special skill, women -make it 'witb anxiety a.nd 8.P1lrehension. I",Ult ... ;
\
. -
,"
,
i
,
/
it is the means of one's they are greatly afraid

, 'that soroe1!hing will be frond wrorig With it ..
is one' of most POp.llar things. Even though modern sci- .
ence does not accept it, a. banquet with.out raw meat woUld be considered
,"
incomplete. The bounty of a banquet giver and his in banquets
} .
'
are recognized thrcugh the kind of raw Qeat he nerves. 'l'h.,t (meat) which is
to be eaten raw a.nd fo:, hashing is known exactly c.at by 'cut. Eating it with
\ .
pepper and dn."""""h:king hydromel and arrack are, typical habits.
"
,
When somebGdy goes on c. lo.n?; journey, be takes enough apgHra and sauce
'.
.
,
for two or three dl\Ys in a. basket. However, since and sauce beoome.
I
... .
moldy. if th'ey sit, around; of food that spoil is p8C'ked
i
tor
,
Among these foods flour ot barley mixed wi til pepper,
mixed ..p.th and butter
J
td tbe 'llke. of pre-
,
-
I
is such that they last time without going bad.
I ' Beverages" tLso 'have fvarious) kinds. The is e.lwa-ys of the un-
rtltered type which is brewed at home. Sometimes, too, there ''1s a kind called
'It'ilter beer' which is '1Jl'epared by filtering through a cloth and adding beer
-

*st. This (beer) is famoo.s for its potenCY'. The work -it requires ;s' very'
I"',
..
.....'/
/

subtle. likewise div:1ded }ttto insufficient:t,y and fil ...
,
.
,
- /.
tered (typesr: Next to there is (or .. honeyeq water). Since

v'
l
there is not m?h geso in this and it i,s not. kept until it. ,does
not inbriate . it is honey. "'hen thex:e are the strong drinks Jtikal.a.
< ,
. ,
.
' .
. or grain arrapk. 'lfle it is like the Of beer: wher it
, .....
J
starts to it is 'PU:t on the fire and dist1.lled. They make' a very ,
.
...
.

potent rut of i"t bi the distillate agaiJ?. This they call
.
.
.
'second.' There is a hqpeY'6U'rack lhiCh make fl'om bydrOJl. '!'tris is
. ' .
also wry
::
;'
JiJO
n7
, .
. j
I
r .
.'
When women, especial.1y the owners.of taverns, want to make theil' bev-
erage potent, they o.lld va.l'ious kinds of roots. 'Zney also add very mallY' kinds
of s:pices to f'le."lor their food.- It is very necessary to know the (right Y
1:\ amount of spice so the sauce "till not be too stroLg and 80 it will not
bUrn; EspeciallY an' iI:IpOrtant i tom like bHrbal're 1'lIlst never be laeking'in
'-
the house because \-(hen sauce is not prepared) ta.kes the place of
sauce.
Since there are many kinds of tribes in Ethiopia, the
O
ld.nds of food
I
and the in which prepared are different. Tbe Ambara fe.mous /
for their sQUee and " thei, beer and raw me"t.
Guregft.s lmve no one to equ..1.l them in their hash and their Cheese ,fa.nd
-
cr.bbage are their special foods,. The Tigrcru-..s do not have a..'I'l e<rn vt:.lent in
the dU2!!. and 'l'he Galla.s \nth their So lam
,
miLlt, their porridge, roast coffee; Gojja.I1Ef> wii"ll
their arrack; the Gondares with their millet beer; the Somalis ",1.th thej,.r
porridge and camel's milk, each one bas his . individual specialty.
Even though the kinds of food, vary according to the tribe, since the people
li ve II2Ii together, all the savory ones are appropriated and eate.n with-
\
\
put regarq. to origin. Thus the kind and the preparation are not limited by"
number rut by preference and by income.
J
1 1
.
/
House c,onstructlon in Amhara
Among the; Amhara people who cl9.im to be proud, to be called one 'o1ho
has no hut into ",-bieh to put his head is considered a disgra.ce.
wha.t they think of first)'Whcn thcy reach the age of reason,is constructing
a "house, t'IUilding a huto.: Either it is a means by "lhich they cffer
that one is self-sustaining, or else they do it because it is not customary
to rent a house in the countl"Ys
ide

J.bst of time, the :place on which Al:lha.ras build a house is a high
one. The first reason for which they do this is so that, according to what
their forefathers have bequeathed them, it "'ill be convenient for them to see
the rOutes of the eneD({ t s entry and passage, or else it is to be safe from
floods and freshets, or even it is done in the -belief that the dunged earth --- --- ----
from their livestock will fertilize their land to their benefit. The catt1.e
e dung flom; do\'m easily into the low places and fertilizes the farms which
are below the houses.
Most of the time they build their houses of sticks or else of wallS
of stone without plaster. A house of woo
r
l is made of and juniper
I
,
which last for a long time ,,7i.thout being '- .. en by termites a.ud worms. The
"-
roof is made of a ,C8.r'.e frame",ork and is thtotched with str.e.w. The stone
house's roof is just like the house of wood but not the walls.
I
, I
Wben a house is built in the coontryside, it is (done) by
labor.
If the hoose is new, the himself supplies all the building
, "
material and the people from the surrounding area help him with their labor.
If, however, the housa is suddcnly ruined for some reason or burned, the
\ people of the area'contribute not onlY their' labor'but all the things needed
for the house and reehablish the house for him. The O'.mer gives a oo.nquet
according to his as a kind of favor, then begs tbose close friends
1
,- (
,
WbOld he knows through the n!3.h btU- " the burial soC:i. ety or through camrmmal
) ' .
of all, the priest :in the area is s,::;ken for

establish a household. First
. I'
a. favorabli;! dD and the fcunda.-
labor (1,ad:s) 'to help him wild a house, to
!
. tion is laid. The purpose of this is clue to tIlerbelief thtl1J Q house wilt
on 0. favorable day '-Till be one of peace, love and health. After that, the
men engaged on this COIlDllll.al labor divide into some digging the
foundation, others up the central pillar and the supporting posts,
(.J.nd) others Volt on the cross-pieces (or) shape the stones (and) plaster
(the walls) wIth mud. The roof thatohi.ng and the stone wall (building) are
carried out by a few
TIlis is so that (the work) will not be rui?ed
- y
like a cabb3f.;e which ha.s been handled too ruch. Since nails are not found
. \ /
-- - ------- _. - - --- - -- -
in the countrysio.e, thincz iih"i.ch have to be stuck togetber are ----.:
fiber rope, vines or ba::;t. After the sticks of the roof are properly inserted,
they are fastened firmly with rope. ln order to preserve the or the
roof, the central pill:lr has been f-!...xed in the ground right in the middle.
Most of the time, houses of wood are not seen covered with mud plas-
tered on the outside, on the.inside. Houses of are built with
squared I'tones and with mud mixed with &aso. fiber OI\hay' in order to join
- -- \
them together. Tbe roof (of a stone b,ouse) is from (that) of
\.,
\,
a. house of wood. On top of a country house a pottery I spite t is found.
",
\,
There are few houses which ha.ve none.. Small holes are made in '"he walls
"
for the smoke to get out and to let in the light. When the house is, f'in-

ished being built, since there are no doors, much of the time a screen 0,
t.rl.ngs llke sticks tied with rope is made for it for the time being until
" " a. strong door of wood like and which cannot be eaten by l>lOrmB and "
will not crack is made.
It f d. tt 9 cJA.'\
The of the bouse r.l.SY be cir(;ulal' (betll-n1f,'Us)
.. Hhile this .requires the mmerls choic<::, mOst of the t5.me it
follows the ferm of house const:'Uction (prevailing) in the area. In some
places, the house is eli vided into t .. -o, half being the sleeping quarters, the
central. one (being) tbe :place to receive visitors, and it is d: vided
into three, the third (part) being the pantry. l .. :ost of the time, there are
tbose 'Who make balf of it a living area for themselves and the ot",,?!, (part)
},
sto.lls for livestock. The (person) who cannot do (otherwise) at all, bas to
have his quarters, the stalls for livestock, tbe pantry and the fire-
place all in the same hou.se. As a matter of fact, it is" (a kind of') curse and
>
one who can (do so) will at build separate structures for livestock and
---- ---------
to be variOtts kinds of halls, a bedroom chamber a.nd a cook bouse. At all
times there is an enclosed cOI!'!pOund /\round t!a.cl.l L!UU.i.e.
Seeing the grana.ries up in the area behind each house is nothing
unusual. Not only is suspending beehives on the walls of each bouse customaJ.7,
it is a virtue. As soon as a. house has been finisbed being built, tbe owner
provides a splendid banquet, invites all. those who hclped him and also bis
other neighbors,and ha.s the house blcssed by providing tbem with.food and
drink. Those invited ;:0 go (to the banquet) with cash, livestock, food or
drink, according to their ability. The whole matter is one of aS$ociating.
The guests say, 'bouse for a. calf , The owner says, 'tie a cald' After
eating, drinking, and singing, blessing (the bouse) and each other,
they part. The owner settles bis bousehold (and) makes it comfortable.
\
l'1J
.., "
The lWlner v,'earing the S,}Jarama
Besi'les the clothes man usually puts on to cover h.is nakedness and.
conceal his sexual parts, there are different clothes which one assigns to
different times and tasks At 'Weddings, festivals, markets, wakes and in
'al'l:pearine 'before officials, a.t each of 1;hese titles the clohes and the man-
ner of wearing them are different.
On wedding, festival and special market days, the Sundny clothes
whiter than the' ordinary clothes and lU'e new are taken out. Ii'
they were properly laundered and folded when first they may be
by the they are folded and 'by the smell when they are taken
out be wo:m., Women wear a dress and a that has the same hems as
the Th-ey d:re;:'";5 811 thll. around it or
--.. ------.--..
onlY on the bs.cko Even though embroidery all the ",lay around is a change
introduced only recently, it is seen on women, paxticula.rly in
the to'ftlls.
When women spend the day at home," they do not wear the 30 tha.t
. '.
iv will be more convenient for them to work. However, should they find it
necessary, they will wrap the or a kind of small nRtlllA. around their
shoulders. The work or everyday clothes mS8 be pla.in, unembroidered and
l:!:tL . /)'\ ,I\.t. Ht rA.. . .,e.. tAste( l.t bl1t bttu'\NtQ. tu..
made of clothes after they have become old and seen their
day.
The festive or Sunday clothes are spm by the l8.dy of the house her-
self and are made by a special technique on which she has spent mch time.
When the dress is made, a narrow band of embroidery is made on the front in
, b.u.""
the shape of a cross which reaches from the neck to the (of the garment) ,
.'
rut sometimes from the gatherir..gs at the waist to the bottom (of the garment).
When all this is done, they put on 8il ver bangles, necklaces, earrings,
1
r- r:
. dd
bracelets and such like ornaments that go together with the dress and the
'{ne ladies pIt cn a. burnoose or ('ape oVr:.!r this. This OS-curs when
there is a special festival.
The men o:g their part have Sunday clothes too. They are not decorated
I in va.rious fashions as those of the women. They are not fanciful. They
-_ .... -
alter their ma.'lJler of c:.rcss according to the festival. and the place. When
festiva.ls such as l'.i!sqIil, Christmas and Epipha.n.y come, they wea.r their
national dresso The national dress which custom has preserved is a narrow-
sleeved shirt, jodhpU's and a nlLtUla. 'l:he manner of wearing the is
- '
according to the choice of the one who wears it. Be that as it may, the
is placed over both in order to be different from the

- Sometimes they. carry a fl,ywhisk.
Now and again in accordance ",i th ancient. custom, e.n ea.rring is suspended
from the ear. be carried. A burnoose ,or a cape mJ!JY be plt ,011
lilte the lo.dies 0.0. During wOl'k periods, however, long loose trOO,sers are
,
more comforta.ble, so they are preferred. This is because they are somewhat
wider.
When one goes to an offic::i.al.' shouse, though the ,kind of clothes is
not changed, the manner of wearing them (is changed). When they come to
the official t s door, tbey the respectfully by turning the
-:'own to their waists, passing one end (oVer) their backs, their sbo'llder and
then down over their chests so it will be easy to grasp. When they bow, they
do so by taking this free end in hand.
v ..
Though wearing the alramma respectfully

is freque'ntly done when appearing before an official, it is also sometimes
done when supervising at a banquet and when arguing a case in court.
What one wears arrund the hOUse both morning and night is the Gabi
which protects one from the cold. Sometimes a rather thick may be
,.,,}
!
J I
!
I
I
chosen, not for its nppearallce but for its 'Warmth. The way this h J.S
over the head. They put it over the head or gather it about the ear3, espe-
cially when sitting wld indulging in conversation.
For major festiva.ls capes decora.ted with embroidery in h specinl way
are the dress for officla.ls and nobles. When judges and lawyers argue a.
,case in c'O'.lI't and give verdicts, they "lear b1.E.ck capes. Church vicars and
...
priests Olear pWn or decorated capes, especio.l.ly on major festi\ral days.
J.1oreover, they sometimes 'Wear white garments 'Hith "their turbans and sometimes
.,
a gano. The monkS ,rear a black hood and a. black robe with a. black ,ca:pe.
Some wear gray robe.
When a c lose relative dies, the colored fringe of the is dyed
black to express mourning or a bla.ck strip of cloth )..S sewn over it. 'If this
is not done, garment is dyed black Tne men eAl'ress their sor-
" row by having the black strip of cloth only sewn on nlitiila, l>iu:J.'Vlu6 their
--!-
their beards grow and a black cape on their heads.
/,
When people ,,'ho are not their close relatives or intin:ate friends or are
related to them only by (living h. the same) neighborhood die, the men put
a blaCk marking on their clothes and the" women wear the nUtUla stripes about

the neck. The principal. manners of clothes-wea.ring are restricted to tl.e
(a.bove-mentioned) ways.
I
f:' ,.
t) I
1'1'f

__
MahbUr
One of the customs of t.he people of Ethiopia--the
have come down times is the mahbHr. Its fundamental purpose
is (to be) an organization people meet together according to sex on
/ days which are the memorial cl.ays of angels, mal'tvs, saints, ho:q persons,
the Lord and OUr and to prepare banquete. it" to remember thes'e righteous
ones in the spirit and find pleasure for themselves in the flesh. For the

sake of spirituality, they remember God and the saints who are on
that day. For one's soul one gives alms to the needy, the feeble and those
who have no one to care for them. In keeping with its secuhrity, the ..
ple'l!JD.,.v indicate their unity, love and cooperati<.n through it.
The rnahtJit:. has two kinds of manifestation. Although a mahblh- is
.
itseli only one kind of organization, is a general term for all such like
organizations. -The other kind is called a More than c,wt:l"ve yer-

sons assemble a.Iijl 'drink a mahbHr.' .IThose "Who found a mabblir do so in, the
name of a in their neighborhood which they attend& Their
moti yes maY vary_Some do it because the.y made a vow and their vaw
was fulfilled, some to return a favor or to keep a promise, and some do it
because they. have been ol'dered to hold a manb!tr in a dream. M for the \
others," they may do-it with the intention of reinforcing their.mutual
unity by chooSing the church which they (all) like. The men gather on
the d.a of their (male) saint, and the women gather on day of their
(female) saint and hold the mahbllr in separate groups. The chief festi v$
\
on which a ma.'1b8.r is held are: st. Michael, St. Gabriel, Virgin !4ary, \

\
(Holy) Trinity, Redeemer of the World, St l&d'e It a
rJ
"8!) and Birth ;
of the Virgin. Hen and women do not conduct a mahbILr together. All (mem-
bers) take turns being host to the cha.lice in separate groups.
JfiE
.,
'.
,
"\
t
For the cereltony of the chalice, there are a decorated mUsob on which
bread is :placed and a. crock containing beer. Ai'ter they ha.ve spent the da.y
conducting the roahbllr in the various houses, the one whose turn it is, returns
home wit.h the bread ill the decorated and the
l
beer in the crock. This
is ?ecause the next is A priest to bless the chalice is never
absent from a..'TY r.nhbUx. otherwise the affair would not be blessede The ban-'
(', .. "1\ ... ", .. -, tit
quet is monthl..v. One of the members of the !Uhbll.r is chosen to be bi;l1
t
hfi. if\.
keep of success of the banquet, to remind (the for-
.....
get the tin:e and to suggest that the blessing (of the holy ones) will not be .
omitted. All the members of the various , the ones :i"'rom far away
(com:i.ng) by nule, the ones close by on horse (back), gathe:r together each
with his sll".all gourd dipper or horn cup. The one whose turn it is ha.s the
biillquet well-pr'1pared and bustles a.bout sen'ir,g food and drinks. He invites
them to partake (of the banquet) by 'Eat in Ma.ry's name for my sake; I
IDrink in St. George's name for rtr;{ sake 0 ' From time to time he dispenses
alJn.s to the poor and ill who knowing that there is a mahbHr stand in line
I
by the 1ven though the occasion is a religious one, it is not
u.rru.sual for people to eat a lot or drink until they get high. Also, a
minstrel, having asked for news (of such a meeting), may appear. WorldlY
matters predominate. The name of the festival may be. repeatedly mentioned,
but its meaning is forgotten on account of the power of the inebri-
ation. At the conclusion of the affeirs of a day like this, the venerable
c1A,"",,,,o.k.
priest has delivered a praye-. SUIIIIOOns the (next) one whose turn it
id and makes him promise (to fulfill his obligations) and concludes (the
.",. . mahbHr) by handing over the chalice. The one whose turn it is (to hold the
next !IlOnth' s meeting) is escorted by those ,,1ho have come with bi.m (to the
mahbRr), lights a candle, and goes to his house with the decorated and
, 1
e ' and the crock. Another banquet does not have to be given for a nlOnth. (His)
close neighbors cOme by from time to time and take a ta.ste of hoJy 'Ylater.
>
.e
f'
The member of the mahbilr for whom this is convenient, goes home. The one
(who has come) from far mB spend the night there etart on his
journey the following d..'\Y. '
Although the purpose of the sllnbHte is the same, its
,
differs from the U'.!).hblir. 'l'he food as ",ell as the drink prepared in the home
are taken in quantity to the church and are distributed to the faithful and
the people 'Who live in the cE!metery (of the church compound). The members
of the sanbate meet there. EssentiallY, the banquet is given for those poor
,
who have no one to care for them as a means of (gaining) spiri,tual recogni-
tion. Unlike the me,hbMx there is no singing and dancing. Relatives are
not extensi vely invited. A sM.nb!l.te takes plAce weekly. It esche,.,s world-
--
!iness and' inclines to spirituality. Even though the spiritual purpose is
preponderant, it is nqt, after alI, completely a shrune for a little bit (of
food) from that srcall baI'lq),let to be kept back for just the family and neigh-
bors. The difference the mahbRr and sl!.nbHte consist in the fact that
" . ,-
even though the mah'bHr occurs on account of (religious) festivals, the worldly
appears dominant whereas the spiritual affair is the basis of the
sUnbY.te.
FinaJ..]y, the, fact that both bring people together in t.he name of God
11'\
and brotherhood in a. "which the spiri ttlal and the material not be
distinguished, is the great p1rPOse wbich is respected and beloved by the '.
fe.i th fu 1;--
J (; ()
Credit Society
The cred.:.. t l:>('.(:iety Is one of the people's assocj Co"cioYl:} which e.xir.1:. in
our country. This association is Get up by people who are of equivalent sta-
tion in life act1r.g +.ogethcr. Just like:: all the other associtltioi.ls, the'
credit has an administrative charter a.."1d reeuJ..e.tions. If there are
.credit society tnet1bers who these reeulations and charter which have
been decided on, they will be made to pa.y a fine in money in ..o.ecordance ' '.'
0
wi th the society' s 'l'hose who begin a credi t society are persons
restricted (in After the members are thorouehly knuwn, the society's
"
chairmal', judge and secretery aloe chosen by majority vote. Even though there
is nothing imrestieation of one's sex and tribal affilia.tion in
ordel to becor::e a member) the cqnrr.ensurability of the members' living stan-
dard and ir.come are scrutinized. T"ne society's laiols o..'1d tilOOs of moe
determined Ooccordin3 t.o the Dlili eu and the members' 11 ving standards ..
vfuen we look at the credit societ3 in the (light of) its memQers'
li ving standa.rd, we find "':ha.t i t diVides into three (cla8ses). They are:
the merchants, the emplOYt!cs, and the ,.'eighborhood crecli t societies e The
merchants ' credit society 'is vne established by the city merchants and
" '
ple who
J
6'R like ha.ve an uninterrupted source of ncome. This type
bas a complete organization. payment is restricr.ed to the week.
J Ito
The amount 0:' money (paid as dues) ran,ges from 100 to 500 do'J.lArs '!Y'
_
4
t ,
The employees' c:--adit society is set up by employees who work in tbe I
same office acting This credit society is not as complete and
(well) organized as the merchants' credit SOCiety. Since it is not, this
credit 30ciety does not have a definite place in which it is held. That
(is), ,,,hen pay (dny) arrives every month, the judge and money collector who
were chosen from among them wait for that day and enforce the rules for
.1 H.I
I 't to
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e payment. Tbe amount. of money rat:lSen fro:n 20 t.o 50 dollars. In e.ddl.tion to
.
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this, disputes and argunlcnts o.re not from tiI.lle to time.
A neighborhood credit society is one formed by people li in the
same neighborhood 'Who have no regular or source of (and) 'Who .
a.ttend coffee (parties) and dlnbY-tes . J-.tost of tllose in tllls ca.tegory are
'-lomen, prostitutes, and persons (laborers) having 10'W occupations. This'
credit society is held weekly. or It has no definite place for
the meeting. More than in the other (two) categories, disputes arc
in this one. The l'eas"n for this is that there is nr;> fixed revenue, chn.r.tcr
or judge 'Who is q.esignated by the rules. On this account, this (ldnd of)
credit is short-lived.
A credit society may be to have begun its when
all the come together ill one meeting place and pa the stipulated
..
. (amrunt of) J:lOney. Arter the money in collec'ted, the firs i::, usutU.:ly go
to the judge and then the secretary. Arter that, the lots go to the members
.
.'
in turn according to custom. At the time the members pay the money, it is
arranged for them to have free A person who draws winning lot
pays a. specific, (bmount of) money to the SOCiety. Being the per ..
son ''ho . has to stand.a congratulatory rOUl(d of drinks t he inY! the members
. (to drink). Tb!s is in accordance with'his own.Aesires, it is not something
done in keeping with obligations. The money which ,each member pays from his (>
share is deposited with the judge as the The member
wh9 dra'Ws the winning lot may take the lIlOney' or may sell it to someone who
C'oto,(,
. not get claims that hc needs the money urgentlY in front of the"
(other) members. Even this is the usual practice in some the

daY for the taking of the lot or selling it is specified by the association.
At the time of selling or buying the lot, the association has no power to
...
J G2

e compel, onlY to assist, in the negotie.tions. The person 'Who got the (winning)
lot can get the, !'.loney ",hen he presents two or tbree guarantors from among the
r
members. Otherwi-se he takes the final lot.
though a member Qf a credit society produces many
sometimes it has a lot of disputation in it. Some of the members may attcnd
for a while and then cease (conrl.ng) ... Another w..y -tim aWo.y after he obtains
the (vinning) lot. AlthoUgh the one \:ho has, stayed 8.,ro..y from lot (drawings) :-
r
mar (have) the rooney'paid for him somehow, the one has run awny after he
. {;)
has obtained money is on. e. (legal) cl?arge. The guarantors will
,
remain con5trained until he is fmmd.
What brings any credit society to an end is\when each one of tte mem-
bers has received a (winning) lot. If there is anyone who has come in with
two lots, he will get it twice. the credit is ended, a banquet
is held by using the reserved money, property of'the societ.y, talten irom each
of the being (to this fund) if necensary. Atter-
,
wards it nl.8(f be resumed or ended ..
The credit society together people of different ideas, occupa-
,
.
tions, tribes and religions (b\lt) who live in the same area. It helps a per:-
son who has been unexpectedly hit by distress. For country people
"
who do not know the value Of a bank, it is an invitation to make savings.
"
Those who waste their money on will save (their
Very many e.dvantages like these are comprised in i"'. Since people understand
nore and more the advantages of a credit it. is spreading throughout
the towns and vil.l.ages.
I G:s
e,
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atrial Societ:
The WG..Y in which (tnd the time '\then bwial'societies began are, not
known.
whenever it started, the aim 01' the burial is
to develop solidarity for the people of a diatrict, to strengthen tQcir
.
mutual brotherhood and to ea.se the burdens of society in general.
Even thoogh the kinds of are manifold, a 'sudden
disruption like death befallS a the value of a burial society is
J.,
clearly apparent. When e.1l those who nre burial. society members lose a
_ 0'#
relative, servant or maid to it is obligation
of this society to meet and help to mourn and bury (the
.
though the kinds'9
f
assistence vary according.to
ness 01' the relationship, diggi'ng the 'grave, pitching the tent, the
pen-idee uhich is a means for Ctrying -r,ears arc functions are never

omitted. 'lbc money p3.id, for mc:mberchip is e:pp.u.cCt 'to the purchase of cof-
fins, for shr,,..lds and f-Iur.h lil.e. mbough this is a standard -requirement,
the living stand4rd of the burial society t s members mB':/ require t':llowi!1g
for different proCedures in, addition to this. This"tD/3.Y indicate the spe':.
cieJ. nature of the (burial) society. All in ill, the main purpose is to
provide (funds from) the contributions which have been made to the SOCiety, .
from time to time--it being a kind of savings deposit--readily, since t.he
)
money which one did not put aside in good tilOOs is wanting in a (difficul.t)
time like this. (When) the corpse has been taken from the house , (when)
the news of death has come, at both 1;;hese times the roourner obtains people's
Ir,
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sympathy, financial and physical support through his burial society member-
.
ship. Therefore no one balds back from becoming a. member.
Even thO'.xgh when death comes, the assifttance one gets is rather con-
sidera'ble, when severe distress befalls a in his he may
J Gtj
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obtain finrulcial aid cCTrxo.ensurate with his difficulty, at least in the :t:orm
of a. lou.n. If te is unable to ('ope with the proble:
l
l3 of his life for the
IOOment, his hOllse having burned down, he having been robbed, having been
fired from his job without rea.son, or havip.g to appear in court with
fIJI
a .n.Usdl'ed, this burial society will bl;! a Il"iUnstay for him so !;hat he TJJD:Y ob-
.
tain a lawyer and for (all) such like disruptions. As Illnt.loned above, the
type of e.id is lirPJ.tcd b'J the organization of the bu.rial society and the
source of income. One '\'/no ha.s to hold a. or give a wedding feast may
get a moderate amount of money either by or in the form of a
loan, even though tbese are personal It'.3.ttcrs. Assis'tance in labor and fur-
will be- provided him.
When e. buria.l society is first set up 8..'ld until a perrnanent judge and
secret:::l.ry are cho::;en in uccordc.ncc "lith tho nllea, a. fevl persons get together,
,
dra.w up the UCwll.1.strati ve ru.les for the society, "''rite dOlm in the form of
a resolution the special a.ins of the society and submit them to the people
"
of the area or to those who to become Even though it is clear
. that rules and regulations are beneficial to the honest admihistl'ation, it
will indicate to the one who looks that I'!1ltual help thrrugh willir.g-
<"
ness and conscientious concern (for others) is being made the foundation of
the society. After corre;ctions )lave been made bY filling in what is missing,
the elaborated details rnaae more concise, and the unnecessary portions
deleted, the becomes effective. Anyone who wishes can be regictered.
In this wa;y the society is set up. In general, the charter states the time
0_ the meetings, membership dues, contributions for and announce-/
ments of death, fines,(the rule). that all those who do not obey must be
expelled and a.ll such like (rules).
,
When any burifl society set up, are standard fUrnishings
I
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''lhich to be p'..lrchn!.;ed. They are: tent, chtrirs, ta.bles) cups, plates
and saucers, gla.sses, shovels ano. picks. Since they axe the things which
are most necessary at1the time of (someone's) death, they get priority
everything else. Because of this, a person may ha.ve to P3Y much n.'Oney .hen
.. /
he becomes a member.
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The persc riho administer the buriu[ society are chosen 'by ,the peo-
ple. Since (Ethiopian) ,society, in with' custom, honors venerable
persons, it will chose elders the diJtrict recognizes as
persons. In addi too age, the person/ vIho b,\s educ?otion, good' character
and in ihis 'Work "''ill obta:fn precedence. It is the obligation
I
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of the judge to have \);.lrial s rule:> carried O'.lt. 'l;he zecreta.ry'
I
has to watch over income a.nd expenditure, lmllounce the times and houxs of
meetings and ho.s i to write dO'tm W11 "lnke kno'tm 'the affairs' of Lut:! l:>oG:i.ety. '
'!be treasuxer's main i\mctionn are to out (money) when there ,are expendi-
I
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tures, heeding the judge's and tbe instructions, and to receive'
and deposit the revehue. The property' organizes the problems
I
ha.ving to do wi tb fui'nishings.
(organization's) offices are per-
I
sons wbose financial ability does not"j)e 01; tbem to becOtle members. ('l.'hese.
I
pe1\'&ons) labor by digging graves, transpo ting furnisbings, pitching tbe
and informing tbe people of the area someone dies by blowing
trubets. In reward for their labor they 1Cei""
All tbose wbo memberc, if they fail to attend a wake, a funeraJ.,
(or) a rooeting for reason must pay the akropriate fine. One who desires
\
to avoid being fined bas to explain his reasor' in detail and go (about his,
busine"s) after (getting) someone to tuke hiG \laCe.
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... ........

'" furial are usually establ:i.shed in two kinds of ways. 'rhe
first is (when) tbose who live in the r.xne neighborhood end can get together
morning and evening start up a. burial society since it is not difficult for
'them to reeet. The ,others are those '-lno are separated as to neighborhood, but
"lhose place of employment brings them together end so they also establish a.
society. The principal basis is constant a.ssociation and mutual understanding.
' .. When the 40 (a.ny), 80 (d.a:r), semi-(annual) or anniversary (memorial
service) is celebrated, the are required to They are
I
not required to do as IT!J.eh as (they did) at the time of the funeral.
The grieving pel'f..0n gets nll thz barial socict-y's furnishiI\Ss free of charge.
At this tin:e there is very little money which all the members (must) pay. ,
e People of the neighborhood who are outside the society
If'I:J:;f rent the !lociety I s furnishings thrO'.leh t'.ie members at a low price.

.I!.'Ven 'thougb 'the fundamental purpose is direci:..1-;r liru.eu Lo t!i;L(;1l of'
the member:; I problems, burial societies whic:h are well organized
very rnar.w things for society in eeneral. If there is a,nyt"hing which the
fails to do for them, they submit petitions in cooperation with
the (other members of) society. Through providing roads where there is no
road, electricity where there is no electri.city or a school where there a.re
too few schools, they do as much as they think their power permits by work-
ing wi:t;h the department involved. When one section of society is harmed by
flooding, freshets, (or) earthquakes, they do not
stint their aid. They enforce when there is no organized police
(force) by (acting) as police and where there is no court by out into
a public sq)ls' and holding an assembly. They punish the wrongdoers. They
get compensa.tion for those who have been wroneed. They reconcile those ""ho
have

Iff
Even though a rur-,i.a.l socie TlVJ improve Tr.3lry thtngs, in Ethiopia' s
. '
state on of the which have through
coming frem the SWlle urea., it is an asset for the people. Since it is some-

thing (derived) from t'he e.nd the it has Until
better comes the burial society is a good organization

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Comro..mal l .. !..I.oor
There nrc wc;ys in ,,,hieh soci6.1 life, procednres, regule.tiorm a.'1d
rules are transmitted from one generation to the next. One of these is (by)
maJ('ims and proverbs. One of t;hese ma.xims is 'You can't clap with one hand.'
The meaninS of this is tha.t if people do not bell' ea.ch other, they will not
be able to fulfill life' s incliviuually. By IJ'N..l.ng this the basis
for a llfetin:e proc:edtU'e, i'cmers 1n the countryside work together during
culti vation and harvest -tiI:ie, weeding cacn other's fields in turn, breaklng
up clods, e.nu threr,hing. TheJ
r
help ea<.:h other do tasks i1;1 other wuys
too.
. .,
'l11i8 cO:TJ):.mal alld joint labor is called
This }dnd of help is net
lim ted just to i'artling but occurs in ccti yi ties like house buil<ling - This
kind of interpretation of G"OC:c 1m.s found accept3.nce 1.n eastern :';hoa, the
wri "Ler' s birtlmJ.lJ.ce_
What is perfor:>:-ed thro.lgh co!.lIlal labor a.re the customary tasks of
this section of the cO'J.ntry: plowing, wE:eaing, mowiIl3, threGhing, building
houses, fences and also regard to women, spinning and Guch
like. The necessity for communal la.bor is very grea.t.
The effort an industrious fa.rmer makes by to the har-
vest at after ha.ving plowed his broad fields, 'sown and made (his
seed) grow may' not be enough. While thinking that he can do it himsp.lf, the
time may run out before he has gathering in the'grain, and so it
may spoil. He will need help_ He may not be a::Jle to afford to purchase
help with money. Therefore by J;7.1tt.ing comnnnal labor in the place of cash,
he makes feast prepa:rations for the 8Wropriate cOl1lI!11Ilal labor. wlinflil
I '
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(COlllIIJ.lrut.l labor) means 'loan' or 'thing done in return.' '!'his loan is
repaid in not in

J
15'b
We have already that communal labor is requested for vari-
QUs tazks. T'ne cO'lmJ.nal. labor banquet cU ffers o.ccording to the tyoe of
activity (the work requires). For cultivation (weeding the ban-
--
quet is of the same type. This (type) is beer and with suuce. For
weeding, house .building, fence -making and spinning, the banquet is limited
,
to beer and
Since we have mentioned about this. banquet, it not be
a bad idea to list (things) and get a little mOre.involved (in Since
life ih the countryside is beset with loneliness, the fact that there are
no close neighbors causes the woman much trouble at "time. Be that
as it TJJIJ, the women have various' means for overcoming' their problems.
Ninety percent of the labor of brewing beer 'falls to the wife. On the day
for fillir.e; (the crocks) with water, the neighbors \:ho participate the
communal labor will fetch water for her. If those fetching water are a
lot of young girls, they tie on their crocks with their small nRtYla anq
.
go down to the river or spring humming. Those that went at least twice to
,.J
the river empty the water that they broul?ht into a container, place their
crocks and the of the house invites them to partake of the"
porridge and the beer which she has prepared for them. After that, when
they go (back) to their respective homes and gathering places, a 9Hnnn-baS-
ket of flour will be measured out for each of' them. This means that they
will take over the task of baking, starting with this flour. On the morn"
,
ing of the 'conm1mal labor day, they bring the bread they have baked in their
J respectiye homes on or After some make
\ the sauce for the main banquet and others take breakfast along with
e (some) beer to those engaging in the cOlI!lllmal labor.
170
... '.
As soon- as they arrive, they d.istribu.te the breakfast and a gourd of
beer (to each person) with the assistance of the per30n directing this com-

nnmal labor.' This breakfast is called 'thinble.' After msldng sure "Chat
f<H-rrr+t
each laborer has received his 'thimble,' the person in charge apportions
. '
. rut the work by ranking them in lines. This is during the mowinc. So they
will net, feel ";ea..ry Bud lose their enthusiasm, they sing having 0. leader
anA a chorus. Just for example, here is a bit of one the songs they
sing when they thresh:
o tefl, the 10rd
t
n,l:.l.nch,
I
Where will I find you, when I st(llf, when I lea ... .!.
Come on ox, get for.my sake
Before rain cernes, before we get muddled,
etc.
They go on working lil:e this until noon. The mastex:. of' the household.
:
each thing in its k1;nd, natne].y, 'the beer, and cauce which
have been brought in a place suitable to invite. He mows dried grass from
the bOlmdary and spreads it on the gro..md like a. long table, he folds '3-p'8Hra.
and pours sauce on it from the sauce pot. After that, he asks (them) to eat,
'od let's taste (some) food and water.' As soon as the com-
I!llI1al laborers have taken a couple of moothfulJ>, be gives them a gourd
full of beer," As soon as the feast of food and drink is over, they go back
. ,
to the mowing or threshing.
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When the sun goes down, the of the house goes home first and
seeing that there is or there is being prepared the and drink
needed for the evening, he goes back to the c01lllll1nai labor area. As soon
. e as they finish the work, the roaster of the house takns the communal la.oorcr9
and invites them to dine at his house. The food and drink go well with the
< .
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conversa.tion and stories 0 At: the conclusion, is begun. EsktSta. and
dancing follow. It is grea.t. There are 'POems of (the following) kint.l. therein:
Your beer is wine; your beer is wine,
And '\ore have seen :\ t.
After they have their activities and ha.ving satisfied their spirits,
they go to their respective home,s in order to let their weary bodies rest
\
Con:nUl1al Inquest
A method of catching crlminals which \or"/lS in use for quite a. whi.le in
c
olden tillleS when a police forc,:' had not been established and ,.,hich is used
tod..ay' in places to which police services have not been extendec1. is called

",It v.., "tJ Vt . ... 11...... .. .., v v"
the all:l.l"Sat.a. or a\-!cac'ann. B:lsJ..cu.l1y the purpose or the afc.L'sata 01'
. .. . --
is to produce the by sea.rching (for him), but the procedure of pro-
ducing (him) differs according to each 'region of the country. "lhat I will
explain next. is how this com::llnal procedure is carried out in the
1/
Cllbo-Gllre.ge Subprovince among the Gur8.ge people.
One \11".0 clair::s to have a. criwc perp:tl'ated against him, tha:c is a. .
person house has been set on nre, whose rele.ti ve ho.s been nfllrdered,
or llhol1e li have been stulen ,1 vhis crime which has been
co:r.mi.1.. ted against him t.}1.r,-v.gh the vil.1.!:..3e or goes directJ.y himself
e to commissioner, ('to GO so). lie reports the kind of crime
e.
and requests that a comalnal j,nquest be held in his behalf.
If the subdistrict approves of the matter, he will order
the tribal or the village headman and a. communal inquest will be
held. The vill.age headman informs the people of tl',e date and the place of
the conmmal inquest by sending a messenger here and there. A person who
fails to come a.fter being told withoot a satisfactory reason will pa,y a
fine for every in which he stayed away.
comnunal inquest be held under a plane tree or in a public
square. After the people gather, five local elders are chosen and they en-
fOrce the proceedings. They take an oath to examine the matter thoroughly
in front of the people. Where these elders examine this matter is a little
separnte from the people.
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Before they exnr'..ir.e each person, they rca.l:e him swear in a.ccordance

with the rules to bring out thp. truth and not to speak lies. He will tell
he saw or heard. Each person who is investigated is called a tbird.'

The comrrunal in<luest has no specific rules as to bow martY'
times it has to assemble. The cO!l1lnission can have the people gather as long
as he wants l.Ultil the cri:rJ,nal i3 foond.
The statement of 'biM! is kept secret. Except for the elders
",
who 'Were selected to cuide the proceedings, no othe!' person. is penaitted to
hear the testimony_
...
Final.ly, one of the elders sta.tes the results jof the investigation.
If there is adequate evidence and' the criminE4l is }'ound, be is punished in
keeping with his critre. If the criminal is not found, however, the people
make iontrib'.lt.i<'llS and compen.<;a.tion is paid to the wronged person. In brief,
..
this il:;) wim,\.
o"'t, I"

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fulrJdlra
F\t1':kErn. is U Gong st:'tlc ,.;hich 'PCcmle s:peeJt or sil1.G uhi.le reciting
verses shouting in a loud voice f\.lll of e.!11i stirring up zea.l in
order'to rcveb.l (thc:l:r) exc;llenc,:, intrepidity, bravcry, pO\ler and brfl.ve
deeds. 'l"ne accorrrpar it.c:nt. of is a kind of called or
g,H.rP.rt.o is 0. sloWl, loJ'l.(S, :protracted battle song which heats one's
e!l))tionf> by dru'Wif'.p; one"s afar (mo.Jdng), appear in one's
it".s.gination end Ill!'..ke't O:1C. sha,lt.es one I s entire being, cne
one t S couraGe, fCn<.:bants e.;ld a brave young fcllow restless.
, .
'l'hroue
h
its effC'ct, it transI"its u wliich suffuses'the telling
"
(it to) go ,ht and !till.
is n' (song) style thro'.\gll. y;hich a bravo young
i'

fello'l'/' cx'f,rEJ.i;ses his aa.dness, of 'injury, his sorr"',) and
bitt'erfless.
l!.'ven though a battle song is oftentimes the origin of the
thel'e arc some till;cs in \ihich the is spoken tulrl listeneu to by it ...
-- -. '
self without any battle songs and i\.tk1c. .. are heard in mny
places. Even though the. fLUldrunentnl cause for t'nkk(tra Ol' a battle SOl',(S is
to express one IS loyalty s.nd bravery the Emperor or onl! IS chief in
, 11
preparation for comba.t Slfd after combat: when the brave warr10r throws down
. ' 1\2 II", I
the spoils (or) the booty including the vi1'1lif, it is done
according to custom, whenever e brave man gets high at a wedding reception,
feast or banque n order to be a means of cintivating the spirits of the
people (present). Just for example, the party, just to show
that they'are his loyal men, ones who will die with him, a.nd share in his
sorfows ann joys will recite:
I
1

td
/6')..
"
The
\
, ,Whose blcther. who will touctrhi:1!tl --.---- -- -

Who \rill violate 'Whose ".rife?
\_ Who desires whose family l8nd'l
\
. Will the termites fqod be earth'l
hoot him with a. Wetterly-Gras, urge him on ,d.th a. we.nza. (branch);
ere's no joldng arrund with the forebear's familY land and the vife!
, followed bY his best !ian, comes out of the 'bower ,in which be
----.-b&s been si t. and strutting among ,the expresses his boldness, his
spirit end hi
l' a So-and -so;
Who h \ s like a garment
The 1m is ironed is pleasing
He tl'rJ.4s on the eround like hail
Accustomed to the wiBderness in his childhood
\
He gurgles like unclarii'led \:eer.
He has ndt yet gotten rid of his misfortune.
Likewise in every boose ("I1herE: a) banq-.1et (is being given) when a fine
young fellow and drunk a.nd is high, he may suddenly get up and sing
a battle song, he mtJ(f narrat'e bis prowess. Even though batt1e songs and
:f\1kk!L:ra are out of place (at a banquet), it is dOne on every
,
suitable occasion as a means of capti ve.ting (people' s ) spirits. Its main
purpose is to make a show of excellence and bring (one's) msnhood to mind.
And since this is when one recites:
Leave off, go back, you fellow, go ba:ck,
Let not' all our houses be wrecked together,
MY crow sings, 'Woe is me, woe is me: f

An cmbarrassing thing has held her back, in m:I opinion,
Say boy, the means of binding $ say le.d, the rope!
As .'or the hut, what's the matter with it whcn they abandon it'l
all those smor..g the people seated there who are somewhat high stand up in
turn and sbow the of their manhood by sayinB:
IUck! Young buck!
One who se:ys, 'Ma,.v they come I they gather,' .
One who says, 'When t.hey f,a.tber, I will eat
In time of combat, when the exuberant young mer. proceed to the battle-
field under their several leade:cs and chiefs, an excellent young man IlI8 let
loose 'rit.h a battle song "lhich is captivating in its sound and in its poetry

and maJdng his voice fine so that the one who is afraid will take courage
and the brave one will decide on dea.th (on battlefield):
Ny belly smokes GO, it bU.rIlS hot so,
Where would the place to the anhes be?
Tell him to push, tell him to push and he must do 'so.
When the country's mountain ranges appear, he lllUst do so
.,..
May the coward die, the die, for Lallbela's sake.
A man we.> is killed wbile fleeing will bave no memorial service. I
"\, I
Wbether one eats grass or '
Will he not be 'Wried, a man who is well-mown in his OWJl.cauntry'l
At this time, the une.r.med, the nobles, reciting (poems), lifting and
."ct
lowering rifles, drawing and sheath:1:ng their swordS, _ shaking their
spears, boa.st (as follows):
Pill.a8e! brave young buck!
Coure,geous as a lion,
Fleetfooted as a gazelle,
I

, ,
/
/
He a. marksIl'-?Jl, his rifle is good,
So-n.nd ... so's retc.incr) his favorite.
In the Idng' s -banquet ha.ll, thf: nobles decl.are theil' loyalty, bravery
I
and achlcve:r.ents to 'ting "hroll.gh Even ;"ilough the basis is cour-
the main aim of done at a l;ike this is to present oneself,
for office' and awards by pleasing the lang. According to custom, the king
appoints to officp., rewardS and grants family land.
example (such
fukkRra) is of (tbe follo, ... .ing) ldnd:'
Your serve.rit, your PUl)'PY,
(Brave young buck) (it gurgles) like unclal'ified beer.
He'll roast. the Italians (the ener:ir) like beans (like sorghum),
Spirit, spirit (tlmt's) the untty,
Dying for his and for his faith,.
. ,

.'i-
i
Plficst
.'
I
A priest is n mn '-lho 'God. by' ins in church and
,
aim- (in liie) and 'Wo.y of thipJcmg is bMed on religion. It is beUeved that
"because the people beLieve tha.t pricst will intercede for them to obta.i.n
absolution for their sins beca.use he h:'l,s t!ccepted Christ's t,'::nst, he j.s a
sharer in their distress- und the a(lviser and tea.cher of the people. Since
a cross is never absr:nt fro:;! his hand,. he lets the fa.ithilll Idsa cross
I
wherever they E..'l..Y be .8..'1d \ihatever the time)o..nd blesses them "Wi tb the words,
'Hay God absolve YCF,)..'
things are for a -persoll to bccoY':'':! eo }.ll'iclJt. Fi l:':;t, he
goes to 1.1. clerical (school) at an. age and ,!hcn he learnc to read a.fter
"
be\ne trmc;ht spelling a.r.d throuf,b the prir:.a.ry reading star.
e
, he reads
the: Psalt(!ry u-nd the boo}:!:; of the Bi bJ e, ;).!ul .,0C3 Qvc'r (tbC'ill)
e \1hen hE' i s i1.nisned the EarYanl, T',ne \l1OOY- of) ii.lracles
.
and all the te "tt\':'-<:es It'P the suujee:t of chn,"lting to " certain

extent. Until he retlches the o.ge of 16, he f,p.Tves in the capacity of deacon.
Vnlen he gets older and reaches In.9.tt1.!'i'ty, he l;vkcs v. wife, and after two or
'"
three years, he ta.kes up trainir.g for the end obtains priestly
rank. The VUX'pose of his getting marrj ed is t.o observe the words" of the
Bi blc , 'one roan to one "\-roman' and to keep the rules of pdesthood, lest the
church 'be defiled. Should he divorce his wj;)f'e or coromit fornica:fion, it will
be said of him tho. t he has t spi lied hin priesthood t) or has i tJ and this
ran.lt of' his ,-rill be stripped awa;y. In tha.t case, he may serv.e as a. d1.\btlira..
In ou..(' country, priests are very hard-pressed in their livelihood.
firstlY, according to custom they do not receive a fixed salary. These
(uru;alericd priest::;) are uGually in the country. vnlat they live on in b;r
.
v v
farming the:: gasin or quarter gastJ,!. of land "lhich is gi ven them 8..$ nlt'\(illrj va
1(,6
land.
\
V "
l-iol'eovcr) bui.lds up his by copying rooks and
:;ueh like A l)riect who is a city
u,,:!llcr '\,ina.s i t
; \
to d.o addl t},o::la.l tacks r,j n
r
... hi s does not
exceed 10\ or 30 dollars.
\
\
The priest "ho has no fa'TIilY land a portion
of land f*om those wilo
have and fa't"IrLZ it on toi'!!, (laud for , ... hich he :i,s hired
I
and :in reward for his lauo:!.', he gets from 20 'to 30 dollcn's
\
provide service)
a and two
\
of Grain. memorial services, '-ledding
/
receptions, sp1",ruilll1S holy 'i'ate-r, i\H..!igo.tir.g with incenSe the toom of the
-po.rtur ient .0101::'0.)1, a father confessor, are important mea.ns for (obta:'n-
ir,g) the wncre-'dtilc.l .)n \rhich to live for a priest. All these are methods
for a li vin?, ,,!hich and the economic situation have provided
for him.
\{ncn sorr.::O!le dies, he performs the obsequies end he "ill be paid from
5 to 30 dollarG B.ccordil\; to the kind of obsequies. During the fasting
j
si nee the nobles p.nd It\dies give them 10 to 15 dollars, telling (the
,
priests) not to forget them and to proy for ,them, this becomes a sO\U'ce of
for them. On account of the father confessorshi-p, every time a
,
tivnl occurs, money '(is given them) to celebrate the festival or clothing
I and food (is gi ven) and , .. hen their confessional or spiritual children die,
obtai,ning some of the prorerty in the form of a bequest is another kind of
income smlrce. If the number of those known as confessional children is
large, the income will be correspondir.gly great ..
In society, priests are respected and their words are heeded. Accord-
i.18 to rule(s) as well as according to custom, their pronouncements are not
disobeyed. If a certain pernon is discovered their pronounce-
i menta, they o:11lthcrnat.ize him. The one whom the priest has put under con-
I
straint by a.nathematizing him will be held in contempt and hat.ed the I
/
priesL I:\l'solves hi:a nzain. 'l'r,erpfore hr:: l.l.lst be 9Y rl'.c.ldng recompense
and supplication. All <i\larrcl::;o/;.t: e.nd ))''':1'::;0.1s 'IDom the local
elders reconcile, the pri cst ',dJl reconcile by C'ailil".g on the
of God, out the tu.bot and reprovin'1 unu counseling ('them). Shaming
-,
a priest, 0. priest with is considered as
G0d, so no one refuses.
&'\Ything foreiGn it; bl"!ing introllllCed "r:hich is held to belittle
trcdit.ion, 'Priests !:U:e the ODes lih6 oppo:-:e it vigorousJy and give strong
" .. a.rnln;;.:; so that it uiD. not be introduced. Thoir bigC
est
weapon for this
,
(purpose) is their respect n.r:d influf:nce 'ihich they ha.ve obta.ined through
religioo.. On of this, they are very li1{eJy a hindro.nce to the (ne\1
western) culture to f1 extent. 'meir w'J;f of th:i.nking does not keep
fore they fivf.the J,;,h':!lr her.ds in t1J.slin, <len 1.'. and they get (one),
step wi. th the
(i:e. Ht ,,'1,e s t !)
Before tl1e present tim'3 sp:>:'ead Hest.ern educntion they controlled the
.) "
country's cr1ucation) origina.lly in Geez and presently in fI.:nho.ric. They laid
the found8ti..JIl (for it)., for a. long time:tbeir basic a:'.m is to make God's
word knc.,m, to explain the doG!".:' )f the Orthodox faith and to preach. Wbether
this el'a, accepts them or not, they have not been completelY divested of tbe
respect they have among the people.
1 H 1
, "
,,'
. Dgbtllra
Alllonz those \;:10 t.he ChllJ.'ch ',.;-i tli var lous skill:; is
l>
the 'the one who served in, th:! hymnal. ,!>ol'.tion of the church (eel"vice)
in ... Iith rules ,,"bieh have been down from the Levites is lmo,-m as
Siner his Lerm is. a. -tol1ecti ve one, any int;ruder, if he is seen in

the outermost corritiur of the church ""waring a. turban and if he can '\'Trite,
is 'lsSl.ln8d to be a by the people 0 HCimver, what laaltes c. clltbtlira be
ca - led a d;;'I)tJ:rn:i who sings the knm-ls the and is interpreter
of the Bible. In addition, the of the nm:ing of
.
the 'i<,"ri of clv:-:nns, the carving of votive stones, binding of booY:..s, Ir.3.klng
desicn<; on affixirl<.-:S the strllT,l3, prcpa.ring leather book cases and
poiAtiHs all tr:0se him to be cc.ilec1 a ?llbtllra (also).
he (i.c. the per:;on "lho 'Woul(l learn them) has to leave his home district)
up his hic.e, shnxPCh his sta.ff, and go from place to place with his
beggar I s ; ... allet &1.lSpendcd (from arm). Since in o:rder to graduate know-
n[ J.. the rr.:=nt:i.oned a.bove ,-Till reqllirc from 20 to 30 years, those
who Bra.ciuate are rev' in number. 'tbe main reason for t.his is tha.t study re-
quires pcrseveranee)and teaching, patience. 1"Ven though knowledge is ob-
tained through beneficence or .gra.tis, the E.tudents have to give thought to
their daily bread anci their clothlng for the yea:r. In order to get food,
battling with dogs in every village is (Begeing in each vil-
!age in order to get food is called Toe line-up held at the eastern
t.he cburch with the l';iest is not easy. Since for his
clothes he h3.s to rr.ake a.."1d 5cll Wlts, the raGGing away 0 f others' li VC3 means
clothing fl'r him. illness breaks out, this is typir"l.lly a t.i.r.e for


"
g
b::-ealdng off one'!> stud.i(;s for one 'tho has begun to wander through hiGhl.9.l1d
After ex-pt'r lencir.g these and other tli graduatillg in each
of these skills and taking leave of his teachers, he return to his home
district. Howe vel' if cirCU!llStances him there, he W33 remain there and
take the of his teacher. After the novice his regular

studies, he may stud..v the A,roil-rd!gst, not in conclave but in sp.cret. It
is believed that he use this knowledee for good or ill,
The official place of service in the church for a dJibtll.ra is the
l>-
outermost corridor of the church. In this plD.ce he, serves, intoning hymns
...
on, Sundays and sacred on, monthly and yea:-ly festivals. At
time the Ir.3.!"iller of his /1nto!1ing the plain cha.nt, the grn.ce of his response
and his (sin.:;ir.g) the concludint; lines of a hymn, the hidden meaning of his
::..co.r.i1'6 vi hi s sermon, his chala.cter and bearing having ,
been noted he r.e invested ",'ith rank after rank (rising from) Era. f:,eta:,
g!ri e:eta, 'r I Gil <1g15 r, llqU-t-MbtLbt, lloH-mH.znuran, mHlakg-b rhan (to)
In the roya1 household he may come to be cal. '.ed judge, supreme court
judge or of the pen.
Since most of the time a not take orders, he may not say
mass and giYe conmmion. He"II'JFJ.Y not hear confessions. On of this,
he stands lower in public esteem (than the priest). However, on account of
the fact that there is a difference in skill between the officiating priest
and the dlLbtllra. and on account .of the lack of a.bility of the officiating
pripst, the mistakE'S tb,:: latter makes are a source of amusement for the
dlLbtHra. F'or example, let us take note .of this, It is said that the priest , -
,in A. church wished to begin reciting wlIhallo, rut by sepw:;ating the 10, began
to say wllho., !r.lha. repeatedly. At this time the dlLbtlLra was having some water
'- ,.
\. .
v'
to
brought in from 'the .bet leherr:, so he said 1It-a.ke (some). II Vi'hen ths .t,riest
- --
said, "Hhat will I do \nth it?" hi.:: said "SHU.UOW the J.o \\'1th H. II So the
c __
priest did it aeain and sa.i.CI, "I cO'J.ldn It say 10 becnuse my teeth hurt,"
the QIbttlrll. replied and made fun of him by saying, "Hell then, should I
cook the book for you now (to soften it f0r
of this (ability), the cilibtfir3: is greatly feared by the officiating priests. .,
A ciHbtgra is not; ortly feared among the but is
.greatly feared by the people. It is believed that his andUrbi, his conjur-
ing up of spirits, casting evil spells and his riding on clouds cause him
to Jive respected and feared ,by those around him.
! .
The para,ble, diLbtHr,!
who doesn It 1II'i.te (is like) a bird ,uthou.t wings I indica.tes that if one who
is dubbed a does not write, this ,,, .. i11 cause him to be considered a.
--
person of no valuc
o
This ,tritJ.Dg sl;il1 of his, o.llows him to live in COlIl-'
fort and .10y h", ir.tv .1.u.t-u! s or <la..me I shouse throu[!;h
,n-i ting talismans, charms, and burial scrolls 0
However, even though chere are all skillt. at present, since the
clHbtHrns don 't ha.ve the education of today, the advantege in being a
is slight; they are heard sne:
--
'Though the of toclair :i.B not writter. on us

I and the geta are called exercise
I
"i
(l
Monlmooa
Becoming a. monk means heing separated f:rom the pleasures, despising
carnal matters, preferring spiri tuali ty and sey.>arating oneself from people
by goine into a monastery (or) a forest to away from peoPtc. In Ethiopia"
the practice of is with the Christian reli6ion. Specifi-
cally it ,,,as the monk Abba Pa.-::horuius who spread. monkhood among the Ethiopian"
faithful by teaching. This man wrote a. book known as the 'Rules of Pachomius fiJI
which the fUncttons, rules and procedures of The monks of
Ethiopin follow it as the doctrine of monkhood.
There arc very many thir1s which are reasons for (taking up) monkhood
they are: beil"'.g di:.>gusted withothe world (world weariness),
loathing cernal illusions, re3.lizing the vanity of men but beLlg guided by
the Holy Spirit and gtvine one's soul to God. Be as it may, the motives
I'Il"P mQ"'"
--- - ----..J.
1nere are those who from the very beginniDg have become monks
been enraptured by the teachings of the church, b,y the religion,
by God's Grace, not having wasted even one day of their lives on
matters, the males not having known a woman, the females not having desired'
a man, having made inheriting t,he imperishable kingdom" their eternal aim, .
and having been involveu ;n petitioning God through constant prayer. These
(persons) are virgins.
(others) wno have lived in the world, the men having known' a woman
and the woman havil'-S known a J'l'Jln, and then one of them suddenly dies, and
since they were .)riginally married b".1 conummion or in the tHklil cerp.mcny,
they do not desire mate, the death of one of them becoming like the
end of t;he wOlold, they not desiring another mate, the. V don the '!owl, ta.ke

up the staff, p.lt on the ht.irGhirt, the giving up the :rest of 'their l:i VF,C
\
to serving the ch>.!rch, they go to E. monastery. From a monk who knows thE!
degrees of' lr.onkhood and, who has eXa.IJlined (them) and who is mOl'e mat.ure as
well as more knowledgeable, they receive the rules, and swearing never to
look at the and its sins again, they.become monks.
Also, there are those who, while liVing in the world, have the vanity
of mankind revealed to them and are enraptured by spiritual life. "
And if they are in age (and realize) that the rest of their lives
is no good for the world,.they abandon property and relatives, don the
cowl ar.d after that they have had enough of this world, they en-
ter into the> monastery.
Once they leave the world--even though their motives may.differ--
they !ire all monks. }.lonks of both sexes are f",'tUld Qrrong them. The men are
'called AbbGhoy or Abba nnd the women w..:ns.hoy. They Jl'.!J.Y live together or
.. fvJ.' till!lr II ving separately may be that being miE;led
by Satan and the carnal action havi,ng tempted thelll they will not return to
tiose worldlY activities that they have given up. On account of this, the
'f
men's monastery and the "omen' monastery are at places. However,
is necessary, sometimes the men come into the women's
Women, however, do not come into the men's monastery.
The separation by sexe3 and the
Since most of the time women monks arp

functions of the monks are different.
r..
I
not adv8nced in education or are un-
acquainted o.ri th it, their skills are 11m! ted tc hous"! (work) }runs '1mo are
advanced in age spend the and when they are able, they go to
chUl"ch and pray as II1tch as they know how to. '!he very weak stay in bed.
The help they get is from younger monks. The stronger monks serve the
church or monastery by grinding (grain), begging or fetching water. Their

ISh
173
7
.
Jcti:,,..;.tics are no dl' ffcrellt fr (th f) , - t th t t' )'" .... om ose 0 st:CU.Lar ",omen, excep a ne
purpose i3 spiritual.
lI.ale monks may be divided into two groups.
They are the uneducGted
and the eeucated. Generally the activity of the men if.1 the' same. They do
the plowin..'S, gathering wood, building huts for the monks and such like ta.sks.
I
Work like th"i.!; is for the uneducated (monks). The reason i's, th''t since they
\
are not educated and reflective, they cannot serve the church or the monastery
in other -,l/Jot
S
The educated and reflective share in the work of the unedu-
cated oue s, however most of their' tasks is teaching' the unlettered in the
area, them to read, conveying God's word (to them), reading
celebrating the canonal ilours, sa,ving Mass, giving corem.mion to and Sprillkj.-
ing holy water on the feeble and ill in the monastery and the like. , During
festivals, reciting miracles to the fa! coming from various places,
ami necessary, colle<.:i.ing money for repair.llJg and i:1I.ri.10ing chv.rciles are
some' of their (other) duties. They are listened to, respected and honored.
In general, all their work, 'concern the (means) by which their souls erri.er
illto God IS kingdom, not taking care of thei.r bol. t.es. Their ultimate goal is
Jf the world. When they have renounced the world, Godfs spirit
enters them. It is said that in spirit they converse with God, the angels
,
the holy ones. The words that the HolY Ghost bas conveyed to them they
convey to those who have not renounced the world as they have and to those
worldly persons who are not free from their sins.
Their clothes are nothing l1llch. If availible, they wear a s,ort of
.' hairshirt. If not, they wear a sheepskin cloak. Their repasts are not lilte
. those of worldly persons (which aref'eaten) twice or thrice daily. Fasting'
is f,'requent. When they eat, they restrict themselves to grain, leaf{y vege-
"'",
tables) and' water, Sometimes one who wantn to be piOUS takes or

.y

Day and night are speut :l.n preyer. Although their originu.l
food like it!
circmnsto.nces were like this, the cu 1 ture ha.s penet.rated more and loore,
and there are (some) monks 'Wbo ha.ve e}."crienced the city and have beco:ne
accustomed to it. The dreso and diet of these differ from those who live
in forests or in monasteries. even take (strong) drink now and then.
When they convey God' 8 word, they mix anger e.nd insults with it, (they do)
not (speak) Their ladks faultlessness. They have no a3ccti-
cism. Therefore they are not heeded by persons as are those who have
renounced the world. Sometimes they may become a lBughingstock. Tbey have
gained the name of false lI.essicl1s. Christ's nords" 'There ldll come those
who are c;ed in sheepskin \on th long hair to deceive you in my name I may
8.pply' to them.
Even though a like this exists, monkbood--in keeping with
a way of ascet1ci.sl1l c.nd a. means of inheriting the Kingdom of God, even though
tod.ay the number of those monks is steadily decreasi!lg.
ISH
J7f
Education
In Ehtiopia) r,pecifictllly b.rcong the Christian people, the education
of the ,s seen to .. strong connection wi th "tradition. OLginally ,
at a time when modern education was unknown and even now in all districts into
,1
which (kodern) has tbere, is nothing resembling edu-
cation, the clerical education was and still-is on a verJ high
level. Not only did entry into the clergy, to spell and to read
cause one to be considered B learned persofi, it was considered as good for-
bestowed by God. is because 'all this education is directly linked
W.Lth. There is (also) e. bellef' that any modern will
one to chanee one's religion, specifically, it will make one become a

and so clerical is full of laws and rules v.hich will
a.llee;edly strengthen religion, will get rid of enemies oJ: tradition and
e wiD. "teach t.ne iear of God" 'rnis refers :>pecif.iculJ.y to 'the Ori.llUuux
Therefore the pers?n enters the clereY, from the very beginning his
'" .
is. not just knowleqe but to become a man of God who is loved arid respected
,
too.
It does not seem that there is a specified time for the
education given b,y the clergy. There is no time even for starting

school. All those who had taken up education and understood it, all those
for whom religious instruction had confirmed that they- could become men of
God had no (period of) time in which to finish their education. This is be- '
cause education had no termination.
v
Right away on taking up (this training), begins to recite the -
syllabA.I"'1 with a. book containing the alphabet and a stalk of grass in the
hand. On finishIng recitation, one is transferred to the reading of
the alphate'c. in all the orders a.nd from that the step of rea.ding wi if
/
18
....

e' intonation s.fter,'Which he ib transferred to the rcgul(::I,r reading Once
he knows ho,,;' to reed, besins readirig books) he r:.:xy refine hiG readi))g
abiJi ty by readiJ16 var lous ltinds of books. They mll read the Fsalt:ery, the
Gospels, the \-la-ddase Naryam, the Z.!lllk3 f e Haryam, the Hll.lka 'e

I
/
other works. They are by hea.rt. Thus ;after he, finishes the first
stage in ttis wf.IY, be vlill g6' on in accordance m. th his in<li vldual &bili ty
and inclination to the school the deaconship, for(Geez to
. i
the poetry school, and for the rea.ding (of holY books) and for their inter-
'.
pretation he goes to the school of interp.retation. He who likcs it and can
manage it will cc:nbine the three (schools)'. Th? one who adve.nc e' will,
in with the knowle(lee he has, rem:fin a sayer of a.nd a. reei ter
of t;,e Psaltery.
v
,\
,-
v.ost often there very mnny who an:: inclined to the desconship.
" (
When they iinish reppatir.e over e.nd over again i '"p' viaCiu6se Marywu e.rlC.i the
),
they go to thc bishop and after passing the test they 'see the sac-
,
rament.' After that they become servants of the church. At this point it
is necessary to note that. this training, unlike. modern does not
,
pro'1.
de
with a limited income. Ic.s primary pr.lrpose is to serve the
I
and preach the word of God. The provision's for (church) servants ar-e
- .,,' : .
provided by deducting a portion of the 6fferi'ngS the fai tlfhtl Much
of the time' they get .their breod by going frOm house to.
strong ones plow, make (or) thatch hoUses. OUtside of that, his :Cood
, is God's spirit. At the very beginning, when he was a.dvancing in his educa-
tion, he had known that. The fact that someone who lmows how to read can
interpret a text and broadcast G word is as a grace 8uffi-
,
cient to itself and an honor in his society.
'.
. . 1 .
:
\
.
111
;'
/
I
1
Since (this) training is linked with religton on account of this ldnd
of goal, the teach3113 of God's. wi sdorn i s limited by time and SO this edu-
cation has no limit in whicb it will be rsr:.id that it should be over in such-
,
and-such' an e.mount of time. Unless they cli:scontinue it, it 'fill be e. life-
long edtlcetion. Attainin,3 scholar's level is not through finishing edu-
but it is because of time a spends books. On .
account of thiS, going from one to another professedly in search
of knowledge would be considered like being transferred from one
school to another, the diffelence' b.eing that the fonner was a year's jpUl'ney.
, I
The student's food, tho spread of currency like today, was bread and
/ '
water which he would beg at house. The place for spending tpe ni'gbt,
if they let him have shelter 'for God's sake, would be anybody's other-
\
,
\lise it be :i n the shed of any church.
,
A teac r.ler would set out hi s chair under the shade (of a i.ret:), gather
I ' ,
together l'lUllWrous students eollecte'd from v'Ill'ious places and ,Jould read and
\
explain only one text, baveJ.t reci preach on it and interpret it. The
i
I
students would follow him, learning it by heart, since they had no writing
t
Ilhteria.ls. The tools they was only their ability to memorize what had
'! .
been said to them. .What spent the day learning, they \ )lould spend tbe
t
I .
evening chanting at the eastern door of tbe church or in the church shed.
i
I
At the end of the training period, 1;he one who completes properly the
l
I
\ '
hymns would.be nominated for The extemporizer would
-
engage in teach\tlB. He woolF gather studen"cs and teach them. would
t t
travel about, preaching God 'F word.
Nevertheless, that doesn't mean that
be knew he shoulo have ,OW as In for his lmowledge
to be certified, he would to complete what needs to complete of the
, .
New Testament, the Old chants, religicfls dnnce and l.he eiehty-one
/
I
!
.1 B 1
/
/
/
/
j
/
I
I
)
eo books which ore conslderei-final. Aft.er p..'\.Ssine G fOnd llis tea,.)e. tentif'.r- 0
ing in his bebal'f', G'Ludent "'-ill be called a teacher. After the types a.t1d
/
ty of his lcarni 11g arc cansi dered, the 0 ff'l ces of elllqa,
_lJ, .. "ll U -lib t' .t cr tOo l' lin J'': t d h 11k '1,'
_ r, l"'.tr ..... s;,.e S, ':le- an sue em ...
,
i>' given lim in turn.
" /
Since the primary mission of church i8 to make God's word
/
kno\rm, hiS}- officinls are engaged in 4mstrative tasks in the vari-
ous districts, the lower ones in rD.nk go to every- little church and
/ sHrl\;.ll'.;e and preach. ').'he office of confessor, baptism, giving blessings, all
/ I " -"
this is only', their in which student does not participate. '!bet
f
r ",
have no fixed salArY. food is thl,;\t food which is brought to mem-
orial services or to various slli1bgtes for banquets. fuose who are smart 11 ve
,
through c"opying books and presenting them to nobl.es and ladies M(1
o
receiving;-
I
pay {or their labors, D.rt grai:.ui ties.
Those who undersiand trickryry
-
t
live by intt:preting (magic) texts, engagil1g in sorcery and claiming they
, .
will baptize. On of (thit. education) taki.ng (so) mlch time, the
lessening of the contents oi !=.owledge the fact that in this present
age (this is not respect of
I
income, there are not who
_0 0_ 0' I
goes on, the which the
send their childrell to the church. As time
clergy had in respect of it is
letting pass to the
I
,.
_. '
I gO
DivInation
'.
Di vl nation in meaning and in is' related to s9rce:t"Y. The
types of eli vination ue many. It impinges on things like and spirits.
It is not known "men divination ",-as be(!,Un. F.l that as it IDD.Y) history
reminds us that it began to be clearly visible durir.g the reign of Zda Ya'qOb;:,Y
p
"
Even in our, time there is no lack of dabtHras nnd swindlers who everywhere
decle.re'they ,lill interpret texts, cnst 0. Derson t s horoscope, conjure up
philtres and offer solutions for problems which have, occurred.
These persons are ones who carry aroo.ml a kind of book in a case and with
. " elegantly arranged turbans and smooth talk go from house to house and vil-
l.age to- villnee collecting money and solving their tt>r:rporary or lasting dif-
ficulties.
Since we brO'J.ght this it D".D.Y be useful to cite what zl!mI!ni'Hs
"lrote in his book 'EKa.rnination of Spirits and Circuit of Kings'
about casting horoscopes and the stars being represented by beasts and wild
ani m] s. For convenience in' reading, the Geez numerals have been written in
\
modern numerals. The letters are written opposi te number.
Alphabetical cOmpltation (Rule and procedure for ?
}
"'8
2
7
Q, 8
B
9
T 10
H3
20
. the computation of the letters)
:I 1; L = 2; H2 = 3; M :I 4; slr = 5; R = 6
Recl.uced by 7
1
2
3
6
Reduced by 9 Reduced by 12
1
2 8
etc.
')
'l'he star t s number cqU'l chl\ructer:
1st. Aricn (fire) equivalent hyena
2nd. Taurus (earth)
"
" baboon
3rd. Gemini (air)
"
" antelope
,
4th. CIJ.) eel' (water)
"
II fox and chsmois
5th.' re )
"
" lion
)
6th. Virgo (earth)
II
" O\d, bird of prey

7th. Libra (air)
II
" 1101f
8th. Scorpio (water)
II
" leopard
9th.
Sagittarius (fire)
"
"- hyena
11th. Aquarius (wind)
" "
ox
12th. Pisces (water)
"
" dragon
lIence the d.i vi nat or , after finding the star of the man ,,!ho wants to
tit find out u,uVu\' .1U t.ure, the name ana. numl>er 01' the star and d.i vides
by his name and his mother's name through 7, 9 or 12. He then consults the
texts which refer to tbis star and explains to him in detail the state of
hi:s future together with the solution. If the matter (concerns) marriage, .
he casts (the horoscope) with only the names of the two When
(information) is sought on buSiness, 01' some other kind of job, he ,does it
like th1so If it is a. mo.tter of illness, he may tell him (i.e. the client) .
to slaughter a. black sheep" a red hen, etc., smear (himself) with the blood,
eat pigeon's flesh and to taste this (giving him an unknown amount of con-
-.
coction of various kinds of roots) in barley beer. Depending on the neces-
sity (therefore) he have a. scroll written and tell him to tie it (around)
his left arm or his neck. The scroll may- be written on (a. piece of) parch-
ment the height of the man and be 10 to 15 cm. wide, having mixed
ill red and black ink. A second type of writing is on a. wider parchment..-'nd
has a circl<: itt the nd.dcllp. WhlCh reuches to. the ,cdges. Most o1't;en' ,n:it-
ing is inco:!lprehendble'. If i:t i3 legible, it is written in Geaz and
in vorda of a conrusing kind ,,hich provide no interpretation. The
puzzled le.,.vman accepts them as (jod's "\-lord, s8iY""lng 'Amen.' However, in the
first :P31't of the r'ornr.tla, the names of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost areL...,
mentioned. It is probably a me&.nS of misleading.
.
While there are the interpreters of texts mentioned above, there are
who divine by means of china cups, glass beads ,and incense. It
is arra..'1ged ror the pers?n 1'01' ,,,hom divination is to be made by preparing
coffee to drink this coff'ee. lThen he finished driXlking, the ciregs are poured
on the ground from the cup ... Tne dregs make ridges inside the cup. The
di vina.tor looks a.t these ridges and may tell client) all so;ts of things
,
as) 'I see a pit,' 'I see good fortune,' and if (the client) is a woman,
\
'A v;ill lJ.i.s on you. If you get together, you will have wch good
fortune and happiness. t
The one who divines with incense takes some incense from the one for
whom the divination is to be made and p.1ts it in a brazier containing fire.
When the incense smokes, if the smoke goes straight up, it indicates tha.t
it is a. sign of good fortv.ne and that happiness and plenty. are (coming) his
--We;:{ If not, then it is a. sign of bad things according to the direction the
smoke goes.
One who divines with glass beads, moreover, does so by looking at the
l' bea.ds, ccunting them one by one and casting them. He may tell (his client),
. .
'''''le beads are not complete. Something is missing. The custodian spirit
of your mother, your father', or both, is estranged from yoo. Abba THqqWar

is the one who is angry a.t you because you did not do the customary thing
which he so he has acted like this toward you.'
.-
....... ,
. .'
".
.
C1
-.
.
'.rhe kinds of di vi. na.t ion mentioned. aLove fl..re th.i..ne;s \1hich they do ",hich

or less visihle to the eye. The others are ncta Qf men infected by
evil spirhs like custodian spirit, \1lh' abtlko, ?:!!!. t s offspring \1hich are
carried b.y reeans of spirits that be ceen. Even
though these spirit d.i vina"'..ors ro-e to be fO'tlnd in many :'11aces, it is believed
that most. of them are in northern Ethiopia. \.
Once a, year, the spirit divinators celebrate a.

cerenony "rhile accompanied by fOllov.-ers. festival, persons who ha.ve

many spirits come from all over, and after singing Q..'ld dancing
!J
for two" or three days and after passing judgment, they offer the year t s
-tti b'.lte or 'voU ve offering' due their chief bet'ore tht"y lea.ve. --
These spirit di vinators, when the spirits by which tl":ey are possessed
are raised up, listen to the E.':!. song, a.cco:np?Jwing it wj.tit clap!,ing and
stamping ,[nile dressed in capes or sneepsldn cloa.ks
9
wearing na.ts ot mu.lti-
colored cotton or or bn.booll sl'".in--some girded wi"th swords--holding their
sta.ves in their hands end sitting on their thrones on a high place behind
a curtain of decorated striped cloth. call out the and
slorif'y him. For example, they sing M follows the krtow as \'lHsHn:
1) Come in rlHslin, enter, you.
Tell us a ricldle.
2) wRsRn, the Raya (Ga.lla's) (zar),
wlLslin, the IS (zar) ,
His hair-braid hangs down to tis shoulder.
3) Raspberry, .lemon, he hit (them),
. wHalin (the) whip,
4) wHslLn was late, why was he late
While looking across'?
Also for the )mown as Adal-l!\Y-death (they .
1) Come in Adul, enter, you.
He gi.ves us coffee to drink. .
2) Come in my brother, coce, enter, my brother,
The velvet-cloaked one.
, 3) The curtain flutters,
.
The Adal has to part it.
4) 0 Ada.l, Adal, Adal-nw-death!
J.ty with bounty which is from
During the tire such things as the foregoing are sung, the spirt t
. - eli vinil.tors and their escorts remain nodding. their heads left and right, back
e"

\
and forth for a while and finally they begin judginS
t
The chicf speaks to
the others, in an unknown language through an interpreter. Those seeking a'
.,,!}
.
solution relate their problems iin plain speech. This is to l\
the spirit conjurers without an Arter the afflicted person is
told the solution and the philtre is prescribed for him, he pays what he is
..
told to a.nd goes away after instructed to come back another day.
" Generally it seems that the beUef of people in' the eli vinator
of a (particulnr) is .. based on that divinator there. By chance, when one
in a hundred finds the solution after receiving a reply to his his
belief (in a di vins.tor) ma;y be stronger than b,efore. It may be tha.t the name
"
by- which he swears and by which he beseeches will be the spirit' s
'I name.. He extols the eli vinator t s name when he talks about him. &y doing it
in this i t divides people t s belief between the di vi nat or and God and
makes a person the slave of two masters.
Certain persons in particular, on account of being completelY possessed
by these di vi nat ors and custodian spirits, do not go out of the house (or) do
.l9'j
Ii
--
.,
a.n:.y task in lvith thei.r c,o!l1rnAnd but eo on believing thnt the spirit
."f"+H -tt iJ
"
will take ca.re of thnm. Just for example, if '\-,hen a -pe];'son. leaves the house
,
in the mornillB, he encounters thiJ'l.gs which are not 'in );lairs, he will (go back)
and spend the cloy at honlC, not ("going out) in or showing up for his
.
business. Wnen he goes out morning a.nd stumbles or runs across an'
entpty water ,iar, it. is hard for him to spend the day 'Outside bis home becllUse
,
has understood from these di vir.ators that such is, a sign of bad luck. 'l'he
llwnber of those who stay away from their affairs in this fashion, wasting
' ..
their working time and remaining attached to poverty is not small.
I .....,.
OcctlSi911a.l1y, soree people 'tho) ioillen they .,eet up to go out in the morning.>
.ha.ve their ri,df.1'ee W!.de, their p,<u:cned grain prepared, their bre-aaoar,ecr, --
their incense burnt, scatter and spray these things around them, and ai'ter. say- \---
spirit, so-and-so's guardian spirit, you kncm (e.ll). May
e you U. it:; t. me spend <lay well and return me (home), t they taste
:their coffee and eat breakfast. this time if there is eomeone to be
,
praised he is if there is someone who is hated he cursed and
damned. When one pronounces the words of blessj.ng or of curse, others ss;y
in refrain "May it be SOli or "Amen."
Certain person's, whose sentiments are attracted by this of)
aff'o.:b, do not ;refuse wen they a:1'e beseeched by the name of the spirit.
'When someone asks not to do something by invoking the name of the spirit,
they refrain from doiilg what they desired to do. On account of the that
(the situation) is like this, it may seem td them (i.e. the users of this
pr \ctice) JOOre to mention the names of these divinators and
spirit eli vinators than to mention God' s name. These who are linked together
b.r a deep devotion like vhis buy or breed choice hens and (quadruped) live-
stock to be slaughtered during the annual festival. This means (selecting)
IBh
frO:ll the sheep the blnck one:> with a white blaze, the white, the bla<'k, the
red and from the chickens the the black, the white, the

golden and such like. Otherwise it is said that if what (the ,spirit) wanted
is not slaughtered for him-, t.he customary custom having become lax, there is
C .-
concern that one may (not) alive
. When ru.vinat.ors travel frOtl1 one place ,to another, they have ma.ny fol ..
Drum beaters, coffee \nakers, reed translnors -mie\eers
,
all these go along (with them). If they meet people "'hom they lmol( Wil,) en t
route, they (i.e. these :people) wj.ll let them pass, boWing low. 'You know
(best)' rNJ..Y probably be said. -They will probably ldss each other's hanc)s,
----- --rut--only sex. for this-j:s-tbat this is- ---------11
tbe only thing that the guQ.!'dian spirit wants (them to do). At every place
,.they stop for a rest, gifts 'and are numerous.
Eveu though are 'well known in ine villages and in the area.
on account of their skill and even. though they seem to obtain much bonor and
.
maJliY followers and are provided with a special happiness di fferent from other .
, people's, through obtaining an abundant income, they probably acquire a. heart-
felt sorrow through being separated from 8lld unassociated with other people
. ,
and failing to ao what other do. There is no lack of those who live'
bY their skill as a curse from God &'ld seemin& to recognize that
they are not the SUilty ones. In contrast these, there are those who cla.:im
to be chosen by God to cure the sick ones and to help the poor. In the, last
analysis, they are all di vinators

,
....
.'
..
Fnsting
Fasting is a tradition linked to religion. Its basic philosophy 1s
to prepare the soul for the next world b,y wronging the flesh and satisf,ying
the spirit in this world. Even thoueh fasting is refraining from things
like meat, butter, eggs and trl.lk which soothe the flesh in this life nnd
cause the sml to be fOl'gotten, it means covertly keepine the mouth "away

Ie
fr-omiies',-- tEe-eye- ear-rrom-lleari'lllrevtl,-the--han.t1------1
'.
from doing from offeuding and wronging people and such like things.
If'we go into the matter of food, this is twice a week, the regular
fast times being Friday and Wednesday. On these days, the one who can en-
-- --ciii:;'e it avoids any kind- of food- from morning until t,relve 0 'cll)ck. The one
who cannot, refrains from the l'.inds of food mentioned which have fat."

Besides, at specific times during the year, there are fasting :periods
decreed by the learned doctors of the church. Starting with the Fast of
... bet\,
in and including the Christmas (Fast), one fasts those of
Nineveh, Lent, SlLne and Among these, those which are obligatoz:.y
fasts for those who claim be Christian, for all those who have attained
the age of reason, are l'lineveh (3 days), Lent (55 das), and Falsata (15 das).
The-Fast of Sage (is) for priests and monks, and likewise the (fasts) of

slLne and Christmas are restricted to those who, being very firm in their
faith, wish to pmish themselves stronglY.
Even though -fasting 1s a matter .of religion, it is determined by the
- I
circumstances of an individual's W8 of thinking, especially now at a time
in whi.ch (modern) culture is widespread. Some feel that since they have not _
done anythil1g bad and since they believe in God, there is no special law
requiring fasting, so God wiD. not be offended by their eating. Some do it
simply to mortify the flesh. Some fast without reflecting or investigating,
200
..... -
19
only the doctors (of the Church) have commanded them on account of

I
Christ's having fa.sted. A fasting person being termed' and one .;mo
\' ,-
:' does not being termed a renegade or a Catholic is nothing new for Orthodox
Christians.
Wben we consider the implicit meaniJ'l.g, not speaking evil, not fomi-
eating, ,not 'Wronging people, not committing injustice are indeed gooa. things.
-,,' ?
It does not upset the orderlY life of tociety. As for religion, it causes
-----
--._---
value to be gi "en the - Pilhging someone'i-s--propertyis a ltind of
.. .
fasting. riot desirins somebody's wife is a considerable visual fast.
Today, (modern) the
r-- ----
there is no one who ... 6 overly careful with regard to food. Originally one
-----. ---
would fast only on bread and eats whatever
without regard to meat and eggs. Hurray for hotels: TlJe one who before tasted
,
4It neither iood nor drink on Wednesday and is seen putting bread and
;uro-stew into his mouth and drinking coffee (on these) morniJigs. They are
-
even tending to hold fastS' lil.e in contempt. After aU, there is no one
to hold (them) responsible, no one to compel them, so all those who tear (God)
fast and the impudent break (the fast). Even so, the church has not given up
its babbling and fastiIlg is a matter of choice however interpreted. What-
should cause (a person) to be pmished is only when. it is something which
,
wrongs somebody. As for the pr.iests, hermits and monkS still con-
tinue to counsel, get angry and warn. The people of the eapecially
young persons, lend a deaf ear. They have left fasting to their fathers.
T' e disJiUte is restricted (to the follOWing): 'If I retrain (from eating)
rutter and m:i.lk, but do not refrain trom licentiousness and (wicked) desires,
lIhat value does (my abstention) have'l If I see a drunken priest, what' busi-
ness is it of mine? What is the meaning of tasting'l The principal things
201
o
is not to do ill, not to wrong SOineQne. So are all the of this
(who don It fa.st) B<?ing to be damned? Dr.es this mean God i3 'going to
hat.e those who .have no religion? I pt&ents and priests Il'.D grumble,
the matter is most likely ignored by t.he young. The effort the church makes
to bolster fasting is weakening. For the one who has chosen (to
observe the fa.st is there for him whether proper for him
or not, (whether he observes it) from fear or from questi oning 8...11d inquiry,
until it disappears completely in the course of time.

__ __ .----11
----
",

Christtw.S is celebrated three,ont of four on.. 29 Tahsas, but on
'the "fourth, on 28 'TPJlsas.. The rea.sbn for being 7elebra.ted is as the
.
believers in the Christian faith say; 'It is on account of the that
(our) Lord Jesus Christ "las born on that iJJJ.y in accorc1&nce uith . (God 's)
. "'.
promise to Adam that (J('sus) would descend from the heaven of to
save mankind fro!n sin.' Since a:nong the faithful (Jesu,s ,) birth is llnked
wi th mercy, fest). vnl. is 'a major one in '\olhich joy is manifested and di,s-
- --- ...
since the meuns of e."q>ressing joy for the. -people celebrating Christmas
is by hll:tchering an ox, or goat at home, brewing beer and having reaJ..;lY
. "
good mead prepared, then eating a.rrd drinking, the rich person picks 011t a
youne steer or rom, the poor person, according to his (economic)
ruys it on the to be used for celebra.ting this fest.i val and ts (the
big day). women staying at' home spend the time brewlng beer" making mead,
and dOing up and all kinds of spices . _. _ _
A married msn, depending on 1)is (financial) means, may purchase and
. - ;,. ..,
present a castrated or lWmb t6 his old father ,and celebrate
Christmas with. The woman's father" sends' an edvance to his
son-in-J.e.w o that he will come with his w1fe- dq and partake
in the feast.
In every house, the person is head of the household buys clothes
for the holida with (and) for bis wife 'and his children,
and pit them aside. For the hockey equipment, the young men gq,
down to the woods, cut sliehtly curved sticks, r. '!orch them in the fire,
straighten them, decorate them, and put them aside. A who loves
,
-----
' .
...
.:.. tliis game cuts wood :ror" the baJj. in. 'bhe woOds M.d trims ,it or se,lS up 0.
. ,
leatber ball, Grnears it v.i.th fat, and w8.tts/ :for the time of that .game: Until
- .
. . ....:: .
the Christnas feptival the children this game during the
or
. .
(but) the men (do <)0) -in ,a clearance tPf t.he fields in the moonlight.
<> ,

The da,y' before the one in which this holitlay iG celebra.ted is a fast.
. . . .
day called which is never omitted. The daY on which Gad is
- -
-- properly observE;d (as ,& fas,t) even if fnlls on a fast da:" and not because
on or _ sover, on Christ;nas 'Day peo-
ple go in the morning to their respective 'parish churches, pay their respects

to it by fleying, for bringing us (to Christmas). Maycae live ...
and be people of the future.' Then they attend Mass and return
. .
The sheep, goat or ox to be offered is butchered, or J.s caused to be
chered, on every doorstepo In place"} people join together, con-
-:;e tltilAlt..:: ';I:Om:,y, CI"Y" ex and Uivide it up. After this, the meat is prepared,
(left) raw or sauce, roasted or boiled. ,ClV-e relatives and
neighbors ga.ther together in the hwse and eat TIle children do
b
-- --the same. The grown-ups drink beer in big quantitie's eitlier it is a
festival dP...y or to gain :ourage on Christmas Day and particip8.te freely in
, . . ",
the ga:. CL 0"('1) 'AM'.
Arter lunch is eaten, and they have finished driDldna, every child
on his new clothes first and carrying their hockey (sticks) and driving
,
their livestock, go down to the playing field. The:"'e, being (divided) into
teams, they choose their team captains from 8IOOIlg number, dig (the
in which tooput the ball to serve as goals they start the game.
(People) frOl4 each side take! up tbeir positiops and stand (there). When they
begi'n'the game, the team ca.ptains begin skirmishi.gg, both I;ides run about in
I \',
send the ball to the appointed pJsee or 'goal, and so they b.Y
"
f

r I
.... __ __ _
..
e-
..
\,

"

.,
-
-\'l
,-
;.
...

guarcling their gonl area. O.le who has not Buardec1 his goa:! area Lu'G is
indolently forgetful, has his leg swept c"tray along "rUh "he ball. Ii wittingly
or not he hits the ball O'ler to the wrong goal. on the opponents' side, the
t)
opposing team .ieers at him. His o'l'm team insults him or gets mad at him.
After this, the grownups pla.y. Even though they are advanced in age, the
team captains mark off the plaee for the receivc the hall from the
,
person holdir.g it and se.yip.g, this game not be one of rancor and revenge'
, ,
\
caJ.i on God and begi11 their game. Since in this gam\diSPlaing strength by
running fast, struggling 8..Tld showing daring by swinging the gHnna stick and
. \,
hitting the ball artfully and hitting the ball far are means of .measuring
. ,
one's and virility, plays sincerelY in order to acquire a
reputation. touchiness, and if touched, overcoming by quarrelling
n .
>. )ain honor for the'tribe, everyop.e plays seriously.. Every time they hit the
"It .' -
ball, in order to let (people) know is whose son, it is custom
t
every time one strikes to roar a.'1d boast,' (II am) the son of So-and-so.' Even
though. it is announced beforehand tha.t the game is not cirt&"'Of rancor and
,

.:revenge, saying insults or hitt:ing (someone) with a club may lead to con-
If a the cr.larreling pel:""ns persons,
foll<.wed by. their 'adherents , strike 'each other on the gHnna (fiel,d) until on
intervenes and separates them. In addition to this, the does
\. .
not distinguish between youth, elder, master (or) servant, and as the,y
,
. ,
'In the g'Unna game, the master does not get angry. I Be that as it Dl8iY, after
J
each ether, cracking each other's heads (there reconciliatiori,
/
but accusing each ot:qer in court is a disgrace. It would not be manly.
Rancor and reY'enge may have no place (in the game). At the end of the s=e,.
e,
"
\ when the sun is setting, the winning team shouts cries of triumph while the
losing team silently wipes !lwa;y the sweat. 'The ones who have get
20;,
.'
e.
hold of an el(rr, estabJish peace and disperse to respect:i,.ve neighbor-
hoods. After pra.:{ing they rr.tXI be rr.cn of the future, they bless each other.
/
The ones who are in sound concq. tion proceed while f'upporting the ailing and
those with proken (bones)o

When sun sets and evening comes, everyone gathers together his,
respective'" neighborhood and ea.ts SU1)per a."ld drtnks ,-!hile te.lking at length,
mentionir>.g game after game, (diSCllssins) this (past) the p!a..ver' s
the of the (Christmas) festival, savor of the sauce,
excellence of the beer, and then they go to their respecti-:e 'J]1er2.
will be no game until nC:h-t year.
0
Epiphany
Of the festi vo.ls in EtRiopia., Epiphany seems to be the most popular
and the most celebrated. The reason this festival is celebrated is to recall
the (day) in which Jesus was baptined at the hands of John the Baptist.
Epiphany is .celebrated in Ethiopia on 11 't"d:.
)
This day is a time of joy for Ethiopians in p!U'ticular. "The reason
is that it is a time of harvest, & time in which is in
In order to welcome the holiday, one -waits after bre'Wing beer, 'making hydro-
mel a.nd produc:i.ng arrack a.ccording to the customs of the, Oxen, sheep
and chickens are butchered. Friends and relatives gather together to eat,
drink and be merry. There is a grea.t deal o( singing and dancing. Women
and men don the native dress which looks (white) as milk which they have
prepared especially for this annual holiday. In fact, there is a
Q
s9iJlg in
e our cexmtry, 'l>1a.y the dress which is not for Epiphany be torn to bits.' The
and l1ymns which the priests srt:y are. rendered in a special WD. Since
. .
the introduction t'of Christianity had a special form in Ehtiopia, the Epiphany
festival is different from the way it is celebra.ted in other Christian ccan-

II
Even though Epiphany is observed on only one da, there are three
whole days. of festivals in c.>nnection with it. Epiphany Eve is kn<nm as
K1ltllra. This is not an independent holida. but one associated with Epiphany.
The word klitllra indicates that the baptismal water is impounded, dammed up
and collected in a pit. On Epiph8llY DS, this dammed-up water is blessed
EUd 'sprinkled on the beads of the faithful.
In the afternoon of KHtlira. Day, government offices The tabots
from each church are taken under escort of the believers of that cbuTch to a
place in their vicinity where there is water, a river or a pool. Deacons,
(
'"
'.

clergy, and priests \-fearing clothes of' various coicrs a:W>Topriate to tt.e
val and also holding decorated. uIlIb:::eJ.las narch slovly. The jJroceBsion
is beautiful. \llien they ha.ve gone SOl.1e distance, the' number of their escort
comir,g out of various vill3ges grows larger and larger. Those people 'Who
are unable to go escorting the tabots wait at the Epiphany pool, dancing:
singiI".g and chanting. Accordir..g to custom, the tabot remainn overnight in
the pitched for it besi6e the pool. People stay there over-
night singing and dancing. Those who cannot do so, return to their respec-
ti ve homes ai'ter accompanyiI".e the tabot.

Tne fei thful "ho are in the surrounding area bring food and drink. for
the priests, clergy and deacons. Torches and fires burn throughout the area.
While the YO'.lths sing and dance, the old people pray quietly. Even though
this festival is s. religiOUS affair, fantasias are somewhat prevalenl;. At
aaybreaK the gather around the and lighting they begin,
to celebrate
In Addis Ababa, the place of m8.n;y ts.bOts is in the very
large place known as Janhoy Meds.. There is a pool like a Swimming pool
which has been built specificaJ..J.y for Epiphany. The people who eome es-
corting the tabot fly banners bearing the insignia of their respeq&i ve
churches. In Addis Ababa. tn particular the festival has changed its ap-
"
pearance. At a little distance from the tents in which the tabots are left
ove;n:tght are tents in whiclt food and drink is sold. The people go from
tent to tent, eating, drinking and enjoying (themselves).
On the JOOrning of Epiphany Day, the Patriarch delivers the prBiYer of
blessing and blesses the water. After blessing it, he sprinkles it in each
direction. Since there is modernity in it, faucets wQich spray water \ddely
are turned on for the public. Tbe faithful. race to be sprqed witb water so

blessing vill reach them. The fa.ith that have in their religion is
renewed. After that, with the exception of one tabot, all the others are
returned to thell' respective churches.
The dAy is the festival of the Archangel l>tichael. 'nlis
festi val is called Cana of Galilee. 'The date is 12 'f'Clr. While a.li. the
-
tabots o.re returned to their churches, this tabot will be
left there overnight. Late in t.he morning of that same this :tabot is
removed from Janhoy Meda tl..nd taken to the district of Yekka.
In sum, Epi'Phany, including Cana of Galilee, ha.s a life of three
The PeOPle, after spending s. 'While dancing, singing and 'having fun and
iog, engage in their respectiye tasks on the fourth da,y.
2Q
( " .
.., .,
Easter
Easter means
\'lhile the ordinary person uses it in this
(meaning), the educated call it Resurrection, for this is the de(t in which
was separated from the dead and rose (from the grave). Even though
the is Sunday, six daYs prior to this festival have a
special observance. After the fast of Lent, the final 'Heek is cel-
ebrnted ns Passion Since (the period) from'Monday to Saturday was
the time -in which the Lord v:as tested., died and 'WaS ruried, it is a time of
. sorrow. It is when it becomes very obvious that Easter is near.
This Thursdny cnlled Holy Thursday
\
After Christ had fasted forty days and fortY is the
day he the disciples together, fed them and took leave of them.
Taking this as nn example, th0 veople today eat a porriqge madE! of roughly
\ '
,
ground beans, and wlleat known as GUibon. '.L'hey br"eak dabbo-bree.c1. \
drink beer. This is 'by' fol.lowing what the Lord gave the disciples tQ taste
when he tore off pieces of bread for the apostles, tested the wine and said,
(This is) my fle,sh which is to be torn off and 'lJ1Y' blood whiqll is to
..
spilled tomorrow.'
Tbe next da, .Friday, is Crucifixion FridaiY or Adoration. On this
all males and fema.les who have reached the age of reason and' who are not
engaged in a task assemble at the church in their immediate neighborhood
beginniDB midd.a) those who have them (briDging) rugs and carpets and those
who do '(coming) Without. They prostrate themselves all da and all
.ening, saying 'Kire Eleison,' confessing the sins they have been doing
for some time and Those who are matUX'ein age and are of strong
constitution do not eat all da.y long. They spend even the night with empty
stomachs. The next HolY Saturday, '(;hey spend da and evening like this.
1'-

e-
\
t.

Until 7, 8 or 9 o'clock at night food dces
not enter their r.out..l{i. This is kn<)"wl1.e.s p .. l;:falu't
On Holy Saturday, the priests pray 'and chant when the sun sets, sa.y-
ing, 'Olr Lord has been teste:d, the Devil has been imprisoned,' long into
the night. Tbey announce the good news of Christ's' II\Ystery and his miracle.
When the time of the Resurrection arrives, they their rejoicing with
a specially cha.nt. They hnnd out fresh green reeds. The pe?ple
scramble (for them) so as not to miss out on the blessing. Even though time
varies in different places, the Resurrection is at nine o'clock at night.
At that the church ceremonies are over and from then on the festival is

t the Public's.
At nigbt, the people, each one in his house, according to their
(financial) ability, oreak the fast and moisten their stomachs which have
been hardened .by two months of Lent with the usual chicken sauce, (b'.1t) some,
,
in keeping with <their habit, break the fs.st with fish or with into ,
- -
which a little butter has been -plt. After all, there is greediness and on
this d.JJ;y the number of those whose stomachs are upset is' not small. Because
of this, many people soothe their hardened stomachs with a mild stmce which
1/
is not upsetting to the stomach or with a fat-free
HolY Saturday is a commotion. For the festiv,al preparations, the women

spend the day' thinldng of household ner-ds, the men (buying) the castrated rams
and lambs and the children's clothes. The reason it is known to be Easter :is
onl;Y by the fact tha.t the of fa.st das bas come to an end, (but)
"
by the hustle bustle on -every road and in every market, bleating of sheep
in every house, the cackle of chickens, children' s shouts, the smell of butter,
..
the merr.y disputation of aame and servant, on this Saturday. While the haves
give large-scale banquets on da, the have-nots give banquets going
211
,
beyond 'What their monthly incomo:! allmis, beyond their nnancial abilities,
,
even indu1ging in bf:'C(::l.J".g. E, penses are high. HOl-leVer, it is Easter' anel
one In!l.Y be insensitive (to the expense) until is over. There are many
who spend Easter t'>atlly just like they spent the t\'lO months of Lent fasting
hard. Even do not bemoan their fate, they intrude at someone
, ,
else IS banque' demeaning themselves and try to have fun just as much 8S the
ones l-lho are well off.
On Sunday, the ,romen arise in the morning and serve breakfast by pre-
pariro.g the food left over !l'om the night before. It is at that time the
'sheep and the oxen go to their deaths. Just as though they understoon the
, ,
meaning of Elster, the dogs bark, wa.llting a piece of meat to be throun to
themQ It is at that time, that the sly cat off a chicken's head or
the sheep t s entrails by snatching (!;hem) if it is convenient for her or by
e begginG if' it. . .i.s uut..
After that, the is spent in eating, drinking, inViting e..lch other
to in inebriation, in drunkenness, in and in gossip. Rela.-
tions and close (friends) breakfast together and lunch together. Tbey say
to each other, 'Happy Easter, congratulations, He has loosed the halter of
Lent for you! ' Starting that ve1:y Easter presents of food are taken
to the venerable,ones, to the father confessors, the godparents and to the
I
vicars, in their respective homes. Just on other feast the
clothes are taken out. The children boast to each other, are better
YOln's! t Pri.ests go to e&eh of their confessional ehildren t s homes.
rt is indeed Easter. One -who observes the state of the people would not
think Easter would ever come again. Some look as though they themselves
had risen dead. lught this not be in spirit?
z.t!Lsqlh is one of the gayest and most color1ul. holidays cdlebrated in
EthiopiB. The reaSOll for this festival is the discov.ry of the Cross of
Q1.r Lord Jesus Christ. ;This festival is observed ort 17 J.Ulskll.rllm according
. ,.
to the Ethiopian calendar. This day, considered holy, is obse ..... ved in all
. of Ethiopia.
to the legend, the cx-oss was discovered in the 4th century
A.D. by Queen Helen, the l,,01{her. of Constantine \olho was the King of
Sh,e was a true and resolute Christian, so she traveled to Jert "la1em to find
the Cross of the Lord. She did not find the cross as soon ae she arrived.
She could not find anyone to tell her (where it llaS). Therefore she burned
incense and prayed to the Holy Spirit to gUide her to the place in which the
True Cross of the Lord was. Heavy smoke rose from 'the incerse. This smoke
e went stra.ight up into the sky and then went down in the shape vf a bow and
guided her to the :place in ,-Ihich the True Cross was. There she had the ?lace
e ..
dug up and the cross brooght out. She ascended a nearby mountain and lighted
a fire in order to inform her son that she had frond the eross. In this we;y
she reve81ed that her search had been successful.
Since Ethiopia has been one of the Christian countries since early
time?, this festival is widely observed. 111is is quite colorful througq
being associated 9fith this :religiOUS-type festival and beCauSH the rainy
son has succeeded by spring, through the appearan,'!e of blooming
t'lowell:i and grLSs and leaves. Markets, government offices, industries -
",,-
aL.l schools are on account of thiB festival. People, bustling about
, "
dreg in their white clothes give additil.:mal color to this
What is considered the' pl.easing and marvelrus sigl. of'this holi-
is the dWre. nl1mY.ra . is the before MHsqlh. On this day tLe people
10
set up the cllL..:ara (or the bonfire) in a public square. After lone
poles are eollect/.!d, i.helr ends are tied t.oeether. At the end of each pole
,.
a handful or" !l'lLsqtil flowers is tied.
Everyone goes to the church in his neighborhcod D."'d celebrates
:
the h0ll.da.Y by setting up the aB.rr ... l{ra. Chi,ldren and youths help enlarge the
I
dHrrra by some sticks to the main pile. Priests and deacons dressed
in their best clothes take the cross to the and give the blessiD,3
'While walld.ne; around the o&&a, burni.ng incense and chanting a beautiful.
chant. The p.!oplc, follol-.'ing the priest s and deacons, sing various songs
:i..ndicatit'.g that spri1".g has corne. E'or example:
Don't Plt on airs, barley
Because it' is the cabbage toot sa.ved our sQ'..1l
Courage, 'ltV soul
Dear barley 5.s coming to help you.
,
Wben it a little hard to see afte.r tbe sun goes down, the dlimlLra
thrusting up into the sl'iy is ignited. reason (for this) is to COlllL1leJlK)-
rate the fire Queen Helen lit after seeking ,:-.nd finding the eross.
Villa.gers and city folk spend the evening feeding the firoa and warming
themselves by it. The people dance and hurl their dl!:nHra lights or
torches into the blazing fire. SOllie people light torches in their
.
respective homes. '!'hey spend the evening and the night rejoiCing, dancing
,..
and singing. On the following da, Mlisqlh the people 'go to the place
wRere the dlLmlLra was burning" scoop up the ashes make a cross on their
. foreheads (wit.b it). This is spent in inviting people to banquets and
in visiting relatives.
-
In Addis Ababa, this . .festival lis very pleasant. The place where it
.
is celebrated is in Mlisql:LJ. a place in which a tent has been pitched
;:.14
"
lo,
to shelter the guests. In that area, onlY those who have special. pennission
ma:y come very near to this tent and to the. The c"'ltperor and all. the
nobility and bishops present in that place and celebrate this festival.
Since this festival is very important, soldiers, scouts, prieots, deacons
"
and the people are in line a.fter line a.roo..'ld the square and contribute a
special aspect to this festival through chants, songs, and dancing. -
The Portion of t.be (True) Cr"oss in Ethiopia.
It has been more than one thousand years that the l.uisqRl Festival bas "
been celebrated with great religious ceremoI\Y. The occasion for celebrating
this fE"stival and something "mich gives it a special aspect is the fact that
a portion of the True CrosS was to Ethiopia in the 14th Century. The

piece of the cross is loca.ted in the monastery of St. Mary's in Gasen'Valong
'f
with the book knO'WIl as Tefut which has Ill.!lllY pages and 'Which tells the truth

e about the 'Way this very cross was brought (there). It is said that tnis bQok
was written by order (af the king) during the reign of Zara Ya 'qob
According to this Book of tefut, duril'.g the Middle Ages e.11 of the
2mperors in Ethiopia . 'Were asked to save the Egyptian Copts from the Egyptian
Mlslims and Twice these emperors intel:vened to have the Patriarch
of Alexandria released from prison. For this favor, the Christian folk l1v-
iDg in Egypt, Constantinople and Syria presented precious gifts of gold and
".
other things to the Emperors of Ethiopia. The king -who 11 ved at that time,
the' Emperor these gifts and asked to given in
the piece of the True Cross which the Patriarch of Alexandria had in his
possession. His reqlest was accepted and they gave it to him, includng
.
the pictures which the Arostles Luke John had painted. Po account of,
this, the festival knmm as MlLsqlh' is celebra.ted in Ethiopia. > The
date is 10 lIJLsklLrRm.

-After K;ip.g David, his fourth son, Zara Ya tqob, inherited the throne.
"lhen he old, the LOrd cOn'Jronded him. in a dream to store His Cross on
top of His CroGs. The king, after fasting and praying and living
apart from people for two whol,e years, finally found e. mountain in the sha.pe
,.
of a cross. On this mountain he had built the beauti;,'l church known as
.' 'God the Father.' He Plt the Lord's Cros.s in a golq. box and placed it there.
I
The priests of this precious object which is in this
-
ancient monaotery. Even though the old church he s been burned and pillaged
many times, it has been over and over again and is still in service.
They (used to) spirit and conceal the crown, capes, books and
which inside (the church) in of trouble when plur.derers
came. In times of pesce 'they would return them to their places as before.
Every year fLfter the (l'estival) is over, .rna.rrJ people would
the celebration of the Festival of the Virgin gary on H!dar 21.
-
St. John's (nay)
St. John(.'s is a. Uew Year's holiday which l,s celebrated every
year on the first of E\ren though the identii'ied purpose of the
, 6
festi val is thp lIew Year, there are other festivals celebrated a.t this some-
time. The memorio.l da..v assigned to St. John the" name of is mentioned
a.bove is celebrated on this Besides) the Hew Year is a timP in wllich
the rainy se&SJn is over, the sun spa.rkles and pours its light mountain,-:
A
field a.nd valley nnd is genero"J.s with its warmth and (is also a time) in
..... hieh flowers b.l00m. This is a happy occasion of eo New Year. This is the
.
way in which the Ethiopian people, specifically the Christians, welcome St.
John's. '
,-
Torches are lit, tO'Hard evening on the eve of that holidl:\V. Those
Who light the torches are uales. After they light tbe torches and leave
the house, they sa:y (the following) "hile knocldng on the door three times I
Out, cabbage pot!
In, pot!
and then they go outside. While outside) they let out shouts until the torch
finish.es burning, sSing:
Oh m:r flower, Nl!sJrlLrl!! has come
Courage 'm:I soul, Barley-o has cOp!e to you:r a.id.
In !4LskRrlit!, no one will marrJ you.
In 'bqamt :;>will talk to you a little.
. . .
-
In lboar I will talk to you circumlocutiQUSly
Until the middle of
Being haughty and rowuing in
, -
After that, at 3 or 4 a.m., people go down to the river and bathe. The rea-
son for that is in order to arrive before the birds have taken drink.of
I) It.
I.. (
-,
. .
r
...
"
,
. . ,..
. of this b3othi.ng,as to Crulse _ (1J)Y "bad luck o? ilJ. tbing to
remain :benind "\(i th the old yea1 &one. morning cemes, to welcome the
('
Year in (a sta.te of) p.l.rit.y.
. .
.
In the ever30ne a sheep or'goat according
to }-.is
... ' .. v' .
financln.l and hC'..ll;;ewi.l'c:1Y, nbi.Uties. also castra12ed;
, . '
Hany people differ in the kind ana number of' t}le and,
goa.ts b':l+;'cn'r. Toe reason i'OI this is in order to Pf ,expel
I
" ,t." ,. 0 ';
'. ,
.. ..
or see ,off toe evil: sp:,rHs ot. their various natures. Dep.endi.ng . \"

I
on the number of spiri t.s, one nviy butcher a rcd, -black or golden 'Chicl:cn' or
a. whitish blsck with a blaze on the head or shee;.>. Persons
ing this bel:i el. ... "Who prppltietc the :3pirits wear gn...ss bea.d necklaces on the
....
., J
festi val day. They re'ci te magic formulE\s.
\..
On acccunt ot the ma.tter 01' !ecitins ITsg'ic lOnnula.s .. espeC1elly'those
" :- II
... f
SD\:I 'We have been by Add,o KlI.bl'e.' they recite lIlS.gic :fornitias .
,I
I
niGht and dIJ::;f for three da.vs the festi vnl day. At, thi{J . tiMe "-
they sing the songs. (The spirits) give hosts no On the
.third da.Y when their reason returns, they their recl tation just llke '
,
. 'one who has from aleep. s:sothers who believe in 'its give a
cial banquet. Its. ldnds of foods are llmi ted to a slaughtered chIcken wi tb
"
. " "
it(; feathers hoe cake, parched: cakes, ,..,heaten bread
( ....
a.l4d such like thingr. They take this and drop them on the higllwa either
#
. mixed together or _ (AUl... this is a thing whith they offer as a ,,ac;ri-
fice so that the aforeooJnentionecitevil spirits will belp them get rid of ill-
-
ness, want and other misfortunes of life. The secular name for this kind of
'sacrifice is dJinqara" When a passer-by sees this sacrifice, he DUst hit it
,
with a stick, po.tr water on it or otherwise take a taste from the top of
.
what can be, so tasted, ro rig .'1 got bere first.'
1 c
..., .. C",
.
It is believed that this
'I!t
"

" f
..
J .,
.
.
,will help the person not to be sick because of the evil spirit.
,In this \-.'aY: Rmolt(y fires) are lit and at least one chicken sluughtered
\
in every house. The reason for this slaughtering is that since one has been

asspciating evil spirits for one goes out of his
to 3llother place 12 a.m. This is just to be safe from eyil s:pirits.
. ,
......... .
" In the afternoon, children and ycmths bearing flowers for relatives and- neigh-
e . ., . . .. ..
. .
bors come to sAY,.: on (God's) bringing you from one year to the 1
next! .
.;ti ,
. ,
is r.lcasing this
is the girls going from nouse to
. ,
in gioups, singing. It is a game they play get. someone to
""t ' .. ... c
'. .'.
s&ry Ne'i Ye8:-1" to or tG get a present from another
. . .
.whl.le they wanoer aboot, they sing'So New Year's like this:
, t ."
Oh flower (song leader.)
(refrain: singers)
" MY comrades (song leader)
Verdant (refrain)
Stand in a row
Until I gather wood
And build a house.
Let alone a house,
I don't even have a
I will spend the night rutside,
Counting stars.
d '"
Flower, blooming a killer (song;; leader)
(refrain singers) .
In this wa they spend the da, talking' about their achievements,
. '
gathering "presents and after dividing up what.. they have obtained 'they go
..
21ft
1----------- - ------ -- - - ----- -- -
,I'
home as evening falls.
This fest.iva.l is Y.nOiffi by several names:- St. John's, Neu Yearls or
~ ,
3 nqutata.:>_, rut its joys and. obser'\,'Mce do not change i 1;s character
. '
..
~ . -
-'
-, ------ ---- ---
I
l<ierchal1ts
In Ethi09ia, the word merchant is a name givDn as a general appela-
tion to those persons who make a living by engaging in trade. Differences
are e.pp'lrent emong the traders according to their respective functions.
Tl:e merchants of old passed a\-my after doing nuch good by passing
",
through na.ny districts with (nr.lles) loaded merchandise, l1ringing the
things the country nc'eded and teJr'.ing 'aws,y the things the country produced
-' .
and grew. Even though their. basic ",as trade, they being an instru-
ment for an exchal"..ge of customs, they acquainted the coontry wi. th, other
countries. The ones who laid_the foundation for Ethiopia's present history
are these mergnants. .
While their good deed is to be admired and appreciated, at first at a '\
time in which (modern) culture was not widespreafr like today, it is
,
to realize bow much effort was incu:nbent upon tbem. Inasmuch as they went
, " .
across many districts, they arose at night and after finishing most of the
.
long journeying of their s travel before the sun became very hot, they
I
would rest in a kind of shade when the sun got too strong for tbem. Then,
before the sun began setting again, would travel on, resting for the
.
night at the place where it. got dark. Camping together at night, guarding
their livestock from wild animals, talking about the state of their trade,
. taking sleeping, they would resume their activity the following
Since there were difficulties on this long journey, many merchants
would put their baggage together. They load their goods on Dllles,
horses or donkeys)according to the situation of the place. If they traveled'
1n a place of a type-.they would load up camels which (can) go (in
such conditions). This is because (a can stand the sand and heat of
the desert.
221
----.- -
---- ..--...
Host of the their merchandise comprised spices, jewelry, incense
and ll\Y'rrh, perfume, !'l>'eCiOUB stones and the like. When trade became very
,-..
they -would eo around with wild animal pelts, ivory, textiles
and the like. They would deal in meat, livestock, pack animals and farming
I
tools in places from which the distance from town and the '\"oughness of the
journey would not them. The merchants tram distant places used to
deal in goods which would not spoil on account of the long Journey or the
change in climate.
"
For the goods which were loaded on mules they used to need straps,
wooden load stays, sacks, thongs, for attaching last-minute additions, bags
and saddle mats. Often they would travel by putting 8 saddle atop the load
(Qf goods). Tne reason for this is that if some animals returned unloaded
"
and barebacked, the merchants would ride them so as not to get tired. Wilen
they" theY wv.lld de, .;0 illi..vning WF.Lr chants and reciliing
poems of sorrow so that the journey would not bore them.
Along with tbeir trade articles they would take various kinds of food
i
I
for their i,provisions, keeping them separate. The food they ,",'QUld take was
\
\ 'l
mostly dry' provisions. Tbin bread, dabbo, f,;ako, dabbo g,ol"b, and roasted
I
I
barley were never absent from the bags and baskets of the merchants.
. I .' ,
Neither requires much preparation nor will it spoil. When they would come
.. ,
to a plaee i where there was no water, it is obvious that their dry food would
I '
create difficulty for them. it was customary to take water
or beer inla leather bottle or in a horn.
,
Merchants of old, after suffering from the length of the journey, the
(I
heat of the. sun, the cold of the night, the frost of the morning, the nature"
of the climate, from wind, from illness, from all these (things), beingsep-
arated from : their families at least two or three months, have passed away
222
,
after laying the basis for modern cororr.erce and after founding towns. Today IS
commerce, having ch3.l1P.ed its aspect on eccount of (llIodern), culture, has ma.ny
improvements visible in it, the year.'s journey being limited to a day or a
I
week, cities having been built on the plain which used to be a. place .of
shelter and-for.spending the night anl because the food which used to go
'carried on their backs can (now) pe obtained at a hotel. Salt bars' and
rock salt have been replaced by money. The varieties of merchandise have
come to be The profit is rather large. Nevertheless, the tech-
niques which the trader bas obtained from this original foundation are based
on the effort of the who preceded him.
l
Artisans
In our countr,y, the men who called artisans are of many and varied
skills. These men own no plots (of ground) in. the city nor family land in
. -
th:! courrtry'. Mostly they live in a client status. Their daily living as
well an their year's clothing it; based on their skill. A few of' them are
. .
, those known as 'we'twers, metalsmith1!, blacksndths tanhers.
I -
They make (tM.nes ranging from}f4sfua.ll and belts to
skilfully decorated native dress of various kinds. Like the other skilled
craftsmen, a difference in the skillS ability is apparent among the -:
" weavers. The weaver who of multicolored and produces vari-
ous ki,nds of decorllt,ions may gather in quite a bit of money. 'l'he weaver who
is rather superior in his and who has man1 in considera-
tion of the situlltion 'of his income, move-to a place iri-which a great many
people live or to a town which 1s sotne,\-lhat acculturated. Next in reputation
a maker of with' mlticolored is the gauzy maker. He
is particularlY popular with the ladies and girls. The mlticolored-hem
lHmma maker and the gauzy maker mostly turn out (clothes) through
recommendation only, not cheap clothes. In any case,
111
is necescary to wait one's turn for a long time to have them make any

. clo.thes (for one) to wear . In 'contrast to those weavers who have superior
sldlls, there are those whose skill and income is considered low who make
thick robes and gabis. These (make) their living in places where
people's incomes are low or in the countryside, because the clothing of the
-country (people) does not follow-'the modern style. Even though the income
of one who works in the countryside is limited, at least he does not lack
enough income to maintain himself. If he perhaps moves to the town with
,
-'
.
.
the intention of Ecttering his living standard, he will have to compete with
reputa.ble mtl.lters of _ or else spend day after day at the market
. If the number of wea.vers is la:rge, they may settle a little apart
the gentlefolk, otherwise they live in the available and convenient
places mixed with the so-call.ed gentlefolk. The permanency of their settle--
varies with the condition of the market. Should the -market be slack
after the village or neighborhood accepts tr-em, they pack up their baggage
and odds and ends and leave just like they came. Since they have no immov-
able property or ancestral family they do not consider more than a mere
trifle wearing theoselves out from place to place just like nomads
(do).
'l'hE\ weavel"s wife may make pottery.
" .
She is called a pottery maker
. or dltbanansa. Since the weaver's children living in the country are unable
e to go to scl1:ool they grcm up learning their mother's and father's trades.
Therefore the fact that families like these are trained in the Game kind
of skills is not surprising, even though it slackens the country's growth.
Metalsmith. Another appelation is tlLbib, but tod"" they have started
using- the term tliya b. The metalsmith jewelry for men and women from
" --- - ."
gold, silver, brass and copper. The one who .makes trappings for the nobles'
JII1l.es and horses is this same smith. Among the most typical items of
')
which they make for women are necklaces, anulets, earrings, bracelets, rings,
crosses, and 8nklets. As for the men, they have them make crosses for the
neck and rings for the finger.
The smiths do not gather together in one place and do nC't live (there)
like the weavers or tanners. Even in the country they are not to be found in
places. On account of this, country dwellers wanting jewelry go to the"
towns. Like the weavers, the metalsmiths vary in the excellence of their
1)2'"
I..., ,)
"

trade and refinement of their technique. A metalsn.ith of retnt.c alwa.ys
works onlY gold and siLver. Since he has a lot of customers, his income
'is (in keeping) with that amount. They sat of them that the metal worker's
"
income would be high had it' not blowrr away like ashes. When they praise
them'they sing:
, .
. Your metalworker husband, the beauty t the bee'.rty,
, He fashioned me like necklaces amd rines.
Since the metalworker.' s,' wife is a bit proud, she does not make pottery.
Blacksmith. He is called 'SIirl.,thy-o' and '}'1etBl-o.' Even though his
efforts are (expended on) various kinds of (ferrOus) metals, he- stands some-
'what 'apart from the metal worker on account of his particular skill. While
the makes complicated jewelry" the blacksmith makes plowshares,
rings, axes, 'sicy.J.es and such J.;ike. \'1bile he makes weapOns like
e da(sge.L's, auu he IUa.Y repair uroken r l.flea two.
pistols. Even fUrther, there are those who work b.r smelting the ore and
melting the metal. The smith's wife, just like the weaver's wi fe, ruakes
" pottery. The sons follow their fa.thers' trade.
Tanner. Except for parchment, he makes all the things which are made
from hide b.r smoothing and sotteniDg it. Since making parchment is somewhat
D
more complicated, it is left to the scribe who is trained in that skill on
that account. The tanner makes red oxhide sleeping mats, decclrated bide

mats, leather,bags, slings for toting babies, sheepskin capes, book casing,
girth straps, horse and DIlle saddles and all tbe reins. Bf!:sides this, he
trims With leather household items like, baskets, sieves, plat-
ters and slLfed tre,.vs. Since making things from bide does not get very far
, "
wi thout water, tbe tanners I is not far from the ri ve}'side. The
tanner's fe makes ,pottery.
f
---
Artisans generally have the same appellation--tKbib--even though

their skills di .. 'fer. Their place in society is low. h'ven though their
skill is pop'.llar, the artisa.'Qs are held in c\ .. empt. Th\'y do not come in
numbers into a quarter (inhabited by) so-called gentlefolk live.
F
is because of a beli.ef that their eyes are not good for children and li ve-
stock. Today this ha.s become more- and more attenuated, especi8.l.ly ,
in towns. Even though the rea.son' for this is not specificallY Known, gen-
tlefolk ha.ve ;grown close to the weavers and metalsmiths more than the other
.
artislUlS, but have held off the tanners and the pottery makers. Since peo-
ple have segregated them and since are no quarrels about fandlY land
"
aD.d among them, artisans are not people who. frequent courts. Even
<
though they become rich, they do not give up working unless their strength
becomes feeble.
do not ever marr,y with so-called gentlefolk unless by a
,
ndracle. do not become brash and ask (a gentleperson's daughter in
marriage). In the countryr.ide especially a. usage like this is still pre va-
lent. City gentlefolk, have begun to marry up with them se,ying,
'After all, what can one do about (the change-s) the times bring'l' This
bappens if the artisans give up their old occupatioIl$ and engage in com-
merce or government work. Even among themselves, they have little liking
to marrying each other compelled, so metalsmith (marries) with metal-
ami th, tanner with tanner, weaver with weaver.
. ). I 'f
"In all spiritual activities they participatE: fully with the gentle-
folk to their"'belief. They conduct mahblLr and societies. '
Tbey adopt each other. If they are Christians, they can'baptize one another.
e They gi ve to the church in parish according to their trade. "
,Tbe weaver offers sacerdotal garmencs; the tanner, drums; the smith, pra.,yel!s
q
________ ________ -11
sticks and censers; the metalsmith)crosses and the jewelry for the
pBccrdotal garments
In the some artisans educate their children by sending
,
them eo a place where a teacher is available. Even though they
become trained after having learned to spell lUld to read the Bible and take
orders being ordained priests just like gentlefolks' children, they are not
I
permi tt.ed to !lass. Even though they ma..v do. so in a district in which
"
they are not known, until this wicked custom is wiped out by decree and by
the passage of time, artisan will live with a::tis::m and gentlefolk with gen-
being segregated from other
...
'-
/
.'
"
228
F---------.----
Minstrel
From the beginning there were persons in Ethiopian society known as
f;cI..tlt
minstrels who were never without a m.a.sinqo-"on their shoulders, a harp in
r arms, ,,,no went from ple.ce to place, tavern to tavern and wedding to
wedding leadins their lives by praising people and playing love
Th()1Jgh a minstrel's voice might be be?-Utiful, his manner of reciting a.
poeltl pleasing, and his manner of playir..g the and harp enchanting,
this SeIne minstrel was not respected for his skill, he was despised. As a
matter of fact, the nama 'minstrel' 'Wt.\S an insult. His skill was only
for a monent's pleasure, for him it was not a means for lasting respect.
f
At the very least a minstrel had to know how to play a masinqo or a
harp. (Would) he be perfect, he mst sing. Since his poems hav'
he must know a lot of poetry. Even though it seeros that the essence of-
e minstreJ.sy is based on knowing the meiociy, all those who could p1a the
fiddle, pluck the harp and let their voices be heard make ita means of'
(maldng) a living, considering it as' a trade.
Even though a male minstrel rtJB.Y' be seen from time to time traveling
about alone, Singing at varicus banquets and taverns, most of the time they
- .
are seen as married couples. The way in which they meet is through the
similarity of their skillS. vlben the man pl.e;yS the masinqo, the her
outer garment rolled dovn to the waist, JUts both hands on her hips and
sings while trying e. sort of shoulder shrugging now and again. The kinds
of songs they mow, they sing with different lyrics. If where they pl.e;y
is at a wedding or a house where a banquet is given, they Pl-'V (songs)
praising the persons. attending the banquet, or the brinal escort party.
,'l'be lyrics mention the goodness, mM'e.nliness, importance, beauty and affec-
tion of these persons. When the woman runs short of lyrics, the man tells
,
()
e to her. (one) of the listcn-2rs strikcs up an animated and lively
poem, the professional singer sines joinir..g in with the melody and wigGles
"
\
her hips and performs the l-lhen she gets tired, the man takes her
place. At time she is not idle. She passes among (those present)
with her nlltltla .held out and cash is bestowed on her b'.r all those who were
pleased (by her and to whom praise was offered. Sometimes they
J
plastel' the. bill to ber ylhen the man finisbes playing, she takes
'>
his place. In this way, they collect quite a bit of money. In addition to
this, they do not have (to pay) the bill for food and drink. Tbey travel
about from tavern to ta.vern'playing like this. Seeing someone getting a
llttle high, one praises and extols him. One '\-,ho is high will take out
money and give (it to them), end when things are lively, he offers drinY.B
to "!hen there is a lott of inebria.tion e.nd corcrcotion, there will
"""'QaJ..
.. .,
be many seeking praise. The minstrels, taking 01" the S5 or beer ana.
.
arrack, sing until it mali.es them swea.t. After. doing (this) all day, all
evening, they tie up the money they have collected (in their shawls) and
go to homes. From christenings to weddings, celebra-
tions of tbe tabot to p.1bllc holidays, there is no place to which minstrels
.,. ------ .
do not go. Tbis work which one began with the intention of a live-
lihood ha.s become convenient and since it bas become like a babit, whenever
one finds the emallest pretext, one sings. Often, one does not change the
pattern of melodic and the lyrics. The songs dealing with love,
bravery, beauty and goodness are distinguished not just by melody" but by
lyrics. In a.ny case, the greatest "beauty is on the part of the A
minstrel who knows (how to compose) lyrics provokes merriment, causes sad-
neS'S, rouses memories, stirs admiration through his verce and his style
.<
even though his voice may not be dulcet. Sometimes his verse IDB\Y become'
2:10
\.
a means for or not the lYrics mentioned in a song are con-
I
secutiYe, one takE:S jt into consic1ore.tion. If each (line, of a) poem
psj has a separate meaning, the first refers to manliness and the
second may refer to love. It seems that the minstrel composes (thc:n) by
having it in mind.
'As mentioned before, minstrels &re .ftJUnd occupying a low level in
societ.y. They don't, mind. Their societies and bUrial societies
I
are with each other. Since becoming a minstrel is held in contempt, no one
wants to become one. Those wbo become minstrels al:"e those born under an
unf,Cky star, who are afflicted with misfortunes and who do not feel this
Since n.: have mentfoned the minstrels, let uo discuss the Lalibelas
The Lali be las manage (to make) their living by also gOing around
-. 0 arly banquet, house or "rake. They differ from the minstrels by the fact
hat most of the time (a Lalibela) is not by himself. At all times they
ravel about in numbEirs as a family. Their melody is of oJ1.l3r one kind.
they originally were only just for songs, and later, when they made
this the basis of their '!'8. of life,and today, after being tr.ansJ:i.i.tted from
.
ECeneration to generation, it has become the profession of their group. They
I' haVe a belief that unless they get up every night and cry out, they will
become lepers. Even though they sing while traveling about like minstrels,
unless they' get the money they seek, they scream stubbornly until it is re-
plgnant to the ear. Their reception occurs t wa1 ting for somebody
. ,
,
E..J.Se s wedding (or)_ banquet. They not have solo poem I reci terS and refrain
singers performers like minstrels. What makes them the same as
-------
the minstrels is their shouting. If they S8 the and the Lalibelas
. .
make their liVins by shouting, it is said of them that minstrels end Lalibel.o.s
have no hJmes. The lAlibela is held in more conteurl1t than the Ill:lnstreli
I
Let UR llst a few' of the poems the m' ,trels play:.
''n10\l!Yl I find O'..1t about it. as a minstrel,
His eye resembles a wildcat.
'Hilord Ato So-and-so, rain bas fallen on you.
If I am hurt, may it flatten you.
'If I were God, I woulc1n't be proud of rtrI power, .)
I wouldn't make in .order :fot, it not to last, in
...
order to dest.o,y it.
'h1.en they look at 6. pot i'l:Oill 6. aista.uCe, it like j,vil.
For the one '11.1}}0 has ey.amined it, it becomes earth for potsherds 0
'I know that God does not walk in shadows.
>
I wait while they tell me tlie will pass.
tAto So-and-so's character is a annoying one:
He bows to his enemies and is arrogant toward his friends
1
lit;

-
.0
The Dro.J.y Duties of -all Amhara. Farmer'
. . '
The which deterllunes the kind of work for an Amhara farmer is
the time of the work. The reason for this is that the principal tasks of
the farmer are plo,dng,; weedir.g, mo;.,'ing and threshing, so the farmer carries
.,
" "-'
out his tasks by follO\dng the seasons according the conditions of the
onset of rain or the appeare.nce of the sun. When it rains, there will be
when the sun comes out there' will be so,dx,g. the ('season of'

sun(shine) prevails, tll.e .seeds grOl'l, mature .. and reach mowing stage.
(the grain) is rea.ped and threshed, is to go into the granary is
pIt there and vhat has been :selected tor the market is measured' out and set
aside. -. 'While all this is taking place, the farmer decides the det,ails of
each day's work on the evening 'Preceding' that day. He wi:.! discuss (matters)
,
and ponder (them) seated on the earthen bank inside his more or less comfor'-
table hut in the presence 01' his Wli'e and cnrlrlren. He allots the (val"lul.ts)
tasks (all) head for their respective beds
. , Early in the morning when the cock crows, the' lady of the hoose rises,
.and groping (in the dark) her way to her grinder and humming a song in
a loW voice, the grain that she has prepared, stone) mak-
I
ing a rasping' sound. i'lhen davm is near) the birds' chirping is lively, the
,
JlX)rning t s sunrays come in through crevices in too walls and roof and put to
flight the darkness inside the house at which ti.me Mr. Farmer gets up. While
still in bed, he nutters in a hoarse voice something like a buzzing and
, '
his prayers by heart- Wrapped up in his gabi so that the morning's :f'rost 'trAY
not nip him, he gets out of bed, takes the livestock .from the stalls and pen
!Jld feeds then .... If he has had a smattering of edu<:ation, h:
e
may sit on
a stone outside his house and read a few pages of the Bible
........
1),,0


His wife, who bas been makipg the grindir.g slab rumble, nncovers the
/'
'fire which she had ban.lted the evening (before), spreads some kind of twigs
<?n it and after (re." )!:iehting it, she heats up the sauce left over from sup-
per and summons her husband to eat breakfast. The husband sits down on the
tanned hide.spread out beside the and slowlY puts food in his mouth
the 1'ire and contemplating the day IS work. }lis
children gather and ea brea.ltfast from what is left over. If it is a fast
day, ail go off to th ir respective tasks with empty stomachs
. ng and sowing time, he goes (to his i':i 'd) witt! his
first born son, he seed being kI:lotted in a bag and carried on mule-back.
,( He carrteS the ra er heavy and his son the lighter plowshare.
, .
He arrives at the . eld ha.ving along ,dth his greeting, of farmers,
like himself or of passersby about the sufficiency or insufficiency of the
1:knfall and the of the soU. up Lh. uX.", huvAs u9 the
plO+haft to the yoke, di,,1.des up the laDd (to be plowed) by furrows, and
(then) plows, putting the seed in a sort of SlLmma, and sows. Grasping the
,
plm-pandle in one hand, his whip in the other, the plow scratching the ground'

_ urges
l
the oxen on by lettJ.ng them hear his voice, saying 'Pull!
Up! Down!' and beating them on their backs with h:l..s whip and when
..
..
thrnshing them he tills the l8.nd. When the oxen fail to proceed in a straight

I
line, bis son thepl straight while being alongside them.
When it is midday, if the field is near his house, he unyokes the
oxen lets them gra"Xe while he goes home and eats fresh anSHra in fresh
, - .....
f .J1ce. But if it is fal', his wife ta.ltes him his lunch in an !!8lLlga-l-contairter
,
with a canteen which she has filled with beer. They eat together and discuss
i
the work they have done during the day and what they will do later on. If
his lunch (was eaten) at home, the farmer JllS lie down in his bed or on the
J'--
1
embanla:lent af.'ter finiship-B eatine and a short llap. If lunch 'Was (eaten)
outside the house, he spreads his slli::l!'.3. over a stick like a tent and lies do'\\'Il
there. As soon as he has xestcd a little, he yokes the oxen again, plows what
is to be plowed, sows what is to be sown and when the sun' set.s, ,*,e unyokcs the
\
OXCIl, p!lckip.r; up the rcm.n.ining seed, home. If the plo"t.-:lng is to be
done over ar,o.:i.n, hc lca-ves the and plowshare in tae, field and ,;rill
retl)rn (another day). Since the yoke has a leather fitting thc Plow}haft)
on it, he carries this fitting home with him so that animals will not ea.t it.
AB soon as he arrives home, he taJt:es' off the animal's ha.rness, brings his oxen
en r.rmlcad of hs,y from the rear cOIl':p01md and scatters it (on the ground) for
them or p.lts it ix:rtl!e for them. If he ha.s a mother and father living
/' -
in hi's cOnIpcr,md, he goes to Und out (whether) they have
c
, spent the day' well
and to inform them that hc has spent the day well. Discussing what he has
e done In ciet.a.il an? he bas planned, receiving (their) uavice, ea.ting a.ll

t.he food that has been prepared (for him}, ahd drunk what "las to be drunk,
he returns to his (own) . home. When he comes into his house, he sits down
on the sheepskin near the hearth with his wife and children, and rmrrounding
the fire 'which is light and warmth for the house, they talk at length, they
discuss things. The wife serves her husband a special and to
,
, <-
her children (she serves) in a tray some of the parched grain Which she has
prepared by parching during the datime. If there is beer, she' serves it to
them in a horn cup and in gourd dippers. The news, the comments, the stories
add the warmth of family love to the warmth of the fire. When supper time
arrives" the oldest cpj.ldren served with the mother and father. The
younger ones light the fire and stand (beside them) serving (them) until'
,
their turn comes. The wife rolls up the part of the that has been
'Wetted by the sauce and plts it into the mouth of her husband and children.
"-.1
v'
123
The husband too p,lts food occasionally in his wife IS mouth. As is the cUStOll1,
they put food in thE' mouths of' their children uho were stendir..g serving them ..
When t.he husband, 'life and older children have finished eating, the YoJ.nger
ones are served.
Later the wife Wl1shes the husband IS feet, the children wash their Oim
feet and (all) get ready for bed. After -tIle wife JAys out the grain which
she inll grind when sne gets up before dawn, she banks the fire, goes to bed
by feelir.g her way and after taking off her clothes, lies dcr..m -beside her
hUcband. The day I S work comes to a stop at this point until the morrow.

Landholding the Ambara "
Inasnuch as most people in l'thiopia are farmers, they love the soil
more than a.rry other thing. On account of this, there are many ways in which
people O\m land. One gives (different types) of land-holding different r..ames:
family land, milit.!U'y service land and mortgage{d iand).
. .
AI;;ong the Amhara, family land is very POJXllar. When a father or mother
. .
dies, g a.t the time of thetr deaths upon their 'tdlls, they place s-
. curse, saying '}.1a({ whosoever sells or exchnnges the land which we have be-
queathed give birth to a ,e.' Since curse is greatly fearecr-- on
account of religion, any person, unless in absolute want, will not seU or
exchange the far-,J,Jy land he has inheri ted this would gain for
him the (1m.,) opinion or hatred of anyone hear:i,ng .of (his deed); In -the
Amhara a.rea: or family land is an apyela.tion applied only" to this (land)
",l1:i. . h Ii. uy lnheri cance. Various appelations are given the other
(systems) according to the various Since familY land becomes
smaller and more restricted the time in Yhich it is handed down from
generation to generation and age to age, the.developments of and
disputes among their heirs is something unavoidable. Encroaching on boun-
daries, appearing in coort, threatening to kill the other person with poison
or some other convenient way, IIllrdering each thesE. are complica-
tions linked with family land. They express the zealous love they have for
famil.v land like this:
i Let him ha.ve it with a Mannlicher{t\,{tt)
Do it again with a (branch)
There' 3 no joking around
\1i th femily land or the loTi fe
I
') I) ,.
i ... t) I

':,.
-7 vlhat is the princi-pr.l. reason for a dis!'J,te is' when the divisibn is l\nc.lear,
f
the and father having died on account of sudden illness without having
, , -
had time to make out their wills. At a time like this, the heirs tell each
'This Qu&ht to be mine, that must be mine,' and so theY quarrel bit-
terly a.s thruSh, had not been engendered bY' the (parents). According
-to custom, at first relatives, being arbitrators, try, to calm down the quarrel
by giving advice and by scolding. If there is a more violent quarrel, trans-
cending that one, the natter is transferred td the courts.
A ,second instance, too, which is a. cause for the quarrel is a change'
4 .'
j n the will. This DlC8.l}S when the deceased, thrO'llgh being, weakened by diseam

or being adva..nced in age, that death is near, he 1Jummons the father
confessor and the elders of the area, bequeaths his land as as his
. ."
property o.ccording. to the rules and places '(the will) in the hands of
h
vrl he Jr.aY' recuperate-' again, God having spoken (to tha.t
effect), and live for a long time in good health. During this t1lne, one or
o
two of those declared to be" heirs may do the testator a
favor and gain his affections. Later on, his death is inevitable and the
testator ma,y get suddenly ill and while in his dellth throes, having forgotten
the his earlier will
J
so with :the intention 0; benefitting those who
..,, ... ",'H,n. He Wl,et ,;tl
C
.. t to ttl Ok" .. I.
did him a favor, he WJ.ll, his gratitude. p, thing like this brings on

DIlch disputing and appearing in court. All those who claim to be heirs
submi t evidence (to show) by what reason the will is not correct and that
the shares wst again be apportioned. This matter is a kind which is dif-
t'icult to judge.
The cause of the third kind of dispute which creates more disputes
than all the others is if sometimes the children are born of differer,t
\
motbers or eli fferent fathers. For example, the mother may have one of (her)
I
children by a man, then divorqe the :first one and marry another man. She
ms;y live in love th her second husband s. long time. The ctdld of the first
(husband) is considered part of the new household and lives the others.
He grows up. The (second lrusband) becomes ill. When her husband dies having
ill or'une>..-pectedly, since the will is undoubtedly prepared and deposited,
the woman's child (by the first husband) is included in the will to
the rules: Jjut after 81.1, (the deceased) did not engender him and so the
share of this stepcl?-ld will not fail to be small. If the- stepchild has
.reached the age of reason, he will realize that the man was not his father.
. "
and 'Hill probably struggle hard to obtain a. more satisfactory share through
his mother. The disputes arising from this kind of situation use up lots
and of time, especia.lly if the child is a bastard. In addition to
this, ii' his relationship as a stepchild is to the woman, the complica.tions
Sometimes the will remains completely va.lid, and after the contract
is in accordance with the judgment of the elders, one of
the heirs, in the belief that (his claim' to) the land is sound" .. .)Ul' out
his wealth, develop the SGil ang after he has gotten rich (thereb,y), a con-
7
tender from np one knows "mere DlB\Y rise. up against' him, claiming that he is
an'heir (also). This contender DlB\Y argue that before an outsider enters in
(to the inheritance) he (i.e. the contender) has prior rights, even if only
to purchase (the land) inasmuch as he is a relative. A thing like this is
one of those which crowd the crurt's A disp.lte ike this arises
mostlY between children whose heirship is undoubted and relatives who are
(children of) another (collateral) line. While the one who bequeaths
alive, those whose voice was never heard while he was alive arise In vari-
008 places claiming that they are relatives. Especially if the father's

and the mother t s sides do not agree on the manner of t.he inheritance, the
.
'arguments and disp,ttes r:JJAY pot end \d th a da in court or the (arbitration
of) the vil.lJl.ge elder:: but be settled in thirty or forty years. wn'en one
. .
dies, his (in this dispute) continues the dispute. B.Y going
on this way, the land may be from generation to generation without
being propeT,ly worked.
Parents may detach a bit of la. .. ld ,from the (property mentioned in) the
as a ho.ndsel when marry off a child. When they die, the children
divide up the allotted them_in the will according to their birthright. ,
Generally considered,., those who are in a state, take that which is
. r

the more useful, of the family lar.d. The sotU'ce (of the problem) is the fact
that are not (evenly) in to which envY, spite and
stinginess are added--and so a life-long dispute is created.
Ir...a.sii.v.lch as tui:: and kinas of relationship are many, it
to
, '
is .very hard to find ou.t ttho is the exact' heir. Even t"bough one tna be a
relative, if the will does not him, he will not obtain anything.
Should the will mention h-l ..... , he not have arq kind of relationship, the
notion that he (.should) get it because the will mentioned finds no ac,-
ceptance in the customs of people. What 1Il8 Cl!I8ll!)' one of tho
heirs for !" is his obt ng through favors (and)
good deeds. The will does not end on birth but is (based) on favor, --
Therefore while one who has obtained 's gratitude ought to obtain
vhat the will assigns in keeping with the law, the fact that be is' not
rrlated by blood' be a great obstacle to him. 'Relatives will not accept
the will quietly. 'lbe suspic,ion that (someone) intoxicated him or gave him
some kind of poison so he would bequeath (something) to (this someone) i!l
his rra,y develop.
2,1 ()
..


.e
In Goncl.'U' especiall.y there is 0. method for obtaining family land
v
which is (kn:>wn as) dkmano eBbi.. T.'1e story for this is tha;c once a. man
got married did not have sufficient livestock, so somehow he gave a
dowry and married a rich manls daughter. The eirlls father took a piece
of his family land so the bridal couple could make a living farmine with ..
out going too far from him and telling them to support him when he
got old, ea.ve it to them. They lived togeth<:T f8l'Dling along with him. They
got to be well off by wilding up their livelihood. When they suddenly
vorced, th,had to di-'lide only the property they had produced
they argued 0reat deal about the Uivision of what had been obtained
through just as though they bad not eaten or drunk
They make use of efumwo CUbi in another way. A man notes the prcperty
of a divorced wom:m and 'With the in:tention of improv:ing his living'standard,
be mfu'l'.i..(;S by Ut:::.t:t:cl,lIJg or some other WfW. As as he marries her,
,he over the works it properly. He makes her. rich and so they
live (together) in harmony. She treats him properly, lo\'ing and respecting
,
him. Blt always love and peace do not get far,' particularly ;,dth property,
so a q..larrel breaks o.lt between them. Their love cools. They reach (the
staee of) divorce. At this point, even thougl1 the man is eager to divide
the family land, since the one who has more power is thE' '''!Oman who owns the
property, his chance of obtaining, the by citing the law or reckoning
descent is slim. When necessary, the wife may renounce him, sfWing that she
l.et him have her home just for nothing, but he is not her husband. Even
..
though it is the that the property they have must be
divided according to the law and given to them, there is no special law per-
\
,
mitting the husband to share in the woman I s family land just' because he is
e#
her husband. IEven though the matter looks clear-cut when it is considered,
') 1 L I.., ,

t '
one of the reasons that the number of people at law is so great is (due to)
something this ."
i
Since on the government's side there is no law to bring such disputes
as these to a verdict in a decisive fashion, it is not surprising to the
courts year after yeax full p'?ople at law in (matters) such as thie and
the dockets (with them).' MeanwhiJ.e the land goes on, rainY' season
alternating with dry, without being a.:'1d without giving its produce
properly.
,
!
') ,1 I)
r.", f..,
What is the DallY Work of the Ethiopian Woman?
Ninety percent of the Ethiopian people make a living from agriculture.
Bt!caufe of this, the 'Work which both men and women do from DlOi'Iling to evening
is related to this activity. Ethiopian worran who appears as an example
under this heading is the busy farmer I s wi fe. Therefore all her 'Work will
be reJated to his. This afore-mentioned lady il') the farmer IS wife who, day
after duy, for about 18 of the 24 we recognize,. is on the go ali' day
without feeling weak or bored, then spends the evening grinding and spinning.

For her, the day begins before daybreak.
rises when it is dawn)(does) her grinding and when the birds
( in) to does her feminine duties, then puts her crock on her
shoul er e.nd goes dOim to the river. After she brings back the water, the
morniTJg 'rost stinging her bare feet, she starts sweeping the house. She
\
up ba.:l1;:.;:\l fi.:"-c;;, tio.JJ ... iuU.l"e 'wUuu tl.UU tht:!ll wakes up her husband.
While Mr. :is still in bed, he says his nx>rning prayers in a rising
and falling voice. Placing the, she has put on tht' re off to one
Side, she puts the beans in hot water. She offers the ewar.m vater to
'. .
her hushand so he rr,ay himself. By the time he is dressed, she offer,s
"
him the steeped beans, len goes to the pel. to milk the or goes outside.
When the husband departs for the fi'elds, she takes the livestock remaining
at the house to pasture. Having done that, she returns to her household
thtties.
She gathers up her skirt, rolls up 'her sleeves to her shoulders, and
starts scooping up the dung. She makes a paste with the dung she has scraped
up from the pen and plasters her house with this wet dung. Until the house
I
dries, she goes to 'a-neighborls to drihk her morning coffee. Upon 'returning
f'rom there, she in turn puts coN'ep on, calls a neighbor, and after spending
\
the morning when the sun is high, she makes just enough of her
sauce, packs her in a medium-sized basket, puts her beer
in a drinking gourd, and hends for the field where her is.
, She summons her husband who has been broiled by the sun's heat and
who _has been exertl.ne himself by his work 'in the field to a. shadi place,
and putting bits of areMra placed in the basket she has,brought into his
JOOUth and giving him mouthfuls of cold beer to c
drink
, he having his hunger
appeased, then she begins putting . .food in her mouth together with him. As
.'
soon as they have finished eating and resting, if ,there is 8.niY task in which
she "I!JB;:f assist him, she helps him in trifle things. While he plows, she
Yeeds.
As soon as ths sun gets to be somewhat hot', she returns to her home
'antl her tasks. ltiaking dough, butter, preparing the dough
for brPFl(l s:\!ld the dou;h m-a hal' hEib,i tl.lal uuties. Ai"ter beJd.ng the
that is to be baked, she bakes the that is to be baked. When
the sun goes down, she gathers livestock together, separates
from the calvea, and after penning them up; takes the milk container and goes'
in (the pen) to milk she thinks the calves have
. '.
suckling, she has them go into their various stalls and ldCks them in and :
so finishes the task she has (to do) in that regard.
J
When the husband comes home finishipg with his field, she takes
the plowing equipment and has it put in the. house, after which she rubs his
feet which have been on the go all day With watei she has been keeping warm,
washes them, rubs them (again) something like butter, and gets lout the
I
ameklLla-thorns with a safety ;pin. Arter she let"s him rest; she has him lie
down on the sheepsldn she has spread beside the fire so that he breathe
a of relief.
o
,
'.
" .
e-
.'
,"e
"
I
She heats the sauce she .has !tmde, serves on the has
him take a ,s\otallow of her cold curdled milk and they eat their supper while

'- she pIts morsels in her husband's moc;th . When the table is cleared as soon
as he is finished,"she boils the coffee, burns i'1cense, and they send
prayers to God that tney may spend the night in (His) bounty as they spent
the day. After that she pours co.free from' the coffee pot into the cups and
hands (a cup) to her husband. She also drinks They discuss what
Q
they were doing the) day, consider what they should do in the fUture,
drink the coffee to the third (steeping) and finish itl after which the lady
of the hO'..u::e bcBins clearing off (the table) and .cleaning up the dishes.
The husband goes to bed or to the ea.rthen bank and lies down. After the
wife finishes that day' s tasks and has prepared for 'the next s, she
sayn, 'gay l;e be praised t and. lies down close to her husband . When they
>
fall as1cep, \;a.l1Jl1ng (-c.nel.r) bOdies with love, heaven and earth part wi th-
out their Iealizing what they are resting on. The tasy.s of the next da;y" will
resume just like all those which have passed.
I
f
'J.4 r
,..,'td
.,
l3
. "
,
of &1' Elder in Society
Those, who nre in age, who have experienced a lot through
..... .
having lived a long time and who arc grey-headed or bald are called 'old
"
, -
.lI)en: ., This l.S the 11 ternl translation. Be that as it ma.Y, a youngish lIltUl,
, in l)ge (practically), a ch:Lld, is mature in his views and resembles an
... "
is ranked the level of the elders.
,person, who is called an elder on of hh as well as
his acti ons and his of thinking has many functions (to perform) in
society. His essential ql)ti.l ifications are to the makeup of
society, to know thorO'..lchly the to ,observe and respect the laws
and rules, to pa.iticip-'lte in the and jOls, not to be ',.. .. roud, to be
tympathetic and CV( 'towards people, not to be biased, to help and
,
. ,console people their problems, to ,fear God, be listened
-
to in to propusals correc1ijy, to comment bi '(using)
, I ;. ,
the proverbs he knows, to instruct, judge and in be an example to
his grout> tlu'ough his seniority and through having lived a long time
. -
and experienced nuch. Even though these are the qualifications of an elder,
it difficult' find one" all of them completely, especiaJ.ly
\ .; ,
among men, and those are qualified for eldership through their
,0 co ,.- I
-.
qualifications are those who are venerAble on account of their age.
Let us list a few of the, functions that are performed in an area in
.
which elders live.
At marriage, the elder brings about the betrothment through j)ptng the
t
irtermediar,y. He causes two families to De bound together in family
relationship by stating,' 'The daughter of so-and-so is the one for so-and ..

so s son; they are sui table for each other, they are we ll-d1s!)03ed towards
each other.' In the (making of) the (marriage) he be the
..
. ,.
arbi ter or the BUarantor. fut if not, he merely have the cont ract
brought to He may be considered as a-witness
...
,
At divorce, he may arbi tra.te the quarrelling husbttnd and
wife. He hears from both sides the origin of their quarrel 'uhich has be-
come the cause, for their misunderstanding on both sides. He m\r re.concile
them by seeking an impartial middle W8 on which they can agree, or through
\ .
,
. reproving and gettintS angry and separating them, telling (the woman) to
\
take up a (separate) dwelling and telling (the man) to likewise. Still
should their quarrel be intense and it seem to him that they will not -agree-;'------
c ..",.
they may after dividing up the property which they have produced
equally and baving their livestock. He will. arrange for the wife
to go back to her parents or her relatives with the belonging to ber.
When anyone in the villnge becomes feeble from illnes's: he may- go to
the .:.on' and BT.a.V (a while). lie ma viai t (him), talk with
bim. If it seems to pim that this enfeebled" person may not recover, he maf
si t near him and await the passing aW8 of, this person. If this ill person
gives his will or utters (it), he listens to this will and recei.ves it. He
wri tes what is to be written down. If he cannot write, 'he has someone wi te
,
it dO\ffl. When the ill Person dies, he closes the, eyes and the mouth -of the
\
person and may enshroud the corpse. 'He arranges for the summons and
message of death to be sent to the places where the deceased's parents and
,
relatives are. He transmits orders so that the provision contributed by the
conmuni ty will be collected in time and so that coming :f'rom far and
near for the funeral may eat from it . He sees to it that the grave is dug
and made ready in time. By standing up and taking charge, he oversees the
burial society's funeral attendants, telling so-and-so to do this, so-and-so
to perform this task so that the funeral ceremony w).,ll be carried -out properly.
"
I) 1"
(

t--- -
\
e
He is the one who sees to it that the funeral at.tendants and the mourners
get somethi.ng to eat and dri.nk at the decease", s house and then leave. He
makes the arrangerr.-ents in every rt.::spect so that guer.ts from far away may
stay 0vernight. He is the one who eives reminders so that the reemorial
service for the dead, the" forty day service as well as the anniversary ser-
0-
vice will \>e, carried 'out and nOTJ forgotten. He diyides in the presence of
the relatives the property the chiJ.drcn and the relatiVes in
with the will. t.o it that the rules and 1'ro-
cedures of the area.' s burial. -society _are properly carried out. _ He has the
person ivbo did not (help to) ullry or contrilnlte to the community provision
when died fined by the judges of the burial If anyonc
'reI\l.ses to be fined, he has (the offender's) provision or his qpnna of grain
impounded'.
Whe!l peryple of t!:!e district
"",., ...... ., 1 <> 1V'\'1'+
... --- _ .... - -_ ..... _ ....
matter" he ::;its down with elders llke himself and asks the quarrelling people,
'Let us you.' Just as in a quarrel bet",een husband and wife, he
finds out by asking fro:n both sides the caUse of the quarrel bet"leen the two
antCJgonists and reason by which they are a misunderstanding. After he
gathers this information, he says, 'So-and-so, you have done;,. wrong, you ha.ve
committed an injustice. You acted like so and like so, you "rill be pm-
I
ished. '
(Then,) 'So-and-so, you have been wronged.
However, forgive the
"'" . "-
injustice for our sake.'
Thus he cools down the antagonists from their anger
and their resentment. Finally, he reconciles them Qy finding the one who ,bas
committed the wrong, have the injured party recompensed, and if the dispute
is about family land, have it divided up through agreement, if it is a killing,
pay out the bloodwlt. which the one who did the killing has produced for the
i
ones whose duty it is to avenge their kinsman, and after having reached
/

,
"-
,I
"
I
e agreement with those engaged in the vendetta, to M.ve them swear by making
them clasp the cross, callout God's name, and strike the church door so that
the house land property which were des.troyed will be rel)laced.
, ,
i
Intervening bet''lecn customer and merchant, buyer and seller, ne
searches for a way in \-lhich both can agree on a price and brings them to
agreement by causing them to come to a raWTochement, telling them, "You,
this is enough for you; sell at this price." ''you, do not speak so, buy at
this price," so tha.t thcy m.ll do business with each other. If he is asked
to evaluate the price of a plot (of land), an or (one of the) live-
stock, according to local custom (or) local value he decides what the price
seems to bl through visual appraisal, saying, "This costs this IIIlch." When
\
people he ,dll indicate by (his) testimony that they
msde .the transaction, that they sold '(or) exchanged voluntarily ond willingly.
He will ha-Y-t: Lhe ... curuplei,ed by (aci.ine) a::; contract expedi1;er.
When brigands or start up in a district, he repeatedly sends
messengers after consulting with the elders of the district so the outlaws
wiU give up outlawry and come home. If (the outlaw) refuses to accept his
advice and continues his acts of try, lie reports to the governor of the
district that brigands are cauSing by pillaging the area and
\
disrupting (its) security. He arranges by the government for
,
the brigands to be caught. When a house is set on or a person killed
,and the arsonist or the mrderer is not known, he attends'the communal in-
quest and by assembling with the (other) elders, inquiring, cclmsellng and
" '.35'",
crUecting evidence, he finds out the identity of the criminal by'the "bird" V
and informs the government of this.
When two districts which are limitrophe quarrel over. family J.and or
(
some other thing, lle argues either with the government or with the (other)
c
e elders as the lawyer for the district if his district is (one) c.,f the
ones. He plea.ds his case strol1t11y so that his district's
best interests and pri vilegt!s will not be adverse].y affected ar..:l so that
its borders and limits will not be deranged. If those wl:o are arguing are
from other he sits as arbitrator, review.:; tho case and oJrings
conciliation about.
..I
When new government decree is procJ.aimed, he studies this decree,
and after discovering ,,,hat is good and what is not good (in it), he explains
it to the people of the district. If the decree seems to him t.o be unsuit-
able for the people of the district, he takes counsel with elders like him-
self and appeals to the government for the decree to be amended.
He urges tJ::a.t the land tax be collected on time and hands it over to
the government lest a be leyj.ed on the district. When illness and famine
become prevalent in the district, he submits an appeal to the government so
that aid will be rendered the afflicted district.
The elder is very firm in religion. He always pra.ys. He strives to
make the tenacity of his faith appear a.s an example for others and, so that
the people will follow in his footsteps. He keeps the fasts, he observes
the festi vala. He counsels the people to preserve their blamelessness lest
God's anger and chastisement befall them on account of not observing the
festivals. In this fashion, he llves, carrying out his functions as an
elder with staff and until advancing in age he becomes feeble,
dull of eye and slow o.f mind and keeps to his house all day. In. due time,
he too shall taste the cup of death.
\
>

A Person of and Good Upbrj nging
Juat like they cultivate and trnin a plant in its tender
stage so that it will grow up straight, beginning from the time a chiJ d
learns to talk and bcgjns to walk, t}1ey get mad at it, scold it and plnish
it so that it will be well-bred. Good breeding is not something that l'enmins
restricted to childhood b'U,t extends throughout CIne's life.
Three years a.fter a child is born, .hen he can "la.lk, he begins to be
pmished when he cOIl'Il1i ts minor misdeeds. The 'P'.lnishments are based on the
toughness of the child's constitution, his fear and his shyness. Therefore
they the child "..-ith a moderate a.mOOllt of pinching and with a sort of
rod, according to his misdeed. At this age, the ones who always punish the
child are the mothers. becf\,llse tlothers are sympathetic, and also because the
children due to their cannot annoy the mothers at this age. Once
spoiled, correction is difficult. So bee;inning hiS at this
is in order to raise him in fear, respecting people and complete obedience
making it as a habit.
When a child has grown and can eat bread, he eats being served sep-
arately after his parents have eaten and the table has been cleared. Should
the child s8 when the grOWIUlps are eating and without being invited or food
being given to him, 'I've come, let me eat with yoo.,' a very severe
ment will be inflicted on him. In former times and even now throughout the
countryside, particularly in the upbringing of Amhara, a child, when his
parents were served, used to help (them) ymsh their hands and then stand
there at a corner while they ate and until the table was cleared. As soon
QB they had finished eating, he would help them wash their hands again, then
get fL'st a mouthful (of food) and afterwards eat either alone or with his
peers. In this way, the rules in the home would be observed. Outside his
251

l3'
home, unless he follo'led his family, he would not be allowed to go around
,
the vil1a.c,e and eat. One \-:hc did this and was not 'OUnishoed or pinched ,",ould
get the reputation: 'So-and-so's child (is an) intruder.' This would be a
\
\
humiliation for hi3 parents.
Hhen grOHJ1UpS are engaged in conversation at home or in public, are
some:thinci important or are engaged in a conversation, he is not
al.lo"led to butt in and ta.lk even if the ms.tter concerns him. As a matter of
.::.
fact, the (rUrPose) of this :punishment is a way for nlaking him slip out and
- ________________________________ -11
play ,.Tith the peers or do some task when this kind of talk comes up. Since
this is the f...:lin matter for which the opinion is formed that he is an UlU'e-
proved a...!d unrefined child in the presence of strangers, it helps him not to
be inclined tmlard this kind of rudeuess. If he is found acting recalcitrantjy.,
well, what ca.n be done?--he is l"mishedo . When occasionally certain uncouth /
I
. thlng'S are reierl'e<i to :i.n 'the conversa.tion and tales of grown-ups, he 'Will
J :
have to remain quiet just as thO'.1gh he had not heard them,' even if he finds
them a.nJ.lsing.
The good breeding of a. chil.d is not onlY am !ciated by his parents
\
rut ?y the publiC too. Therefore a fundamental. obligation incumbent on him
is to respect parents, elders and all those who are older than he. Besides
punishment, counsel. is given him so that he 'Will do this. It is arranged
for reJj.gious teachers to teach r.im good moral teachings. The hope is placed
in this child that he will grow up in this wa,y and help the weak and raise
the fallen. The neighbor folks in the area., at a time when their own
.' .
not around, will send a. child like this (on errands). This child 'Will go
on errands without ill will or reluctance. This will cause one to se:y of him,
'How obedient so-and-so's chil.d is! How polite he is!' What shows his
politeness is not onlY in his going on but also in his of greeting.
/'.. child who offers God 1 s saluta.tions by ldGs:i.ng the shoes of those w:vanced
in a.ge (or) by bmling 10"1 ,:hen greet.ing 1.\ccordine to the age (of the person
greeted) is blessed.
ITot onlY should their (i.e. the children's) characters be pure and
upright, but lest sloth and such like things attack it (i.e. the character),
from the time the child reaches the age of reason he does ver,y,light tasks

Until he is six or seven, he the spread out so the chickens
and birds do not eat it, invites the neighbors to coffee, hands things to
- -- ------- - ---- ---
his mother (",hile) iMide - - all such---Uke -thii1is. --, - ----
When the child is seven, he learns to fast and go to church.
Even
though this matter is cO!ll1ected with religion and even though it is supposed
that this will cleanse him of sin, it is (done) on account of the 'existence
of a belief that man is by nature maliciOUS, arrogant and qllarrelsome. It
is e. good habit by which these features are dinunisneCl by 'tlUngs such. as
fast.
God.
Shoul.d he be sat he would not respect his elders and "iOUld forget
1'-.,
Children, as soon as. sext!S reach puberty, may not join together
in sexua.l congress oo.tside of marriage. Especially a girl, should she
be fOWld to be a virgin u-pon her marriage, this would be a humiliati ")n for
her and for her parents. Her husband would chase her away. Her parents
wruld quarrel with her. Passersby would tell her, 'Shame on you!' Choosing
a li fe I s companion at marriage time is the task of parents and elders.
Breaking the agreement they have made is not (in) the power of the children.
Should the wife do wrong, the husband ,,!ill punish her.
Should he do wrong,
,
it would not be well for her to look up and speak against him, but she will ' \
appeal qIlie:t;ly &.nd confidentially to her parents. A13 for her parents, as
soon a.s they will listen they will not tell her to divorce him, instead they
..
i
will get angry at her o.nd \fill tell her to go back to her home unlecs the

IllC1ttcr is really. bn.d.
Children \lho grow up like this c.nd in turn b come adults, set up
housekeeping; engender children and become (p rsons) of substance, and in
their turn they "lill teach, advise an.d pt..ull.sh (their children). Thusly will
this tra.gi tion be transmitted until the cu]:t;ure of the age dimtnishes it or
wipes it oot completely as is in every town toda,y.
1-----
-----
Just What is an Girl of Good Character?
A person' s childhood upbringiJ"-G rrm.y cau:!e his future character to be
straight or ,.;a.rped. Even though (upbringing) gets more and more laX,
the stri<:t supervision of yesteryear ,.,hich was desiGned for girls in particu-
!ar used to make her later cr.aracter ve. Even today this kind of
supervision has not disappeared except among city d,.,ellers. Tne life of
the tmm end the ('oUlltryside, on account of the developments of the age, , }, ,
the_Jevel of character expected from girls in these two places is different.
- ---- --- -.-- ---------- ---
A girl who grows up in a environment, whb has not come in con-
"
tact with emlcation does not transgress her parents' commands. At the time
she reaches puberty, j.t is her parents who select her marriage companion
together with the elders. She is married off'when she is still 13 or 14.
Before 'reaching maturity, she may help her mother in the kitchen or (b,y ,
ng water) at the spring, or ma,y some time learning the housewi felY
arts. From the very first, she grows up as one who is slly, res,ectful, wbo
does not look up a-t; people, who is deIIlll'e when she walks, gentle when she
speaks, bows when she replies and is well-brought up through punish!nent.
All her upbringing is so that she will honor her mother and father, the
elders of the locality and those who are older than she, to heed what she
i,s told, and not to deviate from what she is told. This is the distinguish-
ing mark, the sign of good upbringing in the countryside.
In contrast to the country girl, tnere is the city girl. The city
girl has had some ha.s been influenced by Western culture, and is
between (obeying) her parents' orders and the free will (Western)
culture has introduced. sbe reaches maturity, even though she does not
e di vere;e too wch from obeying her parents' o!ders, she has the opportunity 10
o
chafe her life's companion. On the parents' Side, there is just as much
supervision e.n is done for the country girl, particularly until she reaches
tbe age 0 f reason. In view of the fact that she has a bit of Wef> t.ern. cul-
#
ture, she has the feeling of being the guide of her own fa.te. Her upbrinsing
is e. little relaxed in discipline nnd p.mi.shment, "he is completely spoiled.
Just like the coontry (girl),: she spends the d,a;y- at home learning tbe hot.se}
wife1.v arts. Nevertheless, ,she is not one: to be kept at home, ,stUck in the

ki tchen outl1uilding, and ecins to the river (for vla.ter) all day City life
__ ------------@es __ her __ d? __ it is her own
This being so, the funda.'llenta.l slwness, restraint, walking with the head
down and not being impudent ishich -is fundamental among Ethiopian girls is
_ not corJPletely absent her. If her home upbringing is thorough, sbe
does not transgress the limits of tradition b,y spending the in an in-
appropria.te place with an inappropriate-parson in an fashion.
The pureness of character of a city girl is most often measured by her
I
restraint, her matters, her not considering ber education and
Western culture as the final authority, her heeding her parents' commands
arid further by her self-denial for politeness' sake. It is especially
determined by the 'relations sbe has vlith men. If she is flirtintfwitb the
man whom she found and spends the night where she has been all day, her
character will be considered bad, even thougb this (action of bers) is her
A girl is considered good or bad on the basis of her dress, her gait,
ber speech a.nd her smile. Even t;hough culture is spreading throughout
the. tOwns more and more, tbe new manner of dress introduced by' Western cul-
ture is not great1.v viewed tlith a favorable eye. In the old iias, dresses
e used to ree-eil ankle. Gradual.ly it came to the calf and is now above
the knee. Even though her intrinsic character is not b.Y the
"
'y r. r
,-dn
e . dimensions of her dress, most of the ti me her IT'.a.nner Ott dress is a. sien of
,
bad characte'::', of ntt8C!!itins to have sexual reJat.:i.ons. 11' she 'Gtarts up a.
manner of dress, gait, speech or different (that of)
her she considcl'ed.:to h9.ve developed b::l.cl character. One who puts
on a lot of kohl, applies lipstick to her lips, sharpens her fingern,9.iJ.s, PIts
powder on her and anoints herself too much perfume is one of bad
character. Her aim is Lo cp.:pti vate' men. Moreover: she gets the repu-
tation-of a!Jrostitut.e. This (kind of person) is held in conkmpt, is loathed
by society. Her gait I:'I1St not be a. hop?ing but sedate. If she violates these
rules, her cha.racter is considered bad. Strange cestures, eccentric movements,
and the like, ,,:hich \lest2rn culture has produced and the country I s tram tiona
dv not sanction are from coodness. Openly thines she
fe\... ... .", except ,.nth intiTI'1\tes, is considered as disgraceful, impudent. Even
thoueh catching the nan '\'lho is aGrceable to one is considered customary in
the town, exchange (of partl.ers) is considered immoral. lfuether
she likes it or not, fast to one (person) is considered as a. con-
siderable Virtue. othl.;:rwise it (if considered) as being deliberately West,ern.
When she chooses her life's companion after preparing her mode of life, I not
despising her :parents I advice and listening (to it) and weighing it carefulJ.y,
even if it is not asreeablc, are signs of good character . being seen
with f'iance--to say nothing of if it is not con-'
sidered bad it may be considered as folly. She will be advised
to keep it within limi.ts. Unless a necessary ll13.tter comes up, wandering
about in various places is (consjdered) immoral. Even going frequently to.
the house of $\ close friend is considered a sin. Compaons, friends are a
means of measuring the cba.racter. In the countryside, being found to- be a
virgin is not only- a virtue, it is also an obligation. Even though in the
'J r

,
\
\
, '
towns the obligation (to be a. v.\.rgin) decreases more' and more, this virtue
,ris" not , ... lth:)llt value.
""
The fundal'lie:ntal ... :o;y of thinltiIl8 has not yet" changed.
This is a mark of good cha.racter, esteemed more than anything else.
, "
\e
\
I
. I
I
\
I
\
\
')f:"h
\
'- tJ
e.

Beauty
Amone all peoPle\here is no agreement on' the for mea.suring
beauty. It accor<li:ng to the country and the tion. In Ethiopia
too, various indications, are" found to be the. meo.ns for measuring beauty. In
view .01' the fact is full of different peoples and traditions,
the degrees of beauty differ to the various places.
Firstly, the body, i ts .and shape are considered and thoughts
I '
are made (such as) 'so-and-so does not have enough of this she has
to of this (one), if she'were not a like so ,' then a mental
judgment is ;nade according to each person I s opiru.on on the basis of the flesh
to the eye. After all, since the business of beauty contests is an
alien tradition in our country, Ethiopia, so unless tbe things by "lhich people
--the natives--lneasure beauty are things '''hich they tell us and wOl'ds which we
" .
hear in story and iQ spng, ",e have no means of knoWlng (what they All
the exposed parts of the from head to foot have poems made about them
and are sung a.bout. By the way, what we are talking about is WOI:!B.ll' s beau:ty.
Amollb the in<l.i.(;atioM of beauty with which ,romen captivate men are her
.
,.mole face, her bosom, her a.nd ner hips. Her nose rivals a. colum.'l, her
lips a bite of dabbo,. or in the words
-
eyes a shell or t.he morning star, her

of Afli-wlirq 'a. da,,'Il rose
ready to blossom,' breasts hills,
her waist and bi ps (those 0 f) a king bee Qr an elastic borse' 3 halter, and
, \
her heels lemons. This is especially with ArN '\I'D. tradition. Her rivals
the orange according to its light quality, and a fish according to its brown
quality. Her hair resembles the reeds of the Blue Nile's shore, her eyebrows
the barley field ripe for her teeth the hailstones. Women of
, .-.,..-.-. /
every type are compared in various ways according to the speech ha.bi ts of ,;he
locality, milieu or the observer.
I} r: (
I ... () f
e T"nere are thil'.gs y!hich are cotl.',adercd pleasing beyond wha.t the eye
sees. Even .tho,ugh WP take the thing? li as a means of measuring
beauty, will be times in ",hich a woman whom He has provided all tl:.ese
things. will not be called beauti.i.ul. 'It will be said of he:r that her beauty
has I10 sheen, th(l.t she is short of or l.o.clting in complexion. Tlle following
pocm has bee4 composed to sho:: that bodily foro alone is not a of mea-
I
::luring beauty:
EVen the nose juts out like a telephone pole,
.
The one who has a nose and her lilte are superior to you
in complexion
Those \'lho '\-,ere with 8 ll';oderate amount, not an overwhelming
of extcrnal beauty, ,who ma.de up in what they lacked (in
beauty) \a:- poem like 11his) cOr:Iposed for them:
'}:''very t s burdc'n is water lon a crock,
Who is thr- orie,. who burdened you ",1.th a: crock of. .
Cri teria of beauty more refined than this are: grace in
speaking, th,e 'Way of her lips, .the smile, gait, ap-
,l",
..
pearance, greeting and such' kinds (of things) 9:s these which appeal to ttre '.
spiri t. One who is bold she speaks, WllO bares the teeth and whinnies
when she laue;hs, who starcs when she looks (at men), who dces not feel shy
and does not turn a'V'ay eyes, who is not demure when she walks, but rather
hops, all thia beauty of hers will become a thinS of vanity to her detriment.'
Her about which she is so fidgety will become no better than
tLt wiH ct. ,."Sf" ,/ .
.. She will yass the test when her demure character which ihdi- .
cates her womanly qualitj,es better than (el .. :;e) is included with hel'
;
physical appearance.
. .
..
}
2(; (I
. .
\
(J1,,v( ,J I.", /
Before modern culture brought in thil'.gs like f..r..wioo.{ e::8.U de .
eol
0
3
ne
, Acc;.ua de Selva and L,lx soup, a. e;.i.'rl's beauty had des:irc.'Pility 'Y;hen
ba'lIl'(';J
it had e. tinGe of fumiga.tion from the ,.;ood and sandalwood. Thh is
not completeLY absent even today. Powder, lipstick, manicuring nails,
curling their hair--t.ooa,v's culture has#t them in the ascendant, but before
it had made natural beauty hated, fresh but ,er for dry hair, butter running
down from the hair for a dry ft.ce, wild honey for drying of the lips, henna
for nails and feet, for coverine the scars, the tonsure, braids, tattooing'
for the neck--all these were mes.r,s for mea.suring beauty. They are still here
today.
All thi s .. ms a zr.eans of measuring bea1.lty. Then, in addition to that,
she probably wa.nted a husband,so. when she added to it, she
'/lould become one whom He had provided with everything. When marriage or do-
mestic matters were mentioned, the thing that 'Would be asked about of
all would be her housewifely skill, not ber appearance. Like they f3ay, 'ap-
pearance is not washed off and drunk.' There are undoubtecHy tnalJY who (though)
beautiful, remained ul'.J."l'.arried due to a lack of housewifely skill. tlany las-
.
civious beauties who have out 'for business' are seen in various towns
...
One who is found to be adept in housewifely skills, and refined in her char-
acter is called the 'quintessence of woman,' the 'limit of beauty.!
Even so, there is/nothing which time does not ,bring it) and so
. \ (
such means of measuring these are being despised aG obstacles to
(modern) 'culture and are falling (into disuse) more and more. They are
,
ceding tteir places to the fads Western culture has brought in.
The onlooker seems to say 'After all, what can be done about what the age
has brought in?' and to head toward them. If anyone looks back
') C' 1

-'.
"
e there will probably be those pretty girls anrl In<tics who from the very
neve!' turjled their eyes and minds a'tl8..V from fonner "!ayn of
beauty.
I
I
I
I
I
/
\
'} {' ':'
),,_
.,
N 0 'II : ~ . s
...
ll)cpendin; on ;:)onth there is c
1
diffpT'once of ? or 8
y8cTf3 betv.H.:en ;;ho EthiopieJn c()lond:n' und the Greeor-io.n co.lendar.
GreEcrian .cslcndHr in GivGn in
2rosil reign0.(1. fron 1632 to 1665; '[,heodorc reisned from
1855 to 16E6.
-) ," "$ O'l nr->Il ...1. c.: J (...-..c,.. .L. ..., ,
:'lenelik's neph9\'1, VIaS the Emperor Haile SellaBsie
For the n:J.::19S of the gc1tes of :IBrar o.nd. their interpretation,
S2(;> Leslttu, -:tyr1010i;.Lc21 Dictionn.:!' J of' IhJrHri, p.44.
,-
i8 :;:9 k!1NTn BS HIlt'ari; is a
fliCllect.
LVerCcJ to (ItolicJn mercoto ) derives its na.':1e because the
Italians reestablished the market which was formerly at the
Arada, near the Piazza, at this site. The Amharic name is
7Ble: ,sine;s <"re conferred by elders by spi ttinr; on the
person to be blessed.
8These in the KercJto. They havE the eaves
projecting over the front of building and resting on
or posts.
() d' b
JThn p3ronts vowod that the chil shall become a ate
priest.
')P
1 ... 0 (,
10 liOn 0/
) I. -
.
1 iI . r" '! () U (" 1 l' 1\
11-", 'ih .. ; il bOC'oI2t.'
h
lt
J c'
le:' L: il".dG oy noU :i.n'. : ... 110 be2:1S ':hich 118VP. been pounded
to a pO' . .'d2r. Aftor t.hc: ini boil !lot \/:'ttcr is ;;
Gcldt':; tb til<=- :;rc,un:::;,s ;;.nd Q.l'unk. j'he third time is the la.st l,il!le
I
].i: I\:.lh".lric is UG(')Q 01' the fact that
the :-'lC-nO':!I'8 of' tho !:lc1hb:ir urink fron G common vessel. 1 ts free
of tho 17th
:CJ\,n ::thiopic
1
n dollo.r is me8nt here. Until 1973 t!lC va.lue
of the dollar was U3 40 conts.
l7Li tGrnlly I: protectio;! for the Is perhaps me2nt
in the sense the food keeps from their fingers
in hunger.
18See the Sh<>ft nove.l "'rho Afersota" by ,luhle Sellassie
(1909)
., c...'"
best known emperor of the Zagwe dynasty of the 13th
lhe rock-hewn churches of present-day Lnlibel
A
(former
Roh8) attributed Lo hin.
') f' r'
'- ),)
.
--
2' 'r (, ",'
"'';,1:1 theDG bool:::3, consult J.."U).(U, ;)torie clc:lla
le
t'+C'l")', l'Y' "t)' "'); ,'" If
v ..... v.... 4.. \,., -v ", '- .. \"oJ \,J ,:; , ,/ ('" I
---_._- -------
21 'rhe :.rc :-,:,GIl(:r:,lly round Dlld consist oL
sinr;in,;' h;p:ms 11.
22}'118 o8storn door of tr..e church s':,laffi "door of
------
is the trrditional place for distributing alms to the

'd!-kcl \Jere tr8ditiol1:311y buried l:lr:3ppe<1 in lilRtS.
to lJUY clothGs.
2411 t, n;"; ro':' ""t 1I ; book- on I"'" a"'; ,,,
., ,u. ' <.,' ... (, "e.
25\o1;-:'h8110 in Geez means II cmd he is ". Since the priest did
----
not kno\,i ... Gee?, he \,/ronGly sepor8 "he "lOrd into vl:iha (\Veha)
.
[)nd 10. l'he priest vJas tryin2: to blame his mistake on
the fact that his teeth hurt. 'rhe' di:i..bt;;r<l, by his remark,
implies the mistake arises from the fact that the book is
too tou:::h for him, an<l so he, the should .cook, it for
him to nl8.ke easier for him to Che\1.
d d"b-l-" d d"bt" \I t b k
ll
-
rla.y on 'vIOr s on an 2' nO'e 00
27 :-.)8e :ll-<f'p;ulae Pachomii 11, in A. Dillmann, ,,:lrest0f7!\3thia
aethiopic 0 (185C), pp. 57-69; J88n SiP.1on, bibliofGr"phiques
Dur los tex-ces II': 10 ',JhrE)[,; to::wthiA aethiopica' cie A. DillVlD.nn" ,
-----
Orient31ia lO(1941),Pp.3
00
-3
02

') r
I" ) 1)

. ,: ,') t' p'" t , 0, ,-, :; lrl.'
fast days.
the north of On the
" ,,, . , '-
r',GnuGcript 'ffJi'ut, sec i-:.Gaquot, in (mnDIes <3,1 f:thio.pie
... ,. -
7,"
the chapter on inquest".
7.
j) I he But:10j: of' the 1i ::'st nove] in :.mharic.
-:::-..
') l' ,".
-0 (

e
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e'
. v 0 c ~ B U L A R Y
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U-/)",Cl11
Ll-h-$O r"':,-Tyt:'lin'"
t)-h ].1 in
"
just [':.8, '
I(J .. i\ t;1 c .'ntire OEd
1 ,:Iho (SOG 0,) A..)

)1
trw hend of the
liusc like ,l:i('-s
(J.l,.':1f1
o
al1:rlys on (sec r,(J'j(j1))
'..' ih(J1J0>t ill (sec {)('I)Cl
'TJt.J.lt-" of .l}ol).f7 I':.'llursdey
,
't1lJ..i}." ,il i1 (). (' ;:lOS t
e-
Vlllt:; "!w (mtire
oJ.). r. l' ;, 'f"
,l,'l '" .. '

'>-.
'--- ,) I
I .'1 I
.J-Iter
11 n ).11 nftar this
a> ,l;', I) b2.c ( ,.; cl raG)
t;\ !', oJ,.", L, w'I'rc.tro'"rec.'C'
W Ii, I' OJ Ii v- "',. "
(sec L;O /- )
'utc.\tion
lJ-ll r t\'10
U-i) t f}!l/) ei:;ht 0' clock
,-
U-II r [.>Ocond, time
IL AJ.t, () J 1. :.. 'TC)1,'r It n '.J
V-I I' -"1' " v ... I
V
hi :h::;choo1
.
,;. A r: '" l' }" -. co'" -- C l' ' . " (; C
j':.. ,.L 1 J. ...... , ... ..... ' .. ,
. '
l, 'lI'I bile
.11 t', h, ri tl 103e t; on t':'i.:;e
J. I r
el/ .... "
/,)lrc. heat
/ " ,
"CoL
v
.)')
4-. &'T! . .l\'!i \". ()unt!) in
,h L VJ vine
dlr'r-n ide8, plan" (see 'hnrij ,
I.P(ITJ hospi t<'11
,h in 11 S,./1 <? \.,ri th his property
{h 4J if man
i,-fll..', n -f} society (see 7)n L)
nfl sociDl
,,11 L.1' solidarity, cooperation ,
union, assoc iDtin;,; (Ewe '!In L.)
n,."n 1.. t', iJ', join to[';ether
.tJ L 1 CO;;:!!lunal
.
brend
(J 11"t, \'IC [J 1 th
"
{
f I ,
,.. . ..-
.. cenii t iOI'l,
. (l"'\
cJ.rcust,:nce see tl!
, ,.
Il. '/'''' co: ,:-:lOt1.on
\.! I"
\IJI. be, bC'CU::12
U' 1 (I, r) : 1(' C :1 n (1 it. i t i G , 1 J '-'C.Q"
: .- , r v P r, l -,' ... r
., I .... r
) -apostle,
be it or
'r, lrLP otll 'I'iTise
116'ltj'I,., fI(;)!: out.:=ld.8
"
'cln2,('::s !18 is, unles:.,:; it. is
r
"
;" ('I'lit
'r '" \' " ."
I,.i ',.." (>1 J
\\IrOn, :
disciple
,
tI}'tH-1
e ij;'Ni, :;!llblic
I t, " . '"
,U 1 1 (G00,
r;riGvln,.:; pcr::>on
'1
, H' ....
tli I" I mourner
$,6)UJ!1 in8.P?I'o'.lI'i"t;o life
r
1 .. ''';''LtJ t. LJ.l (r
D
fLlf 1.. eyeD nOH n ,:. L "'-, 't" '"//A be :-)li ve
\I , , I I, T' l..: . I) ,
"
at leoGt
lJ.V> even noVi
LF)'. 'nil DC;I'ee
U--:>' "L "l T hO,.'Pver. be
'( ,. C 1 .!i:,.. ,
flS it Inn;y nevertheleG::;
lffJ even
..
rtJ, \';
be well-disp03sd
e c11 other
h "';' ion, t;yle
(}-I
tlf
., :;,::0 bedow
,
.1' J
.'
1n to CJ t kf11 .fl h : ,',L lJ.,
. just like vlhen he \t,T8S alive
go \

( 11 t 'h cro', '1, J, 6'l he is
l"rClduoll"J
o 0
, -
in ono goes
. ,
Il 11
L
mcmage
h gait
rQ v T :"0 J.' n('/"
.." 0 l.) ... c>
. ,
,1ft 1: ;'JoVc::':b8r
ne,\'l J,\estof!Jcnt
270
I" _ \ (
.
fh Cl (Ill. m J If) lin ... , rule, ch9.r
t
Cl',
viri;Sinity
-
OJ " 'h q; Ifj tL.t'uw up rules
mlTJ ',,11 takc o:rccr (lit. cnter
-0
the law and restriction'> of
priesthood)
r fh<:1') : O"l. ni first-time , ... ife
U1C country
e tJ 1 C naiio:1al, dorne:;tic
'eU1 r: : t LD nat, v"J
;D "'111' .. h l' sJn .
ih En (pl. Et t; 1- J" child
o ' ., L l shJme, sexual parts
'A Il. L ) 1 .,
, ..
for, to, for the sake o
grace
be lax
,
- h, 1\ in n l'b 1\ n 1 where there is
not
n lb 1\ n t 1 f-b "Then he is not
around
lb other, anc r
of, besides,
besides the fact of
i'b i). 1 n5 ght
'/) I1"tJbe vcrdf.l.nt,
fertilize,
cow

l'I t11> 1\ 01) be verdant
,
II 1\ verdant, green (leaves),
. { .
fertile
1b 01j 1- wickerwork table t bM t( ef
?l tro 'I beseech" supplicate, pray
be requested'
1\ D1> beg here and there
-,
t l\ '1 "rho is
means 'for begging
l)O'b c; rcques't
ntn get accustomed to
-e t /I tJ7> /l.. customary, usual
l'l 01) tradition, practice
l\ It).r, f hab itual
l\ cape
lln-enPlain (cloth)

?\ ri h ',,,?\ be mild, be soft, be' gentle
l\ ri h gentle
n II r1 Ii;l gently
be superior
hl\ be rath:r superior
in 7UJ.ll-5l: more than
anything else
i _.
'"
I
1 )1
, 1
11.. ti::m
lL;P ]
c>.. ...pert, scholu.r
'I\.4>'?L rank in re15[!ious
\ I

.
1U cp', /5TI H O'"D lr ran.1c of dabtn.rn
11. '.fT) nnr ran..l(?f dab tara
it <i\,- h Fa tr larch
-1' cp loos 1l c:p cp )
1\ CP 1\ 0/ p as ter, smea.r
* 7\ c:f> Ii,'" c? n weep, cry, lament, mourn
cry
"l}cpn \helP to mourn
\
1'll'l S> 4' n cry copiously
CTl1 h
_ I,
l) 9> h mourner
\
[See also f\ q r )
. \
?\ 'P r lamentation, lamenting, wa.ke
(see * 11.<1> 11 )
\
" cp r q:>-1 ?in f'} start up again
,
the wake
lukc.>',;)nn
it 1\ f1, 'h 1'j n r.wlw sweat
?,f) s\:eat (n.)
feather
6', {I heart
/) fl,.i! ta.lce courage
'h'.f l'l f} i'reely
l1l)1} sincercly
7l n )) n scorch
I
I ...
" n n wear, put on a dress, be dressed in
t 7\ n r1 be 9Ut on, be ,""orn
Ar') n n be dressed up
7, ?) r; n n dress up
"'" '1 n h WAnner of wearing, d:t'ess
'1 n '. m wrap-around shawl
[See also l) (lh J
tl 11 n clothes (see {) nn )
lHl Ii t Tl 'J fjO sacerdotal gannents.
) (of sheep)
Ib 1 night
\
fro t carr ing
1\ "l rneasure (v.)
t 1) 'r) be measured ...
"
l\ <f> h t mourner n lrh.g means of measuring, criterion
abandon, leave, let go, let browse . [See also l)'n )
f'reely, cede, be driven out II 1'1. halter
4> part (v.)
e 6)q> loose
send
be sent
* ?let. m, make a paste
t 11\ 11 run errands
\
.,.
')7') .
J.., ,_
I
I --
. 1

llP separate,
.
goinc; on errands tl\ P be separated, be

6l'f\ nInount, t.he ril;ht n..r.lO\lllt,
n--l)'fl jn keeping with
n l\'f} pro?erly, within limit:>
'"
flH.jtD-:lI'n to the Gruneexten't,
correspondint;ly
1r11,,'; ignite, light (ca.ndle)
"1 tfD.1 Lu",: soap
,61'nEtt infection
?\ 6) n mix,
t 7\ IJ) n be mixed
7HD rn chn.r'3
e
(V'.) ,
"h /) (j) tfl ca.use to chtll(Ze
i\ tp ID m cp.ange completely
ti\ cP (j) m excha.nge, vary
differ, part
t l'I.s r differ, be different, be
sepamted, vary, go their res!,ccl;ive
way..s
'" 7\ J r J:'\ake a differenc e, differ",
entiate
r t 7) P different, slJeeie.l, various
tl'l exactly
t t 1\ S P different
.
be somewhnt different
ff61'1 cha.racteristics, dis tin-
guish5ng mark
difference, ,separation
'> ,
especially,

Q'lIl\ cP (D trI c}-o.ange (n.) [S.ee also J
.
New Year on, upon, above, at, north
place in uhich ?OdS are. go hither and thither
exchariged
grace
'. D1) r:,S r name of spring with holy
water. <.
7) H n be smooth, be pleasant to the ear
'ohM n pOlish, refine, go over
(a. text) repeatedly .
1\Hf)."hf. be soft (voice), be low,
be slow

') about
n Ii. 'rJr', in addition to thiS.
nfL.s: i1) addition to
It'd B:'t this point, in
addition to this
1i'tJ 1": above
n ... n above, outside of
n H. 'thl) at this point
1) Ii j: f) in addition to this
')"j
1'1
/
/
-
e-
...",-

. "
r;t }'arli;e I ecC(:nt-ric
llP )

vnrious
-


[See also 61 e f
)
/
r f d.i fference 6) )
l'l,1;'f'blrth (cee .
llJ'.;t birth of
l'tI Chlld O)liy' )
eirl
/)"J hit
;'J fre3h
"J '1 t tCtlder stage
:,:ridlc pack
1'1" tro trim leo-tiler
711 r.1 give e:cnerously
(see
t 111 h be bestowed generously
J 1 tender, stage It J )
l\ ft;) 11 ira low (adv.)
tfl', Lil draw the s'rord
lo"l bareback
ilm in en lJ.. trI: II tn cake
, (
lim!... paste, stick on
shave (vt.)
spf'ten (vi.)
\
labor (n.)
il A.. f, A.. bapble

.h t,. (see tJ )
/) It h.. 9i.f tp burial scroll (in Geez)
"
,(}()

-ro also
< ,
+ J1> + verb, + b whether . or
....-- -I ......
(as in ()):J..e. l XO '" rn J) t'Jb ,,,hethe'"
she loves or hates)
.01> ul) center (sec also trbl')n l) )
oJ
OTJ '! 1) .,., (J1) LI t" right through,
"
right in' l!liddle
, )
'.
IJ1> th th (s ee l) )
take m oath
D1l''''1 A 1 song
'", \0 ..
IJ. 1:. learned, educated. graduate

}
monthly gat.hering in honor of
a saint, society
n F !mlT) paz,ticipate 'in a mahbar,
hold a mahba.r
(- nl1? '1 n C : U- in groups)
c. f r member of a mahbar
61) " n [. .,. membership
t111'S nlrf social
01 U 1 h eng iJ)eer

f tro if: -PAl engineering
college
.
0"0 U Ij1' 1 layman, illiterate
41) r leather bookcase
.Pf11)'lJi
m
't' casiJ)g
.'
"
see
,

,O'b ";hole tp )

nJn>7j entirely
mf}-full, ... ho:'..e (see fllI())
, ,
G1r /). it \'or3.ble day
CJb."", n rm!" l\uly
0Tj 1) s'lren.r
r. h f11) II I".n.J.: c .. c ar
./
lr::;,t:<.: SWE;ar to one fl.nothDr
"
[See <uso (J'7) rhlj ]
(f1J1 be !'ull, fill, provide'
ab1.mdo.nce
.. ern?) ( h 1 ) be perfect
J in be full, be fillt:d
t tr;J. be cOT:lp,letcd, be complete,
..
be done completely
( eff11). 1'} , complete,
,
fulfill
'h 1)'" abundant.ly
IfD (T) 1L> filli ng
$1 tfT> mlj' :'1eans of fulfillr:1cnt
. [See also tp
in ll\ more or less
ITbl\trfll) pick out
tit trn 11 r7 retu.rn (vt,) I d ,'vf bOt, k.
t tJTI?i Ii return (vi-. f
'h (j1) ill)!,") in;.:18port.. (v.)1'
{f/)lli'7 in nne: (jT\,)i{ beyond
, ,
the door
rrf) II h respon3 e
tt1D61i'1, in lrP/lh lifter that
{j1J II r again
(b 'll h t 'f sffiflil
in P/1}-) ',07}1)'1 flood (see
)
f l11) 1) 1 to say , it means (see 'All )
tTl 1\ 't: i tl).. tM,s means
,
/
1) ro ',.lT1)?lt this means
lrn lHI'p (pI. "".,n /) angel
(see also )
n1) 61 'n r mer-sage, mission
01> l) 'fit r messeneer
angel (see also (f1) I>"'r> )
0'1Il}il'-1t/6) rank in religious
teaching
-'t.
n', rank in religious
teaching
rank of dab tara
8 m ral')\{ of dabtnra
shape, appearance, aspect,
Yay, fashion, kind,
n /11) In} properly ,
n tT7> II '0 " nfTD /)11- in every respect
n e 1fT> D 1). in every respect
2 Co


(j1) l'l ') r f, ood. (H:e trD tl 'll )
e(bll\1rJ ' in rrol1\)O:UT]CJT't.i.tlC
of book
d1> l'I'0 [ h U1 ti ile ,..f' book
*" C1>l"I nt, Tin j) 11 t observe, CO!I-
sider, note, concern, inciicate,
be i
(r >- Pt111,.tf7>hn1r.;. \ O1Jr LJ . n'.f
inYblvcd
h (11111 "nt indicate, Tt;port
- " t
l7J
l'l"V}" on10oker, 'D8ctator
!?l>'O 1 sign, indication
(1" II '1L J T!\casure, neans of n;ca5uring
. (see /)11 )
/J1>" III l!}" in P H /J1> ',(J1) /) If) !.fJ, Year
". f (see l)/iJm )
I
lJb n rr characterj stics, distinguishing
I
mark (see /) P )
1 intercede
I' h tTTl I mediator
,
lT1l r. early. mprning
fdll i\ early,' of dawn
eathering place
(J1> t)rn be bald
tmi)f\I.,in fJ7)-l}tfI' 'hhtDff)clear
completely of
LV c (pl. (J7i ,? 'J Is) ) teacher
tm 4) 1r'1 '" lJ1't tJJ l> m ? '1 PtU C 1 : f1 t
Teachers'
\
(
",., ,,," \ en
.J.!. 0#':"\,0...1\ , st'lciying (see 1( If7JL )
,
tJ1lG1jJ 0'\ t.\tlfiilmmt (Sf'C 1"1 )
\
frO '?frrb ent,l'Y tTl> f1) )
(f11 It- guide (v.) '\
I \
frrn(,. be be intoned (chant)
. \ .
( h'" m 4- \ just Ij ke they carne)
\
\
t. fJ7Ilr-- head for, '.proceed (of road)
. \
L Sec dlso fl7J L ] \
61> /.l leader '. guide (seCl 1,.,,(,. )
o
(ib 1..-: ht rank" in religious teaching
o
*" (1T)L, + fT) L study
n h '" tTl] L teach, educate
f/1l)C7) L teach one
p tlT7) L educated
trD'!'}c cducntion, studying
f.TTl1fl') L J. h fi. fr :place 01' education
'" M+ fJ1] & teacher
,
teaching
Oil h't If? C teaching
(bL.trnL investigate
t (f7) L {flI L be tested, be inveatigated
,
t If/> lr f11I L examine, inquire, be
reflective
!J1> c: rm fr investigation
/[1l U.. be bitter
'niTTl L 1.. bemoan
n 1'" I. dJ- bitterly
pD1LL. v.iolent
[See also !f 't ]
'J " l ,",0
(J1) l.. tp bJ
e t lJ1> L (/>
. . 1 i
GC 0 (:S:-iC: ,
haVE'
blessed
f" L.9 blezsing
C 11 LIesE> ing
&<t>
Cr 11', f frn ,iu.dicious perr.on
C 1 t bless ing (JD. /..
(J7) L';' be cleared and threshed (grain)
t IJT) L., be gr:ywffi
land, ground
p (J7) 1 : 0'1>} m trn earthqua.ke
$1'1..1 bitterness fflJLL )
fib C,) chrisJ:l
41) Ln captivate
11) &n c.llptivating

tf'7) C'T) 9 l!ercato (the market in Acldir
Ababa)
* l11> L }'). ff I t If) L H lean on a stick,
be based
(J7) L n poison (v.)
+1111!:- H be poiscned, be
(by n spirit)
tJ1J t. news of death of a relat.ive
en I. 1, i nfon:n1...i.un, evidence, proof
(see )
01> L. 1 pJ as tel' with mud
f1l) L rn choose ly
$" C rp superior
[See also lJC hA}, ]
choice, preference (see 8'1' f,/1)
db r needle
411 r. b:. : i {) safety pin
iro-/l.ch'lin-:lau of the mahbnr
J7' '1 lunch
false 1-1essiah
ITt tlr. sec:r., be like
( f11I n I) lQ, he is congen:i al)
+nnn l\ be compared, be
representea, be restored
tn>ririll be .like
as if
+,.,'" similarity
[See also q1t n /), r ri It, / fJ1>1 ]
D1> n II peer (see tTUill)
6b like himself
people like him
eX(mlple (f;P.C nl'l )
t11> "? '"l @} t agreement (see r7 d7) )
, ) . .,'
,- ( ,
( })01 &. "'P ') '" A lJ ::n r .... 'if1llJrn (!(;"'1)lc"'ve gtJ)U t.,;:rbtoffiec, departl::cnt (nee I),'lr )
misun'tcrr: t.P..1ldin;;;) fl1) fIJ b J !T1eans for buildine (see I!J 6- )
(11J}JJ UTI C. line, bus line lJ1) h L evidence (nee 1(. L )
g'" n nr",il f> n (1 central pilla.r 01' huvse
nauee :pot cross (n.)
ern k-[ C. 8.X e
!J'D f) &q,
, (J7) Ii l\" h';' '7 '7 Jt;esqel Squa.re
trb (In a round footed basket on W\ich
P'1'JVLr-(P es.f>tern food is served
f1 h 4- 'J }V tr;P '. n;r 6) in the decorated roasob
eas Fl.l'" 6l h t wife
DiJWLf fmlJlri, 'build up, establish tfl)htlJ1)c tearh';o (see * O1)L )
fI5lWL+ be k:.Ged, established crtJi/ftp't glMs
[See also ,r.. UJ L t ]
61J IJ) L + )
IJ)L '1 "fl1 " lay the foundation
Ifl UJ L t !, h 'i' J, lay the founda.tion
n 01J tv L 1 essentiail.r, basically,
pr:iJna.rily
nU1IWLr in accordance ith,
according to, in keeping with
't l + verbal noun + f1J tlJ L ,
on the principle, inasmuch as
P' &-1 I in e P' f'J 6-:j good news
C"b b.,J tool, Wel.LpOn, buildirlS
mater\.al (see U)lr)
e
material
lfbh+4'?,>r; love philter (zee * h.;L )
(j7) ntj ( ':)w \/hich r..as not yet calved
G1) ri 1 one-stringed violin
D'l}1i 1 If:, (J1) } :pla.y the violin
C'D h'f/ field
G1I fl'n L testify, bear witness
'ld7/111 tin L offer testimony,
have certified
witness
91> h 'fI C ) testimony'
(Jt) h '11 L? September
tm f f b sacrifice
all kind of, sort of, srmething,
like, such as (see 01' till )
* 6br11 praise;>
, , tl))rl" be pl .. ised, be
apprecia.ted
') --I \.
,_ , f
..
t
6b
rim be
h 11) t,cr.:.l. :,e
i1 ff;.. r !!:ys t.ery, hidd.en !:".eaning
tm 11' ..n C'. r tl 4
/ . 11'- n see,;e sacrwncn"
f f> h m. c int;L>":Jate
n?1)hrn.c confidentially, covertly
, (Jl>(7 p;et dark
"
(J7I r, (n,.) be ovcrta.l<:en by ni e:1t
spend the eV0nir.;

r din:;e
ml. J)::-oi'<:!5:S'ional mourner
lP.J n it sort
1n
1.,:!
n if", r I'f'! pn.rched sorr,hwn
QTI. n lr groom) bri<..egroc:n, bride
be tittenuated
.
(11) i1 j tavern
Ubn'tnt" hli, it gets sCY.newhat
dark ( s ee (j1) i1 )
place .. ;here thill(;S are sold
(see rim )
be .... n.:rm, WH.m oneself
, !fD1' (IP) he feels
heat comfortable
"h1l(6).) feel hie
h
(fro!:'! dr
inki
l16)
{j ani.-r.n.ted, comfort::tble
.,
fashion
r\. l-l ht::'at (v,)
[See (u:-;o crv-1'} I rn f J
(see '*
(f1ITa &- 7i goal for the hoc key ball
(see * 40 LtAn )
aT> fJ, L CIb clipper (see 0/:, L m )
misfortune
{J1I c funerll.l (see 4>n L )
...
01;J> fl C '. 4; 4- gra vediggel'
burial
ceremony
tO
ll
;PflC', P:i ce.'Uetery
/11} CPt heat (n.); see 'f1>? \.
tfTI j1 inebriation (see 'P'4' )
CI1> 7 II} belt "
tfo 'f 71 spite:
" /(11) l1Tlft:fh fine (n.); see + 11]

c5b"n 11) nun
lTD fit.,. 1 light (see n t.,. )
IJ7) 11 t privilege, right
GDf hit,
'nh tJ1I J cause to strike
tf11);1 hit each other
r,fFTI ;J 1 way of hitting
lJ1) 1 hundred
'htr1' percent
1) 1m 1 .. percent
evening
:)'" .
.... , .J
.. OT);J Int,( )11 tilC
it die
'P't ,ic[! th
(J7)- 1 (pI. (11).- J '\1 )
Oi). 0, C1'fIf anniversary for memorial
services
"
.. Q!)f (tfiTlt be convenicr,t., be f.uib,Llf:
'I' /111'f1)). it is cO!lyenif'nt. for' hi!'l
"rfh'f be convenient, be
hlf7l16).it io:; convcn tent for him
r
qcceasea (see
lJ'l what?
1 : 1.1b qn at all t mes" alwayG
4].1 deceased
0\ t r. r:lcter
____ l1!1.5 goal area
Ub;lnnj (see 'nnn )
(1't) ;J rl n J: cR 1 ne'nor ial day
. "
t]1);l Ii n j', P f n memorial'
"days
. "
, -
* fnl t n 1r7\"..1 n cross oneself
V'I "1 ""'(T
fJ1) 1 il cord worn around the
(by Christians)
substitute (n.);
!
f> alterna.te,
see t'Y}
n .. cr instE>a.d of
ab <recognition ,see
p h : q7) ;f 6J 71 spiri tua.l
., -
trD j f the reason of being k.nown
(see U (i)tp )
07J + t... J, adminiS'C.ration, means of
making' a living 'h.e L )

fJ7) tI ant when?
e Ut} t f['I! an t cP
01) in well
!lfter nIl
trr'o r,a kind of food
,
'f' II '1" periiaps,
.' .'
(with negat.iv(. verb)
nothing
: 01> t6J. ever
ro: -r" 11J. (;) even though
01J be slim, be err'..aciated
emaciate, diminish
Db 'll.a! means of living, living
quarters (see q L )
(fb q 6 J. : n, dwelling
al) smallness (see )
motive,'beginning, point of
departure, reason, origin (see
r

", motiveo
Ol) christening place (see )
O7J.l?Jr Mann.licher (type of rifle)
(Jl),} 4' t7l eft trj), see lJ7) L t
chr.ir
U1J ; (, H L,J set out a chair
') {' ('
1_ () J
(
G
0'"0., n L '" '1 'h t Cb." P'n '. fb. n.l +'.
";") r: he J) Cuthedral of
!Jl),b,r'l )
r.Trn':a-nlb.n evil spi:dt.
St. ll.ary
hesit<l.te
'I t for the so.ke of
I )
b..f7:' trk confessional child
/)1: sriritual child
a1? 1 b. ri spiri tual, religious
I
spiritual mer:i.t,
f
t t pot spiritualit.y
n,ot /''l.t.fM.C,l
'1 retire frcm the worJ.d tn ') l1 park (see + )
'\ h,');.T! (J1) \ h.. if half YE,lar, sP.Illi-o.nnual
.,..
D1) 1') any
n be a. monk, become a monk
'rr'11, (pl. ()ll'1no"I t ) Jn0I".k
1 rr fl, rnonlthood
i(. rn L, L fornicate,
cqmmit adult<.ry
{)1)11 t village, neighborhood
villaeer, who lives
in a neighborhood of
the town
& )k1 what?
JUt kingdom, government
memorial services
* D"b '; t + 11} ij des ire (v.)
desire (n.)
c $"1- t;), (pl.,-o ').,,., Ij , ) :faithful
d lr{l
9"0 &'7 '2 western
"
r a "'l-(g. S' western
crq Q :"1 rank
lJb 0, chastisement
I11J '" H) corner
t112 table prepared with bread to
e,at on
o
n f', U'b '\ C1j IU r palw.. d
D1>"i1 '111.6lj capital
O't) "I.t : + the table is cleared
e '"l j. i " ITll \ the means for
__ nhm.ys, at all times
.(see !f'>1, 1Ji )
0'1),,-1 road, way, fashion
5""l"'l't rug (r-f!e*
J1> 1 t:'i;\ source
"
removing the table
.'
ttn ',1'\ i nt' Ministry of
Defense (see 1\1,\,'h II )
1f?I1'll take counsel, counsel
r' )1 C
G
. n111>"'l'tl C advising
.'
e.
01i .. , I . < r ... ' ( .... i P'"
" ..1 .i. _ .. L. ",.l
tT1>'tl c.. h!l.rves L
er TI L tc:t
. 'r't}."hL. try now nn(1 thf;n
I J
D1b ';1 n 1'1', " .e. r1'1 y Squilre
01>11+ ward off, protect from'
Q1l'tl;f s.u;;port
.
castratec
l

l\ d<.:p-.lt.y, vice-
'111.$p }J,-',11{ sub-
district cor.uniss loner .
Hobil i ty, nobles
.
rea.son, CU'lSC
'n'\ ! t f'
S")11.H on the
occasion of'
on account of this),
" R . - CJ"lT: on nccoun;', of
on account
of this
tflI'l'n t\ midst, in the midst
( see "r) 11 Tn U 1\ )
I
f ''1 'rI among
, fl-iTD n II a.I!lC?ng

n crn"111 l)',11 intervene
l1b 'h 'f middle, avcrH.ge
f1>'tJ71hf: ftn, f.1iddle Agee
t1T 'fI b J payrtlcnt (see h l )
"
I
(J1) P /1" tU.:'inl (' ceremony
CTTl q'rp q r::eans 1'0)' (t.()mcthing)
p!J.l1ltu.blc (see fm)
trTJ r.t Hay of s:pcnding the day, time '
when a. fcsti vcd. occurs, means of
celebrating a holiday (see f't) )
{Ttl f]. fitting
contribution (see, 1Ptr) )
G'I1).Il1, cy-i t (.)", )
ITtJ. b es t l11!U1
C})101'r C chant, song
lJl H i \iCigh, balance
be prcponderani,
.
pl(;.ce where thil1{;s arc
"reighed
61 trb sense of proportion
[Sec aJ.so ]
",
If'}. \ b, :"d.nce, scales, weight, Libra
(constellation): s'ee Ifbll't
cro H1 n register (v.)
,
r H::! : '\ 1- ipali ty
skill, deed, duty, achieve-
oQ
ment, housewifely skillS, specialty
(1}- g', '111'f housewifely arts
t tf' " G1)-j dn.iJ.y work
'1l)'.aTr! craftsman
(JT)- gt 'f laborer
lfl}. April
..
. '
Squsre
DTi311 of ca.'tching (c<:e
(n.)
c3) 1 t toy of fieJ.d ,
O'bf1i 1 me(licine, :remedy, ,!?oison,
philter
l)1J of rr .e fL- J cOllclus ion 11111 J. r(1' )
\
I..S place where one spends the
(", .. .I. Il "" C rv...( .'" (l..,.t;.",
lJiciht;
.( I. .. t lJ w/lJ.. r ...... ,,'14 '" .. .e: 'C'I.lII '1 .s til v Itt:.
,(see X L ) r
CJ1I,.t11 assiEn, de!;ignate, allot
fp J'. n be assigned
[See also trn,t n f ]
O'D . 11 rn.ised place of the ground on
which one sleeps, stall for .I
mercha.ndise
lTD -n b ra.l': S
shop
,
ki tchen, cook house /'
tIl J.. n r. regulo.r, (adj.);
see n
III 1 g: rea.son for admiration
(see )
...
Dt fireplace
cro IIJ71 beginnit,g

. i1.trD I (r7> J (1). ').
very first
...
(see )
fil'st (adv.)
from the
"
lJ7}0) 1:cfi, '_1oof
"
ffTj<fJ: n ettU:- "ccar:;e
D1Il1lilr,l), c>:pression (see 1l)rn )
1fl)1 L put on cross-nieces in the
structure of house
'I ffTJ 1 L be framed ( hous e )
tf7} sta 11
curtain
(J)1 L 1 : IY) 1'\ drv.w a curtain,
put up a. curtain
* 1"1", '1, 'P'" glorify, praise, extol
I
'1t ell)1 ,., praise ,( v. )
019 the next , ,
.
OTt'}fll f- the following W1Y
n 'V the next dD.Y
(J")1 f1 feed
be eaten
'fib) n. feeder
'food '
nO') fL entrance (see 1'1 )
f' 1 t litigate
ft1l1of plead a case'
h"!l1-t argue a case. (in court)
"l t 'f disputing
D'"b0'}1f of purchasing (sec 11'1 )
come
'It rfI brine, introduc e
have brought
'} () ,
'-
, ,

\

intcl'!:lcdillry in bctrot;11a..l
D1> 1'1171 sr.eJ:ter
all.
I"rnL. (sec mlr )
--
crnrn'J.,j tern, appelln.tion (see fi)(, )
/1'T)m i.. j ',no/' nrune by which
it is call ed
D1>m, r::eusv.N out the right WilOunt
equ:3..l, be comp!..red.
ynfT} Il) )' cqui v:1lent, co;n:;en-
c'n'ate
conoc:'1surabili ty
[See t1,lso (f1) rrl) ]
lTD (rn aITI(')unt, extent (sec 1T/)m't )
nom} to a certain c>.'tent,
with a moderate
amount, a little more, for a bit
,.1..2 + verbal noun +
inasmuch
IfIm i?: r::oderate
!f1l m 1 J .3helter, means of prot.ection
(see mJ )
D'DfP 'l'\ drink, strot;1e ar liquor
(see (illY))
C'tl "1 book, t.ext
" '> !J
-
end (f.ce lifHf] )
rtlJ1 m i.?i f.i l1aHy )
m L i1 final, last, ul
07>,;J}.if strn.p,' Birth, strap
(sec )
,
tDl C',-'ne (see '*, ffi tnt )
O1lfi1J?'slcHe "moe )
O"lq;thf book (see )
(T1)().1" g place of' prayer (see l), 11 () )
67> 9-.1D t i a..lms
if?' A. r pI"' .... shaft, ,vooden hand.le of plow
if! l. t ; 4> 1 n t: " t7 t1 all the
ploHillG equipment
toothbrush (:oet! )
bi) f) Ar, solution (see 11 )
L
sympathetic (see lr/r )
L") n hunger (see Irn )
bee cilko
* -I &- tr7) t keep step
.J, lr be compafsionate
Z:"'I,", sympathetic
L forget
tLq be forgotten
.,.. H.J.1- _. rr.nke forget
"-
lrn be Mol::;t
." &n moisten
"
.. '
&- I).. , J A
\ r -
e iT n (')',m .. )
<to' 11- '. 'A Ct -1 fJ.,"L1{ing his O ... 'll
r lrh: b..!i'.t
free "'ill
r 'f t)).
each one

'1
corpse

coffin
* [h,
mutual
." (seel;rh)
. -
r. h t family land plot. of larrd
(see- a] L n )
Ir f> be far
h lr 4> keep at a d i.stance, keE:p
away, hula off, be far from
+ & l.r 1> be far apart
()-q,.Sl\ far, long
at some distance
f!. diverge too
'" t; far (adv.)
[See also 4 r +'t, 4;P t ]
L,;P fa.r, far off, lonit(journey);
see [,.4'
Ply.; the one from far
e L,; f :, io P 1 tl.e merchants
from place
L 'PCP be subtle, be refim:d
h L f 'f, Cli\lSe to bE: f! ne
t ( ... if> Le adept in
L ;p " 11;\ be complicated, be
advnnced refined
P Llj>(p subtle, refinei
L t i}> lnrmbsto.ntial
, 'r r distance (se\.: rep )
C 1'1 , see iJ c ? ,
remoteness (see )
1..fl.
* Lfl. hL'l breed (r-t.;
* L'7. P 1..7 of worth
be hur.o,.CSry ..
1/rn be hungry
Ln Ln add "1000. to the fire that is
about to be extinguished -
lr t supper
r; '1. n',.9.11 c. rank in religious
teaching
*L"l,'nL.'Y) satisfy
L. ." Ii be defiled
C::1').17: fJ7)l!on evil spirit
r:. 'rl n

"'" .
* 1..'11 n, h Ii l.'n n hand over .
.
t L 11 n take over
1.. H 1m be long
LH cp'.) long
:"-0
c:. flt1b '1 length
.' .
"
/
/
/
. .,
. ..."
'.
,t
.'
L. t. (v,)
"n r. J1;t- hc.Ll-' (.1.)
(f1) L.'; t c(loreration, mutual
o h(>lp
Lf'h assistant
ulluer::;tand, find out
explain, express,
realize
:hh L I cvhicncc
, 1,.
'" H LJ '1- evidence
proof., info:r.::ntion,
'.
evidence
,
L f). assistant (see L )
L J hold fast to
G J row
L.. 11fT) curse (v.)
'" r <1J D1l "I curse ( n. )
L 1 L 1 the hips"
:II- L 1 m, "J.. J 1 m w.e sure
t L J 1 m be ascertained
* L 1 , h /r"1 1. unload, let off
:m rWl
t'& '[;.m run about
lr 'I}, runni,":
L. t:n, spray
Q)- "!> 6).. ,', + l be sprayed
with water
!
f
1r runpir.[; (see m )
*' !. A.. J" h L b,J.. Gpend the m()rninc,
,
be lute in the morning
A. t : Ii l) late (artv.)
Lit J:
n
(
U)
if -I- imperfect' + L.f7 until
tl + n<:r,ati ve iperfect + rf (r l)
r it m:i[?ht
\
h fh ., 'I mistake (.see r1.j )
r1 ;:n 1 pla.te, bo.,.)
. 'In paint (picturc!s)
I
JJ
I.J picture, pn.i-nting
tlt1--crbck - - --_. ----
o
n 7\ bl..cause, because of
h 1\ If, rp therefore, because
of this
hI) Ii 'tltfJ'- therefore
n t.11b, of q ?!)In go "to church
(tJbncpln', 't1/)trD kiss the cross)
'h l)f'b let kiss the cross
n l' + '1 i 'r'
../
* 111),1', _laugh a:, ridicule
l1b 1\ et. S source of nmusement
lilln ema.sculate, castrate (a person)
ti 11 '1 evirated
h l) l' vm.r, v:oti ve of'fe:r:ing
, h 7) " , ... ! 1-: 1 mIJ.kc a )\I
(;
, '
. ,
"
"
.

,
'.
(i. c. have vo\ ..
that the child :::he.ll be('(.:ne a.
." l )
cc ...
n6)1
ri?\ t (0}) bore
t n 7'1+ be ....1.l th
, lIT1 l{orcdom
. hZ\3"
c..
/'0) m1.t . ,.
n 7) Ii. 'U cr th(!!'cf'orc (see n )
,"T' /:,-'
Ml\ I-. kind. of d'lsh
II
Ii it. ttl r:, t:::;::t1
\
v
\
UJ i.e trc.wcd) QC in /"
,
}1f 6)"n civill.;ation :.
!r'}7'l/"/lITj) authority,
... . I .
l
V6lIl)'b lJlodern culture,
, I
civilization
III l) fTj '0: f !.. r1 n t cultured
1
I
lJ}- l) I'Tj 'Sul tan l
t ri 1
, I
'hI; rc cite, convey,
t h n'Tj ""I ngree,
of fUfT) 07J (0-) bo;'! tu, bG
suita.ble
), 11 l,)ri..ng to an ag!'cs;nr::nt
n'"l, hears
of suitl'J.ble
of Ii q it influence,
n f' fj'J
tn> i!1Tlj (01'-1 agreement
nITTA), feeling
1':iss, attend church
,
trltilYl kiss each
go to
church, attend church)
flrn
name
n?, a nO!.1e is given
'\ '
"?o: "'0)11) 'give G. name
nrir"b :th as a J'
f7'fT'1"i't r1lITJ )
WfT> L gd well; go well wi th
l
rill line, pn..rade). lirlC-*'!r; pro-
., I'
Co * Ii ,rn 'L 't r1 tr1} L engage in, be /'
" ! ., /
cessioil
I
-Ii O'll hear G "
( M.i)" ; "I .e, II n "'I as
though he had: not h.er-:fd) /
ti, be ih) e,
, '.
be hec(}eci" be listened yO, Rppf-al
engaged in, head (as
they
head for their respective beds; /
Tl f h'1 16r : f:./'r .'
"heir rospec+.i ve "rays)
I

'- '! I
I
. /
f
I
:
/
I
/
/
.;
:the -one whose turn
is 'hold the rr.llh:;nr .. t,'t'
. f U.( t."H \( , f'

officll'.tin.:; priest
n
' trl\' tI
.. ,.1
eighty, the 80th day
mr;;:noria.l servi.ces j civil InH.rri3{;:e
n trt} 0 t (pi. rll'fTI 1
I !
n 611 hea\'E'n, i
i- !.
) ,ma.rtyr
U/& ",ork be in
)"tJJ ir' help to do, ha.ve built
hW I,C conctruction, method of
(rood)
L; tool, weapon,
materia.l
111/11 b ro t office, u?;:>artment
W er.lployee, worker
[See also f' & ]
n L- jodhpurs
; r grass
I
t"1 r.: h'li of grass '
" lr work, effect (see W f:,. )
.
IV II' lJ be idle, not have
anythine to do
IV Is L) I e I' tr: b. + unemployed
11 !r !, ) , une'11ploymcn t
..
f1lrf'JC o...U kinds of' :roots
strlkc roots
n .. , 'v c: under
n "/Y [ under
71/"": I"e. from beginnin(S to end
n L IP steal
t fl L cP be stolen
\ W &1 r worker, laborer .
111 C q't ceremony, regulation, rule,
procedure, order, discipline
nlJl C II properly, systematically
n ." IU C IJ, '; according to procedure
,
f' : III r: :; t procedure
Ii 1.. H delete
1r1L.H be deleted i
I
I
* rn f, ." tltri L e
absolution
r t. Syria
Ii Cot wedding
Ii t.1 r _.bridal escort party
* fiL.m, t n{'a), be disseminated (news)
f
n. n addiction
f1 't greed, overeating, stinginess
tprn three
cP ht?' third steeping of
h 7 good fortune
n., lip !
n.q,', J H make one pant
'11> laugh .
""'l")) he jec!'ed at hi.Jn

. ,

I
,'e
"
lJ"l'1 tC (I lat1,,;hlnf,b -Loclt
> I
r1 A hang, C,&uci1y
f1 'P 7)t:. [fl Crucifixion Friur.y
n cJt rect.illli;uln.r
,n1>flt I see ri Tn
:; uJ 4> ! I 'I W f su:'fer
UJ1 be fat
nn .in nt', 1l{l fnr.llly
, 6
pu.ll
t 7 n be attracted
fl',; protrn,cted
fl'W' I.. 111', S 1\ c
'IHlfll'1 field
n n L. break
h1 L, in [;: f71 L stalk of
grass
ri n rin gather (vt.)
tnnrin gather (vi.)
" ..
nfl nll: "J.. be sedate (gait)
ri-n "fJ'. 'Id L 1 gather, gather up
ehfl nll together,
nl1 nil :.illl tJ). ..
Q1) n i1 t't-rt! gathering place
nil"! n. chairman (of a society
where collecting of money is
involved)
H11 r1 r"] meeting
r'I n 4> in (JI r : n n + shake t.he spear
I
f
f1 nn Pl"t!:J.ch
h-rrn1 sermon,
"'t of lnul ticolorcd cotton
rlt be mistaken, err
'r I I
1)'1,., t-
rl J r1eilns for misleading
t7 trrt'" mist.ake
,
f1, t woman
h't: 6)[ girl
11'-1 : 6) y H l! ludy
h 1 't wO!.'l3.nly qualities
e h 1 t femi.nine
r1 t ;- 'f h 1L prostitut.e
* r1+ b.. I t !.. participate
June, Fast of Siine
china
ttl C a., procedure

furnish provisions, take pro-
visions
of IJJ f be provided of (food)
for ,the journey
rnrrl\ Virgo (constellation)
in n /), c1) grass
take leave,
be fired
'nn make last
n n r 'Sabbath, Sunda.y
[See also fn n t J
r'J 'n t kind of gathering (see *
---
)
confusion, lit, after how
much confw; i(\n '1)
n ') t hO;l f".:tny ti.rr.es?
'\ t 1fTl, t r: centimeter
\. t S sani ta.rinn
dc .. 'ect, .Trong
r1 HI 1. strike (the qall)
* ri '" r7 , f.. prepare
t n fj s.. be prepared
O"D n t) '" necc3saries
h1 "t[heat
,
nl 1\ sandnlYiood
"n:1 steer
cut
('n!i- r; sloth
* n 1j. "h n 'Ij make, IT'.ake be ce.lled, make
say of someone, cause to be
considere:i
/
'nn1 (t-) it appeals to him
Monday
luiJl\ picture, painting (see
14
1/))
ho,'f hour, tjrne
nO, ;ll', 61l celebrate the
canonical hours
n f nA -r from til'le to ti."Tle
"1 string (beads), "plug in
t ri"1 bc ir,sertcd
trpl L/'} succeed
,
1ff>'1't(l arr,an:sclll(;nt
I
M'h L be drur,k
v
'hnilL illtox.i.cate, inebriate
rrrll: drurJwnness
n 1) r: s ur,ar
r1 Q- Iran, person
ri r- : h ')) '1 L respectful
t1ro-ro6} man, individucl
n@-,''i body, :physical constitution
n:p l.. conceal
n h(J).t: secretly
t1<D-i: 'j.'aurUs (constellation)
fH}}' i '} boUy, physical consti tut.ion
(see nm- ) ..
e h fi}- t) 'n -n r: ITJ 1) . demean oneself
Ii ptm na'lle (v.), designate
h i1Tb naming, name-g i ving
11- S 1h at least (see h )
1 h science
h.thr six
-, h J tn llt'-name of square in
Addis Ababa
tr .t n insul t ( v. )
curse (v.)
t1Jll insult (n.) )-
n J be apprehens i ve, fear

is conz:crll
" tlJl concern (n.)
" ' tV;J body, flesn
e l"J: 'Y)'n i ] i vestock
I") '1! cllrn1.1) I'!i3.terial
t1? r conC'2rn r1') )
I"? ce material (see t";J )
"J!f
\ adoration

..L.
m
"'ive
, , t> .
n f1'; gift
lE-n"l. "ttl If) be _:?ren.'(t on the ground
A (11 J Rift (see rUn ) .<
,'1 m' box
, .
be ,nde
t h !r'bt be widespread, expand
"A h spread
n br ,,;, be somewhat wider
Ii '1\ wide, broad, large,
c?nsiderable,
riL broad, wide
( 1) t.1 L 6).. widely, a.bundantly,
exterisively)
t width, size
n, sew on
tn be sewn
"
n- Et ' jn' P n. It: 1 1 kind of dish
rib. L li.(:H:;Ul'e out
b.. L be; men,sure(l out
fi b. 1. set. tlc, aMlp
board
b..L take on
Ii b..! neighuorhood, settlement, camp
t7 f is- place, r.pot
:
( CD S'.. P h lr tJ)... to oil over)
h 9 '} width, nize (see n, r )
n &t' kind of tray
n. thousand i
....
"1 wish, want
tf1l\ be better t
,
/) improve (vi.) amended
.".,,;r;ll improve (vt.), amend
improvement
r 1\ be sharpened
f, r sharpen
kind of tree
r; 1\ we," song
decora.te, give a reward,' award
11 Ill} ) . alTard (n.)
n?\f valley
n 50 cents
n.l't''n',{1),..:lij, slip out /
-r .,-
,)to n Ol}, t ,., '") scramhle, st.rugp;le hU.l'd
t'\911'1) make scramble to obtain
.,
C1
"'jI}.tpJ (Yll. ft.0lj 1 )
j1j..01 offie'e" (function)
01) canrllo-
tl'l'i'llr chic}:-:peas
n if' . reed
n Il1t purchase (grain or other
products)
j1.rnr office (function); see rO"f>
lilT'} 'b weaver

* n cp\ t n <f1' dress
'.
fancifull;Z' be fanciful
n become old, arbitrate
old man, elder
nrC1J 6'1 old age
abolish
nC:1-t: 'hfl bustle about
n r fit" :peas porridge
n c. f1) pros ti t ute
,
- '
f1.: c 1 ha.ir )raid
fi CfT) '\ Cnncer (constellation)
n ili avoid,
.,. 'n;rj if put to flight, spirit away
"f1 rous lin
* cr, "rf dampen, put into water, stu;
jt'\ hCJI:
stir .
* 1>0, n look up
n fl : t.9. L 1 be tied
.*' n n t, t n n L be alarmed
* n l. if I "n n L 4> be resplendent
,
:>
n n bt- grey-llen.dec!
n) sm2.ll (n.)
(1 r ti1 llcrhunc
f t childbirth illness
rn tn . pleat, ga.thering at the 'v'aist
i1 C C cl'evice
ridge
nl 'r C : "I.e, sUf,arcane
n1 assembly
n, '1: J fI hold an assembly
rnm we.ist
* () !., 'r, n \ h... win, overcome
h n 'i & winner
tn f) fu defeated

?iii accompany, see off
cf-n be provided with escort
clay, pottery
.. wl., potter, pot.tery maker
* n 11 01) I t n n carrt, be carried
n gourd, drinking gourd
ntp: nC name of gate in Harar
* n11.., across
'1 11:
11' get m(ldy
1n'l1 pistol
.".
nm sell
l1nt seller
place where things are sold
r t;\'., 'h L."" beat wi th whip
l77
.<
/
flAl Hf!lJer (:'f'c'hm) ,
h eycoro' ....
n outlaw
, n ft 11 ) out, 1 o.',.,r ry
n h.1 cover, veil (v.)
t 11 h.1 be veiled
11 b. ) 1.. "\ h be wrappt:d un
,. -
1'if. h h 111
') pro:!).lse (n.)
A> >-, 11. "'l.. ' ..., n make a promise,
,. 61 .t'l' ,1 . I,
make a (;oYcnant
e;f> 6)'. T' 'J c verbal inst.ruction
. r'/ 76\ by heart
* A r;p,'r irydividually
-
. 17'/ roast
:Pa.rched grain,
. grain
,
ffl. custodian spirit
4l\r. be light
he} II il r ea.se
"
if 1\ ).1, be light, be slight,
be minor, be low (price)
pile, hca:pul'
'1'10 hl\ be heaped up
ink,
learning, education
(,) in. e t" r (ndj.)
cp /) h ' in '1,E, 'Ali! h lJund it hut
mix
.
q,fl (P 1\ be nixed tocether
,
join in
.'.* "i?l1.n
GO down tof sun),
set (of sutt)
tn t'ti Cl'. ht. go 9-
0
\Offi (of sun)
.fl.ll dmmhill
n'" f /)itt down to
1'11" 'food, provisions
.
41H1't
l' r light qua.li t\r (of color)
tp l'I!.. have fun
.,. !p1lj. joke with each other
tpllm be animated, there is of
-something
of> /) m melt (vi.)
'hf7't m melt (vt.)
f lJm ! ;. i'I be faster, be more

t
quickly
t '" S h slightly curved
'P'J", see .f 1]1)
' cr (,ee '" r 11))
1
stand, stop,
( fO sta.nding upright)
'YO'
tZ i ... J ,S
(?
01
1"?L1 r.:,e is u11!'l<l.rrlt.:.d)
'h 101> j)lacc, hold of
net. ur: c;;t.&bl.l:;h,
+jx
01l
be est.abli!ll:cd, be set up
. pC1illr::nent, survivor
..
. c .
h 1>1f1} tm ITI. the in ,.;hich j. t
is laid out .
depository
1
t77
L. '.u:::novuble property ( chair
. lif .... ti.me., .. stn.nce . become
;. tp' , in i1 U7r in his lifetime,
tr.e nOl"r:aJ. v<'--lue
T': 11: important' ma. t tel'
irn't !1cight
r religious dance
prayer stick
(}all T' S;ice
nll kinds of spice::.
tpDTJn taste, take a taste
. (')tP(j1) f1 give to taste:
f L be left, be l,ef't out, stay away,
fail, be omitted, remain,
. .
behind
,erl. n'r
'on the blessing) .
he missed out
n n;t. rer.:ain
others'
to say
nothing of others'

q,ITDh: lf1 taste a bit
dress, skirt, rpue
f O'J) l' he ight (see 47) )
i at, lifetime, stance (see" en:> )
* fa' m, sit, be put, be
placed, be: set aside, be
put away
'Idlq, ant1l deposit, place, put
aside, have in one's possession
h cp 'hs h of t\.
they give no peace) ,
flq, C , in 'n'" n'l'c outside of,
except
(n + negative verb + n +C
unless)
n h t l' t bes ide, nonetheless,
otherwise
.n'tfC beside, in that case
'A preceded by the nega.tive
in "is not ] ikely to II
f) n tl'
t_. J
, .
p:ovisions cellcct.eJ by the
cor..:nunity
C: hi\O} have ill \lnl
q, c: t n l' be di!;uppointed
*" flrlr, 'h'tpt.rlr sing a bf\ttle sonr"
recite a war
f L r t battle song
C (1 bren.1-.fast (see fn /, ri )

q, r: h aSf.et
tLrl tnke a portion, break,
"
eat,brend, breakfast (v.)
ri offer
" C N breu!':fo.st (v.)
'C 11: 1. L.t1 eat D!"eakfc.st,
breakfast (v.)
oII-..l..L " -t..LL!... '1... w ( )
-, &. T ", II l' "1' _v.
,,; c if, i: with the head down
fOWld ((' stQ bf.; 5L)
* i f.o L, 1 to 1.. L make one
restless
* ttfoLin hit the hockey
ball
D'll t iT t/!o 7i goal for the hoc key bull
cf>!; '1 wooden load stays
.....
'h l('/..n serve, r:ubmit.
t L.n be n(:;:.r
to, come to a
f

h tf>lr L'0 presentation, in
which one ,comes close to another,
cOlr.!'!lunion
4-ft./.. f1 'close (at/j.)
[See also ;p'Cll )

CPC11 near, nea.rby, closely (r.ee 'ft." )
n;P C fI r n ii> r f} recently
11,'1>1:11 ::tl-b', recently
;p r 1t close
e it> r. n.. the one from clos e
L"
q, C (I closcnecs
f. Ln ta.ke communion
.,., "a-n give communion, administer
comnunion
C rl) communion
, en 1 .untanned hide used as a
sleeping mat
('11 communion (see tn )
,
c: 11 t; nearness (see + LJ7 ) ,
"* q, L t;> conflict (v.), con-
tradict
t; l.r L opponent
cf! L'\ st..lbble (of wheat, millet)
,
q, c. it> 9 t rcughncss 1> un deduct
,-'
; L n be ncar, come come forward, '* L rn cut
. be served (food), appear (in court)
'J () r
1_. ,)
'" L CJ)' d l ;-;CCI;1t i I'm;,:,
e+faLtn rlxen
eros!>
c{! c tn", 9 h dec isj vc, clear-cut
t lrffi resolute
l,:,q;.. fix(' 1.
e D1l f C t;'\ uninterrupted
D"b cp, L t:t), cl i T-lpcr
1. m (1) nibhle
* t'ilrmf}) wtJ.uder
;;p r:"b' r "), :.1 fl6'l- divide up
i c t.D 9' '1 ankle .'
carve
sculpture, shape
1? fl (pl. 70 lD h t ) priest (see
'f>nr. )
(tt1) priesthood, rnnk of priest
; h" f injured
q'tj n be ordained priest (see 4: n )
... ;&1 '2'-.:.
q> n tf n stir up, rouse, "lake up
<f' h J , in n 41"';' slotlly
; fn bOyT (n.)
q, priesthood, rank of :f.ricst
. (see itt)
S t::onstantinople
* 7i;ti, r. n fi belittle
; tpJ\ boil, cook
4>7\ be boiled
manger
a.noint ' ,.
t 1>'1 sr"car o:-.:-;elf with
[See e.l:.o 'P'1, cpn,.)
q,'l oil 4>1 )
fat (n.)
<rib butter (r.ce 4''1 )
hood
flo. don the
if- 4>n7), ttpt1l\ accept, join (in a.
a
..... .-"
song, in cries of mourning), say
in refra.in
'h cp n h hand (v.).
t if '1 e
l
wh<? welcomes, refrain
singerq, who gives the response,
who is possessed "by a
t \ acceptance, receiving
C'f) q, n J , Pin f "A C1J J., : I/7Ifn J
to receive visitors
;nn, area., district
bury
t tp n L be buried
)r)!f> n l. help to bury
f '1 who buries, sexton
f 11 c:. burial
011 f) C. grave, f\mera.l
to!P' fox
tpll r burial (see tP n l. )
.'
J
I.
(> 4> 11 C buria1 (adj,)
p-nr : I";: fllC 0, ) buria.l. ceremony
') ( "(

. t> '1 i- t 1'0. t (v.): cp '7
il en Coptc
(
fllO 1- folly
\ .
I
/
* S> f. )., f(r,.) he is able,
he cannot
,t c::. midday, noon
11 ; 1 C n "S, afternoon
tt; be
settle
+{',fll".'1.t1ook up
q, 1 honest
tp{ be envious
-+n envy (n.),
(pl. tp, r ) day, date
;. Q) 1'11(1)1) it haa seen its day
+, ," "1D1T'}(1)1) put in the

ascendant "
'h;\ \; \ day after day
;r a basket of grain, qunna.-basket
religious poetry,
q, ibr outermost corridor
of the church (lit. place for
singing hymns)
;p 11 J...L. qane extemporizer
e q, 'b f. qane school
q,\ honest (see 4>, )
1> \ r1 decreFlse (vt.)
14>Sft\ decrease (vi.)
" f) r
be a, 'rival,
.' -
4scrve to do out of
h 1 contender
* n l..,
combine, link,
.. '
coordinate, deal
C yokE;
" q, t;r envy (n.); cP II
<l'rH C. licentiousness
horn
to 9.. bra.in
":J
1 (pl. f t
) pretty, pretty
girl, beauty
. "l}- C) beauty
,
i i m L. take a pinch (of roasted
grain), peck
t;'1) I1l L be 'fidgety
tt."mm pinch
-? (n.)
top
;, right, right hand
.; l: b.r rank of dabtara
* ;lPh, ,1. ;tDn upset
ftM (constellation)
4> 11;f1 be cold
coldness
'" red
'J f) 0-
'-' ,

.
,
'. ,i'r, '. r k'inJ of di.sh
e I 1 fer a 10;t;' tir.;c, be

'.
.JPr some t i!!le s rcrlO.in, star
.., 'Hl [)
r
e ar;cient
.
en. wlr n 't ': rtf f which "as
in use quit:6 for 1\ while)
\
; ? for 11 lih He
( h "t t" f walking for a

( f1 + imperfect + f 7 when it
'has been)
'* f t ()t) hold a be
offenden, be nngry at
rd7 rlJT) offend
;, tpt fanner
fro'ni., first

previou51y, already,
II. .
Pl'loj' tp
cr': nl\ Defore
4' primar,y', prior
+ J P' early times, first
( e 1't tp' )
. '.
'ht1 tf first of all
of l' I!7J,. i I- priority
[See also D"1l; ]
111 S\mday (see
, .
I'
. t : f'(J. C Saturpay
;' Ii. C Holy Sa turdcy
4> i. n say l.mss, sa.nctii'y
tf'[t rancor t l' . n be holy
> tI\ resentment, h h ep j. n l,fa.ss
t change (v . ) . , [See also t/l.e,.h; ]
4' J alter (pI. ,.(',/n ) saint .)

J P L chnilge (v.) q, f th1h St. '>John's Day
o
em;) change (n.) :P 1,16 (see f n ).
if p h outline (v.) q, Ii 1'} start l-iass .
+, e n be measured, be divided
survey (n.)
pour
f leather
4> t'" precede, be first, get somewhere
first
.,. h q, ,Q race (v.)
tP "J punish
+ fl1) be punished, be disciplined
h'ftr} cause to be punished,
have someone punished
4>"11 fine, punishment
"'+11J1 punishm<::nt
trt>+ fine (n.)
'JllL
I..". J ('.
1V
'e
-
-
, m'. hi\. be s,t ra i..:.:hL
, t. c1)'.",,\1 ;:;t.rni,:lh.,Jadv. )
l\l f s tro.i,,;h:?
.
'f "1 )
',ihenten
At If\ .\O' ... n"t ,"n'
,. ., I ".'.6 ..,._ .... ,.
rn, t.r'ay ,
. 4> f\\,in' r{ pr?l>erlY
Let rtngry
.,
iq
"
7\ '( vt,), I
then I
,
'h .. next to
I ' ..
lH.'t): 1> ,
" .
.
* 4> 1111\, t 5' m It b.C broiled, be
burnt, burn dorm
'Og m 11 burn, stine
"
q, 111 C (' .:---'li)oltnll
. 'ip t;'l C ',"lll. c r; ,rIX)\l nd
</rmt rc"kon, lC:\TIl (the alp!)!l.bCt.) .
. .
t i'vtll L be considered
fYI L mnke
one recite the spellip.r, l(wson
-
., i frl m-L ",atch (v.)
count (n.)
( e m11 -()', *' In lr censu!
A, mc nw.ber (see above)
-F .Co'
tp tflroC supervision
." "l me cr.J.enaar
fT1l T& "1 m t superv i::; ;.on
f tTl L tie, knot, tie up ,
ti mL linked
+ m (oJ) blac ksmi th
"
* cH be decorate'd
1imn ca.ve, lay
tlAffln refrain (tabStAO.J I
.. --- -- -- m.n::-jh ac:mure, r.es-trainCd--
'[See also ) tJ1>4!ml1 restraint
fire, blate' (see * fm."")
, .

i ITt tTl reed.
'1

appointment
,me:
number (see I'7Il
)
e
" + perfect + f til z:
JJvery time
(conj.)
.' .
f J (see f ro )
. f III J;"l straight (adv.)
" I" 411 directly
flflt'f straight, (trans-
lation)
puniehrneilt
t K). flil -/Il, s t
tp (see mt- )
"
'JO{
j1W' , , ,
" .
18'1
\
\ '
:;it d";'-;l
.b tTl. of' ..... I":e rc:l'/
r'li' , "r_
't food ,
-
v'
g!)lI7.:: 01"
6
tpf. beehive
have du:; up
+ l . bCG door to door
.

I
fl:
n in, at, among, on account of,
b
becauzc of, in view "'of fact that
even if
"
.fi + iLr.perfect +1" even
even if
black with a. whi tc blaze
'I \J l\ tradi'tion, custom
'1ihC sea.
'1 ih t,: f1 . eucpJ.yptus
, .
. character
'1 ih ;t hermit
eat
be
.one eats)
.
n n" fe.ed, serve focd, provide
food
'.,.
rt 7\ , in- '111: one with child'
T't\iTj:) official
,
1\ husbl1.11d
(:;ce 'nl\ )
;1 NJ t c:mcrt
.. . * n f) 7i , t n Pi' be sTJoiled, 81
10i
1 (vL)

'1/) tb1 ntl.stcr or the lndy of
..
the hou'so, wife
'\
'1 'l'11 tri.bal not.able
11 l'I r r-art, 'cut of meat
pe!'son who bour,ht sometning
to cat, customer
fll'l t; houscwif.:lly i\bilities, house-
wifely skills

corr.p3.nion
. .
n-I} 'Ylr 1l1'l'Y' heavy woolen blanket
n/)f1). let hiJn have it: (see )
-O1}.', Old Testament IV
fl til$., h Old and liew
TestOl1lents
countryside
-n &\0),,- rudeness, immoral
nnm exceed
of' n ,,7\ 1'1\
'hn'lllm
nl'tffl.Jl\
make a grea.t difference
more
n 1l1'l (n more
O"b 1')1'0 difference
PtriJ.n tim more

iliJb majority
aon
'.
n /;ll)! best
-n l'l ffi ( fem, -n l\ {fl.1 ) shrew!,
-n llri)1- trickery
-n majority (see nTlffl )
. t\
{Ill t<t& : n sp:ukle (y,)
. :rtlr be lit
'Onlr light (a. cn.ndle)
.. 01>11 tr't light
\
, n l.. ox

nc
-nr: sHyer, silver thaler,l.ojRtVv
,-nr:.lf1 lisht (n.)
. n l L fly, -run fast.
...... J
'hq '1, Cn<l5e e:'IIa:,', e):pel
, .
,
, e * n!..flL, nL ransack

'h t]'TI n c -n c p:!"oper na.1Ue '.
n c. n pepper
.'
C ne.me of gate in Ha:riir
. MLj be_ strong t'
\'
-n c:: -p strong, powerful, indus-
trious
n-n strongly.,
<. -n t: J l strength, effort
, J
n!..1 ; catt}.e pen
..
. t
{H , ( n L.)
... orange, "
il &,; parch.rnEmt
e.
'n c: q fJ burno;se
n 1..'1'" porch,
,
t: hat
n 'in): . \/Car n.lw.t
'1t. wcnr a hat
tJl.:n bless
be bl(.ssed
rrlrTb blessing
114'(} hlessed
n L'11t be large, be munerou: ""bc many
\
"h n L '11 +
n r:. 111 :. 'n r. be'rather large, be
manifold
nr:i"1',. considcrapie, much,
numerous, many, a great dea.l, quite
a bit, m?st of, laree (nwnber)
11 1- : l1lj"l in quantity, in e
reat
number
present a gift .
,
n L 1) t blesSing, gift
n C'iJ " desert
..neff honeyed wa.ter
f1 L. j. be cold
"It n t..1 cool, down (at quarrel)
,
-oC cold
[See also n L.,., )
n L. hailstone (see n l..i )
.nr.t;',e- t<,',." "I h.et
-n c (,f), slas s
n lr lj- doorstep,
nr roasted barley flour fA."f.ftl. fJt't
be worse
aOl

'Worse
,
n n l\ be coohed, be rip3, be: l!1fl.tUl'C
fnnll who is mature
*-nnl.., 11nnL infona, announce
the good
n n nn putrefy -.;'
nht , in n t'lt f L ber-ides,
othentize, (see f L )
( n--* n f7 r1' c except for,
"\-lith the of)
nhftrS;;
ntHlr:1
rln;J illness
to the right (see 1'1 )
behind (see )
nti ill
be sufficient, be qualified,
qualifY (for); renounce the world
on; f'inish, end, bring to an
end.
sufficient
11 9'1 asceUcism
O1}'fljr renunciation of the world
end
fl;P :-ntp;,"hll
ncp 11 Brow
"
hn 1> 11 make groy'
'to
f1 fptl revenge
nip/to mule
n q,1l .. .l1J,mt
'111) be:::.n
n l' r:, in 11
w
n q, C outs ide of)
exce!)t (see 4' L )
n + negati ve + n tp C. unless

.f1 1'1 c.:'lceticism (see n;P )
f) (1-(. train, railroad
P'I rrr. : Ifl (1.. J railroa.d station
-nfl', annpi t
'11 co.lf
III house
- .
n + '.Il thor small hut outside the
in which the is
prepared
fb +: (JT)'VII" palace
fbt: nfl fa.'llily
fbt:,.,.f' circular house
n,+: '(}C 17t J church
n : /I fb 1 around the house .
't1n ,: (b.,. from house to house
-0
:n n n t : ,,11 -go from house to"
'-house '
f n, 1 : l. rm ry, 'f lady of the house
P- property custodian
,..
n+4 close friend of the family
'.
n 'I- t.t insuffi,ciently fennepted
"' n t 1'1 P in particular (see 11 e )
nt 11 tp espec ially, spec ifically,
particularly
nrc Btick, htn.ve

ntl..b.(j1l moreover (see tLb.. )
nt4>' besides, in tilat
"
(see CPL )
'hntcpc
exceft for
scatter
+ n ;f + '1 disperse (vi.)
n, t close friend of 'Lhc fr.mily
(see 11 1- )
-n1 dnly, but, ho.;ever
111 : 11 t fl}-'1 singly
/)111 ',l! e keep seI':!rate
sepa.:'ately
11 + 17 t lone] ioess
n- 1\ "OuU'Pi.t
., U
(see{7J J
coffee
rbt bar
(e) fJ.t;: f rca.s ted coffee
M'l M fa.ucet
,,,,, '':''
n blow (of dust), be blown away
'l''f.I bank
n P, l'l (pI. n n, 1 ) festival .'
'l'1lJ spring with holy water
" iJ t .
P'Y} ferment. (of dough)
ferment (vt.)
fl-'Yl doW!,h
.. nll TIt 'h n 17" soothe
nlrl\, in n .. ,nrrl\ ';lith
regard to, Hl respect of, as fv.r
a.s it conce.l.'ns
nn7} I.. on his part
J1n i be disci:pated, go to "Taste
"h '111 "(as te
11 tt be mm'lerous,. be too much .
'h n 11 increase, do something in
great quantity
';dYH?: . eat a lot
'h 11 Ii OF t
h 1) Ii If} , : 1. No mos tly, mos t
of the time, usually
I1Cfll it is mostly q
[See also 11 fl., 171ft ] .
ri, fIt in 1- : 1&
-nit nU'nerous, many (see 111'/ )
-nfl-'1ft, T"Any times
-n tUD 'i: 1:tb most of the time,
mostly"
-n foil number (see nt( )
-
n-n Hi frequently, in large munbers
n H dt'p f1 tot f in the course of time
f1 Ii, : fJl-[ passage of time
I
n t every, each, at 0.:1 interva.l of,
in each according to
who says, who hits (see 'hll )
'1 proper nome
f1 g II n l everywhere (from n -;, p '1. n1- )
(
e
'.
'1pj.4-f9r- n_ .. ben
(1 ""
lC<l.:'it (see 'M(l ) ,
n rl: if at the very
least
n openly, publicly
rr '-t -f f'lC: ru;rr.e of gate in }ia-rnr
q,.. Cr.1pty, black coffee
'1,t.D-1 vrith empty stomach,
without it,
': 1" 4 barefoot
n,R 1\ do wrong, wrong (v.), harm,
commit an
t n S-h be ""'Tonged
v
n l'\ in,iustice, "'TOIlG, injury
+n S) F,
"''Tonged
I
-note
loan
<)
"
rr f'')
team
A 11- team captain
-n .. 7-f 1\ get up, stand uP ..
n:r be good, be suita.ble, be made
'hOI make
'1 I spend the time
neTt sheep
*"lP1,
rtt1l.> kind of
be blazing
nt5b indieent, needy
n III c>" very
e ' nmn break a string
tnlTj mn be torn to bits
<:>
n t1ln rfl mix
r:z, mm up
T
Jfh"'1JU
t tf,i polite
politeness
f tra-.nll come on!

;J /)11 , see 'hJ/)f't
't l'll'l;P big (see +/) ip )
f lll'\ f grown-ups ..
b
lj b. be "A A !. ">
'f l'I cr furrow
t 1) Cp " J A large, older
t l'l great
elder
111 Cp 11-
lll1l1big
tV l:'1 education
e 't If'1) ['1'f f' s -, tP n.n : fHll. f7 t, c
.i)
Ministry of Education
Vocational School
9b r: miracle
J &- t Book of Miracles
't ITT> t'J e; 't s imilari ty (see Ol n /) )
loyalty (see )
C>
fir section, turn; ordinary
t & b tJJ.. ordinary person
I,
, f&; rH l,. in {-urns
he .i.n turns
n. + IT@- in turn
'l?\ 't lr the ()ne whc:::c turn :i t is
P n; (ljl'. 't (,.. st9.ll
f c:. h hustle and bustle
'tC cOllfusion
tlr& moum.ain
t L t speak in proverbs, tell
,parablcs
of L 1 tale, saying
hictory
,:f G 11 <t
tL ;111 heel
T L tra!1s1ate
t C 1-1'> meaning,
interpret,ation
'h f7 of" c l interpre,ter
t L!.. be left over, be spared

"'+ L!.. win, gain, acquire, leave
of L : Ii lltp moreover
rCq. profit .
n t L !. T h.,. L b.. r moreover,
besides
: tLlL b.
be present
in abundance
th'"la1!. suitable (see riOT} )
. tn IfTL ncccptance, influence
(see MCfl)
+
r1r
n, sCt! hrlL
tn'r'rrr, 1\ be corrected, eqne.l (see
"til) )
+11 hope
fh tj>..un despair (v.)
': fTJl't (n'1-) he placed h?pe in him
m race (v.); see
to
tr7'l'l r: 11 L vehicle
savlng deposit, reserved money
(see' -l(. m )
. ( ,I,. ) l.xca see", ,un
ttl> '1 see .X- if n l\
tf4''1 e, I see * tn"
+ 1> trfl.1 't priorit.y (see 1> 1. 61> )
I
+ '1" be sa.id (see)) II )
t q 11 say to each other (see I" n )
, '
.,.fl OL coopera.te (see 'Ant )
t n bla.ck strip of cloth
Jr} church, altar stone of Ethiopian
church
;! r '. ,., celebration of the
tabot
J';f industrious, busy
tt comment (v.)
camnent (n.)
1"'. "11b resurrection
,,11 small, 'a little bit
of" t expla.in
'hot H feel
',I
'e

t'1 Th" rus(;, );';rilice
t." Tn I) "( tr.a.l i c i ouS
f\ f-I be wordy, be verbose
1 b.. n breathe
"A h t'l .. n let rest
l) b.7j park '-/
...
t '1!f long loose trousers
command: order, instruction
(see '" Hlf )
+1)
( n- : 't t} take the
place of)
tt 1) be succeeded by
-It'11. replacEr'lent
111 alternate
t117\ plant, set up, pitch a tent
( i. h1 t'117) grant family
land)
t i 111\ be fixed
i "fli't plant (".J
.( p It l..o'. tll) fruit trees)
plant, vegetable
i1.l\ religious weddi,ng
tThh shoot, iron (clothes)
'of rrn shooting
"t'll'Ytt-h the .,,.ay it is ironed
[See alno r1}h ]
'ttrn wann (roast), fresh (bread,
'stew); 'see 'tn.n
't il il shoulder .
;hl t bcc-ome \-Tcary, be tircd
tll follower (see +,. 11 t A )
'sl'1iltl st:Aa i.ght, equal
n \1 'f) Z) exactly
'I '0 'fill f exact, right
t'hH be sad
"htnH cause sadness
l'r1lb sadness
n 'ff? Ii I sadly
leave, let go, give abandon,

eschew
+7;0" monophysitism
l 0).1) t generation (see I) kj.. )
\
e HD-lJ J; \
t tp lD l' be acquainted with each other
( s.ee 0 (j) tp )
, to)1, 'f popular (l).e ).
caves
'rtf;f memories
ttl'r)t: memorial service
l (see h P )
comfort
l.e,r: marriage, married life, married
state
lJ, t '; t J II married llllU1
, .
. rn t ; if L get married
T 1. rna't: a living (see h!. L )
;Jll\ wrestle
\ -
t <'l s trug{.,1.e, s trUf:gJ. ing ,
efforv
'f-1 c"f Tir,r i='.yu. -,
(A..
1'1 fL nppropria;;c (see 1'1 )
duty; activity (see 1nt )
Vocational School
t? help each other (see 'h 11-1 )
.,. ") m l , see rJ {fH ..
of e, lr & eneT:lY
land for which one is hired to
provide service
e '
spittin,g
t l nature (see A. 'TIL )

I
>,'
3 can, be able, Etndure, sta.nd . --
it provides for him,
it takes ca.re for him
/).tj ability
",/\ ignore
l/)oj a.bility (see J'!\ )
ll'rf1 la.w court, court of justice
1hol', "h J /) the court meets
,=foe. good
nfr. well
; retail dealer
, r: J [J rctl;\il
1f torch
si..uObornl:.-.'
-)(- qThl'l, 'h t1 'tne urGent
'I
111/\ peg
f11.." be "m,ntj,ng, be difficult
=tlt..(fl}) he is in need
t t 1L be difficult, be hard-
pressed
'll n fl L ca.use problems, a.ff"lict
1'1 r:,: hi) be difficult
'1dJ c : n.l\ ,,,hen things are tight
l"1C distress, trouble, diffi-
cul ty, proble..TJl
L r ').fflicted, needy
f
-f and; (connected "rith certain verb

forms)
t
)'1161:',7-/\ be indolent
h 'copper .

life, living
(see lj L )
',J,
station of life
lr

life companion
,)
'r L live
( n. t: c. t[& but even so)
'rtlf L. mainta.in

.
,

Lf means. of living, living '.
quarters
J'
[See also 'rl! ]
/
I
t.
'.
,-
\ c: H t:urse
hold" back
rise,
f:et up, D.rir:e, l.efl.ve,
I .
be removed, be lifted, brr- men-
tioned
11>1" contC:lipt. {f ) .
cf t ': f1 '1 contCT!!})t
liP,. * !'lovcment
11>H be eaten by ,.;arms
( e -' - 1 r. " 'rl t '1 on account 1'11 wonn
of) he WM
,
mention, bring up
(a sUb.iect take off one's
hands, ghoe this child in chris-
tening
take off
.,. n. christened
motive, beginning, point
of departure, reason, origin
christening pJace

e 1 Ii If, " "'1 t father confe:.sor
" tid): n'1 r 1 office of'
, ,
confessor, confessorship
( 1 Ii c: eagle
"n dampness
animate (vo)
, be
wa.'te up
crack
C; 1"- despfse "
tc; 4> be held in contCl;1pt
, ; l contempt
* 'nt/ofli ilL
r leopard
rea.d
,
take charge
, 'hn'1nn have recited, cause to
reei te, make rena
, 1111 reading
*
mutter, gabhle,
mum.ble
1- decorated hide mat
, 1 (an dispute, disputation, quarrel.
. Fast of IUneveh
touch
be affected
'tf "1 be pleasing
't1): h 1 poke
that ir. of.the type,
is of the kind of
if'n L. immerse, dye
* Ylt, n 'n.r break (the f?-S:t)
, d).. C disgrace, shame
\
)
(
* HI.., 'n f7 ft H L. swing (the hockey
stlck)
1
1- Ii, hC'ilit:sl C; H H )
"fill
t;H.H c0i1fess
t ') H H confess, m .. 1..ke t.he las (..
will
testator
[See also 'I- "lib ]
drive
burn (vi.), be angry
light ....
e
b... infect .
bec!:une da .. m, dnvn (vt.)
'\ J t dll\m (n.)
1 L tell
t 1 L be annow1c.ed
1'i'1l speak
'h 1 L converse, discuss
'J who
l11) J 1 [ talking
expression, way
speaki!1fi
11 " f i d Q r t 6"t, l. q f
nY}}V', tnl- w- cnnptC'l' by-
,( in P:;a 1ms)
n,f: ci:r-cular houce
q\:eza
VT1JU,. queen (see '(,.}V )
1 Jr dn!-.71 (n.);, see
1 deal in
q
JJ} merchant
(See also '1 C17 ! ],
* host, provide
,hosp5tality, propitiutp
1 J>; tribo
1PJ.. (v.)
make
1C1};, co:rmerce (see )
t ,,0} t. commercial
tTl be white
m 1\ separate
17) m l\ cut up
corranerce
11th separat.e {:fromL apart
[See also ]
[See also \1(, 1 L. r,', C + r ] kind of which is not
,
C affair, (see )
1 t : 'n rn'
'"
'-
11 \ 1lr "t : l\ by the \m"f
1 L r (see t ) """
C. t f litigant (see 11. )
,"/''' "''i};;2;Rt
J
er

J" l ; 1 &11 tL. t", b .,t

J""d.
doubled and has stripes on both
ends (see mJ\ )
be melted
m;P: ,,1\ be h0
1
1ping (gait)
"

aon
"
'.' ,
tear out
"
be free.
'n
free 01' charge
1 itl1.
c
l'endcnce
[Sec also ') '9) )
,. 9\ tn ( clennliness, puri ty blO .. lne-
lessnesl) (see )
1 independence (see' )
parable
inflate
"\ porridge
.5ln blow (of wind), be in the air
. (rumor)
",Ii influence

he has a
smattering of education)'
+ l.fJ take fresh air
[See also t;!..n, "'ttl r
soul (see H .. f'1 )
h ; a tD cp reach the age of
reason, be mature
-
t h:. /) 1- spiritual child
e fi. h" 'h'1'1 father . confessor
q..;f
e ' i b.. 1 be stingy,' &tl'ire.t st,'hi
< 'U l\ g'rn.iu, food
'tJ 6'\', lJ}} sustenance
hiP'} now
'hu.:'rn even now, still
'h'" 11 numeral
m. r Sunday
, 'n 1'1 say, eo something
(tIll r : h /) go to the right)
( n /)Ij)- l-;t him have it!)
t,., 'be said, be'terrlled
say to each other
'hh'1l\ have said, ar,k to sny
without without
.
regard to
\
-nita thinking
i-ntro , in ... the

i.ll, in C : :9 l\ for God I s
I
sake
criP'l, see above
..
'" 11 he is, there is
nll (Ol) he has to, he MlSt, he"
should
9'b : h " 111 W(I..a.t business is it
of mine?
n $ ,., n l from allover, in various
places
a 1 ()
J h Il). If! if there l.S an.v
lSce aJ.!;O ,",,/)\ J }
i, last-minute addition to the
lond.
ululu.tion
n., ?i ern wer Id "-
t D, 1'; 1I:n rr world name
o,}\ 6J) 'l worlcUy, seculor,
worldly person
01} 'l r world.liness
H n T' eternal
01} aim, purpose
h/)"ll:?roper na."lle
It At/> be over, come to an end, be
spent (in prayers)
who is out of ;wmething
rill j chief, vicar" rank in religious
teaching
enl.'\1CrttJ' 'h,)? vicar
7,lIn milk (v.)
'h l>r bangles
"01\1 day
01) 'oJ : Q ?) ) day after day
. tb/)l daily
p b 711. daily laborer
tJ ]) 't : n 0, l\ fest i val
e IJ l) l : rC n daily bread
e b}) t : P E lly consuroptipn
nOll t: f on thp. same day
thnt very day
'f.tn;J whip
f tn:l.inGtay (see 'i..?l )
otherwise, or else
"iHi I)i) othel"oflSe, or else
'hl)'; bed
h l'l, stew made without
e" itT kind of dish
h h b.. pass, exceed, run out, tro.nscend
('ntt,S:, '111!. outside of that)
h II A.. let pass, pass the time"
serve (drinks), go spend
( til;e)
('Ia 7/\ f. :r1f1l expose (the body)
'h i1 t7}" let pass, tranSmit
:V'iolnte, break (the law), "
transgress, be handed down, he
p
transmitted
a little
n II f 91 and further, moreover
occasionally, from
,. '.a
time to time, now and then
( 'Tl.'. "It II f beyond, bes ides,
outside of)
passerbr
t61l J f imperishable'
6l bedroom chamber
-n D1l for nun
311
, .. s(
....
nif1) l) had
salt ba.r
\ Lord, God
ncdlator (see 01}1l.e, )
1;n.,r,hurt
. jC1lO'n Get ill

line of workers in the field
h!1.1 rank in
lines
'neTJL be bea.utiful, be attractive,
be colorful, be refined .
hOT}L proper }WEe
jl1lL handsome, splendid
'h i1 'fl fE ,,;ell (aav.)
'11 ? lr ,bird of prey
hG'T't c: if Amharic
'hT'H't five
-,.,,.,,h'tJ quintessence
"7\ refuse
.
n?"b'1 C bracelet
.'
,It Mra:}
lady of the hUUse,
flJ OUr Lady
1'> -{PI P> many, m.lch
:ntrJ) l handmaid
nalll father--in-law
n m> believe
;tn \ be believed
witness
woman
loyalty
,
'h. ?'7) '}} nothing, l;lis:;htly
hl1l)1 witness (see >l.11I )
nlt\ kind of thorn
1liflJ'rt middle
n 9 '1) t, in f1"1j't) e, through
the be means of
h 1fT) t- ashes
o,b t column
'h IJbIf\ tn the ',"aY it Was brought., intro ..
duction (sec 111M) )
'} 41
" f (
;'1Jl}r.}) intennediary in betrothal (Stf 07M1)
'h c: (f female singer
h LIiD 'ieed, correct'
; LIT> be refined

L'[J weeding
'h t. tTl) ins ignia,
,
'.
"" t l['>, in "1, CIJ1)- '1 : h (l) "l release one's
inhibitions
L/::nC name of a gate in Harar
t, C ball for hockey ,
} 0
'). c:.c. : -n Ire: '1d\q,n cry bitterly
). Ln plow, farm (v.)
;J l.n be plowed
Lh what is to be plm
o
led
field, fanning, agriculture
T
G1}Ul plow (n.)
'1l1r h \a.rturient (woman)
a 12 .

j i"l il
" I I
. .
Tee fl.ll., 1' .... j;: i. n.l, C(;!C"1:e'w-,rnte
{f,Cr: 'h rurl )
'1lf'7;l (j) 1> NL--:C k'1:);m (s('c a tDcj> )
.
D !"e tcn
n i1ffr1> " neC'jtniilt, to' be
Dr c. " rl !l, 1 f0Ul' 0' clock
'femi11[l.!' u(j)(b )
IJ '
,
'htl.ll,r. ..;on::,tn!ct!on, of
iflg food UJ (r )
cvi1ence (sec )( ).
'hh + ftli \
rt'i1+Jft

_ 'lho hhS (see nH }
arpcnl'anc<:, vit!w (see r.f )
DJimini stl'?' xg ).
'hh L t', 't evidence (f:ee -l(. ) ''''1+ 1,.e. C
'11 nn thi nle,. into" cons idcl'r..t i.on e'h ti .Q r: adr.li.ni:>tr::..ti ve
'nn think I1bouj, it 'hh t .Q. upbring i.nG hs' "7 ) .
;I nn be taken into consideration
, .
'hh;fmn help \1'afih,. (:;ee "'ron)
( J n 11 unexncctcdly)
'h n t IT} to Ei wny of being fol<:Cd
n !;U::-... (see )
D'tln-n belief brin/?; about the betroth3.1
..
J,"l-n idea., plan " (see )
concern (n.) "' urgent (see )
'hh+:; n-fl way of thinking n urgently
J t tit U- way of
thinking)' ,
1'0 ) h n. j reT!lembrRn.::e
't fire
n f1 t'l" I>.. I see '" '" .
'hh+trt teacher (see * l11)L )
'hht 01l bit teaching
'hh+ r? i, see 'hfiL
. h t'" n 11 way of thinking
(see )
1'Iht'l'}'h7\ adjust, trim, straighten,
straighten up (see n II )
.. wltil
7,n'tl .tLl7
untH
n ,,11 1.. '\ body
S n7n/'p Ifli
coffin '
I
').n'f} r,J dance consinting of shoulder
shrugging
hi, 'h (or fiJLJ, ) .
perform the askasta
ti 'f) 1 1: Ale:r.andri.a
scout
10

. n tl It l/i
.,. ' , .,.;(1 :..rn7.1 .,' /
nnr'; hJ.1..:1
. 'silence!
1.' thorn"
,. .
rrq, 3tccpcd
. ..:
e 'l.t 'h n.1>.
6enn _
: 'i\g,1.1. rub
"ti')'.C 'servant
"nf san,i
(seenfl )
. a.cross (see .J(- '1L )
. .,
property 'custodian
.
tl abi.lity, means,
financinl means
"
<
<Tn '. 'h t. tp: $, l..'; rea.ch
puberty (boy), oe reature (boy)
e-
$
Dcpf1', tf\ tr' ; L.til rea.ch
puberty (girl)
" 1,l D q,tnr as much n.B it can
'ht'1' makeup (see I'D )
lea.the:r:
0,(,1) Scorpio (constellati')n)
'n q, /., n J neighborhood, vic ini ty
(see cpLn )
'h * posture, religious dnnce
. )
Off' credit society
"
t
..
!:locicty
'h q,.t r b 4 plnn, -r. l,tlC
ur!>onu;t -It 'Pm" )
r.
T)u'1ish'":<:,pt ('iCC 4>41 ) .
;'m1. )
.,.. ;'6... t."nke in one IS r
s
;t" l be embrnceloi, ho).:d in one's'
am.s
, il- a.mlond
h' s wallet
ar';:>ellation for ])Ionk
c:>
-
[See also 11'1 ]
'.
'fa'" (:pI. 'hnQ-I ) elder,
forefather
'h r niclma..1lle of Liabr(i Qt)ddUS,
;;/1 .. '" ".
a,n Ethiopian saint of the 17th
century .
appellation for monk
[See also )..'1 ]
n r l\ :first boiling of coffee
'hnl. join up, collaborate
t,.., n L cooperate
.,,-n I! together
"I-n L! ,.. f1 society
'H'lL.t 'solidnrity, cooperation,
union; associating
",nn wipe
, "'''Inn wipe
"
.
e.
, i
!
f
e
p.'
. "

..
, '>.
. "
7"dln

1\(\'1
flo:,.;er (n.)
,
""nt
tie Joosely
'hr"}t
father
\
'nrlf: "A l)''t' po.rents
,
1- P-tf). the father
h n, t : ;1'1 i\ to
e '
.. [See also Nrbt-l )
---
.
. flet dung
.'
, .1, I'b t} peti t,ion
,.
[See nlro 'r. fb't )
"
. "'d"b 1.
1
.. + 1. P . submit fi
peti bitm '.. ,
-t
: n nt..:t: $ub;;1it a",'

\) , '
title of. a bishop
of 'Petros
.. ..
'7t n (j)- see h f)
.. I ...
n.fl f tl). 'most (Eiee )
''h11 f1. f Go,: 1. Ii, most of the time,
, mostly; uSua.lly
a '1 Blue ,Nile ..
. "n,t/l-, .. see" , 'h'"
'h n!- be cra.zy, become crazed
nnm . distU!b
."." proper name
II
dreg s
\
" ..
"

1) + r: pee.
h't plant)"vegeta'oles (see 1;71) )
r.-.
. !,"".
somethinj; like? someone with
"

'h 1 n ,become small become smaller,
_---. .co r"
" be fl;W, be too 1i ttle
.,.. have little of
: 'h1'l be few, in' number, be-low
a.t least
... little, small, few .
. 'It insufficiency
,
11).\ .. ,"
'nn
"n they
." r}'l-" them
crock
"n ,.r f7 ..
:
1 fUJ, in 'Yl ). '\ I" ,
beginning' frdm, ..

ranging from, starting with (see' ) ...
h choke
't., ''1? .?\ egg
,. 1 ", l'I ,.,J
(STrng for toting 9abies,
'h) 4> fall asleep
< ,
'h 1 II ft' '
h ip 11 kind of platter
31 fl
tr1l
tr
l
h
I I.;(;r Yeo.1'
'Y-,1 4 t obstacle
e.
-'
I
/
e
"l,1'l tenr (n,)
n '\ '1 '. j m n be be.thea in tears
. lion
: 'h11
1 't f in n '1;1 t h f1Tl', " IT) C S r in
ta.1<e!
'), ''l even
..n +- imperfect + "" 11): even if
n,.",'J, pike
.
i.l '1l , even, let alone
-n + +.''1.1 Y.J.1
'though

even
'.1\ 11 t "'11 ',)1 "f70. ?tIL Hap:9'J
JI
Easter!
Happy New
Year!
Happy New Year!
'1Il,f
h1.t fJ.II t .a couple
.,., 11' : l} together
'1 , k ;
n 1)" 50;aQtbl $o,..tt ,'ttets
[See [:0 'h '- if' I '1 t
'}
-
"1,1z! like, [i.3, according to
ij! ... (,per-feet) as SO!"Jll as, as
much as
<
'"" 1 t + perfect + 1J.h- a.s thoWsh
111 '1 ro--., U- A- as thoue
h
he
ul'lderstood)
'"it1! + negative perfect +
just as though
\ '1."" + relative + t},.,
according to
+ negative imperfect + "U-'"
as if
+ negative verb + tf? as
though
as thOURh they had not been
engendered by the same parent)
, 9. + noun + IJ. fr just as

"1 + verbal noun + trim;
inasril\Jch as
',11, + v.erbal noun + 111 UJ L 'i on
the on the basis
('l 11 , /).', "0. spending thp day
somehoW)
....
" , t' + (imperfect) so' tha:t, in order
that
, ,
.." 1t + iroperfect + Sf) 1) in order
so that

.
..
'1', 't 't) thus, sue h
h 'IJ " n" l,t V thus, is
\ A. CJ.. thus, likewise, Sir'lply
;,''''-u,Cj'1) likewise, also
'3 .t 'tl 'f thus
" i !. ,in D, + perfect +
. "n t2. if
" !' ,1'1..
h _u as they are
'h"'.f'f also, or (see ),1 R: )
'hl.t? ' .. 'h 1 !-'!" either. or
+ (negative verb) net one
"\ '\ 9.1"1 'f somehoW'
somehm'l
.,., ; c n. a r-.alicious force 'Which
in a.
"
fa.shion
'f, '1 ,g l' first, firstly, main (see
'h}9; )
h'\1r', of L.&;: iJ &l ': Ib't primary t
school
h , suddenly
. n t5J.. tp in ar.y case, in fact, as
a matter of fact
.
1 t /1.. C). likewise
." 1 91JJ. 'f' in any case
.,
;!la.. but, except
tJ. 1 " h '\ :( nevertheless
" -
(jussive) + ''It even though
(":' F, i\.. ". b
.. ".\ /7; C ,e..' .,. c _1Cf}
drops r.eavy things or scatters s" .. ct 0,.
stepchild

in people I s food
:n. '\ J'.,. h 'l'l" industry
'h1.2n} talk
n .t l unity, agreement, t03ether
(see .'It It )
in unison
.
joint

s'orne
(see t
)
1 ,fl
some.
l

each

'It 1-'l1 sometime,s
. "t, , 1. 1 I, more or less '. sCYl1ehow,
crudely, nothing m'Uch
I
, ' b raspberry
h' 11' entrails
." 1 I l lr It soothe one I s
entra:i...ls, be pleasing
.), 'a "1 n carry ,around
,,,. put 0:1 the shoulder, wear on
the neck (see h '(1)- -)
h; 1; neck
,.,.. " , l : " place of neck
, e '\ 1 'I- ; C S 11}} : 6)11 h shawl,
. scarf,
'stranger, guest, unusual,
,strange
a 1 'i
\
..
'hYJ 1t first.born


"fa 1 (j) L. C; th
, (tl". Entotto (na:r:1e (;f ln9untej n)
O'1ffil wood, piece of wo;')d
"" '1:n t Galla kind of milk rod"d
'h i 9, t ,in n .. - 'h '\ C in con-
trast to
"h l" really
'n II AcqU3. de Selva (bea.'.lty
product)
7.. 'tJ.)1 fashion, style (see )
'n 'rJ l1, .t gait (see tt )
be E;qUfU.
n'l1l1 (1\1) rAd, contribute
"7\ be filled in
adjust, straighten,
straighten up,' trLm
I
t h+'1l1ll equal-, be c(:)nnected
..,. n. J "o,-\. '
[See als 0 n:rrn /) ] -
'h'16'\ body

middle
as much as
l\,,t ;rll .,1) 01 'at midnight
disruption
'h n In treat medically
. ;h;cl'/) be trE:u.tcd meJic.:o.l1.:r
neighborhood
respecting (n.); see 'nn C"
h.
'h'tli) scra.tch
;J 11 il rub slightly
j :peer (su 'h
)\"1 acadE->my
, ('fIC". h'111\f'L military academy
'n "1 f:t. spade, shovel
fMt .f S-tWlJt\Aj
nCl,\.1l. spirit "1 0
"hfire,. male, chief
'hrJrb- C; highway
'nfD. ia wild animal
'hft;lr 1; sub-province
'hID- L1 song leader (see tiJ L. )
'M> n reflect, ponder
'h 1'7 ;I tlH1 recall, remind, -com-
mernorate
P:J tDi1 recogni ti.on
a 1J)tf, find out
1
tit inform
+ tp/Dr be acquainted with each
other
'hh) tD1> make known
'" (1+ f t1J + ca'use to be familiar,
acq\lB.int

ab;l6) 1! f of belrw: known
O
,
lJT T del ibeln.tely, 'Willingly
11 'f t learned, p,ro;'":1-up
CJ r c knm .. le:l;;e, e:v:pcrtise
b
DG-ft k'1owlcc4;e
''/! tv- truth
'1. t1}- 1'1' indeed
f true
{4"t'l.AGto'\.,

(see * tp 7\ I ).
"'tptb kind or sm.:.cc
n ar,t circuit
at-.a; il
V
r title of' a book
on magic (written in Geez)
-,
C1 f : proclamation, decree,
stated purpose
hIP '''' the way in which it cwne
about, procedure (see eT1"l)
cOllununal inquest
'hHA carry on the back, put on
back
nlltfJllr harvest, cultivation
"ffiT1lL., min,trel
1't minstrelsy
"'1"" dung

" H r; workinp; days
f, tl\ be sad, be sympathetic (townrd)
'hH"If r mourner
lln'f 1-1 who has sympathy
[See a.bove tOHl ]
't.I1U ordor (v.)
; H be ordered, obey
,;Jl-lJf obedient
;J wJ f obedience
11-111i cO!lll1'.and, order, instruction
"h e see, conSider
; r be seen, appear, be considered
'I- j ,see each other, be
.
ep.ch other
opposite
'hh + J r t view, e.ppearance
'h rll prevail, beco:ne prevalent", pre-
dominate, be in preponderance, be
overwhelming, be a lot of something
h P l\ '. ']." be considerable, be
prevalent, be very many
'" t l)' . .,,/f1 most ot'tien
h It- fJ:'equently
1, gib many.
plane
"'1 n.S'
',11 cheese
airport
'h n, l'I p-: n, +', iT1' ) OJ IV} JubLJ.ee Palace
'h g
eye
'1 1 f'
t) t
'h4.l.'I r.hy
shyness
0, i \.. 1 " q i\ (rn) his eyes ha.ve
lighted on him
..- .
shwr.e on you!
be scrutinized ..
Il, e, f' ki nd, tYI>e
f1 , ' " h l' wo:nen of every .type
n y 1 t of various kinds
e, .,. typic al, irr.}) ort ant' ,
essentia.l
each (sec h ')t )
0, fit; l:t' shy (see )
'h e, pr.J coure.ge!
j, t g H join together (sec J f1 )
h j gii ' grip, handling (see J H )
e IT?) 1 \ J J 11 landholding
p n, 't: n J J Il keeping bouse
j.2C: gradually (see of L )
h 9.', 'YJ n. L kind of ,zar-spiri,t
fJ distribute, band out
; .eo h be distributed, be
fortunate
tJ t 1\ fortune, good fortune,
luck, fate
age/lj,fe; hurray!
brO\:lI'fl the whole life
O.t1f1l. Ub /)11f he is short-lived
(l tJ R' fI\ ; lit get older ,
in,a.ge
hCf.l.rer (see )(, s"JTlm )
h R. L spend the night, ;:;tn.y overr,ight,
las t through the night, tn':e ser-
vice 'With, be deYoted to
h r1 r. L raise

;. 9. L a li v1ng
rt
'" h+ J', 1.. L administer
'hh+ .e. r: adlninistration
( 1, r. administrative)
fact of staying around all
devotion
the night
lTI t .9, i.J 1. B:dlninistrat ion, means
of making a living
'h.2 lr trus:t ( n. ); plea.se !
'" burial society
-
C + member of a burial
society
t + if : '''I/'' burial soe iety
funeral attendant
buria.l society
membership
." lrn hall
"" . t the la.nguage of Harar,
, '
." $. ti ' be new
;J ti be renewed

ncVl'
'h.e.. h : t. n'l Addis Ababa
" 11 to} If.ercatC'
1-. "t newness
fTl.ti.f.i1 means for repairing
;...e, '1 'H, publ ic square, court
1'] 'HI tD If\ the public
'j.
assembly is conducted
AdoM. SqUr,1.re '
'h ' is 'n!?. Y 'n n '1, t.:asqal'
nower
'h 1 grow, grow up
"-,!, t>1 ()
n',oJ, Brow vt. , enlarge
'h r + 1\ .r. C7') , upbr inging
"".e: hand
n rl n t be handled ,too much
""I :tvG artisan
.,. t 'i bow, greet
gii't
sleeve
,,1" narrow-sleeved shirt
"
,,In escort (v.)
110 be escorted
make accompany
'hliL escort (n,,>
U- ,rJJ- with escort
1: 1 slee'le (see 1: )

"l m" 0{1 narrow-sleeved shirt
-
(see 'f,j; I m'1.()
')-,1/1 (fem, ) so-and-so
"h 1 6\ -i 1\ bas kct
n 1 C. country
"/,1 Lo native
'" 1L " l,.t governor
"Ii C1} C foot
..,J: "'h ct} c plac e 0 f the foot
I';
\ gazelle
..... \"H..', on the way
C : " 11 r anklet
.x- 01U1 appeaS'e (hunger)
I
'h 1 t. in "I,'tJ l)', '. J 1 + 'Whose
sustenance is'assured, lit. the
one who has received food and
as a surety
7,? spirit
'l,1H hell',
,;I1H be assisted
-':;1 1 II help each other
")P'i ta.nned hide, sheepskin
IiC God
'hfI'J H,' j m 0 Ii- may God console
God
M , It' antelope
h 1 !.. prevent, keep ftom, dam up, deter
'h stalk (of sugarcane, of maize)
'h' "l1lJl. ' in -X '\ t" X, t1) tt by chance
'11 J Itl. supervisor 0. banquet;
see" 1 b..L.
'1? 1
t) .....
'hfll nuns, lose, not find,
)Ii) be nosc'11., oe
0,11) lot
tJ 11):. .R l. n if)..
"
winnine lot
'nml.. be short
'hmL./Sl- he is short of
n1 m 1. ' shorten, roll up
(sleeves)
'ntt>,t brief, short
." 1Ill. construct n fence
" I1l r fenc e
'hm n ,,:ash
-,
j 111" "'"nsh oneself
'.
, .
be folded
t"l r;' b, be folded
"'ht"l m f' the way of being
folded
[See above tJ tn If tt
crease (s'ee: Om! )
hffi be engnged (to Tna;ry), be nffianced,
design.(set
'1
;J.fA be be:trothed, be nomin&'Ged
'nht e.l). hl), bring about the betrothal
"Itt;n:
r.n f betrothed, f'innce
means for
'" brief, short (see 'J, m L )
'.
11 m 1., briefly
n c: rz . swindler
'hh!mn help wash fiance, betrothed )
"'mal the i.tmnediate neighborhood, i mow
parish
r. ffl rt J dawn
t h J : "n'" morning star
Ome, fumigate, smoke with incense
a ttn incense
pole
'hIfJH
be pure
'h ITnfl nearness, close to
n , .. 'nm1 f) ncar
rJ m b. fold
'It m rnovi ng
sickle
"'fI. sovereign, king
o e 'f' skeleton, remains
.t>
o e t f7 't ancestral family land
Of},,. things done in return
D r;; It hair shirt
" ff.R Ln put on the hair
If- mouth
" It- 'It stop speal-:ing
n,. ; tV t1) become brash
\
.,
hI)). tTl + i)1 L sper.k openly
'h b.. J (nt) learn to tu.i.k
h b. d legend
. 'h A.. L be ashamed
. sha:ne, put to
if. L+ sh:t.'lle, sexual parts
(See also 0., Ei I]!t c ]
'h !. C dirt, ore
7;, A.. r r1 j communal' inquest ...
'rJ 'Africn
f h b'r) : h. ft, ir71 Hall
." !,rl tnke a fistful of grain with
two ha.nds
0'
'J., b;h:"'.)7f7 transient, 1 it. who cups
4It the hands, Who over (that

is, one who holds C"" his hands
o in supplication for a.lms and bows
'in thanks)
nose,
see
. "C : "n breathe a sigh of relief
'h !. m. stare
n
11 out of, f'r0Tll
.,., ,,:J : fl:J from place to place
"'.t'l 'rJ .t 1 ':21 from tent
to tent
\
11 + Since, if
f
h + perfect + 11 I. once (cpnj.) 0
+ (ncf,ative verb) unless
)') '1." (PI. 'tl " . 'I' ) prie"t
i l' priesthood
,F
n t, 'fllV i 't priesthood
-11
t
/,2, see '1,,e
'n If) renegade
11 h mourning cloth
coolie; porter
..
1}1I '1llt )
'l" put kohl
..-
o 't /) kohl
1;-/\ kohl
"'1111 screen (vo)
." (n.)
"
'n/l. \. '1l clinic
'n1'l 'nil refuse
[See also J
'rIp'r pile (n.)
;-till.,,"" take gulps
Jl../r proud ( s ee ,., [,. )
ttl. pond
nC thread
I A., 111 en [, spun thread'
'J1!". be proud
'" 1"[,. be arrogant
t'b:.'/.i'! be proud
proud
a2:1
,.

b-,\ H, . K.vrie EJ ei.!}on
I
t.,., t.11J rr;. ) for SO!t;C time
also 11 C tf" ]
'h c r next (see 'h L IfJ )
1H. rTIl,1\ candy
v
1J.z:t:nquarter of a gasa
11 L L be i ntcns e ( quarrel)
'0 lrC harp
'q lrC '. L i L plu.ck the harp
'n 1.r(' e/f7 l(vrie Eleisop
(See also TIlr'l7) n )
r;. n r r christening
be christened,
'be baptized )
o
'n c h 1 ; h "'t christen,
give the child in christening
have the
done
,., r. h't,: ;.. , fi. i baptisn,
Christian
f 'f1 &. 11 h rp baptismal name
f'fl C h 'If; "'1 f godfa.ther
C 171 r; "f'f godmother
also Y, c h t J J )
r stones
*' 'nttr, t)'nL t+
. l' c 1 saddle
c"i kind of tree
\1llnder
'r t. ; t eJ.ec1.rici ty, lighting, excellent
, .'fl r. )1 r. dispute
"L pebbles
* 'Yllr t, + lllr rent
lP r '/'Ilr WOILan
1l.:h l)ocll.Ct
11. 11: '1,0''''1' pick :vockets
'rln pay' recompense, pay
,'lttl''lh give compensation,
get compensation for someone
'f') "" recompense, cO!npensation
f7 legal charge (sec 'nn n )
't'l"1Ii accuse
't'hnn be accused
ac:use other
legal charge
Thi1tL, be strong (drink)
:'t}. h t 1= t7".. seriously
I
"1'1 cape
1Jf> vm..ll of stone
"'-0 (see 'rmn )
'll!. h t.!, Christian (see 'fJ C tiT ) 11 n 1.. b.'ecome rich
11 C. n myrah
't' I.. ." J hill
1'11 nL be be respected
: 'h n L celebrate, honor, respect
321
"
'h 1'711 n t. r..ake r ie h, en for('c
(the 11l\T)
't1n L : '1. J precious stone
"n'l n C the ,.q,y it. is celebrated
,
p n n h oecas ion for celebrating
"0 (I C honor, prest ige, vj rtue ,
observance, chastity
!i)-{\L: r, 0, t\ I!lajor festival
'n f'l. r. respected
'Yl11 C,. virginity
lIn dnun
'nne aft) beat the drU'1!
''11nrt surround
tllnn be surrounded, be encased
'I"n-n circle
'I(l{l circular
l'Hll livestock
'tl- 'lJ cup
,'nn \ be heavy, become n. person of
substance
,'1'l I') t 0; '1./\ be heavy, be heavier
:11'1 t hea.vy, impressive
;'n-;I 'large with embroidered
stripe on each end
.'1). limitrophe
'Yl1 in e"n: Sunday clothes,
,
finery, the best clothes
e ' (see' 1'lof t )
.. 'n t 1\, font,., follow
t 71f t 1\ l:cep track" be consec-
utive \
",tll following after
follower
* 11 i h 1'), "1' t /'I "(l make become a
Catholic
l' t /). 'n Catholic
* 11 tn, ,,'t1 t fT1J fini sh, be f\pished
'fit", city'
'114-lT1l, city folk
'1'\+11'1 r city dweller
'nttrf) f quality of a city
on J +1[' the way A. is
constrUcted
'nfL embank, imposed
'n fir eve of Epiphany
'O).fI amulet, chn.rm
'Yl tf- tuck away, put in storage
tl1 tor be kept in
o
'rtf in 'fn : l)-(Jh ' SWlda.y clothes,
,
finery
't'} t l't kind of strong drink
'th1 'ntt cultivate (plants)
11 t , ; ,.1\ .! a.ppear
Ii! chopped mea.t
'zit, i1 ;." over one's head
1\ l1 i vanity
'J ') ,.
t)t:; d
..
perform
. /l) be perf'ol'r.1ed, be
be carried' out
. 'S1' elbo,,", , cubit, arm
, -*' 'n 1 proper mune
"0 \ It wlng
"Yl"l b... 1:. lip
e1i1 r. '1> 1\ ", lipsti ck
* 'r}'f", f 7, h "'P'} neigh,
"'}'I) J cackle (r..)
, Tl '0 cr'.lSned grain
I{) kind of dich
l" 'YH1 s tOor
cast a
cnsting
horoscopeS'
"l'l;t. (n.); see * 't1?'}
'h,M Ir cane
1\ Ii Lr /i1) "" carry a cane
'llj "n in various places, from
all over (see )
'-' "J1 ,dragon
,'tll renounc e
* .. :n, () , see V
... """
e l" canteen, leather
.,thatch .
t'Yl9, be th:itc!led
';11\'1 r0(;f clothing
bc ho.d
"s
"n to. in a 1m{ state
'h ,.., !t 'P' it is not a bad idea
TIt evil
1-.11 rise
11 Ii- j f\ large, ill'.portant
1\ t "Her; lift and lower
.,., ft.! aJ.titude
11- tf. : 'i1- Et : h/) gurgle
'nit evil (see '11 t )
11 A.71 pay
t'Y} Is. participate, share in,
divide up
7llr l1\ Ii:i. ville
'h l') A, 1\ ai vide up
be divided
divide .
payment, share, division
., 'Yl :l;>articipant, sharer
[See also Yl,.I>]
''n,l\ share, part, category (see 't'llt ' )
U," region
HIfI'; century
.'n A. t, )
t" t be opened, open (vi.)
altitude (sec 'nit', 'J./) )
.., A \ wrap up for the burial
'1 ') f
( ) " 1

)
'h It 11 " i 1.1 flatten
11 to. 2; vel vet
\1 t. j sh:.l.re" dhrision
(see "'''1\ )
'Y' r0!:ll'td cap (on head)
. .
,Jut on 1, e cap
wate
..
fetch wnter
cl.rm ... water at
flooding
If h sp nd the day, spend the time
at hOJ:l.e, , be celebra,ted (of
holiday) be held (of 'I' .. Il.rket), be
applied, Jlt!lke use of, be used
"" '\ .l tp l'l I1).l)o I.t spent the day
}:mehow (lit. having spent the
day he spent,the
-n + imperfect + 'r h keep doing,
sometht.ng (as in '" tI1r !t " tn m 11 tp"
she has been keeping
warm)
h f $ way of spending tI,e day,
\
time "hen festi vnl means
0:...
of a holidc.y
-I( f", rp 'P" ussist in the negotiations
u .. t" ,to", '
" l' tp e, exr.edi te;-
t Su ii.C,,, J

tJ>.1l agree.'Jl
ent
(:;ee * If' )
tJr,ll " h m'l; mhlte an agreement
:fly (banners),
'"'''ave
tDII, daughter (used in proper names)
ar fI J' contract * f 1) )
arllJ favor, good deed, grat.uity
.
c {}"J : (Ph do a favor
6).1)) : t'1] l) do good
'1IlI-I.U- who has one I s
9 " '
tJ)/)1.. give birth to
GJllt son (IASU t'",
lS parents
t native, offspring of a
family, '

birth
birthright
l\ J. J Birth of the Virgiu
r'lrl\,t generation
til Don, child
.-.....
[See also (1) /) t )
ID 1) t ; 1; r') mortgage, mortgaged, land.
(see 1 i )

. .


o
-e
.
... CD lr 1, tf)0t,.. talk
t -
(s.ee 6) l..o )
various ru.'ilorS
,
. '(DC month
I
n l'tV lr monthly (adv.)
4) 1. n inhcri t
'hmz,n bequcRtll
tIrti1 inheritance
heir
C {,t11f heirship
OlttrL.?i means of
.
'r. art,. n who
4
'1lml,.L h t:leans of
C ill family land: plot of ground.
t::.o :0'
C) gold
CD 1.1\ concluding line of a hymn
. CJ) lr 1 season '
f '''l plane tree, sycamore
--
hurl
G) 1...1 go down
n 6) L J.. let off , recite (verses),
.,.
OJ lr 1: who fetches water
'ht-lr jf song lender
'h tD lr L. i:: S htl.}"lC
frost
turn.
*" 0) ti , "'n remind, refer to something
f n guarantor
tDri, limit,. delimit, determine, eat
(0. elate)
t 1Dr1 be limited, ,b*: restricted,
be decided
'-...
p; specific
resolution, decisibn
at-hlJ) inside
cphrn.l. implicit meaning
n .. - tl).17t'J\ within, in
from among
fI). hr1 intrinsic
* mn tt, .f Il) be stuck (in)
lie .down close to .
arnr lie (n.)
tl) g, thresh '
t:D-iJ'threShing
. tl> tPL stones
fl., L9; while it is' handed down' '" t!rgr( custodian spirit
recite .'lil{j}5'n. spirit divinator
.
t. tJ) IT L .e. intone t lp} time
d).! ; 'l-rl intermediary
lJfil (see tD1J )
reading stage
328
.
3 I
, .
.
.,
6} fl bNl.Utll\ll (.:;ec Q}-'nr )
lir n) bequty. Q
e n proper name
"
O)t) ...... tK ,
. f tt 'be on .the G()
cD ,t .( sol,dier
to courage, zc"al.
-
f t\ chief, n'oL'l..in .

[SeC' also 'P )
0>"1 n r seat
P ---11)) n 1: sit at the'
feet bf
- COl brie('nd
(l}')1l t t;" b3.ndi try
princi:)al (see )
I.Pl1f river
a:n 11 '" fJ) 1. f.. 'go to the' river
for water
C> I: male, 'man
6) '\ e tf). the huspand
GIl !' r n:.anhood
a>1i fJ), b3.Chelor
ID 1 l' cr .. brother
0) 1 2- "'"
brotherhood
'"
(J) , t ) manhood (see (H t' )
tD criminal
" ." &\ dos Pf:' 1
. ,tt
* l.D !. ]), t (j) t) h." help each other.
OJ '1 t\ labor, things
done in ret urn .
OJU. 1) f.... ,;ho partic ipntes in
C oilL'f,unal labor
(f) As't sieve
tp; swim
em 7 pool
or :h 5 COTI'!:J'otion
CD Ii sheen, enthusiasm
..
dYH '. 'J., full of enthusiasm
.
-H '1"
-, T JO,C1ng
, Ii; t.ll eve
tV N t ,etc.
* Q) ( t fj) J e discuss
f utter cries of woe,
(5) e : rz profess ion:u mourner
, woe is me;
OJ cp or
(l) '1 gray
:woe is ne!
0) vine 0
tIl H (pI. G> '-ITa: ) lady
ro 1.1 young bullock
(J) 9.. 1"d, to
tD i + verbal noun + 0). tend
- /ll)-k precious (sec )
CD.ft.1J tm.re.rd here
'tl: and there
11\ plump
"
I) ') ('j
t) .,
,
. 31
.e

* IJ) g. J7 I 7, t)) ,R n l' t'
I '
4r 1) n,', D1} [. S r Pnl.ise of' lEry
(title of Look)
o . fall dmm, fall tnto d '!.:'; Uf) e
there
OJ y"j', f.i).t LJ and forth
Q) J : ID J. .. 'J', /,71 go around here
and there '
4> IV- r .ight after
(l) . J.. love, like
t fi)ii. be liked, be loved, be
beloyed, be popular
hip tJ.. hook up, }?ut together
friend
aJ fr iendship
",
popular
ttl) Jal t,.t popular.L ty,
desirability
nil}.. nt'fection
e", . popular
precious
'1 friend (see 6) g. 9.. )
e I 1)1
tJrl-<1)lr- rletterly-Gras (kind of. rifle)
tv J pi,cree
pierce

talk, convcrsaJ:,.ion, :;torj', custo:n
llJt')", 0 Ltf> e. talk'lns, at
lenr,th, ir.dulr,c in converi;ation
n tP!1] l)J'opcrly
.tpJ price, reward
'P'J '. "h/)I))- be appreciated
n ... 'PJ in rel'lard for
flf'] .tJr"1 ID-L.2- dicker;!,
lD1l) plo\lshare ring
hip, waist
I1J 11 side, f3:lllily, tea'll
"* tJ) 11'1, h fD 1 M
oJ- ID 1 t1 'be execrated
* CD 11.; 'f ([) 11- be avoided
'h h C1l1 P get away, rid of
.....
CD '? &:- supportill5 post in the house
OJ- J J 'i sunray
Q)"l go out, co.me, from, be produced,
transgress
, ,
......
( 0) III overcome)
( 0;)-- "1', tJ.). l..e- " :#' lr 1'1 L" bargain
and ha,egle)
'" to f1),' produce, payout, ta.1t;c out,
get out, make of something
( 'n tD IT) ", I\) Z, .2. ponder)
(
discuss thoroughly)
,.-- aao
I,
'"
')'
..
...
e
h h I)) 11) have t
'" 1> "l c0nir
out, .
t'D II) " f.,A go out n lit tIc .. ray
( IT)'. (-J...1- a li ttlc out!;idc of)
t lj) II) l) 1 PwCco:J",pl ished,
success1Ul
'hmlT'! ro procc:dure of producing,
the way in hhich it about
0"1>,( r,o. contribution
fI1I fD.. fJ1, ex i t
result,
[See also (j) hf: r i}}.r.z>.l
In sauce
f If) s.:allov
, 'P r.:e3.T:S for th ings
pa.J.atab-1-e
Q) 10 L stretch, distend

t fD m L be stretched.
( n 't .. tID'" 1, be full o:f
ll> If} t youth
(D-tn, r result (see Cb Il) )
G> mt1\ kid
G>'2.\ eXllendi ture (see ro Il) )
outside (see G't) )
lin; outside of
"> bird
It> " h rr '}'l kind of zar-spiri t
A.4 '. 'hl\ be rather thick
grinder, mill
H
- in II because of this
rlIP, ('}cphant
t 1-i lJ> J?) C f7 ivory
hiL!l". Ji! "f/rlm 'hll lema:: a
deef ear
H llcp go through, go :far, proceed,
go in, penetrate
i H 1) '" proceed
H j') 't>" n.A :further
t! '1't permanency
e Ii tJ' lasting-
/) ,t tel. for periods
7) H " J fj).. :forever
H "l ) nomad
* H, tJ1> 'II f!n'1l chant, s ing
,
hymn
J1GT!',J,1'a take up zema chant
1. 2.. sing a song
;t2':-nj}. quietly, Silently
krmD'O hang down
Han!. sing
bymn, clinging
kern J expedition, foray
()
H (71)"\ time
S II J.. out-of-date
. 11 tff)} : el advunced in age

nHt.,.. at present
PH (11) 'r mod.ern
P HlJ'1) 'L til) 11 Yeal'
H tTl) r:xlern
H OJ) S ' '1 !:Joderni ty
H '/> :'h-nCll nalne of
person
*" (fb t. t rl {JTJ '" be related, be

nrf eJ> 1 make rela.te
[See also H (ri> t f 11 )
H a'D (pl. 'h li ("7 : ) ve
( see *" 1-1 tr1l )
HCJb'p": '1) 1"1 CJT},t' relatives
H
11'1\ D .n r,\ ;'iho bas a lot of
,,,r'i,..
relatives
;('1"tr (Gee *" )
k Ir sow
., H lr be sown .
P 6'tl.H b- "hat is to be sO ..... '11
[See also He]
Hr: descent, lineage, group (see Hlr-)
,., 1-.> today
H 2. p>: f1, even today
until a month
from today
zar-sp:i.rit
p c:; I znr' Z offzpr ing
,... L go around
h H L., turn (yt.)
tH TO) l, GO a.round from place to
place, be transfe:--'red, wund.er about
H (! :' fI J! finally, in the last
analysis .
If L.l all the way around
H L 1: : 'h! L 1 spread
,., t h': J r) (i1-n name of king
H L Ii L list, explain in detail,
discuss in detail
\
H'1-I12 one by one
1'1 Cl1C detail (n.)
It /., J a:l the way around (see /I L )
n .. ' J around
n H- b j t:V. around it
Ii L J stretch out
-I H LJ be spread, extend (vi.)
H L 1 b., spread out
H-Lb. rob
t H LA. be robbed
-H lrh plunderer
H lr q. '. )., nn young buck
H cp scoop up (dung)
11 tp: '1.1\ be low, be inferior,
lessen (vi.)
small, little, low
11 ;p " til) lower
[See also 11 cp t"f ]
,,-r ,
11cp low (see 11
') I) (.


.-
H 'bH ep CO dmm ("i' set (of sun)
reins ,
be confused
tln.-n
Hn gua.rd
p -or: . H n bperi1J.l G"mrd
"- H tj t 1-1 e; 'l""- be relaxed
I
1-1)? rain, rainfall
be inclined,
.incline, be
. 11\ f"} ti inclination
H"\ : by .
n ... t-n f' by
1'\ '" H);" as, in vie\f
of the fact that,
(imperfect) + H'; i.- in order
that, so that
H'\ II! baboon
H\") forget
Jot \.. J '1 shed
lH J-1\ diverge
H'tll.. give alms
11'0 C of a saint
(usually by a banquet in his
honor)
* Hro tt, 'h rilD tL
do something
frequently
nH,tj). r e. o.l.wa.ys, frequently
H ro t r: alwa.ys, constantly
,.
constant, ordinary,
usunJ., nOl1.'1a.l, alwa.ys
e fI tD t r:. '. l'l-n h f'veryd$l.y clot,hes
hHtDrG always
.,.. H tp l1) L see tn ..
,
-tL in n.'trl\ in that regard_
nit j 6).. there .
')') H. S in addition
there
'Yl tL f1> after that
H P '" dance zar-d.!ulces, sing zar-songs
,I e l, zar-song
fb quip

y H if artful
1-1) lock ilp in J
t #'I") close (vi.)
.' tfl .. l) shell
* Hl , h H 11f'b head slowly
11"1 '1 ki nd of tree
scoop up
1ion ragout
.. H1 If'" H J 1 prepare, get ready
lfOJl't: preparation, organization
OT> H ') It preparation
It tree
H sing
.,. H b.. be sung
31
HI..). song
It '1 throne
': rlL, J st!t up the throne
7-r
this
lJ 21: 1.Pr: be that as j t may
-
,about, it equals
n + verbal no';ID j 'tJ l) in
order that
l\ .-- j IJ l\ just :for, (as in l) 1\:
j tV i\ jus t for an e.."{runple)
JO'" J 't)6}, how much?
t + pe. fect + !'IJ l) as much as,
as long as
etp + imperfect + ''tJt) just,
as much
tV,,; v1\ this much
, S lJO that much
ttL as much, tho.t
many ti:tes
as there may be
. h () ! l) ar 1 tp :' $ 'rJ t.., . to the
extent that it now exists
,n " 'tll)-, "lJ-h in such-and-
amount of time
larce the number of J)cople Jr.ay be
. . /
PI U- '\ : '); 1.'( nevertheless {see. (j )
without
j 1\ : n Et lrt'D- cut of place
e h tp there in not
e !)n'ftp it should not
e II PI ::10 tt:: e l\ tp e, is there not?
/'
l'tit> , in 1) --. II rather than
(see 'l1> )
('1 . where?
l''t 'P somey;here
'fl e t ',l]1){;): 7 7 f'ro:n no one
knows ",here
fl that (fem.)
t i ',n.m, indigent, needy (see )
then, at that time
J \ f'- then
etOrn.t
university
"
h1 name of place
e 'r)' t 't- February
e 'Yl t t " I "'" '. 'h! '1'7 "
Yakatit Square
f6>- the sa.me, that is
e t]) "1/)', successful, acc:omplished
"',
(see C>")
g Ii n (when preceded by t\.
verb or by a verbal noun)
'.
t JH be }(cpt
t.s If (nr) contain
r. h S H itlPQund
t H be connected, be linked.,
come dO\m f'rc;n
,
ane ient t imel )
n S S H join tOGether
f'I L,eluding, wi. th
> rl,-' -,.. .e L 1 " ,: S lL
tz. > C'l when it hard
to see
r..ana.gement;, control
t S'1f constraint
of ca.tching
'" .s 11 grip (see above)
t H l) 'r eternal (see 0., l\ 'l" )
e t1) II see 6) 1\
,
he is considered
the person .,ho has to stand a
congratulatory round of drinks
poor
good
-
j, ", who is in a sound
condition
j, be really good
be biased
J) ili
1
1,)3.rtinl
i,.'l. stick
J1ib
f l) 'V srtuce l1".ade of pepper, rOfJ.sted
onion, garlic and salt
midrlle:nan, jobber
t 1\" illusion
til whitish ..
, .e 'ill (constellation)
''l\J..l} level of!, divide in equal
,
parts, a.sSlgn
., . J.. 7) be allotted, be
app()lt ioned
'" J.. J.1) soothe, take care of
blood, complexion _
e.f p>:ir>r crock of complexion
(figure of speech indicating that
the woman possesses an extraor-
dinary amount of this quality)
'1 11,2 'l'" one whose duty is to
(;
avenge his kinSmen
, "If?> revengeful, who is engaged
in the vendetta
pick
!j!IILrthe day before Miisq8.l., bonfire for,
1-1iisqiU
.e. 01>1> be {!p.y (holiday), be much of
, something
;., QiJ 1, .' see .t.. r
.e.. 'r'}4 sala:q, Yo ind of
i".. J,.1tJ conclude
Q"l D1l. S conclusion
. * t..rL tt'I, + .f,.trO:fl be heeied
t'f)1I'\ hear, listen
.'
.,...
voice
1.1, be anbated (r.larket), lively
(r..arket)
t 1,. flirt
9,.[ forest,
J., L give in I:"..::lrria::; e: > marry off
'- t he given in marriage
crt, but
t.c.. side,
., r:. .e, r.. c ircumlocutionally
r: along sides
. n ... 1, r. along
"n. - .e, t bes ide
PID"H '. C. riverside
f; l.. necklace
S'1l .. t L necklace
clliclcon
,tC.l])lT'\chicken sauce
e ttn
of. 1. n IN}) he came to his aid
f. Lr'j (n).) befall
reacR

share (n.)
1; L.1ic. UrcGsel'
t l: share (n.); see J.Ln
, cp dry, hardened
"" oR L cp"
"'t - ,
.. f.. 'c. q,,. faRt . hard
Lq, dry, strong (coffee), fat-free
[See also .t I:: /PtT] .
of- C rti ha.y (see I Lcp )
wear over something,' put on {e.
, (.
cape), put atop
t t:. "', in n r.n at the same time
it L 1 chest,
$, L .2l.. en'-;!tDerate
I. LI. L be enumerated, be lined
up, stand in'line
J. L 1 be orgarJizqd, get rich
-J.. f,.]. organize, put in order
! C:t'r organi,zation, character
-r
fL.R, level, station (of life)
degree (rank)
..,.
e',. f: l,.g, standa.rd of living
g 1,;, ). l " ., do
function
j-c'1 (food) pi."ovision, gift of
hospitality offered strangers
;{3f)
I ,.'
, in r 1.11 :'r1 plcc.sing (see
also * )
;;11 hut rnade fro:n poles and coveTed
with leaves and branches
"h doss ier-, docket
, sordid, shabby
",,r
.-
* oR nt, + t be pleased, en,joy
oneself', find pleasure
'lli1J?ri+ plcase (vt.)
'h h!.. pleasing
en nJ pIcas we
J.. h;J pleasure, joy
t merry
[See also A H ]
.f. : lTD 11 t;T}- r.: s t udcnt
'''at (the breast)
t J.. t be beaten (of breast)
tt
Tigre kind of dish
bastard
,f,. i l _. flour, powder
q., capacity of deacon, deaconship,
rank of deacon (stf S 7
-n: 'f,n thud
.tn,drum

.e, p; /I ft" :.:mnJ.l round
which h,Lve heen roasted until
. they dry lind. 'brHtle i ,' .. la rf:t. " .. f(
eo "$" ttl-cd J.(flhh
r',! ,.JY!r.ke bread O'

g, r c0m:mnal labor
.
"l ,., -1 r. engaged in COlTh'llunal'labor
$... nl\ with someone
t g. n A be assoc iated
i. n Irt, sheepsl{in cloak
* .e. n 1\ if, 'h '1'1 4> mix together
1.e f'] 1) ,p be associa.ted, be mixed
+ . 'll) cp together
[See also l\ Ip l);p ]
1/ l) rpl) q. confusion (see * j. n I) l' )
* n L, h 1; n L fertilize
j. '-n!. (pI. h t' '1 iT l ) church
,f-nl. 'f.;}1 vicar
e .1 {l L ! 17 r 'n ; ,g name of a
church
nn touch'lightly, grope
t'1 nn pat .
n groping, feeling one I s way
... 9. n h" n, t .t".n n ,."i be done
swnmarily
n in secret
'" Il stamping .9.11 + Ir- 1 earned men having some
r bread ("; III 1 fLtst""t'7 clericlU cnpacity
E,W\.oj't ... &uaJ .. ,( lMeri.f 1"...... ,2,:.rJ,ct( rankofdD.btiira
A V
31
Q
11r funcllon of dabt:ctr1.l.
n fj 1 t'I rvttery naker
.e:-n 1.'1 beatir.g
t.(1 ",.(l s ad e rna. t
be safe, be s:pn:red
'h 11 save
g" be adrdrable; proper
t 'P ,be
'h M..2 surprise, stir
admiration
'h h J? lj t marvelous
f 'r acL"'liration
01 J.. \ t reason for a.dmiration
1.1.. be deaf',
'h " +) 1, deafE:n
'1. J cJ & kind of sacrifice
X 'HI rule
n . 1 fl thorougllly
as is the rule
tlnC
boundary
-r
(see 1-11 )

customer
.t1l'J "
tent

be dull
1 sack
t , C? II virgin
t, C7} '1. t virGin
'; 1) sudden, suddenly
...,
.t'1 .,. f sudden, unexpected
stOlle
,e i. 1 decree (v.)
t.t -)1 be decreeu
t1,1) reGulation, decree, ru.le
1 tn be t.!.lar.ned
'h h.t 1 f1) frighten
t-t'] J7\ surprise
.
, t1 dl if} '.1 shyness

'a '1- judgment
footstep
"11 (l.lf n:l.!lle of gate in Harn;r .
,. i"'''''' ,Eau de, Cologne
l'J n, 'rl f1I CII>Jbe tired, exert oneself'
t -'t run get tired
.2 'Yl r '. 7.l\ be some ... ,hat weakened
t"1 If' i'gue, effort
mz. feeble,
,,. '\I,'ealillet:is
measure of twenty (or
lOO kg.)
t, t r Pse.l tery, Psalm
.e-tl1- s: ck, ill
S!a. J'r \ (pJ...'&. f Ij r ) deacon
.t deaconship, rank of deacon
..-
i I: doorway, home
.2 j: n?,. the eastern door of the
church ( lit. the door of peace;
it is t
r
lC traditional place for
distributing a.lIas to the needy)
J?J hirhlard
j c, r u.l ti turie
good
a. eye
. }. C) r Good.ness., bounty
'( (aroand the "'aist)
. ..
book havir,l musirnI notation
De G:...ule Squ.e.re
do recite
t g,., trn be recited
?t 1,", do over again
J!") say
t :11 be repeated
( &4
h
e., ;. 1 q1) rCl1cntedly)
11J1t recita'\.i.on
\
. .Ii c1} 'll sec ond
t'1 ({" again
. .
repea tecUy
Ir.ake feast preparation
I
the banquet is prepared
banquet
f
banquet giver
millet
make dl-signs on leather,
decorate book
.f;,.h design on leather
* .e., t, 'h 1 t be difficult, be hard',
e n 1., 1 + (Q.) unable
goodness, bounty (see to") )
* 9.1 S?1, 1 1 roll down the
outer gnl1'!lent to the waist, wp.l\.r
v
the samma in a. respectful manner,
bot be bold, violate
t l. L. be violated
+ L.1. treat with impudence, be
impudent
A. C : lh be bold
P J. b.. L. in:pudent
.t L't boldness, intrepidity
b. L n be,come turbid ( water)
. h.R!.. L n disrupt
9. """ cover
'h .e.l. bank the fire
t 1. \ be ba,nked (fire)
-,. : + lip beer 'must
-,-
R
lib unanned
ir.IIL begin (vt.)
.,.1 (fT) L begin (vi.)
'h hI r beginning from, from
If) 1 P b j beginning
-",1!ear '
ff) ll' Ll heed
1r:'1 back
Whip'
-.
k-n
In, pot
brave deeds
kind of na,:tlila with "d,ie
stripe
j, n t: SUl!
r ',l1f. kind of lr.ndholding
J., '1!,. red oxhirle, sleeping lm.t
1 i suffuse
1 t1l7't umbrella
11- 'J.i\ nutter
1/)1'\ :l"'E:tire, wlt,hJrm-r
t "11\/\ be sepcrated
1 l\: h J, L 7 segresatc
rl)'n spire
1D young rr:Ul
1l\lJ1't beco;ne a prostitute
111 (\'1) sta.re
1 h'l chaff
"ttnr knee, effort, la.bur, strength,
endurance
l)nl physical
1"1 ccr.r.munal labor 111nm copy
I i;'1t r co:nmunrll laborer 'n 1l}n m turn this way and that
-::.ll\ 1I ..... f ftLt Df;.. ,,'tJ 'f UAA,M,
.e, G') I) hero, . r in" 1 f1.P convenience market
J 0") .. b:nvery * 1/)1'1\, 1 /)"1 !;erve, be of
l
.
,to the house, near to, close to
r-oh dawn, daybrea.lt
".ft.', n..; at dawn (see J.. 9; )
body
,..
:;fro n bathe
; l\ '1t l earth
be red hot
'?l\, in private, personal,
one's own
f.
individual
1lt}v clc1.rly
1el) 1 clearly
service
'" 1l} O"J r service
1\ separate two people who fight
break up clods
1/) m express, explain '. interpret
(a text)
),11) i)ti) revealing
thet expresses
071\ t;l open, open air
e>q>ression
(See also 1 III l't t;l, 1" f/., J

, .
t;)', 1 spread (see 1/)11) )
1 interpreter, that
(see III IJ) )

i "ll 1'(' ""'n 1 "hI"'"'" '1 7\ .J ..... ,
t"'1 be rCYC''l..1.ed
l\ 9: elcr .. r, plll.in
, 1" L 11'\ bnrc the teeth
1'''1 blood money
11'l. h b ....
1
1', of
Pt f;Qme
[See also <1'J '"l n )
-lO'tln sorr.e, half 1.0\ to
1'"'; .valucte
t1nt be sllpposed
cfl 'll't gppraisal
f}Q) 'l1' approxi,ma tely

,.. cabbage
C) CJ'I) rope
"1OTitPortion
1 0, '1' mountain I a.nee
""m 0. pit
,,,. mountain
.,C, in 'n . , C with
'1lr left .
f1J IT', 'b.t nf dab tara
CTi lr', (>1'" C[). puzzled
Ir: 'rt confusing
1/)rn )
fTZ 17 : r1J 1'10)... without confu::;ion
.. "" iT "'1\' drop in
::l!' ':'.hc p'l.rt behind the house, bn.ckynrd
r'} It- wonc!erful
'1 t, <f' lit? wonderfully
V) C. elor'Y
* "P t. Q'l:l .. '", ,,1' l ITt) L grunblc
.,. 1. young w;n
1 L L burn (of sunj
o
, l. C"'!,/) get somewhat hot (of sun)
,. en in t ah l ... rC fl daily brend
I
(see 1t Lit )
,..l n take 1. mbuthful, _ ppt food
one's mouth
.." n" L n put food into s mouth
'h""h (, L.t1 put morsels in one's
mout.h
f"h Is Ln put food into the mouth
.
together with someone else
[See also ren, ]
[ .
..... ern tuit ies, JIlorsel (see 'loL n )
-'PLf1'f neighbor (see"'" )
, ,.., -fll t; neighborhood
pC l\ hoarse
.,.. b- .20 i
, maid
G'J "Ion bower . /'
.'- ", lr"-r 1J,'tL til f&A'f1 ".J(
.. "t! t. strut
,.lr -0 name of an ethnic group
recite pOP.mS of sorrow
tribe
""3/1 kind of gra=s (or plant) sC2'rving
fOl" Mak! r:[; ropes
4r) tJ '\ OJ rt odds ahd. enris
1 UJ repr t!':al'!d
scoldil1G
,.7i unfHt('red beer
.,. h unfil tcre1 .beer
:J 1) 1!i(>n:.ure of land (en. 40 h<!ctarcs)
r a pla.nt the lcr.ve::: of which are
used Give a'bitter to,
I
I" "
I the drink
I .
toO
n
elbow (v.)
1;;' 6l) r J r nfl.::le of a
:7 GO in, start
, .
1 'llCD-) understoo9-
-
, be proper
(1''1 f). he has to)
( 1'1 f1\ he, ought to)
(talJ.. 1t] due)
( n. , '1 Pt 1 '1 (l).
it is proper or not)
." 1 'l rnrrJ
hh1" brip.3 in
whether
/
I
i J rz r..urr/ each other
te7l'l rt . ap,rec
,
.
1'1" 'hh enter n llt,t.lc way, ,r.et
1rt. lilcome
O')n. compOlmd
?111
t1rt. appropriate
O'b"l fl.j entrance
"
CTith11l. f instn."Tlent scrvlr>..g to
put in
,mutual
on a high place
(J
o
y..
'T'l. thick Sllr.!l".m. put on in the e,:,"emDg
"'In compoUl'!d (see 1 f) ) .
,n 1. farmer
" ,
.,., 1) C t;' agricul ture, fa.rrninp,
111& servo.nt
/ '1} i) r banquet, feast
lC1i -n c tn fine wheat
VJ of) r taxes
V,ilt function, activity, effe"C..t,
temperament
CTH11.. 1"1 seA'ual relations
ftl) 1.. ; 1-fJ moral
[See also +<7) '1 r. ]
t
cgriculturc, faming\ (r,ef! 1nlc
11Ih badey
... ,
114 t)
t) (..,
u:.l.rley-colorpt.!
1 n; tut>le'
tcleared.
training
a table" for
.
\
J ;1], l:l!\rriage 1'1 )
visit "(v,)
visitor
cO:"lf,ercnce
'nr 170 j n ('onclave
J n ti invite
. +? nH be invited
t, n H in'Ti tc O!1e anotJ1er'
,
,.. n 11 fine young ma.'1, goed fcli()w!
1- -fl"Hi Yirility, manliness,
excellence
") T} r trans\lct in market
1 n S e bus incss
\
. \
n. S e ,make a transacti.on, do
, ,
business
IV 1,0 j S marketing
[See also" n J J.
1 n market (see
).
P1 n ': II i1 h ru.11-of-the-mill
"
clvthcs
- 1\'1 n S .; c 0 t1) 1 who went out
for business (i,e. she became
prostitute)
for. bread
O""t 11 91 Egn)t
j
bJ. lord
*ltL, t1tL..
(0 t &-- g-rv,nary
jut out
t t cirfl.g, con.jure up (spj ri ts )
P t 1', "h 1\ drag so:newhe.t, be some-

what underneveloped
rr1 earring
"11) Christr:l:ls., hockey
'l still, yet, right a .... :a.y
o-z, but
r') side.
",1: 1\,.") side by side
'fl .. " '\ close, to
"9 '1 build of stone
(""-11 viall, ca.stle
eOJ"l -n : Tb}' house of stone
" r crock
'Cr} , '1 c. forehead
pin h : ; 'j bow down and rise again
') 1,1 (pl. ) .. t
11 relation, connection
(see * 1'1j )
"'1 HI enshroud
1'1 H be
I1J 1, H '1 Book o:f F'unerC!..l CerE..'mony
i

'f,
II" -1'1 H fl. 1-1 tl n
1"\ Hn
, '
1'1 H f1', n 11 " 11. ee' II ec Lor,
lect noncy is i nvcl ve:3
or
1'1Hn
e1 H 11
." f0nt
'* 1 TI, h '1 n put around the
of
1 ll'l boil over
"h 11 b...?\ boil up
<T} q: " kind of
* -. 't;, )..., lj find, obtain
\
i" be pres ent, be: available,
meet
11 1j IJeet onE: a.nother
n 1lj toeetbe:r
tn>1 1..,
'11 discovery
(Jl)1, the coming tOGether
a.ssociation
t1tl9 if method of obtaining ,:;ome-
thing
<1'J tit relat:ion ,i CO'1!le('i..i on
If'] (/1/ pri..nary reading 1t(l.f,e (see
oJ.so * ? ti )
1 tt buy
TH. l.hlY(?l'
of purcha&ing
1- fl trave 1. J. H )
1- 1-1" the I)rocessi(.mal obsequies
1.
711.Jt OJ.. for a short per) ad, for
the li:o:nen G
S ,..,',1. f-I., ir!opportuncly, occn.5ionaUy
n F1. 0)- fro:n time to time, 'ilany
J'i-l'
J H, fl? H go through the prima!"J
reading stage ( see CI'/ rj 1-1 )
* l H 1").11 travel, journey, go
, .
l1l bc.genr;.'
[See also,.. t4 ]
1 H t anathemn..tize
'",
H spread grass on the groun'<t,
, H b.. recite magic formula::;
rrnH..'1 magic recitatl.on
a"J ,., ::;Ubstllllce
'massive
OJ 1-1 if! bod ily, external
the .. ast day before Christr'l:':'s
(.;c.e )
<1j : '" i) @ hi,! min:l
f'o harm, do h'),,r":1
t1- llC

1.l'I kill
1) be kllld
1 J .f?l. kill (:(":ch other
., r.:urderer
'1
* "l .1), h?.f i\ 11.::111 to one side
(10:;:'0), slip dnm
Tl (0-) hc lacks
(n,) he failed to do
for hi;;:
tli l\ l;>e left out
lP misr.ing
. less
* 1 , ,,? g. (JT) lay out
lie down
''t tjO monastery
1..t r. cnlf
* ") L. t L, t <1I.R. L 9. L sholt' self-
denial for politeness sake

(see )
journey
cO:Ylpnnion
J. A 11 'r companionship
1 murderers (see 1J! 1) )
t e, affair, Inatter
rz hi- u person uith a problem
'I') t killing, spoi.ls (see 1 $. n )
1!.!. be forced
'h 111 D. J.. force, comr,e.l
necessity
O'}jlf oblieation, duty
O"JJ},f obligs.tion, necr;ssity'
ObliGation, duty (see 1.e.s.. )
')-!l.t pit, yell
"1 !.. b.. brea.tc the fa.st, omit
t 1 i. b. be reduce:l
tIt t a' non-fast d=l.Y
-; 'f. hut
1'" : f LI' set up housekeeping
;1 :0'tlN>"' means for settl'ing them-
r ,'"
"
selves their home
f'1}" : z: 'domestic matter
l? be eager
* 1. ') , t '\ 1. '1 be a rumbling noise
* loop 7\ 1:11-7\ be forgotten (time)
,
through being busy with something
else, be neglected
* ,1 0'1>1
? 11. bake
331
<.,
J en stall, livestock pen
)t b m , h &/1) adorn oneself, be

fit, join, pcetl':?
ctz til T: 117\ be closed
OJ Ill'll poctl':r lyrics of y(!!';;e
(see 1 ITII!1 )
"l (j) cr : ..,.. f '1 solo POt::::l rec 1 ter
e <'} l';) " "fJ} lfl G\ the jfoanner of
'1 roc: country, countrYGide
OJ,nil pasture, grn.zill3 pla.ce
, m '1 !:a.ddle-sore
page
1 9, " '11.. 11 t present) gift
llt p\lr;n, bl;! ud'/a.nce::l (in De, in
go on (time)
t -:1 It advance (vi,), nhove one
be
'111\ be lu.rp,c, be greut,
exceed
\
1 G '" I, c:. i on sc:;t .. lc:
j nju!: tice
puchiug
a1 &"1 et)Cl'o:J.chip.g (c-n boumia.r.i es)

'J.. J &r'P it is not bHd
.
* i!. L, 'h" l L. oversee
"J lti.J supervisor (at a ba.nquet)
p b. 10 tonsure
1- A.e be i.:hin (of ox)
1 b. b.. strip off
of1 !.. b.. ,be be' taken
off, be deprived of

hate



rf)
l I l
be disliked,
quarrel (v, )
enemy
hatred
/?I 71 ant1t6onis t
beer
m tflrJ'l'/J brew beer
be loathed
"11\ abandon, leave, thrO'.'/', toss I d'Wr
( b til; 11) f\ attend the i)qqub, hold
the lJ,qqub)
( m I : "1 i) prepn.l'(> t:lend)
),
---
h,"ll' 'l','> ).."-i (t
l
,,,
v ...... , ,.1..;." .....
creE .. , Ly) e:.cpr(:f.:; ic..'1
of 4.,,\ i\ (or + Il) 11 ) is
o..ctivity ('It the soc';'cty in the
draw:n.; of lots
wrap t:.rotm.d shr-:,-rl), ] cave a
little, bit
set (of .;un)

butt in
m 1\ ;. 1 depth, profuncti ty
l1i' l'. ? f j II 0- deep
d')v,ry, gift
enemy (see mil )
stripe
'-'
hatred (see )
t1\?lf (see )
.IE- m7\ml'l, 'A,mi\mll su.spend. from
one's arm
'. tim 1\ rn '" be r.
('mbroidcry
fIl thi2',: 17
tl1)!l1) be
iflll1/fI) have lit.tle likine
fIT} ffl tf1} be fln. vorcd
herc and there, pick u.p
lJ}Ofi tc.ste, good ta.!:;te
m anqr, be crookcrt, be
'nIT} rrn c:o C8l.l3e to be "rarped
* m/i1l L, ITl rn 1.... ;join, couple
"I1l
OTtL
be linked, be a.ssociuted
ffi(jl;ep iJ.i:llerCe onc3elf in water
t ITlCilI1> be ba.ptized
n ml1&,/> baptize
tthV7 John the Baptist
trt ttl (JIl r place where one baptizE:::>
t
lTD
f1l61)tJ .. s ..... i

[See eJ.so ill tp 1 ]
Epiphany (see mlJfq
m..,,; t: '1 fh ( Epiphany pool
m rifle
rn tro ! yoke up
( I" (,.', m (J1) fD- he was enGaged in
",ork)
+ tn If1J he involved
[See
'1 1'
t)' I
\
\
\
\
\
fTi/r be p'.ll"e
til) l.r- be fil terc:t, be clear
fi-"1lr- fil
r,llr r :yureness
m lr invi te caU out
( 0.1) " m lr to c0ffee)
t m lr be invited, be fa:-no1.ls
'hhmL- cause to call
rot> invitation
f.il L 1 invho.tion
O1>m l.s tern, s.Pfellati on
try ver-y hard, be afflicted
h"l",!' be in death
,
effort
"}/, roof
c1lt.,. good (see tnl,.. )
goodness, excelJ.ence
l1l20 raw, green (grain), grain
!. '.') VHl cash
salt
ttl r. January
P L. provide for Gorncone, care for
the aged parents
If' ,pro', ider
III b: t/t'l b who takes care of
r Se.e also (0 t. ;, 'l ]
({l4lf'1'1 t.rll::lpct
. ({lZptfP '1: , It blow the trumpet
t;l r: 11 tooth . "
t
* m L 'fa ffl b-tp 61) collcc-e, save
tmlrt/>tf1) be collected, collect
(vi ), Gather (vi.)
mln
.,. m l. n be squared
/fll't effort, strive (see If) L )
ill 1..1 invitation 10 b- )
'" L ':i product
battle (n.)
tn r 1- : I m 1m battle: (v.)
bind (n book)
m {, 1-1 volume, book
m t:"}:f edge
m 1..1 sweE'p
t m l1 be swept away
m lrL 1
sweep
m L t1I L doubt, dis_trust
be in doubt
suspiCion
(JI L. table
If). n smoke (see also mil)
violate
\.
tndl be violated
rn; beat, knock
33
.hm5. {U
Lf1"f)'l'i" "niP.'ir hL: is beset
"
with lor:clinc:;s)
l\ I) p.:\.ck, trr[',Pt ir'oll up
tm1>l\ l\ be pllcy,ed, c(,)'!pre:=;s,
illcluue, curl up
m lPli ll', 'l'Ig.. L 1 roll up
(1) 'P q cen:!ral t ad..i . )
r;enerruly
m G} It (j}-'1 gencrally, in
gene!'al
n rn @ gC!1cr<!.lly, in
general
f.cncralJ.y
considered
[See also q,1 ]
m Q,: <j Wt province (see m tf/) )
m cp trn '? LJ headquarters
m f n benefit, render service, be
beneficial
t mq,un make use of
, tm '" he used it
m; t[D" 'hl\ be beneficial, be
more ,useful
f%j11-rr>benefit, adva.ntage, value
"If) ,
t black
m fri mention, cite
oj- m ft n he n enti ollell
, .
up
into the si,y
* m 'P ,." + fJl ;p 1) curl up
, tt;l1> ip '\ sriBJ.I
IT\ t/! r few, a, few
m'l
(f}1' breast, boso:n
tn-n quarrel
mn f quarrelsome, antagonist
m n i\ holy water
ron'; roast (v.)
()l-nn to;"st (n.)
rn n cfJ wait, (l.'\mi t , watch s guard, keep,
observe, heed, preserve
trnn 1> be kept, be obscrved
tf1l '1 n q, await
If) n tp be fastened
11f} n tf be stuck together
h loP." greatly, vigorously
ill.,,;P strict
tTl n;p lawyer
IT) " ; : 1 t1 hire a. la.wyer
rTI '1 i I in ,P n 'l ,: rri" i 't
.
mastery
m nn be narrow, become restricted
t mnn hu.vc apprehension
'hrn n n crowd (vt . .)
-tl1)nn i,e c:ro\ ...
m n -fl', i1/r.
m n."fl th (til n n, m -n )
ro n 11 tec}::1ique, skill, .
(see mn.fi )
"'" sa.;;:':1' ... ':', \o."lt.h h!::l3
ffi nl1 '. e Ib li uner::broidercd
mr1 l3nb
quarrelso'r.e (see m-n )
m nature, character
(j'1) 2'l'f}f' of Good chlJ.recter
'* mnmn, t'\/1)'lf1lr} be sca!:tered
IT}) bosom (see I'fl,/ )
II} 1 : adopt a child
"l'1-- finger
1!J.1 morning
(f'ltj be strong (see also 9, cr )
t
study
,
tmC}", be studied, be
be scrutinized
m5"7ll\ be strol1,CS
ms-: Sl'I strong
ro tj) stea.dfastness
health, sound
G1)T}"o,) beal,t,h officer
Collc;;e
[
Sec oJ,so m r" tJ tT'!) ]
,"'V"j n '\'Ie'
tTl rl prepare the ingrcdien\'s or beer
(tn h h rd xture of inp,'l'ed ients for
the preparation of beer
m if. i\ e!!f./.ge in sorcery divine
(1jn t'l divination
m"O. !t e
l
d i vina to'r
-1(. mi .,. (P'P be careful
gjve a rre.rnit'lS
n l11lj 1) cOT'lplete, a(;quire' com-
pletely
nn .pCp '. -nlra carefully
"
f'
'1l m l) t completely
nn tv 1i vinator (see m )
mr'f steadfa.stness (see mr; ),
t olden days, 'in olden c1c. ..... ys, in the
old days, origin, originally
'T1 't t;"1! from the' beginning
-, m 1 f'J from the very beginning ,
(1jl ; t 'I- from the very beginning,
originally
ro" t:. t} 'b j original circumstances
w n original \,
"\ : t ' ... ID d . \
m'\ t '. \, c: essence
)7)"'r : 11 C. essential qUl:.lifichtions
e t'f)i of old, old, ancient

I

\
(li')1,jer! ,In':' i(':1t
Fl.lItjqnity
m, 'i -1 (see ,'11, S- )
"h I'll i 11 L ::;t :ccngthi:n) bois Ler
m.111 r. .; 'j.., II be strcl1i::
,Ill- (j) tD t. tIT) 'ltf.)+ be hostile
[See a.lso * lJ.. fD t ]
tfl , J: pa.ir mn J, )
f1) Otp t'lstc, good tR.:>te (see tTJq1)
1ft1! ':ilc
'
ho::ey, darl:
m cCtrk
d'lrk quality
C I
m ef ask, require, inquire, visit,
hold re:.;ponsib1.c
+ fJ) R 'p . be
'h 71m e (I' require
m J t who asks, who holds
responsible
fm g1 who is asked
tflSi qnesticn, request (n.)
m rnetnlr.mith (see o.lso ".17)
"l R. Pllt on the fire
"'1111. be put on the fire
()) Q-',juniper
....
mImend
" sn:'11J structure in which
. mend is
'I'fl : trl i,\!).r{'pare the T,lCad
.,
rn J ncar
ttnJ take ,shelter, G!l/t.her
\ .
hf7m;;l let,ap'P17oach, let I-,ave
I
shel'ter
m-j''hll ywve
.
or
(p!1"/: rn"1; ?/t,fhalong the
mi" '1 status
I
edge
\ .
It1J In 1. as tel', means of protection
m 1n be snt.ed
fill-r1: q 'II
...
m 1 n nrrq-;<'.nt
h t;'l? n i sufficiency
'Tn rCp3.ir
+ m ? 1 i be repaired over and
-,
over again
m lr r client status (sec rn:J )
171"l drink
t mf) be drunk
( It m "1 one drinks)
XKlf1l give to drink
cmm tn drink, strong drirli), liquor
problem, need, affair, "mnt, com-
plication
e 0'j11} household items
If} "1' "l r; wild honey
"
* (11 l'1 U-:'l I '1. 'll "1 1':' E' f'l/J11
* fT) fT) I '1, ,Irj f)1 L ;-; ')1!.-
absent, Cf:/'l.S(:
;;.. , ,*
'" rn ',TPt! out, i.'TO!'1g,
>
dcst'roy, kill
'11. \:rite (see 0.1 s() (I) /.., )
IfJ b.. t docu.;:'ent, scroll
cJ1I "1 book, text
n:illet
'11 m ': 'hll consider
so:nething no more than a trifle
(lit. no morc a erain of
T:llllct)
n:! f cc.ndle
1}1 b. L tie (v)
m docur.;cnt, scroll (see IYJ. L )
mitt crble, misdeed, 31:1 (see )
t commit a misdeed
tn + guilty
ITt k 11'1 be ,tasty, be m.;eet
rt} s"avor, flav{)r
11) 4 dry'
fl( f:XlT (rin r7::\11y \t!) ed as men." lIT'e ,
but also in thE' CXJH'(,!,;r; 10rl 'r,. 'h -; c :
Id r r, A h 'I'}', f.I[,
hend to foot)
mln'l.. n_dd
.
tf).t["r in addition
(1,., (pf1'/:'" in ariditio!l to
f tJ1) i Rddi tional
in addition
r:', f.', j .. , /..1 stir up
6P f., fly 1ihisk
m tJ! twig, sticb,
en finish
from
(1).) cll co:n!)let.cly; (with a negr..,tive '
verb) at nll
tnlll), U1 end
dunged earth
6tbn smoke (v.)
n smoke (vt.), cause to smoke
\.
smoke (n.); see also ()).n
G'ii!!p mud
nflv.illage headman
L 1 shec.the
dispute
(f'J r name of place
'e
.
seize, Give
m Rtf! '. h 9, L'f grasp, squeeze
t1'l. .J'1 h" )1,1 f'ul
(1}.,'I' ,r, I ..
ro-n(fl.
*, mn,tIf), n, hliidl!fl clnp
61;),{/ om '1
it'l> '1 kiNl of bush the leaven of vTl'ii(:h
have a nnldly nn.rcotic qua] ity
load (v.)
+/l4 '1 be placed (l()ad), lrei(,h
down
Iitb" be be at a loss
tm 1> have l!.nxiety
"\ , shoulder
c1\'bl 't>il r head
cargo (see )
t 1'f '. 11-rl r pack animal

111' m-r flour of roas wed gP('1iM
?repnred with butter and pepper
"1 \ atrocity, perseverance
i>'t\ '1') '\ : fU (,- atrocity
"'11 cry (sec dft' -:h l ) .
e (of sheep),
outcry (see (:f'o
t!bp person of rank, well-bred, r;'entle
foJ It, ur.cducnted
"
Good breeding
discUSfi
n eDt talk 'ofith someone
C:c!ne
[See also * m If.;l ]
. \
m <Pi [(A.me, pIny (sec '* ffi(1)t)
m f j :JH be enga.ged in conversation
e If.b cp ;'; plnying field
trrh rp r upbringing (see tD, fj
"fl, nu?tia.l house
e fSb " n 'f noncymoon hut
* I
(S\ (.Il container
\
kind of Galla dish fe>.t (low\'
"" .. Hd p./,'U Sf"te,) .
m( L dn!1ce (v.)
do.!1ce (n.)
btb4./! donce (n.)
body of tl
4
00PS, adherent
bishop

necretarY', scribe (SC(\ )
9, b. " t '" Minister of Pen
I \
"
,
\
\
,
\
\
,
'-.

(11- ; 'hi? 6. L vr 1 te ']clr
<6 rf, b, r .,r1' )
e {j)fhb.. '/- 11 r office
(see )
q.!'f7 + 'f sD.yer 0.1' pl"n;ycrs
Q;' t 'lob ve stone
s:\yer of pr>::yers (see
Q, II e proW
j} j place of prayer
't --
fast (v.)
t c-t> it is beir!; fasted
[See also 'P)
fast, I'.g (see 011 )
/):J. T1 hHJ. of fast
:tJ, title of book
Ck q-a f ' in n quietly
sex
\ be fim, get too stl'OP.g, become
_ effccti ve ' (see also m Ij )
'" 9i I) console
9, strong, o!'f,ani zed
n Btro!1p;ly
'1 tennci ty

conceive
Q; .,)-- ty (see t) )
* l) ,see 9., t;
-l!- '1 6) 1", t 'i I}) 4- be hostile
[See also * m fiJ t
q; cp ci:allce
be clean, be pure
(v.)
9,.e, ; gil white
9i t- cleanliness
9\ .1' he decla.red righteous, be pious,
be vaJ.id
h 9-, P..1> C onfi nn
q7) 91 t t:>' in n ITT> 9, .e cp
.e-?r (pl. p} ) righteous, holy
tfi f'Cf, holiness
<f; .e, r cleanliness (see )
grace, favor, honor, beneficence
'11\ rich
9;1 ' in e 9;"1', of Sage
c;.. "} chair
9(t L rose; proper notul
t;l f s Hence
q.. r sorrow
write, l-rri tc down (see nlso 11) b. )
n ha.;\'--e something written dorm
(See alf;o 9, & I 9\ t/yll, ]
r;;rhb. 't I en
') r:- ,.
t) t) ,1
i
b. 7), hoil (vi.), ferment, (of . ..rink)
h b. '1 boll (-vt..)
& lL t r: : rn ,) ::'ili: (;:-' beer
"
I ?II"". r. r n"""''' ()f .... Cl'tt" ;11 on''''''''''
u,. I ') .... c.-. ... _..... <.. (.>"". ..... .. (;J"..,4. 'l._
b. rn 100;\ fc;r, need wish
"
h,n '1 m;;:':c'>!>:l.ry
'h h b, 1- 1'r nece'>3i ty
S h h.. b) 'J l'l it is nee cnsn.ry
fep.reh, irA need.
., 'r nee.l, des ire c, "
tn fashion, notion
lr fenr
+!.lr be feared
'f, 17 A.. &- cauce to be ff'C?red
,
* il. lr, 'It I:..i.r produce, provide, develop
(a character)
/
, q. r. c '; i} e 1, ind of dins'
b., tjr'l be spilled
'Ab. spill, pour
(I n. " h A. rlr1 obtain an abuncln.nt
incoi'lc)
I1'l to pour out, p1..:J.ce
to dur.:p
b.. frn :::clebrnte J-:n.ster
J.. I .,
"T fl 'YJ L').ster
4- it rrr Fnscist
4-1 ta.nner
UtI it- i toothbrush
* !, L I '/' L love (v.)
q,ii>c love (n.)
Dlt h t cp C love philter
l y, . III I m" , pemit, 'desire
t b.. eft 1 look for one another
.,
; " t b., !p J.. ogle each other)
&,1. a1 fall apart, be ruined l,9 permh3ion
n b. L n ruin, break (an n.greement) b..!f .5:.1;, r willingness
!..l,Ln faJ..l into ruin, fall apart lt11Ll1 factory
&.. l.. h horse release, leave off, unyoke , absolve,
b.. /,.f1 :.!:!'J J) "''',.. .... All I(' It rf til C( ,' .. H cV,.O-/\..
!. L. n hor:;crr:an
divorce
'.
* !.. L IP
t
t l ,. Lc'p alternate
n hb...:J cause to be released, have
rel<:nsed
3'f
/
! 't.. .. ' ',' "1'( t' 1
0. r t ... I ..
r J '1- '1;" r' (, J' t .r',
I .J "",
, ..
11 . " & r : l} b.J 1. He
e tD !4 t,
l t !>l)in
futm'e
",
* b. t 1\. 11 Fr 1, /) t it I:nnw (of'
h:!!);,; e r )
(fee b.. f)
"
1t t r pr:l:rer of
absolutirm
test. (v,)
t l. f be te5ted
t &.' f t be' tempted.
"
* !.. +1, t!t '1-1 be in conta.ct. with
!... t l;' distrihute
divorce (see b..! )
J,.. (
n 0 t;'fn ... f.cprl1.tt'l.y
n --. b. 't J
...
:i.nstcn:l or
b.. 1 tTl C. : ,,1\ 'Gtn'1d !>()me.,rhat npa.rt., ,be ' .
, .
cn..ch other
(adj,,)

,0
..
6..1111[:111}-. l.t. nliitle
::;cc above
b. (P (': of l,ir,ht), emit .
6. 1 tTl 71 .e L 7 ;; c'ld out
.6...1 m,,/ f dis:ple.y of prowess, "
fantncia
\
'Iu 1 nnme of place
" ,
, ,
ito tLt LJAef tl) Ollt l:t..,. ....
boast; n3.:t:'rate pro'\oiess
t : l) 11 L boast, compete
boanting
!.ro n clIre ( ',)
* H , n L.o H (ni) he rna.de fun of him

Ii- II g:)fl. t
fu J.. l\ ;lphab'ct
the f4l,phabet
.'
, "
to r(,h(i,
&
,
eLi.,t),. :]>,>} 1 t'.:
e
I p '. t/i) Gi,.}, M} 0
lu ... ,o.) r" .) > .. ) ...... '- ........ Ji.,)
.
l A I,,'., (J.:, . \ ( '. 1,1--)
s.. .... c .. I... ,. I,,) ,- I
11- tU:,i'iL t-
..,
b., f"
[. v,':-:'ctl t b... I )
L:" '
.. 1
1'1 j (:-:.)
,
r:>.m'tN','l
l).; I . It.,.-,
m?
(n.;
gr j nrl grain
h h b. ffi? bvc Ground

grinder, mill
accomplish, perform\ sett.le,
,
,
conve:r
t 9,trr> be performed, be
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