UNIVERSITY OF GLAMORGAN Prifysgol Morgannwg

Examinations: MAIN ASSESSMENT SESSION 2010/11 Exam paper version number: Module Code: Module Title:

CE2S24
Academic Registry Use: Date and time

Geotechnics & Engineering Geology

Duration: (multiples of 30 mins only) 3 hours

The following items are provided to Candidates:

Examination Books (inc 2 sheets of graph paper) 2 sheets of tracing paper Figures Q1A, Q1B, Q1C, Q2, Q3, Q5A and Q5B Equation sheets 8pages
Instructions to Candidates: Calculators are permitted English Dictionaries are permitted English Foreign Language Dictionaries are permitted This examination paper is an OPEN book examination If YES, please specify literature permitted: YES NO

___________________________________

Answer any FOUR questions All questions carry equal marks The mark allocation includes, where appropriate, an allowance for style, organization and clarity. Start on a new page for the solution of each question and any late additional solution to a question.
This paper contains a total of

examination questions. over 18

no. of pages

FOR EXAMINATIONS OFFICE USE ONLY

Module Leader Print Name: Signature: Contact Number: Admin Check

Dr Rod Robinson

Melanie Gapper

Rod Robinson

Mel Gapper
Continued 1

QUESTION 1 a. Discuss the engineering requirements that would be considered necessary to enable a shallow foundation to perform satisfactorily over its design life. 6 marks b. A series of square pad foundations are required to carry individual column loads of 350kN as illustrated in Figure Q1A. The load on the foundation will be rapidly applied. Stating appropriate assumptions, use Figures Q1B and Q1C to:-, i. establish the over-design factor for the foundation using the EC7 design approach 1 combination 2 (A2+M2+R1) and comment on its value and 13 marks determine the new over-design factor if the load had an eccentricity of 0.15m along the breadth of the foundation and comment on the effect this may have on the original design 6 marks

ii.

Total marks for Question 1 25 marks See Equation Sheet

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QUESTION 2

a. Prove a relationship between the active coefficient if earth pressure, ka and the effective angle of internal friction, ', for a granular soil. 8 marks b. A cantilever sheet pile retaining wall is illustrated in Figure Q2. It is required as part of the temporary works for the construction of deep foundations for a bridge pier. The soil properties and a cross section of the wall are given in Figure Q2. The uppermost surface is level with the top of the wall and will carry a surcharge of 10kN/m2. The water table is well below the base of the wall. Stating appropriate assumptions determine the required length of the sheet pile wall. 12 marks c. During the excavation the ground water was found to be 2m below the original ground level. Discuss how this would affect the retaining wall design. 5 marks Total marks for Question 2 25 marks See Equation Sheets

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QUESTION 3 a. Explain the effect the development of a tension crack would have on the slope stability analysis on a trial slip surface. b. The slope profile and relevant soil properties for a total stress analysis on a trial circular slip are given in Figure Q3 and Table Q3. Stating appropriate assumptions determine the factor of safety using the (Swedish) method of slices for the trial slip surface,:i assuming that a tension crack does not form, ii if a tension crack 1.25m in depth forms near the crest of the slope and iii comment on the stability of the slope, if necessary suggest suitable remedial measures.

4 marks

12 marks 5 marks 4 marks

Note: Return Figure Q3 with your answer book Total marks for Question 3 See Equation Sheet Soil Data: = 20kN/m3 cu = 20kN/m2
u

25 marks

= 25 Table Q3

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QUESTION 4 An embankment consisting of 10m of fill is to be placed on 2m of gravel which is underlain by 4m of clay resting on well jointed sandstone. The water table is at the surface of the gravel. Considering only the settlement of the clay layer determine: a the ultimate oedometer settlement beneath the centre of the embankment. b the time from the start of construction to 90% of the ultimate oedometer settlement of the clay if the construction period is 6 months. c the extra height on the embankment needed to create a surcharge in order to halve the time taken to reach 90% of the settlement in part (a). Soil Data fill (above and below the water table) = 18kN/m3 mv = 2.710-4m2/kN cv = 0.7m2/year Total Marks for Question 4 25 marks 6 marks 6 marks 13 marks

See Equation Sheet

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QUESTION 5 A sandstone quarry near Pontypridd is to be developed for road aggregate in a small valley which runs east to west. The quarry can be developed on the side of the valley that proves to be most suitable. The results of a site investigation revealed: that overlying the rock is a 0.5m thick layer of glacial till. the top 2m of the rock are of weathering Grade 2 and the remainder of Grades 1 and 0 as shown in Eurocode 7. the rock mass data indicated in Table Q5. a Indicate the essential points of the Eurocode 7 rock weathering classification and briefly explain why the weathering profile found in the site investigation is typical of South Wales. b Using Figures Q5A and Q5B as appropriate, and the tracing paper provided, plot a stereo net analysis of the data in Table Q5 and suggest a suitable plan for the quarry with particular regard to the stability of the faces. Justify the decisions you have made by reference to the structural analysis. Return the tracing paper with your answer script. Dip (degrees) 60 50 Bearing (degrees) 80 162 Table Q5 (degrees) 40 40

7 marks

18 marks

Bedding planes Joint set

Total Marks for Question 5 25 marks Return the tracing paper with your answer script

please turn over

QUESTION 6 a. Explain, with sketches, why effective stress paths for soils tested in consolidated undrained triaxial tests with pore pressure measurement curve to the left for normally consolidated soils and to the right for over consolidated soils.

6 marks

b. A series of consolidated undrained triaxial tests with pore water pressure measurements were carried out on four identical samples of normally consolidated clay. All four samples were first consolidated at a confining pressure of 240kN/m2 and were then tested at the confining pressures shown in Table Q6. i. Plot the modified total and effective stress failure envelopes and determine the effective shear stress parameters. ii. Sketch on the graph the total and effective stress paths for the four tests and comment on them. Confining pressure kN/m2 40 60 120 2 Deviator stress at failure kN/m 88 100 130 2 Pore water pressure at failure kN/m -14 0 42 Results at failure for Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Tests Table Q6

13 marks 6 marks 240 188 120

Total Marks for Question 6 See Equation Sheet

25 marks

End of Paper

CE2S24 - Geotechnics & Engineering Geology

Axial Load Permanent Load = 350kN

0.5m

Pad Foundation

0.5m

Water Table

B=1.25m

C
Soil Properties b = 18kN/m3. sat = 20kN/m3. c'= 0kN/m2. '= 30. cu= 80kN/m2. u= 0. Foundation Properties concrete = 24kN/m3.

UNIVERSITY OF GLAMORGAN Faculty of Advanced Technology Civil Engineering Scheme

Geotechnics & Engineering Geology CE2S24 Figure Q1A

Scale: Not Required 8

CE2S24 - Geotechnics & Engineering Geology

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Meyerhof Nc
5.14 5.38 5.63 5.90 6.19 6.49 6.81 7.16 7.53 7.92 8.34 8.80 9.28 9.81 10.37 10.98 11.63 12.34 13.10 13.93 14.83 15.81 16.88 18.05 19.32 20.72 22.25 23.94 25.80 27.86 30.14 32.67 35.49 38.64 42.16 46.12 50.59 55.63 61.35 67.87 75.31 83.86 93.71 105.11 118.37 133.87 152.10 173.64 199.26 229.92 266.88

Meyerhof Nq
1.00 1.09 1.20 1.31 1.43 1.57 1.72 1.88 2.06 2.25 2.47 2.71 2.97 3.26 3.59 3.94 4.34 4.77 5.26 5.80 6.40 7.07 7.82 8.66 9.60 10.66 11.85 13.20 14.72 16.44 18.40 20.63 23.18 26.09 29.44 33.30 37.75 42.92 48.93 55.96 64.20 73.90 85.37 99.01 115.31 134.87 158.50 187.21 222.30 265.50 319.06

Br Hansen N
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.16 0.22 0.30 0.39 0.50 0.63 0.78 0.97 1.18 1.43 1.73 2.08 2.48 2.95 3.50 4.13 4.88 5.75 6.76 7.94 9.32 10.94 12.84 15.07 17.69 20.79 24.44 28.77 33.92 40.05 47.38 56.17 66.76 79.54 95.05 113.96 137.10 165.58 200.81 244.65 299.52 368.67 456.40 568.57

Vesic N
0.00 0.07 0.15 0.24 0.34 0.45 0.57 0.71 0.86 1.03 1.22 1.44 1.69 1.97 2.29 2.65 3.06 3.53 4.07 4.68 5.39 6.20 7.13 8.20 9.44 10.88 12.54 14.47 16.72 19.34 22.40 25.99 30.21 35.19 41.06 48.03 56.31 66.19 78.02 92.25 109.41 130.21 155.54 186.53 224.63 271.75 330.34 403.65 496.00 613.14 762.86

EC7 N
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.22 0.30 0.40 0.52 0.66 0.84 1.05 1.29 1.58 1.91 2.31 2.77 3.30 3.93 4.66 5.51 6.50 7.66 9.01 10.59 12.43 14.59 17.12 20.09 23.59 27.72 32.59 38.37 45.23 53.40 63.18 74.90 89.01 106.05 126.74 151.94 182.80 220.77 267.75 326.20 399.36 491.56 608.54 758.09

Bearing Capacity Factors for Strip Foundations

UNIVERSITY OF GLAMORGAN Faculty of Advanced Technology Civil Engineering Scheme

Geotechnics & Engineering Geology CE2S24 Figure Q1B

Scale: Not Required Date: May 2011 9

CE2S24 - Geotechnics & Engineering Geology

Pad Foundation

B=1.25m

UNIVERSITY OF GLAMORGAN Faculty of Advanced Technology Civil Engineering Scheme

Geotechnics & Engineering Geology CE2S24 Figure Q1C

Scale: Not Required 10

CE2S24 - Geotechnics & Engineering Geology

Original ground level

4.0m

Soil 1 C = 0 = 30 3 sat = b = 20kN/m .

New excavated ground level

Soil 2 C = 0 = 35 3 sat = b = 20kN/m .

Soil 2 C = 0 = 35 3 sat = b = 21kN/m

2.0 m

UNIVERSITY OF GLAMORGAN Faculty of Advanced Technology Civil Engineering Scheme

Geotechnics & Engineering Geology CE2S24

Drawing not to scale Date: 11

Figure Q2

CE2S24 - Geotechnics & Engineering Geology

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CE2S24 - Geotechnics & Engineering Geology

Equatorial equal-area stereonet marked in 2 intervals

UNIVERSITY OF GLAMORGAN Prifysgol Morgannwg Faculty of Advanced Technology

Geotechnics and Engineering Geology CE2S24 2010-2011

FIGURE Q5A

13

CE2S24 - Geotechnics & Engineering Geology

Polar equal-area stereonet marked in 2 intervals

UNIVERSITY OF GLAMORGAN Prifysgol Morgannwg Faculty of Advanced Technology Geotechnics and Engineering Geology CE2S24 2010-2011

FIGURE Q5B

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CE2S24 - Geotechnics & Engineering Geology EQUATION SHEET Lateral Earth Pressures

Ka

1 sin 1 sin
zK a 2c K a
Rv tan Rh

pa

qK a
Pp

FOS sliding

FOS overturning

Resisting Moments Disturbing Moments

pb

Rv 6e 1 B B

zo

2c ka

Consolidation

oed

Hi 1 ei

Cc log10

i i

ei

mGs Sr

oed

mv
ei

Hi
ef log10
i

d = (Hi +Hf)/4

Cc

log10

mv

ei

ef

H1

H2 H1
2

1
'

1 ei

e 1 ei

H Hi

When Uv When Uv Tv =
Cv t d2

Uv % 60% : Tv = 4 100 60% : Tv = 1.781 - 0.933 log10 (100 - Uv%)

Cv = k/(mv w)

Tv50 = 0.197 & Tv90 = 0.848 Continued.

15

CE2S24 - Geotechnics & Engineering Geology EQUATION SHEET (CONTINUED) Slope Stability

F
2

cu R 2 We
r 360

La

cu La r W e Pw y
cu La tan
u

W cos

W sin

Bearing Capacity q f cN c Fcs Fcd Fci DNq Fqs Fqd Fqi

0.5 BN F s F d F i

Depth & inclination factors Assume all depth and inclination factors = 1 for shallow foundations. Shape factors Shape of base Long strip Rectangle Square Circle (diameter B)

Fcs 1.0 1 + 0.2B/L 1.3 1.3

Fqs 1.0 1 + 0.2B/L 1.2 1.2

Fs 1.0 1 - 0.4B/L 0.8 0.6

Skempton's Nc values Nc = 5(1 + B/5L)(1 + D/5B) Piles In clay Qf cu As N c cu Ab In sand Q f K As tan Ab ( N q 1)

Meyerhofs correction for eccentric loading B = B 2e

FoS
Qu

Qui WLgroup
2D B L c

Ef

n n
Continued. 16

NSF
cb N c BL

CE2S24 - Geotechnics & Engineering Geology EQUATION SHEET (CONTINUED) Eurocode 7 Bearing Capacity Equations N = 2 (Nq 1) tan ' (for a rough base, such as a typical foundation) sq = 1+ (B' / L') sin ' (for a rectangular foundation) sq = 1 + sin ' (for a square or circular foundation) s = 1 0.3 (B' /L') (for a rectangular foundation) s = 0.7 (for a square or circular foundation)

sc

sq N q 1 Nq 1

(rectangular, square and circle foundation)

ic

iq

1 iq Nc tan

; iq

H 1 V A c cot

; i

iq

m 1 m

Where V = vertical load acting on foundation H = horizontal load (or component of inclined load) acting on foundation A' design effective area of foundation B 2 L when H acts in the direction of B'; m mB B 1 L L 2 B when H acts in the direction of L'. m mL L 1 B

Stress Paths Skemptons Equation

u
v

B
h

2
= -u
3

and t

K0

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CE2S24 - Geotechnics & Engineering Geology

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