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Corrugating Starch Adhesives Manual

Corn Products International, Inc.


Quality Policy on Products, Services and Customer Relations
It is the policy of Corn Products International, Inc., to provide products that not only meet applicable government quality and safety standards, but also seek to meet evolving customer expectations for quality, value and service; and to assure the accuracy and propriety of all labeling, advertising, and other representations we make concerning our products and services.

INTRODUCTION
This manual is intended as a resource on starch, its relationship to, and use in corrugating. It is designed to make it easier to respond quickly and effectively to adhesive and machine problems. The information presented is based upon actual field and laboratory work. It should not be viewed as providing advice or solutions to particular applications, each of which is unique and not susceptible to general advice. We encourage you to call your representative at Corn Products U.S., CASCO, Inc., or CPIngredientes to discuss your specific situation. We will be happy to lend our support.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 The History of Starch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 The Corn Wet Milling Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 The Role of Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Starch Basics for Corrugated Board . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Low Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 High Viscosity (Thick, Heavy Adhesive) . . . . . . . . . .9 Effects of Shear on Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 The Temperature Viscosity Control System . . . . . . . .10 Viscosity/Time Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Viscosity/Resin Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Microbiological Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Care with Biocides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Gelatinization Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Gel Temperature Too High . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Gel Temperature Too Low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Gel Temperature/Time Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Determination of Caustic Concentration In Liquid Caustic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Corrugating Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Penetrating Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Antifoam Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Liquid Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Resins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Corrugating Processes/Systems/Equipment . . . . . . . . . .15 Stein Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Jet Cook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 High Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 No-Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Starch Properties and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Alkali (Caustic) Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Measuring Viscosity of Finished Starch Adhesive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Calibrating the Stein Hall Cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Gelatinization Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Microbiological Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Starch Solids Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Board Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Quality Monitoring and Control at the Adhesive Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Statistical Process Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Troubleshooting Common Corrugating Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Diagnosing Viscosity Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Diagnosing Typical Gel Temperature Problems . . . . .26 Diagnosing Corrugating Equipment and Board Quality Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Diagnosing Warp Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Corporate Headquarters Corn Products U.S. 5 Westbrook Corporate Center Westchester, IL 60154 United States (800) 443-2746 www.cornproductsus.com

Toronto Casco, Inc. 401 The West Mall, 2nd Floor Etobicoke, Ontario M9C 5P7 Canada (416) 620-2300 (Toronto) (514) 694-4700 (Montreal/Eastern Canada) www.casco.ca

CPIngredientes, S.A. de C.V. Av. Mariano Otero #1249, Floor 9 Torre Atlantico Rinconada del Basque 44530 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico (33) 3884-9000 ext. 3520 www.cpimex.com

CORRUGATED MAKES IT HAPPEN FOR

FARMING

Background
The History of Starch
The first uses of starch stretch back to the ancient Egyptians and Chinese. They were quite adept at using starches, a fact duly recorded in Catos Treatise written in 184 B.C. It was much later in Europe, however, that the industry flourished. The source of grain supply then was wheat and rice. As demand for starch increased, other raw materials, including potatoes, were tried. It was the English who brought the knowledge of producing starch to the New World, where, after the Revolutionary War, numerous small potato and wheat starch plants were operating in the eastern United States. However, the price of wheat and potatoes was rising to the point where profit margins were seriously endangered. The search for substitute raw materials resulted in Americas most abundant crop as the answer, and the first corn starch factory was built in 1844 in Jersey City, New Jersey. From that point on, the industry grew by leaps and bounds. In 1906, New York Glucose and the Glucose Trust merged into Corn Products Refining Company under the management of E.T. Bedford.

Corn Products International, Inc., Leads the Way


Through the decades, Corn Products International continues growing. Today, we operate nine corn refining facilities in North America. Corn starches and sweeteners produced in these plants are used in a wide variety of food and industrial products. Our long history with starch and experience with the corrugating industry affords corrugators many advantages. We have consistently sought new and innovative methods of meeting the changing needs of corrugators. Such efforts have led to the development of quality modified and unmodified starches that corrugators have come to expect. Our commitment to the corrugating industry is further evidenced by our pledge to excellence in technical services, sales representation and engineering assistance.

The Corn Wet Milling Process


The objective of processing corn is to separate the kernel into its component parts with maximum purity. The five basic products that result are starch, steepwater, germ, feed and gluten. The 40-hour steeping process softens the corn, removes some solubles (steepwater), and breaks the bond connecting starch, gluten, germ and fiber. Germ, gluten and fiber are dewatered and dried by use of filters, presses and dryers. The germ is further processed to recover oil, while the remaining fiber is returned for feed. Starch slurry is converted to food and industrial grade starches for industries including corrugating. It is dewatered in centrifuges to produce a starch cake. This is then dispersed into a stream of heated air and flash dried to a finished moisture of about 912.5 percent. The dried starch is pneumatically conveyed to a storage silo where it can be loaded into bulk railcars, bulk trucks or packed into 50- or 100-pound bags, or super sacks. During the drying process, it is common for corn wet milling plants to maintain the moisture of about 912.5 percent. Great care must be taken to prevent the starch from overheating in the presence of moisture. If the process is not monitored closely, a starch product with abnormally high sensitivity to caustic soda may result. If the starch is to be further refined into a sugar, it is processed in a refinery. Customers use dextrose, fructose and corn syrup sugars in many food and beverage and industrial applications. Many factors affect the consistent production of starch. As with any natural raw material, properties of corn can be affected by temperature, hours of sunlight, humidity, rainfall, year of planting, soil moisture, plant population and fertilization rate. Different corn varieties can also result in varying starch properties. Corn varieties that contain all branched starch molecules are called waxy maize. The types of corn that contain unusually large quantities of linear starch molecules are called high amylose hybrids. Starches derived from these two hybrids have vastly different properties that offer benefits in end-use applications. Waxy maize starch tends to resist retrogradation, making it ideal for certain food applications such as puddings or in textiles because it produces a clear film. Conversely, high amylose hybrids invert rapidly, which works well for processes including fiberglass sizing or cotton-polyester blend sizing. Normally, corn starch is composed of two molecular species. Amylose, a linear non-branched type of molecule, makes up about 25 percent of the starch in conventional corn starch. Amylopectin, the branched molecule in starch, accounts for the remainder, or approximately 75 percent.

The Corn Wet Milling Process


Corn

Steeping

Milling & Screening

Germ

Corn Oil

Steepwater

Feed & Dietary Fiber

Germ Meal

Starch Separation

Corn Syrup

Gluten Feed

Starch Slurry

Syrup Refining

High Fructose Corn Syrup

Industrial Starches

Starch Drying

Food Starches

Dextrose Family

The Role of Corn


There are factors that affect the makeup of corn. For years, seed-corn suppliers have worked to improve the characteristics of the corn plant. Corn hybrids have increased resistance to disease and pests and improved yields. These improvements benefit all industries that use corn by-products. For corrugators, the most important properties are viscosity and gelatinization point. These properties can vary from corn crop to corn crop. Data shows the natural gelatinization temperature varies depending on the climate or growing region of the world.1 (See Figure 1.) Process modifications may be necessary to compensate for raw material variations. Even granule size (diameter) is affected by environmental factors. Granule size is important since it is known that
FIGURE 1 Geographic Relationship to Gelatinization Temperature
Geographic Location and Growing Conditions Location A Gelatinization of Corn Starch 143-158F [61.7-70.0C]

smaller granules have reduced amounts of amylose, the linear molecule fraction in starch.2 Larger starch granules gelatinize more easily than small particles.3 It also is known that starches with lower gel temperature than entire high quantities of amylose yield much higher gelatinization temperatures than conventional corn starch. (See Figure 2.) When heated in water, native starch granules, regardless of molecular type, hydrate (absorb water), increase in size and thicken to form a viscous liquid, gel or paste. This single property is probably the most important characteristic of the starch and is relied upon to provide thickening. In the corrugating industry, this gelatinizing property of starch is encouraged by the addition of caustic soda and used effectively to suspend or carry pearl starch that has not been gelatinized.
FIGURE 2 Reported Gelatinization Temperatures of Conventional Corn Starch and High Amylose Starches
Identification of Starch Type
(Unmodified)

Gelatinization Range of Starch Type


(Initiation, Midpoint, Completion)

Conventional Corn

143F 158F 167F [61.7C] [70.0C] [75.0C] 153F 176F (Note) [67.2C] [80.0C]

Location B

147-165F [63.9-73.9C]

High Amylose Corn

Note: Complete gelatinization of high-amylose starch is not affected in boiling water, 212F [100C]. It has been stated that high amylose requires pressure for complete gelatinization.

FIGURE 3

The Corrugating Process S. F. to bridge Open steam shower Greenline steam shower Medium preconditioning roll 250F [121.1C]

Bridge

Liner preheater 378F [192.2C]

236-266F [113.3-130.0C]

180-190F [82.2-87.8C]

Pressure roll 180-210F [82.2-98.9C] 370F [187.8C]

370F [187.8C] Doctor roll Starch Dance roll Open steam shower

D. F. Line

Adjustable wrap roll


6

Starch applicator roll

Roll stan

Footnotes: 1. F.R. Earle, Protein and Oil in Corn: Variation by Crop Years from 1907 to 1972, Cereal Chem., Vol 54(1), pp. 71-79. 2. R.L. Whistler, J.N. BeMiller and E.F. Paschall, Starch: Chemistry and Technology, 2nd Edition, (Academic Press, 1984) Chapter III, pp. 34 & 36, Jack C. Shannon and Douglas L. Garwood, Contributing Authors. 3. R.W. Kerr, Chemistry and Industry of Starch, 2nd Edition, (Academic Press, Inc.,1950) Chapter I, p. 3

Starch Basics for Corrugated Board


For 2005, the value of the corrugated board market in the U.S. is estimated to be over $24 billion. Corrugated board is made up of liners and the fluted medium. Many weights, thicknesses and combinations of liners and medium are used for different applications. The principles of manufacture are simple. (See Figure 3.) Starting at the single facer, flat corrugating medium is softened with heat and moisture and passed between a set of corrugating rolls to form it into flutes. Adhesive is applied to the flute tips on one side of the medium. Then, a single facer linerboard is brought into contact with the fluted medium under heat and pressure to produce a single facer web. This web is conveyed to the double backer station where adhesive is applied to the exposed flute tips and the double backer liner is applied. The combination is finally conveyed over a series of hot plates to set the adhesive. Modern corrugating machines can run at speeds in excess of 1,200 feet per minute, depending on the type of board being produced. These high speeds are possible because of corn starchs ability to gelatinize and produce high viscosities at the glue line. A mixture of pearl starch, borax, caustic soda and water is suspended in a paste of cooked starch. The addition of caustic soda helps gelatinize the starch. An increase in the amount of caustic soda, based on the total starch, will lower the gel temperature of the entire adhesive.

The primary value of borax is to buffer the caustic soda present in the formula. It also provides viscosity control and adds tack to the finished adhesive. For equivalent amounts of borax for starch formulations, see Appendix A. Generally, 1520 percent of the starch is fully cooked in part of the water with caustic to provide a carrier for the pearl starch. Starch solids levels usually are 2335 percent to achieve finished adhesive viscosity of 3050 Stein Hall seconds. After the adhesive is applied to the flute tips and heated, the pearl starch gelatinizes in place. When the starch swells and gelatinization begins, a green bond is formed. Nearly all of the corrugated board produced today is bonded with a starch-based adhesive. Since the quality and bonding properties of the starch directly affect final board quality, decisions regarding starch should be made carefully and treated with importance in the process. Pearl starch, or unmodified starch, typically has been the key product used for starch adhesive. However, with the introduction of high performance papers and the increased use of recycled paper, the porosity of the corrugated medium and liners has changed. Therefore, the adhesive must change, too. Modified, or carrier, starches, when used in conjunction with pearl starch, allow an increase in solids for better bonding and the ability to achieve higher machine speeds.

Bridge S. F. liner Adjustable wrap roll Preheater 36" 150-160F [65.6-71.1C] Adjustable wrap roll Preheater 36" Doctor roll Starch Hold down Rider roll roll

itioning F [121.1C]

en am ower

D. F. Liner

Starch applicator roll Preheater 18" 180-210F [82.2-98.9C]

Roll stand
7

CORRUGATED MAKES IT HAPPEN FOR

SHIPPING

Viscosity
In the corrugating industry, the term viscosity is used to describe adhesives flowability. (Tests for measuring viscosity can be found on page 17.)

Low Viscosity
When adhesive paste is too thin, or has low viscosity, the water tends to wick into the medium. This wicking action may remove the needed water from the glue line, which means the pearl starch may not have enough water to gelatinize completely. Many times the board will be dry and brittle coming off the corrugator, or may become brittle as it stack cures. If a pin adhesion test is performed on a sample of this board, low numbers will result. There may be very little fiber pull and the glue line will have an amber appearance. Since the bond is marginal, one solution is to open the glue settings on the machine to deliver more adhesive to the glue line. The downside to applying more adhesive is the potential for warp, washboarding, higher starch consumption and slower machine speeds.

In mixing systems, mixing blades shear the adhesive to a workable viscosity. When an adhesive formula is developed, the mix times are calculated to perform this task correctly. When the mix times are changed, quality of the finished adhesive will vary. The secondary mixer blades must be properly placed and in good repair to prevent areas of over-agitation. Missing or broken blades will add mixing time and may reduce the flexibility of the formula. The storage tanks should have agitators operating on timers. Agitators should be set to mix for five minutes out of every 30 minutes. These agitators also should operate if the Temperature Viscosity Control (TVC) system calls for heat. Temperature is very important when taking a viscosity reading. The viscosity of the adhesive will vary proportionally with the temperature of the adhesive. As the temperature goes up, the viscosity will drop (become thinner). Conversely, as the temperature decreases, the viscosity will increase (become thicker). This inverse relationship of viscosity to temperature is approximately 10 percent for every 2F [1.1C] change. (See Figure 4.) The piping system used in the plant should not have dead ends. Fewer elbows and turns help reduce friction and pressure buildup within the lines. The lines should be pitched to ensure adequate drainage for cleanups. The pumps (often positive displacement pumps) used to transfer adhesive from the mixer to storage tanks and from storage tanks to corrugator can cause unwanted shear. It is important to have the proper size pump operating at the correct rpm. A plants starch supplier should be able to help calculate system needs.

High Viscosity (Thick, Heavy Adhesive)


When the adhesive is too thick (high viscosity), it tends to sit on top of the flute tip, penetrating the medium and glue line very slowly. This will lead to a soft, wet board coming from the corrugator. It is difficult to print on wet board and it is hard to convert in the finishing department. Starch consumption will also increase because of the wide glue lines associated with thick adhesive. Adhesive flowability is reduced in the glue pans, which pushes adhesive to the back of the pans and allows heat to build up. This usually leads to gelling problems at the single facer. Overflowing adhesive and poor transfer of the adhesive from the glue roll is associated with high viscosity adhesive. On some of the new, high speed single facers, the machine will shut down if the viscosity is too high.

Effects of Shear on Viscosity


Shear is the mechanical action of breaking down the adhesive resulting in reduced viscosity. Shear can occur at the mixers, pumps, pipes, elbows or valves, and at the actual corrugator. 9

FIGURE 4

Temperature - Viscosity Correction Table (for Stein Hall Viscosity)


90F [32.2C] 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 92F [33.2C] 38 40 41 43 45 47 49 50 52 54 56 58 59 61 63 65 67 68 70 72 74 76 77 79 81 83 85 86 94F [34.4C] 34 36 37 39 41 42 44 45 47 49 50 52 53 55 57 58 60 62 63 65 66 68 70 71 73 75 76 78 96F [35.6C] 31 32 34 35 36 38 39 41 42 44 45 47 48 50 51 52 54 55 57 58 60 61 63 64 66 67 69 70 98F [36.7C] 28 29 30 31 33 34 35 37 38 39 41 42 43 45 46 47 49 50 51 52 54 55 56 58 59 60 62 63 100F [37.8C] 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 50 51 52 53 54 56 57 102F [38.9C] 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 104F [40.0C] 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 106F [41.1C] 18 19 20 21 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 108F [42.2C] 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 36 37 110F [43.3C] 15 15 16 17 17 18 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 24 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 33

Viscosity (Stein Hall)

60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

If air pumps are to be used to circulate the adhesive to and from the machine, proper air pressure is essential. Most air pumps operate at 40 to 60 psi, depending upon the distance to pump. Too much air pressure will force the adhesive through the lines and cause shear. Valves in the lines must be inspected regularly. A worn valve may appear open when it is only partially open, causing shear of the adhesive. 10

The Temperature Viscosity Control System


To control the adhesive temperature in storage properly, a Temperature Viscosity Control (TVC) system is required. Typically, the system uses a small tank of heated water positioned slightly above and between the adhesive storage tanks. Water from this tank is circulated through coils inside the storage tanks at the same time agitators are moving adhesive. The water should be heated to a

temperature 10F [5.6C] lower than the lowest gel temperature of the adhesive in storage. When the temperature of the adhesive falls below 100F [37.8C], the TVC system should activate automatically. Probes inside the TVC water tank and storage tanks monitor temperature. If the water temperature becomes too high (higher than the gel temperature of the adhesive), the adhesive will begin to gelatinize on the coils. When this happens, the heat transfer from the water in the coils to the starch is reduced, which increases the agitation time of the adhesive. This can result in low viscosity. The longer it takes for the temperature to rise, the longer the storage tank agitators must run, and the higher the risk of shear. Plants that have complete steam shutdown on weekends rely on electric units to heat TVC water. This is an important consideration in new installations to insure proper adhesive viscosity control.

Some resins will react with borax in the formula causing a change in viscosity. Using the correct amount of resin in the formula is critical. The resin supplier should be contacted for proper addition rates and/or limitations.

Microbiological Degradation
Starch, a carbohydrate, is often considered food for bacteria. It has been found that some bacteria will survive, and may even thrive, in a strong alkaline medium such as starch-based corrugating adhesives. If the bacteria population increases to, or exceeds, 10,000 colony forming units (cfu) per gram, starch adhesive could show viscosity loss. This results from the gelled starch being attacked by bacteria and converted to a soluble carbohydrate, which will lower viscosity. At levels greater than 1,000,000 cfu per gram, an odor may also develop. However, odor alone should not be considered an indicator of microbiological growth. When microbial problems are suspected, microbiological testing can be a valuable tool. Test laboratories generally require an aseptically obtained sample of the corrugating adhesive to achieve meaningful results. Contact your biocide supplier and request a test of the plants adhesive.

Viscosity/Time Relationship
The length of time the adhesive is held in storage can be critical. Over time, the raw portion of the adhesive will begin to separate from the cooked portion. This causes viscosity to drop. Fast turnover of the adhesive is the best solution. Reducing the amount of material for storage during down periods is also wise.

Care With Biocides


To prevent microbiological growth, biocides should be used with care. Most manufacturers recommend changing the biocide regularly to prevent the growth of a colony that may resist the action of a particular biocide. (See Appendix B.) It is recommended that the entire adhesive system be cleaned twice per year using a commercially available industrial strength cleaner and commercial household bleach, or a treatment from your biocide supplier. The lines to and from the machine also should be flushed and cleaned. If the adhesive system uses bulk starch, the discharge chute should be cleaned or changed since it is a breeding ground for bacteria. Details on system cleaning should be provided by the biocide supplier.

Viscosity/Resin Relationship
To make adhesive water resistant, you must add resin. This creates a chemical reaction when the mixture is heated on the corrugator. The result produces a water-resistant bond. The degree of water resistance is related to the ratio of resin solids to starch. However, it is difficult to generalize about the amount of resin needed because resin solids vary dramatically. Never mix resin-treated adhesive with adhesive in storage. When resin is added to a batch of adhesive, it is advisable to use all of the adhesive as soon as possible. The adhesives resin potency will last approximately eight hours after a batch is made. After that, the resin loses the ability to react with the starch and viscosity breakdown begins, affecting the entire batch. Also, resins have a finite shelf life. Resin should be added slowly to the adhesive, usually during the final mix. Adding the resin too fast can cause viscosity changes. It is not advisable to add resin to the storage tanks because viscosity changes can occur in storage, to the point that the adhesive will be unable to pump. In addition, the storage tank agitators are not designed to blend resin, and permanent damage can occur.

11

Gelatinization
Temperature
Gelatinization temperature, or gel temperature, is the temperature at which the adhesive begins to thicken and develop its bonding properties. Although it is often expressed as a single temperature unit (F or C), in reality it is a temperature range dependent upon the molecular size and composition of the starch. The natural gelatinization temperature of corn starch is generally too high for normal corrugating operation. Running an adhesive with high gel temperature could affect bonding, especially at the double backer. Machine speed could also be affected. Addition of caustic soda suppresses the gelatinization temperature, thus providing corrugators the flexibility to set the gel temperature at a desirable level for the individual machine conditions and paper combinations. Gel temperature is measured by simply heating the adhesive as it is stirred with a glass thermometer. When the paste begins to thicken (gel), the temperature that appears on the thermometer is recorded. (See Appendix C.)

Gel Temperature/Time Relationship


The gel temperature will rise the longer the adhesive is held in storage. This happens because over time the starch will absorb some of the free caustic present in the adhesive. Periodic checks of the gel temperature will prevent unwanted high temperatures at the double backer glue station.

Determination of Caustic Concentration in Liquid Caustic (Hydrometer Method)


The caustic concentration of liquid caustic can be determined by utilizing a caustic specific gravity chart and specific gravity spindle. Equipment needed is a specific gravity spindle, a clear 500-mL plastic cylinder and a specific gravity concentration chart. (See Appendix D.) Fill the plastic cylinder so that it is about 2/3 full with liquid caustic. Make sure the sample is at or above room temperature. Gently insert the spindle into the liquid so that it floats freely without touching the sides or the bottom. The spindle stem has graduated marks (specific gravity units), and the reading is taken at the point where the liquid level intersects the spindle stem. The specific gravity reading is applied to the chart to determine the percent caustic (% NaOH) directly. For example, if the sample is 50% liquid caustic, the spindle reading will be 1.530. If the reading is higher, the caustic solution is higher than 50%. Similarly, if the reading is lower, the caustic solution is diluted with water and its concentration is less than 50%. (See Appendix D.)

Gel Temperature Too High


If the gel temperature is too high, there may not be enough heat present to gelatinize all the starch granules. This will result in a white glue line and a poor bond. The speed of the corrugator must be reduced to achieve an acceptable bond, particularly on double wall board. The dry end operators also may notice wet or soft board coming off the machine.

Gel Temperature Too Low


If the gel temperature is too low, several conditions may result. The adhesive will gel before it has a chance to penetrate into the paper. This may result in brittle board, dry bond, raspy-feeling glue lines and cracking board. There also may be severe gelling on the fingers of the single facer or gelling in the pans.

12

Corrugating
Additives
Penetrating Aids
When dense liners and/or mediums are used, penetrating aids may help bonding by reducing the water surface tension, so the adhesive can penetrate the sheet. If a plant suspects that a penetrating aid would be beneficial, the plant should contact the starch supplier for assistance.

Liquid Additives
Liquid additives are often used to enhance the wet tack, or green bond, of starch-based adhesives. Green bond is the measure of an adhesives wet tack and the major factor affecting the potential machine speed of the corrugator. These products can potentially increase corrugator operating speeds. Although suited for any adhesive mixing system, liquid additives are an ideal choice for high shear mixing systems that may be equipped with liquid dosers. For liquid additive options, contact your starch supplier.

Antifoam Agents
The use of antifoam agents is common with todays corrugators. As machine speeds increase, foam is often created in the glue pans as starch cascades off the metering roll and wiper blade. If the foaming becomes severe, it can overflow the pan, causing higher than normal starch consumption; or it can transfer from the glue roll to the flute tips, causing poor bonding. Should foaming occur at the double backer, it could overflow onto the paper, resulting in a poor bond on the double facer side. For antifoam options, contact your starch supplier.

Resins
Resins are used in starch adhesive formulations to impart varying degrees of water resistance to corrugated board. The resins react with hydroxyl groups on starch and render the starch insoluble to water. Degrees of water resistance, ranging from moisture resistance to waterproof, depend on the functional use of the container. Various types of water soluble thermosetting resins are available to the corrugating industry. Ketone aldehyde-type resins are particularly well suited for corrugating applications. They require caustic and heat in order to react. For resin options, contact your starch supplier.

13

CORRUGATED MAKES IT HAPPEN FOR

CONSUMERS

14

Corrugating
Processes/Systems/Equipment
FIGURE 5

Starch plays an important role in the corrugating process, so the integrity of the starch production process is critical. Four processes are common in starch adhesive production: Stein Hall, Jet Cook, High Shear and No-Carrier methods. Basic adhesive preparation consists of a cylindrical primary mixer with a low-speed, high-torque mixer situated above a secondary tank with a high-speed, lower-torque agitator. A drop valve generally controls the flow of adhesive from the primary mixer into the secondary tank. However, No-Carrier adhesives differ significantly in preparation since only one mixer tank is used and no gelatinization of starch occurs.

FIGURE 5

Secondary mixer Recirculation Secondary mixer


Recirculation

Caustic mix tank


Caustic Primary mix tank mixer Primary mixer

To storage

Pump

Stein Hall
This system uses a two-phase process. The first phase is referred to as the cook phase. Here, starch, water and caustic are combined to create a gelatinized starch adhesive. This product is also referred to as the carrier. The second phase is the blend phase where starch, water and borax are added together and mixed with the cooked portion to form a finished adhesive. (See Figure 5.)

Steps: (1) Water primary and secondary; (2) Starch primary; Pump To storage (3) Add caustic to primary; (4) Cook primary; (5) Add borax to secondary; (6) Add starch to secondary; (7) Add cooling water to primary;Water primary and into secondary; Starch primary; Steps: (1) (8) Drop primary secondary; (2) (9) Final mix; (10) Pump to storage (3) Add caustic to primary; (4) Cook primary; (5) Add borax to secondary; (6) Add starch to secondary; (7) Add cooling water to primary; (8) Drop primary into secondary; (9) Final mix; (10) Pump to storage

FIGURE 6
Starch FIGURE 6 Water 20 Gal. Slurry Starch tank Raw
Water

Chemical tank

Steam
Raw Steam

Cooling column

Chemical tank 20 Gal.

Slurry tank

Jet Cook
The Jet Cook system is a modification of the Stein Hall process using a single vessel horizontal mixer. With the Jet Cook system, all the water, caustic and borax are mixed together with approximately half of the total starch in a horizontal mixer. The amounts of caustic and borax are determined by the gel temperature that is needed for a given adhesive. This starch/water/chemical slurry is then circulated through pipes and returned to the mixer. Live steam is injected into the pipe, causing the slurry to swell (gelatinize) as it is being pumped back into the mixing tank. Monitored by an automatic viscometer, the process continues until a given viscosity (set point) is reached. Upon reaching its set point, the steam is shut off and the remainder of the pearl starch is added to the adhesive. A timed mix then finishes the process. (See Figure 6.)

Cooling column

Mixer

Scales

Pump Carrier 190F [87.8C] To storage Mixer 150F [65.6C]


To storage

Scales

Pump

Carrier Raw Steps: (1) Raw starch water; (2)190F starch; [87.8C] (3) Transfer to mixer; (4) Add chemicals; 150F [65.6C] (5) Add carrier water; (6) Add starch carrier; (7) Jet(1) Raw starch water; (2) Raw starch; cook carrier; (8) Final mix; Steps: (9) Pump toto mixer; (4) Add chemicals; (3) Transfer storage (5) Add carrier water; (6) Add starch carrier; (7) Jet cook carrier; (8) Final mix; (9) Pump to storage

15

High Shear
The High Shear system is an improvement on the conventional Stein Hall process. When trying to achieve a high solids adhesive formula with the conventional Stein Hall system, the limiting factor is that high viscosities develop as the amount of primary starch is increased. One way to overcome the high viscosity is to mechanically shear the cooked portion of the formula. Using a vertical mixing tank with a mixing blade designed to shear the gelled starch, batches with higher solids can be made faster with better results. Different manufacturers use different mixer and blade combinations to achieve the same results. Adhesive is usually made in a single vessel resting on weight sensors. Water is added (by weight) and heated to a set point. Some automatic systems compensate for condensation by adjusting the programmed ingredient weights to meet any changes caused by the added water. Other systems heat the water using a heat exchanger so no condensation is added to the programmed formula. Starch and caustic (usually 50% liquid) are added and mixed under high shear. Borax, secondary water and starch are then added and mixed for a cycle timed anywhere from 12 to 35 minutes. Some systems allow for up to 20 different formulas to be programmed into the system so customized adhesive can be made for different board combinations or special papers. Most automatic systems incorporate level controls in the storage tanks and automatically make a batch when needed. This allows for lower storage volumes, which results in fresher adhesive being used at the corrugator. One major advantage of the new High Shear mixing system is that it dramatically reduces adhesive preparation time, freeing up manpower to be used in other plant operations. Even though some of the systems are fully automatic, they still must be checked daily and put on a preventative maintenance schedule. (See Figure 7.)

FIGURE 7
Caustic Starch Motor 40 hp Borax Water

To storage Scale 20,000 r.p.m.

High Shear Adhesive System

FIGURE 8
Bulk starch From liquid caustic storage

Scale hopper Water Norcross viscometer

130F [54.4F] Caustic tank Caustic supply line Boric acid Boric acid addition system

To storage Pump Pump

Steps: (1) Water; (2) Starch; (3) 130F [54.4C]; (4) Mix to X Norcross Units; (5) Add boric acid to terminate; (6) Final mix; (7) To storage
No-Carrier Adhesive System

No-Carrier
This process is very different from the others. No gelatinization of any of the starch takes place. In the No-Carrier process, starch, water, 50% liquid caustic and boric acid are used to swell the starch granule. This is accomplished by monitoring the viscosity of the adhesive. All mixing of ingredients takes place in a lower mixer. (See Figure 8.)

16

Starch
Properties and Testing
Alkali (Caustic) Sensitivity
One critical property of the starch is the ability to perform in alkali (caustic) conditions. During the manufacturing process, starch granules can become damaged. When a sample of starch containing an excessive amount of damaged granules is mixed in a solution of caustic (alkali), the starch swells at too rapid a rate. This results in a viscosity that is higher than normal. There are several methods used to check for the alkali sensitivity of pearl starch. One is the settling test for unmodified starch. (See Appendix E.) This test can be accurate and reproducible with relatively inexpensive testing equipment. Minor deviations from the procedure, or less than ideal conditions, may result in inaccurate results. There is a second, more rapid test for alkali sensitivity that is just as accurate as the settling test. However, this test uses a more costly Brookfield Viscometer. (See Appendix F.) A reading other than 15 seconds may indicate a plugged or enlarged opening, or the pins may have become bent. Carefully clean the orifice and check the volume between the pins. Recheck the flow of water. If it is not correct, replace the disk.

Gelatinization Temperature
Gelatinization (gel) temperature will affect the corrugating operation and is frequently measured. Gel point is the temperature at which liquid adhesive is transformed into a semi-solid mass or gel. (See page 12 and Appendix C for test procedures.)

Microbiological Testing
Bacterial growth in starch adhesives is detrimental because it causes molecular breakdown. If the growth reaches a certain point, viscosity will be drastically reduced, making the adhesive unusable. This growth cannot be measured at the plant site. Typically, adhesive samples are sent to a laboratory capable of measuring bacterial growth. The plants biocide supplier can assist in arranging testing. Laboratory reports speak in terms of colony forming units (cfu) per gram. When the cfu level reaches 10,000 cfu/g, it is advisable to clean the system. (See page 11 and Appendix B.)

Measuring Viscosity of Finished Starch Adhesive


There is one standard for measuring viscosity Stein Hall seconds, which is calculated using a Stein Hall Cup. There are, of course, some plants and manufacturers who use other methods and tools for measuring viscosity. Love Cups, Zahn Cups, Brookfield Viscometers, Norcross Viscometers and Dynatrol Viscometers are some of the other methods and tools that are used. Some have individual charts for flowability, but most are converted to Stein Hall seconds. The Stein Hall Cup is a brass cylinder with a specific size orifice in the bottom, and two brass pins located on the inside of the cylinder wall. The distance between the two pins will hold a volume of exactly 100 ml of liquid. The cup is filled with adhesive and allowed to flow through the opening. The elapsed time it takes the adhesive to move from pin to pin is the viscosity in seconds.

Starch Solids Concentration


High solids (starch) adhesives are necessary to bond high performance and recycled papers. Variation in the amount of starch or water changes the solids content of the adhesive. Analyzers for moisture or solids measurement are available to corrugators. It is critical that the analyzers be calibrated against strict standards. Generally, adhesive samples are analyzed by outside laboratories using either oven, infrared or microwave technologies. To determine whether excessive water is entering an adhesive system, samples of fresh and stored adhesive are analyzed for water content and compared. If the solids levels are equal, then no excess water has entered the system. If water has entered the system, the solids level in stored adhesive will be lower.

Calibrating the Stein Hall Cup


The Stein Hall Cup must be calibrated properly to give an accurate viscosity reading. Measuring water flow from pin to pin is the best way to check calibration. Water should flow from pin to pin, through the orifice, in exactly 15 seconds.

17

CORRUGATED MAKES IT HAPPEN FOR

MANUFACTURING

18

Board
Testing
Traditionally, moisture is determined with a forced air or vacuum oven, but other devices that incorporate infrared or microwave technologies have shown to be just as accurate and are faster. There are many tests for determining the quality of combined board. Below are some of the more frequent tests. Many of these standard tests have achieved a TAPPI designation, which is noted next to the test name. Specific test procedures may be obtained by contacting TAPPI.

Ply Separation T-812


Ply separation determines the water resistancy of finished board. Board samples are submerged in water for 24 hours, removed and drained of excess water. The linerboard facing is gently pulled apart from the medium. If there is resistance and fiber tear, the board is considered water-resistant.

Glue Pattern (unofficial) Caliper T-411


Caliper, or thickness, is generally the first test performed on finished board. At plant sites it is usually conducted using a micrometer and is considered a diagnostic test to monitor the operation of the corrugator. For diagnostic purposes, it is often useful to soak a sample of corrugated board in water to separate the linerboard from the medium. Then, simply spray the inside surface of the liner with a dilute solution of 0.1 percent iodine-potassium iodide. The iodine solution will stain the glue line, or starch, blue. From the pattern it may be possible to determine how the adhesive was applied or whether it was applied correctly.

Edge Crush Test (ECT) T-811


Corrugators use this test to determine the edgewise compressive strength of their board. This test considers the role of the medium in overall strength. A compression machine is necessary. The ECT of a combined board is dependent on the paper combination used.

Top to Bottom Compression T-804


This test is used to measure the ability of a corrugated or solid fiber shipping container to resist external compressive forces. A completed, but empty, box is placed in a compression tester and an external force is applied until the box fails.

Dry Pin Adhesion T-821


This test measures the force necessary to separate corrugated board between the flute tips of the medium and its linerboard facings. A special pin adhesion attachment and compression machine is necessary.

Basis Weight Combined Board T-410


Basis weight is a physical measurement. A sample of measured board is weighed on a balance and expressed in pounds per MSF.

Wet Pin Adhesion (unofficial)


Wet pin adhesion is a variation of the dry pin test. It tests the water resistance or waterproof characteristics of the finished board. In the wet pin test, the board can be submerged in water as long as 24 hours, removed and drained of excess water. The pin adhesion test is then conducted on the wet board. Wet pin results are much lower than dry pin results. A range from about two to seven lbs. per linear foot indicates water-resistant board. Wet pin results of between 1012 lbs. per linear foot indicate waterproof board to most corrugators.

19

CORRUGATED MAKES IT HAPPEN FOR

DISTRIBUTION

20

Quality Monitoring
and Control at the Adhesive Station
The fitness of the adhesive is related directly to the quality of the bond that will be produced at the corrugator. Therefore, it is critical to maintain control of several key characteristics of the adhesive. Adhesive temperature, viscosity and gelatinization temperatures are the critical points to monitor and control in order to maintain consistent adhesive. Many problems can be avoided and eliminated through the regular use of statistical process control (SPC). Development of a data collection program is recommended to achieve meaningful statistical control of the process. The starch supplier can be a valuable resource. Many suppliers offer SPC consultation or even training. Another resource for SPC training is the American Society for Quality Control (ASQC). Generally, the SPC or Quality Control Coordinator in the plant will work closely with the starch supplier to set up control and monitoring systems and determine consistent, meaningful measurement points in the system.

Statistical Process Control


The first step in monitoring any of the three control points (viscosity, adhesive temperature, gelatinization point) is to gather enough data to determine the process capability. See Figure 9 for a typical example of a chart used to gather data. If the process is determined not to be capable in any area, the starch supplier should be called upon to provide assistance. The process should be corrected and additional data gathered to verify the improvements and determine if the process is capable. The goal is to keep the starch adhesive process in tight control. Once the process is determined capable, then additional data should be collected and the mean (X), upper control limits (UCL) and lower control limits (LCL) should be calculated. The mean (X) should closely match the desired target. If the mean is not numerically close to the target, then the process must be corrected. These process corrections can be as simple as an adhesive formula change, an equipment repair or calibration. Once again, starch suppliers should be considered a resource for these process corrections.

21

FIGURE 9

INDIVIDUAL AND MOVING RANGE (X & MR) CHART

CHARACTERISTICS

UNIT OF MEASURE

Starch Kitchen
DATE TIME OPER. INITIALS MEASUREMENT PREVIOUS MOVING RANGE

Adhesive Viscosity

Seconds (Stein Hall)

2-2 2-3 2-3 2-4 2-4 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-11 2-11 2-12 2-12 2-12 2-13 2-13 2-13 2-17 2-17 2:15 8:00 12:30 9:00 12:00 9:00 12:00 2:30 7:12 10:30 1:00 2:45 7:45 9:00 11:30 8:30 10:15 6:30 10:30 1:30 8:30 11:30 1:45 7:00 9:25

JS
41 42 41 1
1 2

42 42 0
3

47 42 5
4

45 47 -2
5

39 45 -6
6

34 39 -5
7

43 34 9
8

35 43 -8
9

41 35 6
10

44 41 3
11

31 44 -13
12

42 31 11
13

43 42 1
14

32 43 -11
15

37 32 5
16

41 37 4
17

37 41 -4
18

41 37 4
19

43 41 2
20

44 43 1
21

35 44 -9
22

36 35 1
23

32 36 -4
24

42 32 10
25

50
INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENTS

45 40
X

35 30 25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

15 10
MOVING RANGES

5
MR

0 -5 -10 -15

NOTES:

22

Troubleshooting
Common Corrugating Problems
DIAGNOSING VISCOSITY PROBLEMS - System: Primary/Secondary Mixing Systems, Single Tank Mixing Systems, High Shear Mixing Systems
Adhesive viscosity is a critical parameter for quality corrugated board. It is a relatively easy variable to control when the underlying cause of a problem is understood. Problem: Low viscosity at the mixer Common Causes: Not enough starch in the cooked portion of the formula Scale out of calibration Too much water in the cooked portion of the formula Water leak Water meter out of calibration Improper measuring device Condensate from steam lines Condensate from steam leak Unwanted wash water going into the mixer Too much water in the secondary addition or secondary mixer Water leak Water meter not calibrated Improper measuring device Condensate from steam lines Condensate from steam leak Cooked portion too hot (+160F [71.1C]) Steam leak Temperature controller out of calibration Temperature gauge out of calibration (reading too low) Finished batch too hot Cooked portion too hot Temperature controller out of calibration Cooling water too warm (seasonal) Mixer shaft overheating due to bad bearings Improper balance between the cooked portion and cooling water Too much shearing of the cooked portion of the adhesive Cooked portion mixed too long Drop time too slow or slow pump over time Too long a time on high shear Finished batch being mixed too long Substituting incorrect borax (5 mol vs. 10 mol vs. boric acid)

High viscosity at the mixer

Too much starch in the cooked portion of the formula Scale out of calibration Too much starch in the secondary mixer Scale out of calibration Not enough water in the cooked portion of the formula Water meter out of calibration Improper measuring device Not enough water in the secondary addition or secondary mixer Water meter out of calibration Improper measuring device Cooked portion too cold Temperature controller out of calibration Temperature gauge out of calibration Cooling water too cold (seasonal) Finished batch too cold (optimum temperature 100 to 102F [37.8 to 38.9C]) Cooked portion too cold Temperature controller out of calibration Temperature gauge out of calibration Cooling water too cold (seasonal) Bulk starch too cold (seasonal) Improper balance between the cooked portion and cooling water Not enough shearing of the cooked portion of the adhesive Cooked portion not mixed long enough Too fast a drop or fast pump over time System not left on high shear long enough Finished batch not being mixed long enough Incorrect amount of borax Substituting incorrect borax (5 mol vs. 10 mol vs. boric acid)

23

DIAGNOSING VISCOSITY PROBLEMS - Problems Common To All Systems


Adhesive viscosity is a critical parameter for quality corrugated board. It is a relatively easy variable to control when the underlying cause of a problem is understood. Problem: Low viscosity at the storage tanks Common Causes: Low viscosity adhesive coming from mixer Finished batch temperature too high Temperature of cooked portion too high Bad temperature controller Insufficient amount of cooked starch in primary portion Bulk scales out of calibration Temperature of the adhesive too high Temperature viscosity control (TVC) system set too high TVC controller out of calibration Adhesive returning from machine at an elevated temperature Finished batch temperature too high Bad bearings on the agitator causing the shaft to overheat Bad bearings on the supply/return pump Storage tank agitators running continuously Agitator timers not operating properly TVC system controller malfunctioning Poor heat transfer from TVC coils TVC water too hot TVC coils coated with gelled adhesive TVC water too cold TVC circulation pumps not operating Unwanted water in adhesive Wash water coming back from corrugator TVC coil leaking inside storage tank Over-shearing of the adhesive High rpm supply and return pumps Too many elbows in the supply and return lines Supply and return line pipe diameter too small Pipe size reductions in supply and return lines Partially open valves in supply and return lines Air pressure too high on air diaphragm pumps Old adhesive (stored too long) Adhesive treated with resin (WPA) mixed with domestic adhesive Low solids adhesive formula Microbiological contamination of adhesive High viscosity adhesive coming from the mixer Adhesive viscosity "growing" in storage Too much caustic in the formula Scale out of calibration Caustic meter out of calibration Not enough borax in the formula Scale out of calibration Borax timer set improperly Wrong type of borax (5 mol vs. 10 mol) Adhesive cold TVC system not operating properly Loss of steam pressure in the plant Finished batch temperature should be 100 to 105F Storage tank agitators not operating properly Alkali-sensitive starch

High viscosity at the storage tanks

24

DIAGNOSING VISCOSITY PROBLEMS - Problems Common to All Systems


Adhesive viscosity is a critical parameter for quality corrugated board. It is a relatively easy variable to control when the underlying cause of a problem is understood. Problem: Low viscosity at the machine Common Causes: Excessive adhesive temperature in the starch pan (between 110-120F) Incorrect storage tank temperature Incorrect TVC water temperature Starch feed and return line exposed to steam lines Insulate these lines for better temperature control Starch feed line running over top of single facer Increase starch flow through the pan Adhesive temperature increases the longer it remains in the pan Higher temperatures lower the viscosity Water dripping into the starch pan Condensate from steam showers Partially open valves in the starch feed and return lines Flow restriction will create shear causing a drop in viscosity Air pumps feeding or returning adhesive running at high PSI levels Bad Viking pump (weak suction) creates too much shear Pumps not sized properly for the corrugator Plant has doser Recirculating the adhesive causing a drop in viscosity Low viscosity adhesive coming from the storage tanks Low adhesive temperature Cold weather outside causing the temperature drop Very high temperature in the starch pan (in excess of 120F [48.9C]) Pressurized machine running high solids over 30% Excess heat inside the chamber causing water loss Chemicals in formula are out of ratio (borax to caustic) Steam leak directly into the pan Steam leak blowing into a starch line Poor agitation or no agitation of the adhesive held in storage High viscosity adhesive coming from the storage tanks Clean-up water returned to storage tanks Agitators/circulating pumps left running Circulating lines full of water TVC system not working properly Water leak from the TVC coil Temperature of the adhesive too high Insufficient amount of cooked starch in the formula to hold viscosity properly Primary portion of the formula is overcooked Bacteria

High viscosity at the machine

Viscosity decrease after overnight or weekend storage

25

DIAGNOSING TYPICAL GEL TEMPERATURE PROBLEMS


Problem: Gelatinization temperature too high Common Causes: Not enough caustic in the adhesive Scale out of calibration Caustic meter set too low Caustic meter out of calibration Too much borax in the adhesive Scale out of calibration Borax timer not working properly Too much starch in the adhesive Scale out of calibration Too much water in the adhesive Water meter out of calibration Mixer scale out of calibration Substituted incorrect borax formula (5 mol vs. 10 mol vs. boric acid) Borax too old (dry, becomes more concentrated) Caustic soda beads too old Liquid caustic too old Caustic stratified in storage tank sending low concentrations of caustic Wrong concentration of liquid caustic (See Appendix D) Adhesive stored too long Addition of resin into adhesive Wrong or defective thermometer used by starch person Do not use an electronic or dial thermometer Test is performed improperly or by different people Too much caustic in the adhesive Scale out of calibration Caustic meter set too low Caustic meter out of calibration Not enough borax in the adhesive Scale out of calibration Borax timer not working properly Borax discharge tube plugged Not enough starch in the formula Scale out of calibration Substituted incorrect borax in the formula (5 mol vs. 10 mol vs. boric acid) Problem with caustic soda Liquid caustic too cold Liquid caustic crystallized in storage tanks sending high concentrations of caustic Wrong concentration of liquid caustic (See Appendix D)

Gelatinization temperature too low

26

DIAGNOSING CORRUGATING EQUIPMENT AND BOARD QUALITY PROBLEMS


Board quality begins at the single facer. To insure that good quality board is being produced at high speeds, it is critical to maintain the single facer in good mechanical condition. Problem: Soft Board: This causes poor pin adhesion, low top-to-bottom compression and poor print quality Common Causes: Excessive adhesive application Operator error Low machine temperature Over conditioning of the medium Wet paper - medium or liners Excessive rider roll pressure at double backer glue machine, crushing flute tips Uneven roller pressure in hot places or cooling section of double backer Board cut off knife pressure too high Low viscosity of the adhesive Low solids of the adhesive Water sprays being used to help control warp Hot plates not level Incorrect roller pressure in the cut off section or stacking section of the machine Heavy adhesive application at single facer or double backer Adhesive viscosity too low Adhesive solids too low Wet paper (roll stock stored outside) Excessive heat applied to lightweight liners Glue roll set to wrong paper speed Over-dried liners Adhesive application at single facer or double backer too light Water penetrates medium too quickly Low viscosity adhesive Medium with fast water drop Low solids adhesive Too much borax in the formula Glue roll in double backer at wrong speed (paper comes apart easily in one direction, but has good fiber pull in the other direction) Too much heat application at single facer or double backer Slow machine speed Adhesive gel temperature too low Poorly formed flutes (highs and lows) Slipping of the board coming through the machine Misalignment of corrugator rolls Excessive wear on corrugator rolls Pressure between corrugator rolls too low Top and bottom belts traveling at different speeds Excessive rider roll pressure at double backer glue station Adhesive application at single facer or double backer Drag through hot plate Excessive tension on double facer Loose or worn belts Belt rollers lift Top and bottom belts traveling at different speeds Treatment or finish of bottom liner causing excessive drag on the hot plates Excessive drag on single face web Loose or worn corrugator belts in double facer Hot plate rollers are up Rollers in pulling section of the double facer are up Corrugator belts traveling at different speeds Coating on bottom liner creating drag

Washboard Appearance: This problem usually occurs once the board has cured and causes a poor printing surface and brittle edges during conversion

Dry Board, Zipper Board: Creates waste, low pin adhesion and poor top-to-bottom compression

Leaning Corrugation: This causes low board caliper, poor pin adhesion, poor topto-bottom compression, poor printing surface

Slipping Board - General

Slipping Board: This problem is produced by a surface bond only and delaminates after curing

27

DIAGNOSING CORRUGATING EQUIPMENT AND BOARD QUALITY PROBLEMS


Board quality begins at the single facer. To insure that good quality board is being produced at high speeds, it is critical to maintain the single facer in good mechanical condition. Problem: Dry Streak: Poor bonding, low top-to-bottom compression of finished carton Common Causes: Dirty fingers on the single facer Worn fingers - flat spot on tip Finger running too close to lower roll Too much vacuum pressure on a vacuum style single facer Dirty cleanout prongs Water jacket malfunctioning High adhesive viscosity Poor lateral adjustment of corrugating roll Tension on medium too high Slippage between single facer web and double backer line Light glue application Glue solids too low Excessive unglued or high-low corrugations Excessive borax in formula Liners too hot Medium too dry Too much drag on medium Slow machine speed Low gel temperature Glue roll and paper machine speeds synchronized Poorly formed flutes Low glue roll setting Rider roll set too high Glue roll speed too fast Smooth glue roll Dirty or worn glue roll Low viscosity adhesive Too much drag on single facer web Glue roll too far from corrugating roll Smooth glue rollnot transferring enough adhesive Glue roll settings too low Dirty or worn glue roll Improper pressure roll setting Poorly formed flutes (highs and lows) Air in starch lines Leak in pumps Wiper blade improperly installed or dirty wiper blade on metering roll Flexo waste water used for adhesive make-up Resin in the adhesive Adhesive viscosity too low Not using antifoam with adhesive made with High Shear system High corrugating speeds Starch setting too high Low viscosity adhesive Low solids adhesive Improper adhesive formula Rider roll set too low at double backer Improper glue roll speed Bad wiper blade on metering roll Skip clutch not holding glue roll Bad glue on metering roll Adhesive blown off the flute tips when running a jet assist for heavy-weight board Long tack adhesive

"Cracker" Board: This problem is identified by a cracking sound when flexed

Light Glue Pattern at Double Backer: Brittle or zipper board appearance

Light Glue Pattern at Single Facer: Delaminates, poor bonding

Foaming of Adhesive in Pans: Poor bonding and high starch consumption

Adhesive Between Flutes: This problem creates warp problems, high starch consumption, poor bonding and overall poor quality

28

DIAGNOSING CORRUGATING EQUIPMENT AND BOARD QUALITY PROBLEMS


Board quality begins at the single facer. To insure that good quality board is being produced at high speeds, it is critical to maintain the single facer in good mechanical condition. Problem: White Glue Line: Delaminates after curing, low pin adhesion, poor top-to-bottom compression Common Causes: Insufficient gelatinization Gel temperature too high Incorrect temperature at pressure roll, corrugator rolls or hot plates Low boiler pressure Low viscosity Wet paper Roll stock stored outside Glue roll motor problem Finger set too low Worn finger Medium not properly conditioned Medium not forming properly Medium sticking to corrugator roll Excessive drag on medium Water dripping on medium Dirty corrugator rolls High/low calibrated medium Bad glue roll/metering roll Gel temperature of adhesive too low Adhesive viscosity too high Temperature in glue pan too high Improperly conditioned medium Paper temperature too high Fingers worn Cleanout fingers too loose or tight against glue roll Incorrectly set taper speed Water jacket not functioning properly Poor flow of the adhesive through the starch pan Wet paper roll Adhesive improperly applied to medium Not enough brake on medium Fingers improperly adjusted Dirty corrugating rolls Lack of pressure on roll Wet liner edge Medium wider than liner Improperly set slitter knife Roll stand out of parallel Wrap arms on the medium or liner out of parallel Large difference in paper temperature from one side of the machine to the other side Starch dam out of adjustment at single facer Sheet guide compressing flutes Wet streak on liner edge Worn corrugator belt Worn rollers in hot plates Wet paper roll Dirty hot plates Low adhesive solids Too much heat Improperly set slitter knife Low viscosity Roll stand out of parallel Wrap arms on the medium or liner out of parallel Bridge guides too tight Large difference in paper temperature from one side of the machine to the other side Not enough flutes in contact with glue roll Starch dams out of adjustment

Spotty Glue Application on the Single Face Side: Poor bonding, low pin adhesion, low top-to-bottom compression

Adhesive Sets Up on Fingers: High starch consumption, poor bonding, low pin adhesion, poor top-to-bottom compression, low production speeds

Loose Edge on the Single Face Side: Poor quality board, high waste, low production speeds

Loose Edge on the Double Back Side: High waste, low production speeds, poor print quality

29

DIAGNOSING CORRUGATING EQUIPMENT AND BOARD QUALITY PROBLEMS


Board quality begins at the single facer. To insure that good quality board is being produced at high speeds, it is critical to maintain the single facer in good mechanical condition. Problem: Highs and Lows - Flutes Not Glued - Single Face Side/ Double Back Side Common Causes: Fingers set too low Pressure between corrugating rolls too low Dirty rolls Corrugating medium too wet Glue roll angled improperly Too much drag on the single face web at the double back glue line Excess drag on medium Low caliper medium Medium surface temperature too high Improper brake pressure on medium Common Causes (All Machines): Medium improperly conditioned Lack of steam Proper steam (wet) Surface temperature of medium too high Improper pressure on corrugating rolls Worn or old rolls Glue roll out of parallel Roll stand out of parallel Rider roll out of parallel at double backer glue station Improper pressure on rollers in hot plates Improper brake on single face web Excess drag on medium Low caliper medium Common Causes (Finger Machines): Fingers improperly adjusted, worn, old or dirty Common Causes (Vacuum Machines): Low vacuum settings Bad seals Plugged holes/slots in corrugated roll Common Causes (Pressure Machines): Improper pressure Leaky cabinet seals Plugged holes/slots in corrugating roll Blisters: Poor quality, poor print surface, low pin adhesion, poor top-to-bottom compression Fingers worn, old, dirty Fingers adjusted improperly Incorrect heat in corrugator rolls, pressure rolls, hot plate section Poor quality paper Wet paper Medium not properly conditioned Low viscosity adhesive Liner too hot Medium too hot Medium or liner out of calibration Wet streaks in the medium or liner Dirty or worn glue roll Improper brake pressure on single face liner Worn corrugator rolls

Problem: High and Low Corrugation: Low pin adhesion, poor topto-bottom compression, poor print surface, overall poor quality

30

DIAGNOSING WARP PROBLEMS


Warp is generally caused by moisture or tension imbalance. Problem: Normal Warp (Side-to-Side Up Warp) Common Causes / Corrective Actions: Caused by moisture in the single facer liner Add more heat (increasing warp) to the single face web at the double backer glue machine Reduce heat (decreasing warp) to the double facer liner at the double backer glue machine Increase single facer liner warp on the 36-inch preheater at the single facer Increase the warp on the medium preconditioner Decrease steam shower into the medium Reduce the amount of single face web on the bridge Increase machine speed Reduce the amount of adhesive used at the single facer Increase the amount of adhesive used at the double backer Lift some ballast rolls in the hot plates Caused by moisture in the double facer liner Increase heat to the double facer liner (increase wrap on the 36-inch preheater) Decrease the heat in the single facer web at the double backer glue machine (decrease the wrap on the 36-inch preheater) Increase the steam shower on the medium Lower all rollers in the hot plate section Check steam pressure in the hot plates and increase if possible Increase the amount of single face web on the bridge Reduce the speed of the machine Reduce the amount of adhesive at the glue machine Increase the amount of adhesive at the single facer Add small amount of moisture to the top corrugator belt (use steam spray across the entire belt) Use water spray on single face web

Operating Footnote: If the moisture content of the single facer liner roll is greater than 2 percent over that of the double backer liner roll, then the roll should be changed. Preheaters on the machine can only remove 1 to 2 percent moisture from roll stock. Should the moisture imbalance be greater than 2 percent, warp will occur.

Reverse Warp (Down Warp)


Operating Footnote: If the moisture content of the double back roll is greater that 2 percent over the single-face liner roll, then the roll should be changed. A difference of 2 percent or more in moisture between the single-face liner and the double back liner will create warp.

Operating Footnote: If th e moisture content of the double back roll is greater that 2 percen t over the single face liner roll, then the r oll should be changed. A difference of 2 per cent or more in moisture between the single face liner and the double back liner will create warp.

31

DIAGNOSING WARP PROBLEMS


Warp is generally caused by moisture or tension imbalance. Problem: S Warp (combination of normal and reverse warp): This warp is usually caused by variations in moisture (wet streaks) across the web in a roll of liner or medium, or by machine conditions which apply variable amounts of heat or adhesive across the web Common Causes / Corrective Actions: Wet streak in roll liner or medium Thin streak or edge in roll of liner will warp in opposite direction to wet streak Loose edge in roll of liner does not hug preheater Wet edge in liner due to outside storage Out of level or out of square machine condition preventing liner from contracting preheater firmly across the web Single face glue roll or doctor roll (glue roll and transfer roll) out of parallel Improper crown between single face glue roll and doctor roll loose, worn or dirty in some areas Scraper blade on single face or double back doctor roll loose, worn or dirty in some areas Single face glue or doctor roll (glue roll and transfer roll) galled in some areas or pitted on ends Double backer rider roll out of parallel Double back glue roll and doctor roll out of parallel Applicator roll out of parallel to the corrugating roll Hydraulic lift of the glue mechanism not functioning correctly at the single facer; partially blocked steam shower Distorted steam chests causing uneven board temperatures across the machine Possible roll stand out of parallel Tension greater in one liner than in the other

Operating Footnote: If the machine is equipped with a water spray, this is usually the best way of controlling the S warp. The water spray should be used on the single face side of the web only.

Machine Direction Warp (End-To-End Warp): The end-to-end warp can be either up or down, but is always in the machine direction End-To-End Warp

Tension greater on the single face liner than on the double back liner Single face liner is pulling back on the sheet "Drag" on the top liner, usually from a drag belt on the bridge Preheater locked down not turning, adding tension to the single face web going into the double facer Running with too much brake on the single face liner at the single facer Running with too much paper on the bridge Running with too much brake on the medium pulling back on the single face web Incorrect tension on web; increase tension Tension greater on the double back liner than on the single face liner "Drag" on the bottom liner usually caused by a bad break on the roll stand; preheater locked down not turning, adding tension to the bottom liner Dirty hot plates adding drag Need to lubricate double face liner, especially when running coated liners

End-To-End "Down" Warp


Operating Footnote: The corrugator crew may find the only way to control this type of warp will be with machine speed. The higher the speed, the less drag they see, because at higher machine speed they can operate with less brake.

Cross Machine Direction (CD) Side-To-Side Warp: This is a warp that usually is found within a few hours after the board is run. The problem is moisture and tension along with the temperature in the working area

Wrap arm or roller out of parallel giving uneven contact pressure in the double facer Out of round glue roll at the single facer, applying adhesive light and heavy Machine speed from time to time will cause the adhesive to be applied heavy and light Rollstock with wet streaks or moisture content higher than normal

Operating Footnote: The corrugator crews should have a good understanding of the adhesive system within their machine and also understand the proper use of water sprays. Using the adhesive and water sprays properly is the best way to control this type of warp.

32

DIAGNOSING WARP PROBLEMS


Warp is generally caused by moisture or tension imbalance. Problem: Twist Warp (Combination of End-to-End and Side-to-Side Warp): Twist warp is caused by uneven tension or stress across the web of any or all components during the combining process Common Causes / Corrective Actions: Roll stand out of level Preheater out of level Splice roll out of level Roll stand, preheater out of square to the machine Dirt on wrap roll or preheater Bridge web guide out of level, out of square or off center Crown breaker roll in double back glue machine out of level Double back glue machine rider roll out of level Top double back belt pulls unevenly across web Loose or tight edge in roll of liner Uneven or diagonal stresses in roll liner

Operating Footnote: Twist warp is seen more often on machines that run a two piece top corrugator belt. One belt will be running faster than the other adding stress to the web. If the twist warp occurs off the machine, a wet streak will be noticed in one of the liners.

Post Warp (warp observed several hours or days later): The degree of this type of warp will depend greatly on the way the sheets were stacked and the location of the stack. About the surest way to minimize in-storage warping has proved to be producing as dry as possible board on the corrugator, using as little adhesive as possible, and using preheaters to their fullest capacity

Check liners for wet streaks Reduce web tension on the single face side Reduce break drag on all roll stands Preheaters should be free turning Hot plate section should be clean and free of dirt build up Adhesive formula should have the proper solids for the mix within the plant If the machine uses a two piece belt, check the speed of the belts Sheets must be stacked properly Board coming off the machine should be dry and firm Should have proper storage area for the finished sheets

Operating Footnote: When sheets warp after they leave the corrugator, moisture is most likely the problem. The sheets coming off the machine will be wet or damp to the touch. Storing finished sheets near open doors and windows, or loading the sheets into a cold truck before they have properly cured, will cause warp.

33

Appendix A

Equivalent Amounts of Borax for Starch Formulations

English Units, lb
10 Mol (decahydrate) 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 5 Mol (pentahydrate) 15.50 16.00 16.75 17.50 18.25 19.00 19.75 20.50 21.25 22.00 23.00 23.75 24.50 25.25 26.00 26.75 Boric Acid 12.33 13.00 13.50 14.25 14.75 15.50 16.00 16.67 17.25 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.75 20.25 21.00 21.50 10 Mol (decahydrate) 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 . 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5

Metric Units, kg
5 Mol (pentahydrate) 7.0 7.2 7.6 8.0 8.4 8.8 9.2 9.6 9.9 10.3 10.7 11.1 11.5 11.8 12.2 12.6 Boric Acid 5.5 5.9 6.2 6.5 6.8 7.1 7.4 7.7 8.0 8.3 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.6 9.9 10.2

Table courtesy of TAPPI

34

Appendix B

Microbiological Growth/Control in Corrugating Adhesives


For 666 Gallon Primary Secondary Units
Step 1 Primary mixer Fill mixer with 150 gallons of water and heat to 130F [54.4C]. Add 15 pounds of a commercially available industrial strength cleaner and agitate for 30 minutes. DO NOT discard the solution. Proceed to Step 2. Step 2 Secondary mixer Fill mixer with 300 gallons of water and heat to 130F [54.4C]. Add 30 pounds of a commercially available industrial strength cleaner and agitate for 30 minutes. Add the solution in the primary mixer into the secondary mixer. Pump the combined solutions into the storage tank and through the circulation lines for 30 minutes. Dispose of solution in an appropriate manner. Step 3 Primary mixer Fill mixer with 150 gallons of water (DO NOT HEAT). Add 2 quarts of commercial household bleach and agitate for 15 minutes. DO NOT discard the solution. Proceed to Step 4. Step 4 Secondary mixer Fill mixer with 300 gallons of water (DO NOT HEAT). Add 1 gallon of commercial household bleach and agitate for 15 minutes. Add the solution in the primary mixer into the secondary mixer. Pump the combined solutions into the storage tank and through the circulation lines for an additional 15 minutes. Dispose of the solution in an appropriate manner. Step 5 Flush all mixers, tanks and lines thoroughly with clean water to remove all trace amounts of chemicals. Step 2 Mixer Fill mixer with 350 gallons of water (DO NOT HEAT). Add 6 quarts of commercial household bleach and agitate for 15 minutes. Pump the solution into the storage tank and through the circulation lines for an additional 15 minutes. Dispose of the solution in an appropriate manner. Step 3 Flush all mixers, tanks and lines thoroughly with clean water to remove all trace amounts of chemicals.

For 300 Gallon High Shear Systems


Step 1 High shear mixer Fill mixer with 300 gallons of water and heat to 130F [54.4C]. Add 39 pounds of a commercially available industrial strength cleaner and agitate for a full 15 minutes with the high shear ON. Pump solution into the storage tank and through the circulation lines for 30 minutes. Dispose of the solution in an appropriate manner. Step 2 High shear mixer Fill mixer with 300 gallons of water (DO NOT HEAT). Add 5 quarts of commercial household bleach and agitate for 10 minutes. Pump the solution into the storage tank and through the circulation lines for an additional 15 minutes. Dispose of the solution in an appropriate manner. Step 3 Flush all mixers, tanks and lines thoroughly with clean water to remove all trace amounts of chemicals.

For 666 Gallon No-Carrier & Single Tank Mix Systems


Step 1 Mixer Fill mixer with 350 gallons of water and heat to 130F [54.4C]. Add 45 pounds of a commercially available industrial strength cleaner and agitate for 30 minutes. Pump the solution to the storage tank and through the circulation lines for 30 minutes. Dispose of the solution in an appropriate manner.

Note for all systems: Growth can occur in an empty section of pipe or on the underside of tank covers. Using proper discretion, the solutions can also be used to clean the starch pans at the machine.

35

Appendix C

Testing The Gelatinization Temperatures


Introduction
With a few pieces of simple equipment and a little practice, the gel temperature of a starch adhesive can be measured quickly, accurately and reproducibly.

Procedure
1. Fill a container (beaker) with water to within 1/2 inch of the top, place on a hot plate and heat to between 170F and 180F [76.7C and 82.2C]. (DO NOT BOIL THE WATER.) 2. While the water is heating, pour the starch adhesive to be tested into the test tube (fitted with a test tube holder or clamp) to a level of 1 to 2 inches, or approximately 1/3 of the tube volume. Insert the thermometer as shown to the left. 3. When the water has reached temperature, turn the hot plate OFF and place the tube in the hot water (as shown). Immediately begin stirring the adhesive with the thermometer, being careful to wipe the side of the tube to prevent localized heating and gelling. 4. As the temperature rises, the adhesive will begin to thicken as the gel point is approached (usually between 139F and 152F [59.4C and 66.7C]). The temperature rise will pause (level off) for a few seconds at the actual gel value, then continue upward. RECORD the temperature in degrees, where the leveling occurred. (NOTE: If the water is too hot, the temperature pause will be shorter and often more difficult to detect.) 5. The test requires some skill; it is suggested that the test be repeated and an average value reported.

Equipment

a b c

d e f g

Recommendations
1. Periodically, check the accuracy of the thermometer by placing it in boiling water. It should read exactly 212F [100C]. 2. Glass thermometers are recommended over metal dial-type thermometers.

a. Glass thermometer calibrated in degrees Fahrenheit (F) (See Recommendations 1 & 2 on thermometers) b. Heat stable glass test tube c. Test tube holder or suitable clamp d. Heat stable glass beaker or other suitable container e. Starch adhesive to be tested f. Hot water at proper temperature (see Procedure) g. UL approved hot plate, bottle warmer, etc.

36

Appendix D

Specific Gravities and Concentrations of Caustic Soda Solutions Based on International Critical Tables Lbs. of Lbs. NaOH Solution Per Gal. Per Gal. @ 60F [15.6C] @ 60F [15.6C] .17 .35 .53 .73 .93 1.13 1.35 1.57 1.80 2.04 2.28 2.53 2.79 3.06 3.33 3.61 3.89 4.19 4.48 4.78 5.09 5.40 5.72 6.05 6.38 6.72 8.53 8.71 8.90 9.08 9.27 9.45 9.64 9.82 10.01 10.20 10.38 10.56 10.75 10.92 11.11 11.28 11.46 11.62 11.80 11.96 12.12 12.28 12.44 12.60 12.76 12.91

%NaOH

%Na2O

Sp. Gr. @ 60/60F [15.6C] 1.023 1.045 1.067 1.089 1.112 1.134 1.156 1.178 1.201 1.223 1.245 1.267 1.289 1.310 1.332 1.353 1.374 1.394 1.415 1.435 1.454 1.473 1.492 1.511 1.530 1.549

Deg. Baum @ 60/60F [15.6C] 3.3 6.2 9.1 11.9 14.6 17.1 19.6 21.9 24.3 26.4 28.5 30.6 32.5 34.3 36.1 37.8 39.5 41.0 42.5 44.0 45.3 46.6 47.8 49.0 50.2 51.4

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52

1.55 3.10 4.65 6.20 7.75 9.30 10.85 12.40 13.95 15.50 17.05 18.60 20.15 21.70 23.25 24.80 26.35 27.90 29.45 31.00 32.55 34.10 35.65 37.20 38.75 40.30

37

Appendix E

Alkali (Caustic) Sensitivity Settling Method Field Test For Corrugators


This test has been designed for testing unmodified corn starch at the corrugators site. For best results, the components should be weighed. Empirical information can be obtained if the containers are calibrated and marked with the component weights. The largest variable is the length of time the starch is in contact with the caustic solution prior to mixing. That time must be kept to a minimum to get a valid reading. It is easy to get a false negative result.

Test Procedure
1. Weigh 145 g of test solution into one 250 ml bottle. 2. Weigh 50 g starch into another 250 ml bottle. If starch is being added to a marked bottle, it should be tamped to get proper amount. 3. Quickly pour starch into bottle with test solution. 4. Quickly cap the bottle and shake for 3 to 5 minutes. It is important that steps 3 and 4 be done quickly. 5. Pour the starch slurry without delay into the graduated cylinder up to the 100 ml mark and put a piece of aluminum foil over the top as a cap. 6. Let the graduated cylinder stand for 24 hours.

Equipment
250 ml bottles with caps 100 ml graduated cylinders

Test Solution
From dry caustic: 13.3 g caustic 8.1 g 10 mol borax 1434.0 g distilled water

Observation
Read the bottom of the clear water layer. The reading should be less than 70 ml if the starch is not alkali (caustic) sensitive.

From 50 percent caustic: 26.6 g 50 percent caustic 8.1 g 10 mol borax 1421.0 g distilled water

38

Appendix F

Alkali Sensitivity, Viscometric: Unmodified Starch


Principle
Starch granules that are heat damaged and no longer exhibit birefringence in aqueous suspension tend to swell more readily in aqueous alkali than intact granules. Measured incremental viscosity in dilute alkali at room temperature is related to enhanced viscosity of corrugated board adhesive formulations. Calculation (Unless the viscometer reads cps directly) Alkali Sensitivity, cps = Scale Reading x 0.2 (See note 3)

Notes
1. Variation in the normality of the sodium hydroxide solution and the moisture content of the sample can have a significant effect depending on the alkali sensitivity. As the alkali sensitivity increases, the effects of these variables increase. Decreasing the sodium hydroxide normality from 0.25 to 0.24 decreases the measured alkali sensitivity by about 1.7 cps at 14 cps and about 0.1 cps at 5 cps. Reducing the sample moisture content from 11.0 to 10.0 percent increases the measured value by 0.6 cps at 14 cps and 0.2 cps at 5 cps. 2. The addition is generally done in 5 to 10 seconds to avoid gelatinization of the intact granules. 3. As an alternative procedure, 200 ml of 0.1875 N NaOH can be used in place of the combination of 50 ml water and 150 ml 0.250 N NaOH. However, this change will eliminate the ability to adjust the formulation for variations in sample moisture content. The 0.1875 N NaOH can be obtained commercially as a special order. 4. The equipment, reagents and method are all available from: Shape Products 1127 57th Avenue Oakland, CA 94621 (800) 444-0015 www.shapeproductsonline.com

Scope
This procedure was developed specifically for unmodified corn starch and may not be used with modified starches without further study.

Equipment
Beaker: Griffen low form, 400 ml capacity Brookfield Viscometer: Model LV equipped with a laboratory stand and UL Adapter with spindle SPOO. Stirrer: Stainless steel 3-blade propeller, 5 cm diameter, on a 0.8 x 31.0 cm shaft Stopwatch Weighing Paper

Reagents
1 percent (w/v) aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Procedure
The test is run at room temperature (about 77F [25.0C]). Transfer 150 ml of 1 percent NaOH and 50 ml of distilled water to the 400 ml beaker. Position the stirrer in the beaker and mix the solution at 600 rpm. Weigh 100 g (see note 1) of starch on the weighing paper. Add the starch to the agitated alkaline solution as quickly as possible but avoid lumping (see note 2) and start timer. Transfer 16.0 ml of slurry to the UL Adapter and measure viscosity at 30 rpm.

39

Glossary

Amylose Hybrid A corn variety forming more linear


starch molecules

Recycle

In corrugating this refers to the reuse of paper products

Borax A crystalline compound used to control starch


swelling and provide additional adhesive tack

Pearl Shear

Unmodified starch

Double Backer Second glue station of corrugator;


single face web glued to liner to form finished board

Mechanical action of breaking down starch adhesive

Carrier Starch Primary portion of adhesive Caustic Soda Alkaline substance that causes starch granules to swell; also called sodium hydroxide Feed Gluten
Co-product of processed corn

Single Facer First glue station of corrugating machine; medium is fluted and bonded to liner Starch Complex carbohydrate from corn, potato, rice
or tapioca processing

Steepwater

Gelatinization Point at which adhesive begins to


thicken and develops bonding properties

Water in which corn has been soaked or steeped during the initial stages of the corn wet milling refining process

Viscosity Germ Product of processed corn; usually further


refined into corn oil

Term used to describe adhesive flowability

Waxy Maize

A corn variety producing predominantly branched, chained starch molecules

Glue Roll Component of corrugating machine; transfers starch to flutes at double backer or single facer High Ring Crush High performance paper having a ring crush value of 2 pounds for every pound of basis weight Liners The flat paperboard portion applied to the fluted medium by applying adhesive to each flute tip Medium Fluted portion between the liners, which when combined with the liners, makes corrugated board Modified Starch
or mechanically A starch modified chemically

Wick

Penetrate

40

41

Your global resource


Corn Products International, Inc., with international operations spanning 16 countries and 34 plants, is one of the largest corn refiners in the world and the leading refiner in Latin America. Our entire organization is dedicated to one mission: to be your preferred resource in product quality and service dependability on a global basis.

Corporate Headquarters Corn Products U.S. 5 Westbrook Corporate Center Westchester, IL 60154 United States (800) 443-2746 www.cornproductsus.com

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CUSTOMER SERVICE CENTER (800) 443-2746

Corn Products U.S. is a business unit of Corn Products International, Inc. Casco Inc. and CPIngredientes are affiliates of Corn Products International, Inc.

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