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Minitab automatically displays p-values for most hypothesis tests. But you can also use Minitab to manually compute p-values.
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The result is the probability of observing a random variable less than the test statistic, cdf(ts). For a lower-tailed test, the p-value is equal to this probability; p-value = cdf(ts). For an upper-tailed test, the p-value is equal to one minus this probability; p-value = 1 - cdf(ts) For an upper-tailed test, the p-value is equal to two times the p-value for the lower-tailed test if the test statistic is negative, and for the upper-tailed test if the test statistic is positive; p-value = 2 * (1 - cdf(|ts|))
Example 1: Lower-tailed p-value Suppose you perform a one-sample lower-tailed z test and the resulting test statistic is -1.785 (ts= -1.785). You want to calculate a p-value for the z-test. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Choose Calc > Probability Distributions > Normal. Choose Cumulative probability. If necessary, enter Mean: 0, and Standard deviation: 1. Choose Input constant and enter 1.785. Click OK.
This value is the probability of observing a random variable less than the test statistic, P(TS < -1.785) = 0.0371. Therefore the p-value = 0.0371
Example 2: Upper-tailed p-value Now suppose you perform a one-sample upper-tailed z test and the resulting test statistic is 1.785 (ts= 1.785). You want to calculate a p-value for the z test. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Choose Calc > Probability Distributions > Normal. Choose Cumulative probability. If necessary, enter Mean: 0, and Standard deviation: 1. Choose Input constant and enter 1.785. In Optional storage, enter K1. Click OK.
K1 contains the probability of observing a random variable less than your test statistic, P(TS < 1.785) = 0.9629. For an upper-tailed test, you need to subtract this probability from 1
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Example 3: Two-tailed p-value Finally, suppose you perform a one-sample two-tailed z test and the resulting test statistic is 1.785 (ts= 1.785). You want to calculate a p-value for the z test. 1. Since the test statistic is positive, follow steps 1-10 under Upper-tailed p-value. Note: When the test statistic is negative, follow steps 1-5 under Lower-tailed p-value, except modify step 5 so it says, In Optional storage, enter K2. Click OK. This value is the p-value for a one-tailed test. For a two-tailed test, you need to multiply by this value by 2. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Choose Calc > Calculator. In Store result in variable, enter K3. In Expression, enter 2*K2. Click OK. Choose Data > Display Data. Choose K3. Click OK.
This value is 2 times the probability of observing a random variable greater than the absolute value of the test statistic, 2* P(TS > |1.785|) = 2 * 0.0371 = 0.0742. Therefore the p-value = 0.0742. Note: Depending on the test or type of data, the calculations do change, but the p-value is generally interpreted the same way.
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