A Restricted Earth Fault (REF) means an earth fault from a restricted/localized zone of a circuit.

The term "REF protection method " means not to sense any earth faults outside this restricted zone. REF is a type of "unit protection" applied to transformers or generators and is more sensitive than the method known as differential protection. An REF relay works by measuring the actual current flowing to earth from the frame of the unit. If that current exceeds a certain preset maximum value of milliAmps (mA) then the relay will trip to cut off the power supply to the unit. Differential protection can also be used to protect the windings of a transformer by comparing the current in the power supply's neutral wire with the current in the phase wire: if the currents are equal then the differential protection relay will not operate; if there is a current imbalance then the differential protection relay operates. However, REF protection is also applied to transformers in order to detect ground faults on a given winding much more sensitively than differential protection can

USE OF CAPACITORS 5.4 Individual Compensation - Wherever possible the capacitor should be connected directly across the terminals of the low power factor appliance or equipment. This ensures the control to be automatic through the same switching devices of the apparatus or appliance. 5.5 Group Compensation - In industries where a large number of small motors or other appliances and machines are installed and whose operation is periodical it is economical to dispense with individual installation of capacitors. A bank of capacitors may be installed to connect them to the distribution centre or main bus-bars of the group of machines.

DG Set Rating Definition Standby Power Rating: Applicable for supplying emergency power for the duration of the utility power outage. No overload capacity is available for this rating. Under no condition is an engine allowed to operate in parallel with the public utility at the Stanby Power Rating.

This rating should be applied where reliable utility power is available. A Standby rated engine should be sized for a maximum of an 80% average load factor and 200 hours of operation per year. This includes less than 25 hours per year at the Standby Power Rating. Standby Ratings should never be applied except in true emergency power outage. Negotiated power outages contracted with a utility company are not considered an emergency.

Prime Power Rating: Applicable for supplying electric power in lieu of commercially purchased power. Prime Power Applications must be in the form of one of the following two categories :

Unlimited Time Running Prime Power: Prime power is available for an unlimited number of hours per year in a variable load application. Variable load should not exceed a 70% average of the Prime Power rating during any operation period of 250 hours. The total operating time at 100% Prime Power shall not exceed 500 hours per year. A 10% overload capability is available for a period of 1 hour within a 12 hour period of operation. Total operating time at the 10% overload power shall not exceed 25 hours per year. Limited Time Running Prime Power: Limited time Prime Power is available for a limited number of hours in a non-variable load application. It is intended for use in situation where power outages are contracted, such as utility power curtailment. Engines may be operated in parallel to the public utility up to 750 hours per year at power levels never to exceed the Prime Power Rating. The customer should be aware, however, that the life of any engine will be reduced by this constant high load operation. Any operation exceeding 750 hours per year at the Limited time Prime Power rating should use the Continuous Power Rating. Continuous Power Rating: Applicable for supplying utility power at a constant 100% load for an unlimited number of hours per year. No overload capability is available for this rating.

PRE-TREATMENT PROCESS BEFORE POWDER COATING 1. DEGREASING: This is first tank of dip phosphate process in which components are made free from grease, oil & contamination. 2. WATER RINSE: All the traces of contamination carrying with components are cleaned in this rinse bath. 3. DERUSTING: In this process, rust and scales are removed from the component . 4. WATER RINSE: The above operation is followed by water rinse to remove all traces of acid carrying with components. 5. ACTIVATION: This activity is mandatory for zink phosphate pretreatment process and is being done to activate the surface as well as to give a thin layer of coating which is compatible with phosphating 6. PHOSPHATING: In this operation, the clean surface of the component is coated with a thin layer of zinc phosphate layer by using a phosphating solution. 7. WATER RINSE: The above operation is followed by water rinses 8. PASSIVATING: The surface of the phosphated component is active due to coating and hence very easily susceptible to rusting immediately, unless passivated. The components are, therefore, dipped into

a solution of hot chromic acid which tends to passivate the phosphated surface and protect it from rusting for a period of 12 to 24 hours until the components are ready for painting. 9. WATER DRY OVEN: In this stage the all the water &moisture is being removed from the component.

HUME PIPE CLASSIFICATION AS PER IS 458: 2003 Class NP1 NP2 NP3 Description Unreinforced concrete non-pressure pipes Reinforced concrete, light-duty, non-pressure pipes Reinforced and also unreinforced (in case of pipes manufactured by vibrated casting process) concrete, medium-duty, nonpressure pipes Reinforced and also unreinforced (in case of pipes manufactured by vibrated casting process) concrete, heavy-duty, non-pressure pipes Reinforced concrete pressure pipes tested to a hydrostatic pressure of 0.2 MPa (20 m head) Reinforced concrete pressure pipes tested to a For use on pumping mains, the site test hydrostatic pressure of 0.4 MPa (40 m head) Reinforced concrete pressure pipes tested to a For use on pumping mains, the site test hydrostatic pressure of 0.6 MPa (60 m head) Conditions Where Normally Used For drainage and irrigation use, above ground or in shallow trenches For drainage and irrigation use, for cross drains/culverts carrying light traffic For drainage and irrigation use, for cross drains/culverts carrying medium traffic

NP4

For drainage and irrigation use, for cross drains/culvert carrying heavy traffic

P1

P2

P3

For use on gravity mains, the site test pressure not exceeding two-thirds of the hydrostatic test pressure For use on pumping mains, the site test pressure not exceeding half of the hydrostatic test pressure For use on pumping mains, the site test pressure not exceeding half of the hydrostatic test pressure

ALUMINIUM COMPOSITION
STANDARDS ALUMINIUM CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS

India U.S.A. ( IS ) 19500 IE 19000 31000 --( AA ) 1050 EC 1100 3003 2024

Britain I.S.O. ( BS ) IB IE IC N3 --H 15 FCI N 21 N2 H9 91 E H 30 --N5 N8 N6 N4 --H 20 --(DGFVE232) --(DTD-5124) Al 99.5 --Al 99.0 Al Mn 1 Al Cu 4 Mg1 --Al-Cu 6 BiPB Al Si 5 --Al Mg Si --Al - Si Mg --Al Mg 3.5 Al Mg 4.5 Mn Al - Mg 5 Al - Mg 2 ----------Al-Zn 6 MgCu 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 3.8 - 4.9 3.8 - 5.0 5.0 - 6.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 - 1.0 --0.3 0.4 0.05 0.1 ----Cu. Mg. Si. Fe. Mn. Zn. Ti. (4) Cr.

Copper + Silicon + Iron not more than 0.5 per cent 0.2 0.1 1.2 - 1.8 0.2 - 0.8 --0.25 0.25 0.4 - 0.9 0.4 - 0.9 0.4 - 1.4 0.5 - 0.6 2.8 - 4.0 4.0 - 4.9 4.5 - 5.5 1.7 - 2.8 0.5 - 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 - 1.2 0.4 4.5 - 6.0 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.8 - 1.5 0.3 - 0.9 0.3 - 1.2 --0.5 0.5 0.3 --0.4 - 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.5 - 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.2 - 0.8 0.2 - 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 --0.1 --0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 --0.2 4.0 - 5.0 ----0.2 --0.2 --0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 --0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 ----0.1 --0.3 --0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 ----0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 --0.2 --0.3 --0.2 0.1 0.3

24345 (2014) --43000 46000 63400 63401 64430 62400 53000 54300 2011 4043 4047 6063 6101 6351 6005 --5083

10.0 - 13.0 0.6 0.3 - 0.7 0.3 - 0.7 0.6 - 1.3 0.7 - 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 - 1.3 0.4 - 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7

55000 (5556) 52000 ---

64423 (6066) 65032 74530 6251 ------7004 7075

0.15 - 0.4 0.8 - 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.2 - 2.0 1.0 - 1.5 1.8 - 2.2 1.0 - 1.4 2.1 - 2.9

0.3 0.25 - 0.45 3.6 - 4.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 - 0.5 0.3 4.0 - 5.0 5.1 - 6.4

Note -: Composition in Maximum unless shown as a range or a minimum.

How do you calculate knee point voltage?

Step 1: calculating knee point voltage Vkp Vkp Vkp Ift Rct Rw K = = = = = = {2 x Ift (Rct+Rw)}/ k required CT knee point voltage max transformer through fault in ampere CT secondary winding resistance in ohms loop impedance of pilot wire between CT and the CT transformation ratio

Step 2: calculate Transformer through fault Ift Ift = (KVA x 1000)/(1.732 x V x Impedance) KVA = transformer rating in kVA V = transformer secondary voltage Impedance = transformer impedance Step 3: How to obtain Rct To measure when CT is produce Step 4: How to obtain Rw This is the resistance of the pilot wire used to connect the 5th class X CT at the transformer star point to the relay in the LV switchboard. Please obtain this data from the Electrical contractor or consultant. We provide a table to serve as a general guide on cable resistance. Example: Transformer Capacity : 2500kVA Transformer impedance : 6% Voltage system : 22kV / 415V 3phase 4 wire Current transformer ratio : 4000/5A Current transformer type : Class X PR10 Current transformer Vkp : 185V Current transformer Rct : 1.02 (measured) Pilot wire resistance Rw : 25 meters using 6.0mm sq cable = 2 x 25 x 0.0032 = 0.16 Ift = (kVA x 1000) / (1.732 x V x impedance) = (2500 x 1000) / (1.732 x 415 x 0.06) = 57,968 round up 58,000A Vkp = {2 x Ift (Rct+Rw) } / k = {2 x 58000 (1.02+0.16) } / 800 = 171.1

Depth and Clearance for the Cable Laying as per IS 1255 - 2001 Depth The desired minimum depth of laying from ground surface to the top of cable is as follows: High voltage cables, 3.3 kV to 11 kV rating High voltage cables, 22 kV, 33 kV rating Low voltage and control cables Cables at road crossings Cables at railway level crossings (measured from bottom of sleepers to the top of pipe) : 1.00 m : 0.9 m : 1.05 m : 0.75 m : 1.00 m

Clearances The desired minimum clearances are as follows:

Power cable to power cable

: Clearance not necessary; however, larger the Clearance, better would be current carrying capacity

Power cable to control cables Power cable to communication cable Power cable to gas/water main

: 0.2 m : 0.3 m : 0.3 m

The vertical distance between the two racks should be minimum 0.3 m and the clearance between the first cable and the wall (if racks are mounted on wall) should be 25 mm. The width of the rack should not exceed 0.75 m in order to facilitate installation of cables