CHAPTER TWO DOS COMMANDS

FILE A collection of related information that is stored on a storage device such as floppy disk or hard disk, with a name. RULES FOR NAMING A FILE 1. A file name may consist of a maximum of eight characters, which include: Letters A to Z; Digits 0 to 9;Special Characters like $,&,#,!,%,-,{,}.e.g. SAMPLE. 2. A file name may be supplemented by an extension separated by file name by a point(.) consisting a maximum of three characters. e.g. RAMA.EXT Extensions are used to identify types of files and for their use 3. You may write file names using small or capital letters. Files may have the same name if the extension differs. e.g. LETTER.001,LETTER.002 DIRECTORIES A Disk is like a file cabinet. It has folders that contain groups of files. These folders called Directories, help you to organize your files. SUB-DIRECTORIES A directory can consist of other directories called subdirectories. DOS DOS stands for Disk operating System.A command is the name of a special program that makes your computer carry out a task. There are two types of MS-DOS commands - internal and external. INTERNAL COMMANDS Internal commands are read into the memory of the computer at the time of booting. They are placed in memory until the machine is switched off. BREAK CALL CHCP CHDIR (CD) CLS COPY CTTY DATE DEL (ERASE) DIR ECHO EXIT FOR GOTO IF MKDIR(MD) PATH PAUSE PROMPT REM REN(RENAME) RMDIR (RD) SHIFT TIME TYPE VER VERIFY VOL SET

EXTERNAL COMMANDS External commands are present on disk. They are not built into the operating system. APPEND EDLIN KEYB RESTORE ASSIGN EXE2BIN KEYBXX SETVER ATTRIB FASTOPEN LABEL SHARE BACKUP FC MODE SORT CHKDSK FDISK MORE SUBST COMMAND FIND NLSFUNC SYS COMP FORMAT PRINT TREE DELTREE GRAFTABL RECOVER XCOPY DISKCOMP JOIN REPLACE DISKCOPY

THE COMMAND PROMPT C:\>_ This is called the command prompt or DOS prompt. The flashing underscore next to the command prompt is called the cursor. The cursor shows where the command you type will appear. DIRECTORY COMMAND(DIR) It is used to display names of files and subdirectories from specified directory or current directory. Syntax: A>Dir/p A>Dir/w NOTE: The character/ and following alphabet are called switch. They modify the output of DIR command. EXAMPLE:A:\>DIR (press Enter key). It displays the content of directory A:\> on the screen. Five column format Column 1: File name Column 2: Extension of the file Column 3: Length of the file in bytes Column 4: Date on which file is created Column 5: Time on which file is created. A:\>DIR/P (press Enter key). Displays directories page by page. A:DIR/W Display the filenames widthwise CHANGING DIRECTORIES You can see a list of the files in another directory by changing to that directory, and then using the dir command again. In this case, you will change to the DOS directory. 1. Type the following at the command prompt: C:\>cd dos The command prompt changes. It should now look like the following: C:\DOS> The command prompt shows which directory you are in. In this case, you know you successfully changed to the DOS directory because the command prompt displays the directory's name. Now the current directory is DOS. CHANGING BACK TO THE ROOT DIRECTORY Next, you will change from the DOS directory to the root directory. The root directory is the directory you were in before you changed to the DOS directory. Before you begin this section, make sure your command prompt looks like the following: C:\DOS> To change to the root directory 1. Type the following at the command prompt: cd.. The command prompt should now look like the following: C:\> When your command prompt appears similar to this---that is, when it does not contain the name of a directory---you are in the root directory. CREATING A DIRECTORY Make sure the command prompt looks like the following: C:\> To create a directory, you will use the md command. The md command stands for "make directory." To create a directory named FRUIT 1. Type the following at the command prompt: md fruit You have now created a directory named FRUIT. DELETING A DIRECTORY If you no longer use a particular directory, you may want to delete it to simplify your directory structure. You will delete the GRAPES directory. Before you begin this section, make sure the command prompt looks like the following: C:\FRUIT> To delete a directory, use the rd command. The rd command stands for "remove directory." To delete the GRAPES directory 1. Type the following at the command prompt: rd grapes Note You cannot delete a directory if you are in it. Before you can delete a directory, you must make the directory that is one level higher the current directory. To do this, type cd.. at the command prompt.

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CHANGING DRIVES Changing drives is useful if you want to work with files that are on a different drive. To change to and view files on a different drive 1. Type the following at the command prompt: a: Note that the command prompt changed to the following: A:\> 2. Change back to drive C by typing the following at the command prompt: c: Your command prompt should return to the following: C:\> COPYING FILES This section describes how to copy a single file and a group of files. To copy a file, you will use the copy command. When you use the copy command, you must include two parameters. The first is the location and name of the file you want to copy, or the source. The second is the location to which you want to copy the file, or the destination. You separate the source and destination with a space. The copy command follows this pattern: copy source destination Copying a Single File In this section, you will copy the notepad.exe files from the WINDOWS directory to the FRUIT directory. Before you begin this section, make sure the command prompt looks like the following:C:\FRUIT> To copy the NOTEPAD.EXE files from the WINDOWS directory to the FRUIT directory 1. Return to the root directory by typing the following at the command prompt: cd.. The command prompt should now look like the following: C:\> Change to the DOS directory by typing the following at the command prompt: cd windows The command prompt should now look like the following: C:\WINDOWS> 2. Make sure the file you are going to copy, NOTEPAD.EXE, is located in the WINDOWS directory. 3. To copy the NOTEPAD.EXE file from the WINDOWS directory to the FRUIT directory, type the following at the command prompt: copy c:\windows\notepad.exe c:\fruit The following message appears: 1 file(s) copied RENAMING FILES This section explains how to rename files. You may want to rename a file if the information in it changes or if you decide you prefer another name. To rename a file, you will use the ren command. The ren command stands for "rename." When you use the ren command, you must include two parameters.The first is the file you want to rename, and the second is the new name for the file. You separate the two names with a space. The ren command follows this pattern: ren oldname newname Renaming a File In this section, you will rename the README.TXT file. Before you begin this section, make sure your command prompt looks like the following: C:\FRUIT> 1. To rename the NOTEPAD.EXE file to PADNOTE.TXT, type the following at the command prompt: ren notpad.exe padnote.txt DELETING FILES This section explains how to delete, or remove, a file that you no longer want on your disk. To delete a file, you will use the del command. The del command stands for "delete." Deleting a File In this section, you will delete two files using the del command. Before you begin, make sure your command prompt looks like the following: C:\FRUIT> To delete the PEARCOM and PEAR.HLP files 1. Delete the PADNOTE.TXT file by typing the following at the command prompt: del PADNOTE.TXT

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FORMAT: Prepares a disk so that MS-DOS can use it. Formatting a disk erases all the information on the disk, so be careful. Example: FORMAT A: FORMAT A\S: This command will format the disk in drive A and transfer system file into it.This can serve as a bootable disk. CHKDSK: Checks for problems and repairs corrupted disks. A disk can sometimes get corrupted when, for example, the power is turned off while a program is still running. Example: CHKDSK C: CHKDSK C\f: Fixes errors on the C drive CHKDSK C\v: Displays the full path and name of every file on the C drive DISKCOPY: Duplicates diskettes. Use this command to copy important diskettes, like newly purchased programs. Example: DISKCOPY A: B: XCOPY: Copies files, or entire directories with their subdirectories, to other disks or directories. Example: XCOPY C:\DOS C:\OLD_DOS /S BACKUP: Copies entire hard disks onto many floppy diskettes to create a backup copy of the hard disk. Example: BACKUP C:\*.* A: /S /F RESTORE: Restores the BACKUP files back onto your hard disk. Example: RESTORE A: C:\*.* DATE: Displays and changes the current date. If your computer does not have a real-time clock installed, put the DATE. Example: DATE TIME: Displays and changes the current time. If your computer does not have a real-time clock installed, put the TIME command. Example: TIME WILD CARDS Wild cards are special characters used to select files having a similar pattern.There are two wild cards: *(Asterisk)- Represents any number of any character or characters and ?(Question marks)Represents only one character. Examples: C>DIR * :Display all the files. C>DIR a* :display files starting with a C>DIR *.a* :Display files starting with extension a C>DIR P*.a* :Display files started with primary name p and extension starting with a ?:? Is used to select a single character Ex: DIR a??.* :It will display all the 3 character files starting with a with any extension. Dir *.?o? will display all the files with any file name and with o as the second character in the extension. Note: ALL THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES DISPLAY ALL THE FILES OF THE DIRECTORY 1) DIR * 2) DIR *.* 3) DIR *.??? 4) DIR ????????.* 5) DIR ???????.??? COPYING USING WILDCARDS: A > COPY *.COM B:\* It copies all the files which have an extension. COM from current drive A : into drive B :s root directory. C > COPY *.* A:\ It copies all the files from drive C : to drive A :s root directory

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SELF CHECK 2 1. What operation will the following DOS commands do? i) DEL *.txt ii) COPY B:\Results C:\Exams iii) REN Results Records iv) DISKCOPY A: A: 2.Write the Dos commands you will use to: i) Erase all files in a directory ii) Create a directory iii) Change a file name from ABC.DAT to CBA.TAD in drive A. iv) Copy all files with the extension DAT from drive C to drive A. 3.Write clearly what each of the following DOS commands will do: i) C:\>COPY B:\*.COM D: ii) D:\DIR iii)B:\ E: 4. Write the command syntax to perform the following DOS operations. a) To create a subdirectory called CSC300 in drive C b) To change file names from ABC.DAT to CBA.TAD in drive A. c) To move into a subdirectory called ADMIRA in drive B. d) To copy all files with the extension DAT from drive C to drive A. 5.State the function, syntax and various options of using the following DOS commands. a) DIR b) MD c) COPY d) CHKDSK 6. The command used to copy a diskette into another a. DISKCOPY b. XCOPY

7. C>XCOPY A: /S - This command is used to copy all files and subdirectories on the disk in a. drive A to the disk in the drive C. b. drive C to the disk in the drive A. 8. Which of the following are Internal Commands? a) TIME b) DATE c) DIR d) All above

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CHAPTER THREE DATA PROCESSING PRINCIPLES AND DBMS

DATA Data is a collection of numbers, characters, alphabets, and special symbols, petc. that can be processed to produce some meaningful information. Data is commonly defined as raw facts or observations DATA HIERARCHY Listed here in ascending order of complexity are the components of the data hierarchy in an information system. Bit: The term is bit is short form for binary digit. It can assume either of two possible states and therefore can represent either 0 or 1. Byte: In a computer system a character of information is called a byte. A byte of information is stored by using several bits in specified combination called bit patterns. One widely used bit pattern for personal computers and data communications is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). ASCII uses seven bits to represent one character. Each 1 or 0 corresponds to a single bit. Field or Item: A field or item of data is one or more bytes that contain data about an attribute of an entity in the information system. An entity in a payroll system is an individual employee. Attributes are the employees name, pay rate, and so on. The basic pay is a field or item of data. Record: A record is a collection of fields relating to a specific entity. For example, a payroll record contains fields of data relating to a specific employee. The field that identifies a record from all other records in a file is the record key. For example, the record key in a payroll record is usually the employees provident fund number or social security number because it is different for each employee. File: A file is a collection of related records. For example, the collection of payroll records for all employees in a company is a payroll file. The concept of a computer file is very similar to a manual file in a filing cabinet. Data Base: A database consists of all the files of an organization, structured and integrated to facilitate update of the files and retrieval of information from them. The term has often been used rather loosely. Technically a database consists of those files that are part of a data base management system. DATA PROCESSING MODES Batch Processing - With batch processing, data is collected together and then proceesed at once. Examples of batch processing include generation of mark-sheets of students. Mark-sheets and results of school examinations are given to students only at the end of an academic year. Online Processing - In online processing, transactions are processed to update the file immediately. It refers to the use of the internet in processing data. Real time processing - A real time application can immediately capture data about ongoing events or processes and provide the information necessary to manage them. For example, when a customer reserves a seat on an airline flight, the reservations agent keys in that fact and the inventory of non reserved seats on the flight is immediately changed to reflect one less available seat. Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. The term also refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor and/or the ability to allocate tasks between them. Multitasking is a method by which multiple tasks, also known as processes, share common processing resources such as a CPU. In the case of a computer with a single CPU, only one task is said to be running at any point in time, meaning that the CPU is actively executing instructions for that task.
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM A database is a collection of information organised and presented for a special purpose. A DBMS is a computer program which allows the user to manipulate the database. DATABASE APPLICATIONS: Banking: all transactions Airlines: reservations, schedules Universities: registration, grades Sales: customers, products, purchases Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions FUNCTIONS OF A DBMS 1. It helps in database definition 2. It helps in data entry 3. It helps in data modification 4. It helps in data indexing 5. It helps in data sorting 6. It helps in data searching 7. It helps in report generation. SELF CHECK 3 1. Write short notes on the following: a) Database b) Record c) Field d) DBMS 2.What is a database? Give five functions of a DBMS. 3. Diffrentiate between the following: a)Multiprocessing and Multiprogramming b) Online processing and batch processing c) Bit and Byte

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CHAPTER FOUR
INTRODUCTION TO SPREADSHEET AND WORD PROCESSING
SPREADSHEET A spreadsheet is a tool for working with and analysing numerical data. In structure it consists of a grid of rows and columns, rather like a large sheet of graph paper. Each row is numbered, usually from 1 to about 8,000, and each column is labelled by a letter. The sequence of letters is usually A to Z, then AA, AB, AC... and so on. A typical spreadsheet is shown in BELOW.

SPREADSHEET TERMINOLOGY Row--a side by side horizontal layout of boxes Column--an up and down vertical layout of boxes Cell--the block created when a column and a row meet each other Active Cell or Current Cell - the cell in a spreadsheet application in which data may be entered. Cell Pointer :The cell pointer is similar to the word processings insertion point. It selects or marks the current cell (where the next activity is going to take place). Cell Address or Reference--the location of a cell on a spreadsheet, (identified by the column letter, by the row number, example: A1, B4) Data Entry Bar--the bar at the top of the spreadsheet used to enter data into the cell that you have chosen Grid--a blank set-up of rows and columns in a spreadsheet for data to be entered on Sheet :A layer of the spreadsheet. Excel spreadsheets can have multiple sheets (this can be helpful if you want one spreadsheet that contains the gradebooks for all sections that you teach, each section can be on a separate sheet). Status Line: Another name for the formula line. Workbook :A collection of worksheets that are contained within a single electronic file. Worksheet :A collection of cells that is grouped on a single layer of the spreadsheet. A workbook is a collection of worksheets (layers). There are 3 types of data that can be entered into a spreadsheet--VALUES, LABELS, and FORMULAS. Value--a number Label--data entered as text, like a word or a letter Formula--a mathematical statement, which begins with an equal sign (=) that tells the computer to perform a calculation A spreadsheet formula is a mathematical equation that will calculate a result. Examples of simple formulas : = A3 - C6 / D2 or = ( B4 + B5 ) * E7 In spreadsheet formulas, normally we use the cell reference of the data rather than the data itself. In Excel, formulas begin with an equal ( = ) sign.
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ADVANTAGES OF A SPREADSHEET 1. A spreadsheet allows users to enter and calculate numerical data. 2. Using a spreadsheet greatly increases productivity for anyone who needs to manage receipts, create budgets, generate financial reports or even keep track of inventories and similar lists. 3. A spreadsheet combines the features of a general ledger with the flexibility of powerful data analysis and reporting functions. 4. You can use a spreadsheet to budget your personal finances or keep track of your investments. 5. You can follow loan repayments or compare the benefits of different mortgages. 6. You can analyse the weather patterns in your area, perform classroom or meeting room timetabling, assess the performance of students in a class, create invoices, and much, much more. WORD PROCESSING A word processor is a software package that enables you to create, edit, print and save documents for future retrieval and reference. Creating a document involves typing by using a keyboard and saving it. Editing a document involves correcting the spelling mistakes, if any, deleting or moving words sentences or paragraphs. Advantages of Word Processing One of the main advantages of a word processor over a conventional typewriter is that a word processor enables you to make changes to a document without retyping the entire document. Features of Word Processing Most Word Processor available today allows more than just creating and editing documents. They have wide range of other tools and functions, which are used in formatting the documents. The following are the main features of a Word Processor i) Text is typing into the computer, which allows alterations to be made easily. ii) Words and sentences can be inserted, amended or deleted. iii) Paragraphs or text can be copied /moved throughout the document. iv) Margins and page length can be adjusted as desired. v) Spelling can be checked and modified through the spell check facility. vi) Multiple document/files can be merged. vii) Multiple copies of letters can be generated with different addresses through the mail-merge facility. (c) Some Common Word Processing Packages The followings are examples of some popular word processor available: Softword, WordStar Word perfect, Microsoft word, etc SELF CHECK 4 1a. Define a spreadsheet software. 1b. List three advantages of spreadsheet programs over a calculator. 2a.What is a processor? 2b. List five features of word processing software. 3a.A cell range is defined as F10..L52.How many cells are contained in this range? 3b.Write any two ways of computing the sum of all the values in the cells B2,C2,D2,E5. 4. If the number 30 is in cell R1, 21 in cell S1 and 55 in cell T1, state three ways you can find the average of the three numbers using a spreadsheet program. 5. Define the following terms: a. cell b. cell address c. cell pointer d. workbook e. sheet

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