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INTRODUCTION
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Investigating the possibility of liquefaction at the site (Chap. 6). Liquefaction can cause a complete loss of the soils shear strength, which could result in a bearing capacity failure, excessive settlement, or slope movement. Calculating the settlement of the structure caused by the anticipated earthquake (Chap. 7). Checking the design parameters for the foundation, such as the bearing capacity and allowable soil bearing pressures, to make sure that the foundation does not suffer a bearing capacity failure during the anticipated earthquake (Chap. 8). Investigating the stability of slopes for the additional forces imposed during the design earthquake. In addition, the lateral deformation of the slope during the anticipated earthquake may need to be calculated (Chap. 9). Evaluating the effect of the design earthquake on the stability of retaining walls (Chap. 10). Analyzing other possible earthquake effects, such as surface faulting and resonance of the structure (Chap. 11). Developing site improvement techniques to mitigate the effects of the anticipated earthquake. Examples include ground stabilization and groundwater control (Chap. 12). Determining the type of foundation, such as a shallow or deep foundation, that is best suited for resisting the effects of the design earthquake (Chap. 13). Assisting the structural engineer by investigating the effects of ground movement due to seismic forces on the structure and by providing design parameters or suitable structural systems to accommodate the anticipated displacement (Chap. 13).
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1.2
CHAPTER ONE
In many cases, the tasks listed above may be required by the building code or other regulatory specifications (Chap. 14). For example, the Uniform Building Code (1997), which is the building code required for construction in California, states (code provision submitted by the author, adopted in May 1994):
The potential for soil liquefaction and soil strength loss during earthquakes shall be evaluated during the geotechnical investigation. The geotechnical report shall assess potential consequences of any liquefaction and soil strength loss, including estimation of differential settlement, lateral movement or reduction in foundation soil-bearing capacity, and discuss mitigating measures. Such measures shall be given consideration in the design of the building and may include, but are not limited to, ground stabilization, selection of appropriate foundation type and depths, selection of appropriate structural systems to accommodate anticipated displacement or any combination of these measures.
The intent of this building code requirement is to obtain an estimate of the foundation displacement caused by the earthquake-induced soil movement. In terms of accuracy of the calculations used to determine the earthquake-induced soil movement, Tokimatsu and Seed (1984) conclude:
It should be recognized that, even under static loading conditions, the error associated with the estimation of settlement is on the order of 25 to 50%. It is therefore reasonable to expect less accuracy in predicting settlements for the more complicated conditions associated with earthquake loading.In the application of the methods, it is essential to check that the final results are reasonable in light of available experience.
INTRODUCTION
1.3
Glossary 1: Field Testing Terminology Glossary 2: Laboratory Testing Terminology Glossary 3: Terminology for Engineering Analysis and Computations Glossary 4: Compaction, Grading, and Construction Terminology Glossary 5: Earthquake Terminology
Field exploration (Chap. 5) Liquefaction (Chap. 6) Settlement of structures (Chap. 7) Bearing capacity (Chap. 8) Slope stability (Chap. 9) Retaining walls (Chap. 10) Other earthquake effects (Chap. 11)
Part 3 of the book (Chaps. 12 and 13) presents commonly used site improvement methods and foundation alternatives. Part 4 (Chap. 14) presents a brief introduction to building codes as they pertain to geotechnical earthquake engineering. As mentioned in Sec. 1.3, a glossary in included in App. A. Other items are presented in the appendices:
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Data from the EQSEARCH, EQFAULT, and FRISKSP computer programs (App. B) Conversion factors (App. C)
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CHAPTER ONE
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Example of the portion of the geotechnical report dealing with earthquake engineering (App. D) Solution to problems (App. E) References (App. F)