AHT 1 Intro

Advanced Heat Transfer
Theory & Application

Dr. S. Kamran Afaq
Professor
HITEC University
Boiling and Condensation
Introduction
General Heat Conduction Equation
Convection Equation (Mass/Momentum/Energy)
Course Outline
In Rectangular, Cylindrical, Spherical Coordinate System
Steady (2-D) and Unsteady(1-D) Conduction
Various/Numerical Methods to Solve Conduction Equation
Laminar and Turbulent Heat Transfer
Free and External/Internal Forced Convection
Fundamental of Radiation
Introduction
Introduction
Basics of Heat Transfer
Heat & other Forms of Energy
Mechanism of Heat Transfer
Introduction
Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach
Book:
By: Y A Cengel
What is difference b/w Thermodynamics
and Heat transfer?
Thermodynamics :
Deals with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes
from one state to other equilibrium state.
Heat Transfer :
1. In engineering we are normally interested in the rate of heat
transfer. How much heat is transfer per unit of time.
2. As well as the temperature distribution within the system at a
specified time.
Introduction
Heat Transfer?
Heat Transfer :
1. Heat can transferred from one system to other due to the
temperature difference
2. It is science which predict the heat energy transfer between
material bodies as a result of temperature difference.
Pipe flow
Pressure
Difference
Current flow
Voltage
Difference
Introduction
Human Comfort
A human body is
continuously rejecting
heat to surrounding.
Heat Transfer
Human comfort is directly related to rate of heat
rejection (Heat Transfer rate). We adjust this rate
by our clothing to the environmental condition.
Introduction
Daily Life Examples
Heat Transfer
Heating & Air-Conditioning System
Refrigerator, Iron
Computer
Energy Efficient Home
Car Radiators
Solar Collectors
(Min. Heat loss in winter and
gain in summer)
Introduction
Why we need a detailed study of
Heat Transfer ?
Introduction
Heat Transfer indicates how long process will take.
Why we need a detailed study of
Heat Transfer ?
A designer of thermos
normally interested in
that how long coffee will
sustain its temperature
Introduction
Engineering Heat Transfer
Applications
1. Heat Exchangers
2. Boilers
3. Condensers
4. Radiators
5. Heaters
Rating : Determination of HT for an
existing system at a specific
Sizing : Determination of size of a
system in order to transfer heat as
a specified rate for a specific
Introduction
Thermal Energy (Q) = 1 joule
UNITS
Heat Transfer rate (q-dot) = 1 joule/sec = 1 watt
Heat Flux (q/A) = 1 watt/m
2
Introduction
Energy :
Heat & other forms of Energy
Thermal
Chemical, Nuclear
K.E, P.E
Mechanical
Electrical
Introduction
Internal Energy (U) :
Sum of all microscopic forms of energy of molecules.
U = K.E + P.E
Portion of K.E = Sensible Energy or Heat
Heat :
Temperature :
Total K.E of molecules
Average K.E of molecules
Introduction
Internal Energy
Associated Atomic bonds
in a molecule is called
Chemical energy
Associated with bond within the
Nucleus of the atom is called
Nuclear Energy
This energy is released during the chemical or Nuclear reaction
Introduction
Calorie :
Calorie is a unit of Heat Energy. Like Joule
1 Cal = 4.1868 Joule
1 Cal = Amount of heat required
raise the temperature of one gram
of water at 14.5C by 1C
Introduction
Specific Heat:
Amount of heat required raise the temperature of a
unit mass of a substance by 1C
At Constant Volume
(Cv)
At Constant Pressure
(Cp)
For incompressible substance it is constant
C = f ( P,T )
UNIT ?
Introduction
Specific Heat:
For an ideal gas , specific heat normally depends
only on temperature.
du = Cv(T) dT dh = Cp(T) dT
Sum of internal energy and energy required to flow of fluid
h = u + Pv
Enthalpy
At low
pressure real
gas also
behave as
Ideal gas
UNIT ?
Introduction
Latent Energy or Heat :
If energy (Heat) supplied to the system is greater than
Molecular force phase change
Amount of heat require to change the phase is called Latent heat.
Introduction
First law of Thermodynamics :
In rate
0 = A
system
E
dt
dE
E E
system
out in
=

out in
E E =
system out in
E E E A =
Steady State :
Introduction
In the absence of electric, magnetic, gravity effect, normally the
change in total energy of the system is the simply change in
internal energy of the system;
system system out in
U E E E A = A =
T mC E E
v out in
A =
(fixed mass system)
Introduction
In Heat Transfer, Normally we are interested in the Thermal
energy which is transferred due to temperature difference.
And, All Nuclear, Chemical, etc energies consider in the form of
thermal energies as heat generation;
system thermal gen out in
E E Q Q

A = +
Energy Balance in Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer
Introduction
Example-1
Heat Transfer
V = D
3
/ 6
SA = D
2
Introduction
Example-2
Assumption
Heat loss is negligible
Specific heats are constant
system system out in
U E E E A = A =
T mC E E
v out in
A =
(fixed mass system)
Heat Transfer
( ) ( )
pot
v
water
v in
T mC T mC E A + A =
Introduction
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
Modes of Heat Transfer
Introduction
Conduction :
Transfer of heat through solids or stationary fluids
Introduction
Convection :
In this mode heat is transfer due to the movement
of the fluids
Introduction
Radiation :
It does not require any medium for heat transfer. In
this mode the electromagnetic radiation is emitted by an
object for heat transfer.
Conduction
Heat Conduction
Conduction :
Heat Transfer through solids or stationary fluids
How this take place?
In solids
Atoms are bound to each other by series of bonds analogous to
spring.
When there is a temperature difference in the solid.
The hot side of the solid experiences more vibration.
The vibrations are transmitted through the springs to the cooler side.
Eventually, they reach an equilibrium
Conduction
Heat Conduction
Mathematical Modeling :
,
1

,
,
x
Q
A Q
T Q
A

x
A
k -
A
A
=
T
Q

x
A

A
A
T
Q
0) x (
x
kA - A =
d
dT
Q
Fouriers law of conduction

Conduction
Heat Conduction

x
kA -
d
dT
Q=
k = Thermal Conductivity
-ive sign shows that heat is conducted in the
direction of decreasing temperature.
T becomes negative, so heat transfer is + ive.
A is er to the heat transfer
Conduction
Heat Conduction
Thermal Conductivity :
k
A
x
=
A
A
T
Q

x
A
k -
A
A
=
T
Q
Rate of heat transfer through a unit

thickness of material per unit area and
per unit temperature difference.
UNIT ?
Conduction
Heat Conduction
Why Gases have
lower thermal
conductivity than
Solids?
Why metals have
higher thermal
conductivity than
Solids?
Conduction
Heat Conduction
For Gases
M
k
T k
1
(Temperature Effect)
Helium (M=4) having higher k
than Argon (M=29)
Conduction
Heat Conduction
For Liquids
M
k
T
k
1
1
Liquid metals such as Mercury

and Sodium having higher
thermal conductivity.
For high heat transfer they are
used in Nuclear Power plant.
Conduction
Heat Conduction
For Solids
Normally it is constant
but for certain solids in certain
range of temperature it is
increased dramatically.
e.g.
Copper 401 at 300 K
Copper 20,000 near
absolute zero ( 20 K )
Super Conductors
Conduction
Heat Conduction
Bronze =
Cu (90%) + Al (10%)
k 401 + 237
What about the k of
Metal Alloys like
Bronze
k (bronze) = 52 w/m/K
Conduction
Heat Capacity
Heat Transfer
Storage capability of material per unit volume
Thermal Diffusivity
How fast heat diffuses through a materials
( )
p
C
( ) o
p
C
k
o =
Stored Heat
Conducted Heat
= o
Higher or lower, which
one is better ?
UNIT ?
Conduction
Example-1
Conduction
Heat Conduction
Thermal Resistance Concept :

x
A

A
A
=
T
-k Q
Electrical Circuit:

2 1
e
R
V V
I

=
Current Flow
Electric Resistance
Potential Difference
Thermal Circuit:

x

kA
T
- Q
A
A
=

2 1
t
R
T T
Q

=

Conduction

2 1
t
R
T T
Q

=
Heat Conduction

x
A

A
A
=
T
-k Q
Heat Flow
Thermal Resistance
Temperature Difference

x

kA
T
- Q
A
A
=

Conduction

2 1
t
R
T T
Q

=
Heat Conduction
Unit ?

x

kA
T
- Q
A
A
=

x

A k
R
t
=
k
R
A
R
x R
t
t
t
1

1

A
Conduction
Heat Conduction
Multiwall Heat Conduction:
x
2
x
1

1
2 1
1
R
T T
Q

=

2
3 2
2
R
T T
Q

=
Q Q Q

= =
2 1

2 1
3 1
R R
T T
Q
+
( )

T

t

A
=
R
Q
all over

x

1
1
1
A k
R =

x

2
2
2
A k
R =
Walls in Series
Conduction
Heat Conduction
Multiwall Heat Conduction:

1
2 1
1
R
T T
Q

=

2
2 1
2
R
T T
Q

=
2 1
Q Q

=

1 1
1

2 1
t
R R
R
+
=

x

1
1
A k
R =

x

2
2
A k
R =
Walls in Parallel
Conduction
Conduction in Circular Pipes
l
d=2r
l>>>r
For Pipes
Conduction
l>>>r
Q
Q
Heat Transfer along the pipe length is neglected
Radial Heat Transfer
Conduction
T
1
T
2
Q
Q Q
Q
r
i
r
o
Q
Radial Heat Transfer
Conduction
T
1
T
2
Q

x

d
dT
-kA Q=
Conduction in walls
Fouriers Law
r
i
r
o
Conduction
T
1
T
2
Q

dr
dT
-kA Q=
r
i
r
o

x

d
dT
-kA Q=
For Walls
For pipes
r
Fouriers Law
Conduction
l
d=2r
A=2rl
Conduction

x

d
dT
-kA Q=
Area is Constant
r
i
r
o

dr
dT
-kA Q=
Area is variable
A
A=2rl
A=lxb
l
b
Conduction
T
1
T
2
Q
r
i
r
o
r

dr
dT
-kA Q=
2
dr
dT
l r -k Q t =
A=2rl
( )

ln
2
2 1
i o
r r
T T
l k Q

= t

Conduction
T
1
T
2
Q
r
i
r
o
r
A=2rl
( )

ln
2
2 1
i o
r r
T T
l k Q

= t

2 1
t
R
T T
Q

=
( )

2
ln
2 1
l k
r r
T T
Q
i o
t
( )
( )

2
ln

t
l k
r r
R
i o
pipe
t
=
Thermal
Resistance
in Pipes
Conduction
Conduction in Hollow Sphere
T
1
T
2
Q
r
i
r
o
r
A= 4r
2
Sphere
Conduction
Conduction in Hollow Sphere
T
1
T
2
Q
r
i
r
o
r

4

2 1
k r r
r r
T T
Q
i o
i o
t

( )
4
t
k r r
r r
R
i o
i o
sphere
t

=
Thermal
Resistance
in Sphere

dr
dT
-kA Q=
r 4
2
dr
dT
-k Q=
A= 4r
2

2 1
t
R
T T
Q

=

Conduction
Conduction in Multilayer Pipes
r
i
r
o
Pipe
Insulations
Conduction
pipe
Insulation-Layer
Insulation-Layer
Conduction
Thermal
Circuit
Conduction
ER
t
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3

4 1
=
t
R
T T
Q

Conduction
Steam at 320C flows in a cast iron pipe (k = 80 W/m C)
whose inner and outer diameters are 5 cm and 5.5 cm,
respectively. The pipe is covered with 3-cm-thick glass wool
insulation with k = 0.05 W/m C. Heat is lost to the
surroundings at 5C . Find the Heat loss with and without
insulation.
Example
Convection
Convection :
In this mode heat is transfer due to the movement of the
fluids
Free Convection
Forced Convection
Convection
Heat Convection
Free Convection
Forced
Convection
Convection
Hot Iron Block
(T1 = 400C)
Cool Air
(T = 15C) By Speed
Type of fluid
(Water)
, , C, v ..
Roughness, Geometry of the
object
Nature of the
flow
Convection
Heat Convection
The rate of heat convection over a medium depends on the:
Nature of the flow (Re.Laminar or Turbulent)
Nature of the fluid (Viscosity, k, density, C, etc)
Surface Area of the medium
Temperature Difference
Unlike conduction, convection is not concerned
with medium properties
s

A Q
T Q

Convection
Heat Convection
,
,
A Q
T Q
A
s
T h Q A =
A
s
T Q A
Newtons law of
cooling
Convective heat
transfer Coefficient
(Nature of the fluid)
where;
T = (Ts -T)
Convection
Convective heat transfer Coefficient (h)
Heat Convection
Rate of Heat transfer b/w solid surface and a fluid per unit surface
area per unit temperature difference
Units :

A
s
T
Q
h
A
=

h : (W/m
2
/C)
Convection
Heat Convection
In conduction
( )

cond
th
R
T
Q
A
=
( )
kA
x
R
cond
th
A
=
In convection
A
s
T h Q A =

Convection
Heat Convection
( )
s
A 1

h
T
Q
A
=
A
s
T h Q A =
( )

conv
th
R
T
Q
A
=
or
but
( )
1
s
conv
th
hA
R =
so,
Convection
Consider a 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide glass window
with a thickness of 8 mmand a thermal conductivity of k
= 0.78 W/m C. Determine the steady rate of heat
transfer through this glass window and the temperature
of its inner surface for a day during which the room is
maintained at 20C while the temperature of the
outdoors is 10C. Take the heat transfer coefficients on
the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h
1
=
10 W/m
2
C and h
2
=40 W/m
2
C.
Example
Convection
Heat Conduction/Convection
Over All Heat Transfer Coefficient
T UA Q
s
=
+
A
+ =
A h kA
x
A h
R
th
2 1
1 1

1
s
th
UA
R =
A
=
th
R
T
Q

Over all Heat Transfer

Coefficient (U)
Convection
Thank You

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