Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
7
v:
OH5 ?0b
AND RE-ARRANGED
IN
LIBRARY FORM
No. 20
CENTS
4
8
CONTENTS
Typical Motor Wiring Diagrams Dimensions and Carrying Capacity of Round Copper Wire Dimensions and Carrying Capacity of Rubber Covered Cables Current Densities for Various Contacts and Different Materials Speed, Horsepower and Capacity of Centrifugal Fans Volume, Pressure and Horsepower of Blower Performance Capacities of Hot Water Mains
10 11 12 15 20 22 24 25 26 30 32 34 38 40 45 46
c\j
Diagram for Designing Band Brakes Formulas for Simple and Differential Band Brakes Formulas for Block Brakes Dimensions of Wrenches Standard Automobile Parts Diameters of Blanks for Shells Drafting-Room Conventions Decimal Equivalents of Fractions of an Inch English and Metric Conversion Tables Specific Gravity, Weight per Cubic Inch, etc., of Metals Areas and Weights of Fillets of Steel, Cast Iron and Brass
CO
v)
The
Industrial Press,
49-55 Lafayette
Street.
New
York
>-
Publishers of
MACHINERY
NEW YORK
COPYRIGHT,
1910. TH3T
INDUSTRIAL PRESS,
No. 20
Wiring Diagrams
Heating and Ventilation
Miscellaneous Tables
CONTENTS
4 Typical Motor Wiring Diagrams 8 Dimensions and Carrying Capacity of Round Copper Wire 10 Dimensions and Carrying Capacity of Rubber Covered Cables 11 Current Densities for Various Contacts and Different Materials 12 Speed, Horsepower and Capacity of Centrifugal Fans 15 Volume, Pressure and Horsepower of Blower Performance 20 Capacities of Hot Water Mains 22 Diagram for Designing Band Brakes 24 Formulas for Simple and Differential Band Brakes 25 Formulas for Block Brakes Dimensions of Wrenches 26 Standard Automobile Parts 30 Diameters of Blanks for Shells 32 34 Drafting-Room Conventions Decimal Equivalents of Fractions of an Inch 38 40 English and Metric Conversion Tables Specific Gravity, Weight per Cubic Inch, etc., of Metals' ,,.,..,. ... .. 45 Areas and Weights of Fillets of Steel, Cast Iron and Braid-;. ;.'..-.'.,. .46'
Copyright, 1910, The Industrial Press, Publishers of MACHINERY, 49-55 Lafayette Street, New York City
>
In the following pages are compiled a number of concise tables and diagrams relating to electric motors, copper wire and cables, heating and ventilation, mechanical brakes, miscellaneous machine details, drafting-room conventions, and conversion tables from the English to the metric system, and vice versa. These tables are carefully selected from MACHINERY'S monthly Data Sheets, issued as supplements to the Engineering and Railway editions of MACHINERY since September, 1898. Several additional tables are also included which are published here
for the first time.
In order to enhance the value of the tables, brief explanatory notes have been provided wherever necessary. In some of these notes references are made to articles which have appeared in MACHINERY and to matter published in MACHINERY'S Reference Series, giving additional information on the subject. These references will be of considerable value to readers who wish to make a more thorough study of the gubject. In a note at the foot of the tables reference is made to the page on which the explanatory note relating to the table appears.
The
When
connected with a series of ventilating ducts, the effect is the same as that of partially closing the fan outlet, and
thus reducing the volume and horsepower in practically the same proportion.
etc.,
[MACHINERY, September, 1906, Diseases Dynamos and Motors; March, 1910, The Operation and Care of Small Electrical Machinery; MACHINERY'S Reference Series No. 34, Care and Repair of Dynamos and Motors.]
of
and the
velocities
do not exceed
800 to 1000 feet per minute, the volume and horsepower as found in the tables for any given speed should be reduced
tories
Dimensions and Carrying Capacity of Bound Copper Wire On pages 8 and 9 two tables are given
relating
to
about 20 per cent. In shops and facwhere deep heaters are used and
flue velocities
run up to 1800
to 2000
the
dimensions,
carrying
of
re-
and resistance
round
On page 10 a table is given of rubber covered cables giving the actual crosssectional area in circular mils, diameter, diameter of drilled holes in terminals,
pacity.
The volume of air supplied to a building is usually based on the number of occupants. The table below represents good modern practice and may be used
with satisfactory results.
Air Supply per
Cubic Feet
per Hour 4000 to 6000 3000 2400 1500 1200
and
maximum
carrying
ca-
Occupant
On pages
of
12
the
relation
Churches [MACHINERY, October, November and December, 1905, Centrifugal and Disk Fans; June, 1908, Calculation of Fans and Heaters; MACHINERY'S Reference Series No. 39, Fans, Ventilation and
Heating.]
power, and capacity of centrifugal fans. The two columns to the left give the dimensions of the fan, and the body
gives the required revolutions per minute, the horsepower, and the volume of
air discharged into free air per minute at pressures varying from 1/4 ounce to
The
tables
17,
18
and
19,
No. 20
No. 20
WIRING DIAGRAMS
!J!'s|l$^
5'-55^
1|1
l^
\J
* 8*
H
V?
i^*
;sa
'!!!
w*
P!l *H*
No. 20
s>e|1 J
|liK
^111
tllfll^jfts
HHllMffl
il'iitii
No. 20
WIRING DIAGRAMS
IS
!
$
c*
Vs?5
f^
g |||||| l|f|f|
Hv*
,,
No. 20
No. 20
ELECTRICAL TABLES
(Continued).
10
No. 20
No. 20
ELECTRICAL TABLES
11
CURRENT DENSITIES FOR VARIOUS KINDS OF CONTACTS AND FOR CROSS SECTION OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS.
12
No. 20
I
No. 20
CENTRIFUGAL FANS
13
II
SPEED, HORSEPOWER,
14
No. 20
appertain to the measurement of volume, pressure and horsepower of blowers at pressures from 1 to 10 pounds per square inch. The friction varies as the square of the velocity and inversely as the diameter of the pipe. Therefore, if the diameter of the pipe is doubled, the friction loss is divided by 32, provided of course the same volume is carried. The advisability of using a large pipe for conveying the air is thus clearly shown.
from the point of intersection follow a vertical line downward to the bottom scale where the velocity in feet per minute is read off directly. [MACHINERY,1907, April, Volume, Pressure and
Horsepower
of
Blower Performance.]
Capacities of Hot
Water Mains
sets
On pages
20
and 21 three
of
curves are given for determining the sizes of pipe mains for hot water heatTwo of the diagrams are for graving.
ity
discharged from an orifice or pipe is theoretically equal to the product of the velocity of the air flowing and the area of the orifice. Hence for the calculation of the volume, the velocity is an important factor. To determine the velocity, an instrument Known as the Pitot tube is commonly
of air
The volume
circulation,
where
the
water
is
is
used.
In the diagram on page 18 the four diagonal lines drawn correspond, respectively, to the four formulas given at the right-hand side of the diagram. The required horsepower per 100 cubic
are
for
pipe
The volume of water to be passed through the supply main in a heating system may be found by the following
equation
:
found by first locating the pressure in pounds per square inch on the scale at the bottom of the diagram, and then following
feet of free air per
is
minute
a=
8.3
EXH
X (T
TJ
per hour,
in
which
G = gallons
the vertical line from the point so located until it intersects the diagonal
line corresponding to the conditions in the particular case in hand. Then from the point of intersection, the horizontal line is followed to the scale at the left-
E = efficiency
of radiating surface (170 for direct, 400 for indirect, and 1000 for hot blast heating),
H=3 square
T
=
=
initial"
temperature
of
water
180
de-
(commonly taken as
grees),
T!
final
hand side, where the required horsepower is read off. The conditions to which each of the four diagonal lines
apply are stated in the explanatory notes at the right-hand side of the diagram. The diagram on page 19 is used for finding the velocity in feet per minute
of air
from
and 1000 of indirect; how many gallons of water (GJ must pass through the main per minute, assuming a drop in
temperature of 20 degrees?
0i
First locate the given pressure on the vertical scale to the left, and follow
the horizontal line from the point so located until it intersects the curve for air or gas, as the case may be. Then
(170
5000)
8.3
+
20
(400
1000)
= 125 gallons.
60
No. 20
BLOWERS
'Jo
duiaj,
15
HI
P4
Tf
r>-
OO
HI
Tf
HI HI
t->-
ON
ON t^ to
Tf
r>
1-1
to
Tf
O n M
OO 00 co f>
coco
coto
vo
1-1
vo
t^Tfh-i
co
OO
ONCOCNOr^
COi-iCOVOco n PI M M IH
O OOOOO OOOOO
M o
vo co
(ON M 00 to P) Tf to to VO VO
HI
Tf to
OOOOO
MOOOO
>-iONr>.T}-Pl }-Pl
1
NC
OOOOO
ONCNONONON
VO "^
PI
OvO OCO
ONCO
COCOCOI^t^ VOVO
i-i\oco>-iCO
o O CO MMMMO
r^
r
ONONON ONCO
ON
OO-^-QtOCO
^ciOt^to MMMQO
t^>.
to >O
rj-
COvO
VO >O to to Tf rf
NONopiONr^
t^CO>-iOOVO
t/->
PJ
to ON to
MCNr^rfPl
Tf
^r
MOOOO
CO OOVOrt-i-i
t-
t^
ty>
tovo
OCOVO'^-i-'
OONONONON
or^Mtopi
10
CO 1^
1-1
to
T}-
rj- TJ-
ON
OOOO
O
VOTf-MONON
co ON
ONCO oo OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOOO OOOOO oocococor^ r~>.r^r^t^r> t^r^ r^vo vo to to to
ON ON
Tf
TJ-
Tf-coi-iONr>.vO
}-p|MONOO
t^vo ^fco
tOPICOTj-O
riMOtoM
VO
r^.coOootopo
rf
MOOOO
COOO VO
PlTf\OOOCO IOMIOMVO ^PIOOPIVO P)OCOVOO COCOOOr^r^ VOtocOPlM cOPlOONt^ON ONCO COCO I^r^t^t^t^
to P4 ONVO to to Tf Tf Tf Tf
TfON
OOOOOO
-
OvO"i^n
OOOOO OOOOO
PI HI
vo to Tf Tf Tf Tf
OOOOOO
q q q q q q
Cg
OM
co
t->.
to
t^>.
CO
t^.
P4
HI
OOOOO
t^ r^
O O O
r^ r^v
r^O
CO
HI
CO
PI
to Tf co
O O O
^^"8^^
PI
O O HI ON M M o to
ON
to to
HI
PI PI
M Ow O CO CO r^ Tf ONVO co _ ON
HI
to ooooo ooooo q q q q q
PJ HI
O Tf
HI CO ,O 10 to 10 10 Tf
O O
OOOOOO
to co
Tf Tf Tf Tf CO CO
Tf Tf Tf ro co CO 1 COCO
q q q q q
OOOOOO
ONVO Tf NVO
CO
>O
ON
Tf
t^ r^
PI P)
t
>. r>.
vOOOOcoO
OOOOOO
MCOONONTfON M
N ON r rorocococopi
ro
ON I^vO
OOOO OOOO
t^.vO
vovo
ri
vOvOvovo
to PI ONOO 10
HI
Tf ro
cOONONi-iro
to to to to to
OOOOO OOOOO
O O
Tf ro
HI PI
CO PI HI M O to to to to 10
OOOOOO
tO Tf Tf
^^
r
co
O
PI
OOOOO OOOOO
ONOO ON
ri
to O I^O to O to
O O O
M
HI
JO to to to to
HI
co
ONCO
ON
I^O
roO
O
ON
Tf
COO O
f^ ON
j
d-Juaj,
oo t^-o to
ONO
TT
tOOlOtO IOOIOIOIO
Tf
O M o O
O ONOO
r^o
CO ^OOO
to
Tf Tf Tf Tf Tf
OOOOO OOOOOO
Tf Tf Tf Tf CO
HI
P)
O f
co oo o PI oo Tf to co P> o oc r^ CO co co co PI PI
OOOOO OOOOOO
to O to CO Tf Tf
CO ON
O to O M M W W CO
o o o
16
No. 20
may
be
H=D X
in
0.000365
which
H = head
h
in feet,
producing
length of run. Taking the examples previously given, and assuming the length of the mains to be 200 feet, what size of pipe will be required? Gallons per minute 125; available
flow,
D =1 difference
head
be-
to
produce
is
flow
0.55
foot.
As
in
temperature
= height
feet
is
= 0.27
left
the boiler.
certain quantity of heating surface is located at an elevation of 50 feet above the boiler; what is the
Example.
page
head for producing flow through the supply riser if the drop in temperature between the supply and
available
gallons under a head of 0.27 foot calls for a pipe between 5 and 6 inches in diam21,
on
eter, in
size
would
return
is
30 degrees?
H = 30 X
When
50
0.000365
= 0.55
foot.
probably be used. In case of forced circulation the mains should be of such size that the total head required to overcome the friction
will not exceed 50 feet, the usual range
on the same floor, the elevation h may be taken as the vertical distance between the center of the radiators and the center of the If it is equally distributed on boiler. several floors it may be taken as though it were all located upon the central floor. If unevenly distributed, the average elevation may be found by the equation
the radiation
is all
being from 30 to 50
of flow is usually
velocity
feet per
(2 to
3
second
inches)
in
to
the smaller
10
feet
Brakes
diagram is presented band brakes. Directions for using the diagram are given on page 23 together with formulas and tables for use in band brake design.
22 a
for the designing of
On page
h
in
AX
ft a
G X h
feet of radiation
which A, B, and C are the square upon the several floors, and 7i ai 7i bj and h c the corresponding elevations of the radiators located upon
these floors.
On page
for
band brakes
25 a set of formulas for block brakes. Formulas for band and block brakes are
In computing the length of mains, provision must be made for the frictional resistance due to bends in the
pipe.
In
practice
it
is
customary to
consider an elbow equivalent to increasing the length of the pipe 60 diameters, and a return bend equivalent to 120
diameters.
not easily obtained, because many mechanical hand-books do not give any information on this subject. In order to supply a possible need in this direction, the formulas given have been comThese formulas are based on, and piled. in form with, the formulas for agree
these classes of brakes given in "Des Ingenieurs Taschenbuch," published by
the Hutte Association, Berlin, Germany. 'in any band brake, such as shown
Fig. 1, page 24, where the brake wheel rotates in a clockwise direction,
in
The
size of
main required
to supply
a heating system or group of heaters depends upon the square feet of radiation, the elevation above the boiler, the drop in temperature of the water in
passing through the radiators, and the
No. 20
BLOWERS
O OO NO fO OO OO ON O
to O 00 ON f) ONOO rf O NO "-> M fO ** Tf
^"NO M \O
17
fOOOOO O
"1
NO fO ONNO
I-H
f1 <*
fO
^f >ONO
t*
r--
TI-
r^
Tf ON
i^
1^.00
t^ i-i oo ON
1-1
ON
<*
Tf ON Tf-OO
ON ON
o O O N O O
>-"
the
N
>-i
u->
ro
^vO
O M
vo fOMD MMMwn
ON
i^vo
roo
OO
NfofOfOfO
roNO Tf NO OO
^^^^^o
>^oo LO rO "-KO
vnio
tr>
multiplying
M N
Tf cooo
ON fONO ON
ONOO
1-1
r<">
lOt^ONi-iro
by
\d t^
o w
t^OO
O M
table
the
ON
M NO M Tj-00 O p ro^-,
nch.
od
rf t^oo
r^.
rovo
O M
oo
HI
TJ-
sq
one
oo NO ^" i-i W fO
HHMW
to
i-*
oo NO to n o r*^ to r^ OO ON ON
ci
of
computed
be
i-iVOwOO
i-i i-i
N M
M" ONVO
rorO"3-w>LO
ay
an
t^
area
d2 l 0.
i-ii-'Noq^' vqi-ir^ojNq
'
S,^^
t>.
t>00 OO OO
rvO'-'
ON ON
a
Ov
which
area,
Tj-Tj-ir>iou->
to\O NO NO NO
the
as
orifice,
X
*
CO
ONOO LOGO 00
fOt^wTj-t^
OO OO ON ON ON
directly
1^-inch
a
for
O O
HH
"^*
M
given
flow
O\ ro
"^"
i^
o
>-O
^O
r-i
-O
r^
CO O^
1-/">
CO CO
*O
vovO VO
t^ t^OO 00 00
ON
^O
O
the
value
O^Ntoto O to ON W
M
i-i
M M M
roONOONO OO
P-I
rONO 00
Q M
NTTf^ONO 1OXOLO
fONO
O O
ON
the
tO\O
by
orifices,
inches
other
O
sq
IONO NO
r-.
r-
OOOO ONONO
saaj aSrB
in
18
No. 20
III
PERFORMANCE
BLOWER
OF
HORSEPOWER
AND
PRESSURE
VOLUME,
No. 20
BLOWERS
19
o <
DC
UJ
O
li.
DC UJ Q.
DC LU
O
CO
U.
O
cc
HI
o
0. UJ
<0
DC
I
z.
20
No. 20
*?
No. 20
21
s*
*Jj
.s
l\
SS
f
^'
<0
g)
5
.$
5
s
^
\
5-uo//Df)
22
No. 20
Contributed
by
C.
F.
Blake,
MACHINERY'S
18.
Explanatory note:
Page
16.
No. 20
BAND BRAKES
23
OS
t-J
CO 1O OO CQ CO t>
<M'
OC
OO -^ t- C* 00
10* 10'
T-I
1O
fr-
TH
<M
coi co'
co
co' rj<
"* ^'
to
oo'
o co
l-S-fl
"S -.3
set
OH
<U
M "8 ^H
HH S3
00
t-<?aOOaSi-ll>eOt-lOO5Oi-ii-<0
OO
c
-r-l
CO CO 10 t- 00
M' ci ci
eoi
i-H
1C
co"
t-i
00
I-H <M'
<M'
oi co ce
-* -^
.2^8 O
jg ^^
*
<U
o J
c2 o3 r^
"SSr 8 S ^-^
O O rH CO
2 00^ o o bo
C3
j-i
-2
o!
3
bo
:
fl *>
^q
S S
ft
<u^^
5 O G
i? ii
2,
24
No. 20
tangential force in pounds af rim of brake whee/, base of natural logarithms - 2. 7/828,
-
band and
ang^/e of contact of fhe brake band with the brake wheel, expressed m S7. 296 in rodfans (one radian = degrees),
,*>i0
(I)
^_
(Z)
bTi
r-**-%M
r =*l?-Pb(e^} a a (e^-il
(31
Differen t/'a/
band brake
(Fig. 3)
e-t
a
the force
a\ e" -/
In this case, if bz is
M9
(4)
band brake
:
(Fig.
4)
F=
is
^JT (*#!/)
the
same
force
F
Fig. 4.
No.
KM.
Explanatory note:
Page
16.
No. 20
BLOCK BRAKES
FORMULAS FOR BLOCK BRAKES
25
and brafee
(1)
I)
:
For rotation
in
either d/recfion
(2)
M"~^^ a+b
**
a+b\M 2y
:
pb ff
C\
c\
a+b\M bJ
Ffg.3.
grooved as shewn
by
F/g.
4..
//7
the abore
where
c\
fhe faces
of fhe grooves.
Explanatory note
Page
16.
26
No. 20
O TH
i-H T-<
TH rH TH C? C3 03 C*
.y <y
co CO CC <*
"
Tj
IO
<N
cc
<M
co co co
IO
00 00 05 05
O O <N
O O 0000
*-*
'CO CO CO
OOOOO
'-H
OOOOO
v-
O O O O O O O O O IH
OO
T-I
iH TH
r-l
rH tH
T-t
rH
d <M
(N C* Co CO Co CO
O 1C COO
i-C
LO O CCi-iO
lt>
O? OJ
<M>
(M
CO CO
No. 20
WRENCHES
DIMENSIONS OF WRENCHES
II
27
15
=4
*S
28
No. 20
clockwise.
erf
is
Find force F
\
)
marked x equals
P
erf
1
F=
/
Pb
a
/
(
\erf
=
\
I/
-
2.71828- 2X4
2X4
-
18
24
en*
\2.71828\3771828-
18
- I/
P
erf
1
2 71828 836
P = tangential
of
e
24
force in pounds at rim
2.71828
o 01
836
-!
brake wheel,
of
= base
natural
logarithms
=
The
value
16.16X
2.31
= 29.4.
1
2.71828,
of
band
of
and
of
the
brake brake
ex-
= angle =
contact
the
a- la
7T
formulas pre-
clockwise
rotation.
is
When
the tension in x equals T 2 sion in y equals TM which is the reverse of the tension in the clockwise direction.
The value of the expression erf occuring in these formulas may be most easiThe ly solved by means of logarithms. value of erf is found by multiplying the logarithm of e by the product of
the numerical values of /* and 6, and finding the number whose logarithm is
equal to the result of this multiplication. The procedure may be best illustrated by an example. In a band brake of the type in Fig.
1, page and &
24,
dimension a
inches;
/A
= 24
or
pounds;
of
coefficient
contact
= 240
=
ir
force
0.2,
P = 100
inches,
and angle
degrees,
240
X
180
4.18.
No. 20
WRENCHES
DIMENSIONS OF BOX WRENCHES
29
Machinery, X.Y.
Bolt
Diam.
30
No. 20
L. A.
and Eye
tfotf
Ends
LJL
/ imi-f- of Act/on Either D/rect/on
,
EyeC
0.43E
0.495
0.568
6 ?/
F
%.
Dri//
Pit?
0.403
0.465
/jfe
0.6 f/
0.559
0.62/
0.745
A.L.A. M. Standard
Pfr?
and
Wasfrer
>//?? er?s/0r?s
S/ze ftorf
M
A/
0.3/0
0.4 OJ
0.465
0.559
0.62/
&
P
X*
fa
4
T
116.
Explanatory note
Page
44.
No. 20
A. L. A.
M.
AUTOMOBILE PARTS STANDARD SPARK PLUG AND YOKE AND ROD ENDS
31
No. 20
0) -1
_l
UJ CO
CQ
co
i>
i>
os
a>
o o o
r-t
TH
i->
z
oc
D
DC
CO
* z <
m
o
CO
DC UJ
UJ
<
No. 20
ROPE SOCKETS
PIN.
Repe.
H
II
A
I
A A
I I
IS
21
21
2!
1A
If
A
I
HI
2
U
f
i!
HI
21
U
I
31
2A
2!
II
1
il
2A
21
3!
4
if
1A
2H
21
2!
2If
H
5
H
T.
41
41
31
11
II
11
31
11
4!
5
3A
31
1A
11
11
31
1A
Page
44.
Explanatory note:
34
No. 20
:$:*#'&]
si.
Ill^a
No. 20
DRAFTING-ROOM CONVENTIONS
35
36
No. 20
CD
or
iS
'
? o
'
-8
ct
'
G
'
e o o o
No. 20
DRAFTING-ROOM CONVENTIONS
37
38
No. 20
JE
+j
jo (0
e/> ~~
.>m
D-C
s_
.EH-
3
r- co co
SIS
<D-C
o o co CD
<
CPC3aC3C3C3C3
O
*ah
*
-H
c c
<D Q)
CM iii 10
'rt-
O O
rT
CMrfCOCOOCMrfCOCOCOCMCOCDCO ^ ^- T T cMCMCMCMCMrorotorr^-
*j-
CM
N-
to
in i-
t^ ^
co
T
^-
CM
to CM
.
O i
in
ro CM
LO CM
to CM
CO (0
-i -o
CO in co ro co to co to T ro in CD co co CD
ro to ro co
co .5
z
LJ
w o
UJ
^COCMCOCOLOCOfOror LOLocDcorororococococo
in to
co
J^
co to CD to CD ro T- to LO
co co co co
ro to to co LO
< w -s D
^ O
co
^r ^ro in
^ co to ro ^- co F- CM rf co ro oo
ro rr T- oo in CM in ro CM co ^f CO ^_ CM I*"
to
co ro ro co CM rr LO ro oo co LO CM ^r ^- to CM co
O^
O
LU
LU "2
co
^2
s*
w
LU T3 ro ro CD ro CD ro r ro in
CM
CM co co co co
r
tO
co CD co CD
ro ro ro co
i
co to CD ro co ro * ro LO in co ro to
ro ro ro co to
Tf CO T CM to *3LO T
roroorrro^-incocMLococMco
tO to r* LO to r- CO LO ro CM co
CO CO CM
rf
^- CO tO to T CO CM <* LO ro CO to a- r CO LO CM in to CM co n-
(0
.
LO
to
CO
CO ^ro CM 10 CM
LO
ro in CM
to
10 LO
ro 10
CT5
LO
^CD
tO CD
-M
CO 't
co CM
^s
H
,
-8
co
iniOlOlOLOlOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLO
CM 10 to CM 10 to CM IO ro CM LO To, co CM co 10 r ro ro CD CM co 10 r ro ro cDCMcorocoLocscoi ro^rocorsio
CM IO ro CM 10 ro co CM co 10 T ro, to
tOLocoooco^-cMrfLorococacMroLococo
ro CM
Lor cDCMcorocoiocDco^-rorocoriLO CM
ro CM
CM LO to CM 10 to co CM co 10 T ro ro
ro ro CM ro
ro co CM co LO
LO ro ro. ro
RJ
CO CM
<
2E
in
co
lOLOlOLOLOlOLOLOfcOlOlOLOLOLOLOLO CM CM 10 ro CM LO CM 10
ro CD CM co 10 r- to to
LOT
cDCMcotocoiocacor roroco3>
CM to ro CM LO ro CM LO ro CM LO ro co CM co LO T ro to co CM co LO T ro ro LO t co CM co ro en LO cs co T ro LO co co co T
No. 20
CONVERSION TABLES
39
rOOJIOT
CO^fC3COCMCO^l-C3
o
u.
o
NO en in T co rt- co ro ITS co i ro co c co co co 05 05 era era
T
s*-coo5CM*a-r^.O5CMLnr>c3CMLncoc3rou5coT
rococo*
b.
O u
o o
I(0
rocoo5r-^t-coo5CM^rr^cr5CMtr5r^c3CMir5coc3rou5coT
rococo*
Lf5LOLf5Lf5tOCOCOCjOr>-
C>JCNICMCMCVlCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCNICMCMCMCaCSICM
OOOOeOO5O5O5O3CDC3C3C3T ^-Y
CM
csj
CM
<>j
ro ro ro ro rr
rocoosi
^t-
40
No. 20
coLncMcococMcocoroc3r--rocDr*r-r
T
cs cs CD en
un co ro
r^-
cotocMcoificH^^c>cMC3corocDr-.n-t
coinr oo
a
III
L_
UJ
too^tor^.r
mcsror^T
LOCTsror^.r
rororo^rrioioLococorNlr^r^oococn
CXC=>(=C=>CZ)CDC3CDC3C3C=>C3C=3C3C3C=)CDCD
I"*****
OO OO OO
CT^
CD G3 CD CD T^
tO
i o
U-
co UJ
onincNicoincMcncoroe>cDrocz>r^T3'T ootn^-oomcsiaitorocfitoro
O
CO
cotor-oomcMcscorocfJCDro ca
r>
crr-co^j-T
COLOCMCO >CNcrcoo
cs
r>
rr
CO
10 en ro
in a* ro
r^-
10 co ro
r^|i
r- to co ro r*
in en ro
r^-
^- to
era
ro r*
C3
-- <
CM CM tO
LO co ro
r^- r
to
crs
ro
r>- t
LO co.ro r>r
mcorot^r-iftcoror^-r
tor*iocoror^.r-iocoror>.T locoror^
uvco ro
r>-
r- to co ro-r>* ^- 10 co ro
No. 20
CONVERSION TABLES
r-.e3-r
41
coLocMcncocMcncorocDr>.^T COLO
r*
r*>
3- CO
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
>
>
CM CO CD CD ^
co co
O
t
<
LocMcoLocMcncorocDcorocDr.*3-^-coLo
co
LocMcncoroe3corocsr-n-T
cf
co
O rH
<D
cor>-r^.r>-cococnencocDCDT
en en co oo co
r^. r
T~TCM CM ro ro ro ^f
*
LO LO LO co co
r*-
r*
r^ co oo oo
CMCMCMOJCMCMCMCNICMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM CM CM
r*
r*
CM CM CM CM
C
O>
co co co LO uo LO ^-
^- ro ro ro CM CM CM CM
^- r- CD
r-CMCMCMrorO
^^* t^
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
co CM en co ro CD
r^
*^j*
T*"
r^
*^* T**
co LO CM en LO CM en co ro CD r^
^f*
CD
r^-*
^- r
co LO CM co ^- CD CD CD Cn
&
>
CM CM CM lO IO
^^J-^IALOCOCOCOI^r^COCOOOCneOOaCD^T^CMCMCM
CDCDCDCDCDCDCDCD CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
CD CD CD en
i^
i^*,
-2
gg^
^j uu
^^j i^j
^_I-/
^^j i^j
(-li-i
i-^m
i^
|-*^
P^
i"^
p^
i^
i^
r^
i'*^
r^*
i~^
cncncncocbcor>-r^r^cococoixiiLOLO'*^*^rororocMCMCMi--i--WCnCDCDCDr r~CMCMCMrorO<r
T
cniAC>icniACMcncoioc3r^^rcor^^r-coLocMcnLocMcncoroeDr^rocD'
v
O
*
&&o^co^&orrtt^^(3^GO<^<&Q^&cv&o^ttC*&o^tt^<&
T--
r-^-r-r- ^-r
r- r- T-. T
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
<
cncncncocococor*r^r^.cococoLOLOLo^f!*'*3-rororo CM CM CM CM j "t ? ^
?.. ro ro ^ LO LO ^^
?*
i
r-
CD
Q^JJ
Lrt f^i
co co
fjri'
en LO ro en co ro CD co co co en en
"WcaTcn
r*-
co~To~ro~CM
r>
T
t
en 06
r
rf
r^. *a- T
co co en en en CD CP T* ~ t CM CM ro ro ro ^- .^r LO LO LO f^ ^j^ ^.p <p ^j ro to ro r CD o r*-. co LO ro CM T en co r* co co LO CM en co CM en co ro =3 r*-. ^t- CD r ^t- T^- iso LO CM
COCMCOCDvtf'COCMCOCD^f
.
._.__,__.
'
r>cori-rocMT
cnoor^ijo^roT^c3cnr^.eoLorocMir"cncor^LO'c-ror-CDcnr^co OO LO CM T
CO LO CM CD CD
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
|ea)rji
r^-
CO CM CO r^ CM CM ro hb ro rr ^r LO
I-IOT
w'^
W|
rH;3
to W W |rt
t-|^i
,
'r*
I-CM
Kf
^i'iW
Wia
iaKr
!*
|9J
W|W
-|r-t rf|
<
*-!*
"f*
L-
wS*
iftl*
->*
^c|^ jj.jj
43(55 _,jrt
42
No. 20
No. 20
CONVERSION TABLES
43
co
u <
ffl
UJ
z O
CO cc UJ
z O O O
QC UJ
44
No. 20
On
for
page 26 is made up to conform to the standards adopted by the Engineering Standards Committee (Great Britain). On page 29 a table is given of box On pages 30 and 31 are wrenches. given tables of standard automobile details according to the standards adopted by the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers. These tables include dimensions for standard solid yoke and eye-rod ends, standard pin and washer dimensions, standard spark plugs and standard adjustable yoke and
eye-rod ends.
screws and screw threads of different shown on page 35, and for pipe The fittings and riveting on page 36. conventions shown on page 37 are the standard conventions required on the United States Patent Office drawings. [MACHINERY'S Reference Series No. 2, Drafting-room Practice; No. 8, Working
types are
Drawings and Drafting-room Kinks; No. 33, Systems and Practice of the
Drafting-room.]
Conversion Tables
On page
On page
mal equivalents of fractions of an inch, and on page 39 decimal equivalents of a foot corresponding to inches and fractions of inches from to 12. Assume,
for example, that it is required to find the equivalent of 6 7/32 inches in decimals of a foot. Locate 7/32 in the left-
% x % to 6 ameter of the shell and its height are given the diameter of the required blank may be found in the body of the For example, assume that the table. diameter of the shell is to be 1% inch and the height of the shell 2 inches. By locating the diameter in the left-hand column, and the given height at the top, and following the horizontal line from the diameter until we reach the figure in the column headed by the height, we find that the diameter of the required blank is 3.78 inches. On page 33 dimensions are given for standard soft steel rope sockets with This table will be found convenpin.
x
6 inches.
When
the di-
hand column and follow the horizontal line until the column headed "6" is reached. The figures 5182 read off in this column are the decimals of a foot
corresponding to 6 7/32, or, in other words, 6 7/32 inches equals 0.5182 foot. On pages 40 and 41 tables are given for converting inches and fractions of inches into millimeters. Assume, for example, that it is required to find the equivalent of 5*4 inches in millimeters.
On page
40, locate
column and follow the horizontal line until the column headed "5" is reached. The value 133.347 is the equivalent of
5 1/4 inches in millimeters, or, in other words, 5 1/4 inches equals 133.347 millimeters. On page 42 a table is given for conAsverting millimeters into inches. sume that it is required to convert 152 millimeters into inches. Locate the two first figures, "15," in the left-hand column and follow the horizontal line until the column headed "2" is reached. The value read off in this column, 5.9843, is the equivalent in inches of 152 millimeters, or, in other words, 152
ient by designers who may occasionally be required to lay out a steel rope
socket.
Drafting-room Conventions
On pages 34 to 37, inclusive, are shown a number of common draftingroom conventions. Of course, practice
differs
considerably in different drafting-rooms, but the methods shown indicate average practice. Conventional
forms for cross-sectioning for indicating materials and for representing breaks are shown on page 34. Conventions for
No. 20
PROPERTIES OF METALS
THTHTHTHO5COOOOCOTHOOOOOlOt~iOTHTi
I
45
x.
per
T* CO O O O CO Oi O CO O O O 05 iPound Dollar
IO "* CO O5
O O O O O O IO O O TH O5 CO O O IO O IO O r- O O TH O O
OOO 05^*105
COOCO
O "* O CO -O-^OCOO O
O
Appro
Value
05
It-
t>ooscot>o -oo^-^t-t^coao
TH rH OS t> TH
O CO t-
I-H
C5
O C5 "* 1O IO O OS
T- t- O5
CO
TJ<
O5
O OO O O OS CO O IO o cooosoocot^oos t~
rH O5
<*
OSO
O "* CO -^ "*
OS
nsion
ngth
F.
E
Unit
per
Linear
per
Foot,
t~J>O
1O
Pounds
i
1005
IO
OSOO"* -H05
1-1 Tjl
CO ~H CO O5 CO TH
^HiocOO5O O iO IO O Tfi
*O -^ CO
CO
Weight
Cubic
p
Inc
Pounds
IO O O5 00 CO ~ rH
I-H
CO
Weight Cubic
CO IO IO t- t- 00 CO
i
OO
CO CO <* CO 00 00 00 00 OO OO
OO
O5 CO CO OS O5
Specific Gravity
mic mbo
or
1
cs is
Ns
g
,
Metal
Composition
ismuth
Aluminum
Antimony Barium
46
No. 20
AND BRASS
No. 20
',
47
Radius
ff.
."
48
,N
;;:/:
;Y"*
No. 20
millimeters equals 5.9843 inches. If the equivalent of 6 millimeters is required, the value is read off in the top line of
the
table
in
given of specific
gravity, weight per cubic inch, weight [MAper cubic foot, etc., of metals.
the
hence, 6 millimeters
0.2362 inches.
in the
found
to
equal
CHINERY'S Reference Series No. 52, Advanced Shop Arithmetic for the Machinist, Chapter X, Specific Gravity and Weights of Bar Stock and Castings.]
By arranging the table manner shown, it is possible to make it more compact and to include
the values in inches corresponding to all whole numbers up to and including 499 millimeters. On page 43 a metric conversion table
Fillets
not usual to
fillets
lor
given including weight, linear measure, square measure, and cubic measure. A miscellaneous table is also given for the conversion of compound units.
is
much
generally are so small as to not make difference in the final result, and are quite likely to balance each other as well. That is to say, the weight that would have to be added if the fillet were
Specific Gravity
The expression "specific gravity" indicates how many times a certain vol-
taken into account will ordinarily just about balance that which would have
to be subtracted
if
ume
for
an
corners were
considered.
equal volume of water. If it is found, example, that one cubic inch of steel weighs 7.8 times as much as one cubic inch of pure water, the specific
gravity of steel
of
is 7.8.
As the density
at
water
differs
slightly
different
On pages 46 and 47 a table of the areas and weights of fillets of steel, cast
iron and brass is given. This table has been computed in order to make it easy to calculate the weight of castings having large fillets. If the radius of the fillet, for example, equals ^4 inch, then the area of the fillets is 0.0134
temperatures, it is usual to make comparisons on the basis that the water has a temperature of 62 degrees F. The weight of one cubic inch of pure water
62 degrees F. is 0.0361 pound. If the specific gravity of any material is known, the weight of a cubic inch of
at
the
by multiplying
0.0361.
specific
gravity
of
by
cast
The
specific
gravity
square inch, and if made of cast iron, the weight per inch length of a fillet of If the fillet this area is 0.0035 pound. is part of a straight piece it is only
of the
The weight iron, for example, is 7.2. of one cubic inch of cast iron is found
by multiplying
uct,
0.260,
is
necessary to multiply the total length fillet by the value just obtained,
in order to obtain the total weight.
If
the
inch of cast iron. If the weight of a cubic inch of a material is known, the specific gravity is found by dividing the weight per cubic inch by 0.0361. The weight of a
cubic inch of gold
specific
is 0.697
part of a cylindrical piece, it is necessary to find the mean radius, or the radius of the center of gravity
fillet
is
of
the
fillet
section,
and
to
calculate
the circumference of the circle passing through this center of gravity. The
pound.
The
gravity of gold is then found by dividing 0.697 by 0.0361. The quotient, 19.32, is the specific gravity of
gold.
length of this circumference multiplied by the weight per inch or per foot then [MACHINERY, gives the total weight. July, 1906, Estimating Weights of Fillets and Round Corners.]
THIS BOOK
AN INITIAL FINE OF
25
CENTS
WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO 5O CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE.
NOV 24
18gg
LD21-100m-7,'39(402
YC
TJ7
/te
y,^
fro. 16.
and Feed
Siuffle
('
Outlines: Strength and Durability, Design; Methods of Cutting Teeth. No. 38. Grinding* and Grinding* Ma
i
chines.
Cylinders
For-
No.
Fa:
39.
for
>
ting Spirals;
No.
19.
i
in Mechanics.
With
las,
No. 20.
Rules,
Formuand
and
No. 40. Ply Wheels. T heir Purpose, Calculation and Design. No. 41. Jigs and Fixtures, Part T. Fixture Prin Drill fishings; Points; Clamping No. 42. Jigs and Fixtures, Part IT.
i
Open and
Measuring- Tools.
No. 43.
Jigs a-d Fixtures, Part
ITT.
No. 21.
Tools;
PP
22.
No. 44.
Calculation Design.
No.
of
Elements
of
Machine
No. 23.
Trolleys;
No.
No.
45. 46.
Plant; Met
Jib
-lie-joints.
Hardening
and
Tempering.
:iing
No.
of
Calculating-
47.
Electric
Filas
Overhead
Piling.
Cranes.
De-
No.
48.
and
Tyi-
strm No.
27.
I.
Locomotive Design.
',
No. 49. Girders for Electric Overhead Cranes. No. 50. Principles and Practice of Assembling Machine Tools, Part 1. No. 51. Principles anc< Practice of Assembling Machine Tools, ''art 11. No. 5?. Advanced Shop Arithmetic for the Machinist. No. 53. Use of Logarithms and Logarithmic Tables. No. 54. Solution of Triangle*, Part I. No.
55. 56.
57.
Wal.--x-lia-.-rts
;-n.
Solution of Triangles,
Ball
29.
TIT.
No.
Bearings.
Prim -ip'
Locomotive Design,
P.-n-t
IV.
No.
Met;:l Spinning.
No.
No.
58.
59.
of Automobile Manufacture.
No. 33. Systems and Practice of the Drafting-Boom. No. 34. Care and Repair of Dynamos and Motors. No. 35. Tables and Formulas for Shop rmuand Drafting-Bo' -r
Solution
Drills;
Drill
36.
No.
61.
Blacksmith
Shop
Practice.
Jig
No. 62. Hardness and Durability Testing of Metals. No. 63. Heat Treatment of Steel. Hardening. Temping.
No.
No. 64. Gage Making and Lapping. and No. 65. Formulas and Constants for .No. 37. Bevel Gearing. Rules of Gas Engine Design. Calculati Formulas; Examples MAC- ii INK jv, the monthly mechanical journal, originator of the Reference and Data Sheet Series, is published in four editions the Shop Edition, $1.00 a year; the Engineering Edition, $2.00 a year; the Railway Edition, $2.00 a year, and the
i
The Industrial
40-55 Lafayette
Street,
Publishers of MACHINERY,
New York
City, U. S. A.