Basic concepts of Thermodynamics

Chapter No.1

Section A
Q1 Define the following i) Thermodynamics and System ii) State and property. iii) Macroscopic and Microscopic point of view. iv) Process and Path. v) Quasi-static process and thermodynamic equilibrium. Q2. Draw the various reversible processes on pv chart. Q3. Name and define the law which forms the principle of thermometry. Q4. How is pressure related with the density of the barometric fluid. Q5. What are the ideal gas laws? Q6. Differentiate between point and path function properties of the system. Q7. What are the two forms of energy that are recognized during transition? Compare them. Q8. Derive the expression for thermodynamic work done. Q9. Why gases have two specific heats? Name and define the two an Q10. Differentiate between extensive and intensive properties. Q11. What is an irreversible process? Give examples. Q12. What are the conditions necessary for a process to be reversible? Q13. How does control volume differs from a control mass. Q14. What does the internal energy composed of? Q15. How enthalpy is related to internal energy? Q16. A circular vessel of 15 cm radius contains water up to a depth of 42cm. determine the pressure exerted at the base of the vessel. Q17. What is total energy of a system? Q18. What is a cyclic process? Q19. Define isolated system with an example. Q20. Define thermodynamic equilibrium and how it differs from the thermal equilibrium.

Section B
Q1. Two moles of an ideal gas occupy a volume of 4.24m3 at 400K temperature. Find the pressure exerted by the gas. Q2. A metallic bomb contains compressed air. Calculate the work done if

a) the air leaks into cylinder with a piston which rises slowly till the cylinder contains 20l of gas at atmospheric pressure of I bar. b) the air leaks to atmosphere. Q3. Convert the following pressure readings into kPa. i) 700mmof Hg gauge ii) 30cm of Hg vacuum. iii)103cm of water. Q4.A system consists of two interconnected tanks A and B having air at a pressure of 10 bar and 2 bar respectively. A valve is opened in the interconnection line so that air flows from the tank A to B. when the equilibrium is established both are at same pressure. The system is thermally insulated. Is there any transfer of work between the system and surroundings? Explain. Q5. A fluid at a pressure of 3 bar, and with a specific volume of 0.18 m 3/kg, contained in a cylinder behind a piston expands reversible to a pressure of 0.6 bar acc to the law p=C/v2 where C is constant. Calculate the work-done by the fluid on the piston. Q6. A spherical balloon of 1-m diameter contains a gas at 220 kPa and 320 K. the gas inside the balloon is heated until the pressure reaches 550 kPa. During the process of heating pressure of the gas is proportional the diameter of the balloon. Calculate the work-done by the gas inside the balloon. Q7. What is an isothermal process? Derive an expression for the work done during an isothermal process. Q8. Why Cp is greater than Cv? Explain

First law of thermodynamics

Chapter No.2-3

Section A
Q1. State the law which is the particular statement for law of conservation of energy as applied to thermodynamic system. Q2. Explain briefly the concept of PMM of first kind. Q3. State the corollaries of first law of thermodynamics. Q4.Name and state the property introduced by first law of thermodynamics. Q5.What does heat addition at constant volume equal to? Q6.How is enthalpy related to internal energy? Q7. Can we prove the first law analytically? Q8. Is stored energy a property of system? If yes then name and define the same. Q9. Name the various processes to which we can apply first law of thermodynamics. Q10. What is a polytropic process? Q11. How can you say that a polytrophic process can represent all the reversible processes? Q12. What is work done during an isochoric and isobaric process? Q13. Is internal energy a path function? Explain. Q14. Which property remains constant during a reversible adiabatic process? Q15. Write the steady flow energy equation and name the various parameters taken into account. Q16. Explain the concept of flow work. Q17.what is a throttling process? Explain its salient features. Q18. What is a free expansion process? Q19. Why specific heat at constant pressure is greater than specific heat at constant volume? Q20. Give the points of similarities and differences between heat and work

Section B
Q1.What is an isothermal process? Derive an expression for the work done during an isothermal process. Q2. Prove that E=0 for a cyclic process. Q3. Prove the expression pv=C. Q4. Derive the expression for work and heat interaction during a polytrophic process. Q5. Air initially at 0.6 bar, 800 K and occupying a volume of 0.1 m3 is compressed

isothermally until the volume is halved and subsequently it goes further compression at constant pressure till volume is halved again. Calculate the total work done and total heat interaction for the two processes. Assume ideal gas behavior for air and take Cp = 1.005 KJ/Kg K. Q6. 1.5kg nitrogen contained in a cylinder at a pressure 6 bar and temp 300k expands three times its original volume. Assuming the expansion process to be isobaric make calculations for:(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) initial volume final temperature work done by gas heat added change in internal energy

Q7. Air at 1.02 bar, 220C, initially occupying a cylinder of 0.015m3 is compressed reversibly and adiabatically by a piston to a pressure of 6.8 bar. Calculate : i) final temperature ii)the final volume iii) the work done. Q8. Water enters the boiler with enthalpy 200 KJ/Kg and gets vaporized into steam with enthalpy 2775 KJ/Kg. Apply steady flow energy equation to the boiler and calculate heat transferred per Kg of steam generated. Make appropriate assumptions. Q9. In an isentropic flow through nozzle, air flows at the rate of 600 Kg/h. At inlet to the nozzle, pressure is 2 Mpa and the temperature is 1270C. The exit pressure is 0.5 Mpa. Initial air velocity is 300 m/s. Calculate the exit velocity of air and inlet and exit diameters of the nozzle. Take = 1.4, Cp = 1.005 KJ/Kg K and R = 287 J/Kg K. Q10. 3kg of an ideal gas is compressed polytropically from pressure 100kPa and temp 300K to final
temp500K, pressure 1500kPa..make calculations for:(a) (b) (c) (d) index polytropic final volume work of compression heat added or rejected

Q11. a) What is a nozzle and where it is used? b) Inlet enthalpy for a nozzle is 2800kJ/kg and velocity is 50m/s. at the discharge end the enthalpy is 2600kJ/kg. Nozzle is horizontal and there is no heat loss. Find i) Velocity at exit ii) mass flow rate and iii) exit area of the nozzle. Area at inlet is 900cm2, specific volume at inlet and exit are 0.187m3and 0.498m3 respectively.

Q12. A system executes a cyclic process which comprises of three processes. The energy transfer in each process are tabulated below: Process Q( kJ) W(kJ) U(kJ) 1-2 +50 +20 2-3 +30 -10 3-1 If the net work done per cycle is +30kJ and the system completes 10 cycles/min. complete the table and find the rate of work in kW. Q13. A certain oxygen cylinder has a capacity of 250 litres and contains oxygen ot a pressure of 3 MPa and temperature of 200C. the stop valve is opened and some oxygen is used. If the pressure and temperature of oxygen left in the cylinder falls to 1.8 Mpa and 160C respectively, determine the mass of oxygen used. If after the stop valve is closed the oxygen remaining in the cylijnder is heated to 200C, determine the amount of heat transfer through the cylinder walls. Q14. One kg of a certain working substance undergoes a reversible constant pressure process at 1.2 bar during which the volume changes from 1m3 to 1.8 m3 and the temperature changes from 500C to 3700C. the specific heat of tha substance at constant pressure is given by Cp=1.1+40/ (t+30) where t is in 0C find out: i) heat supplied ii) work done iii) change in internal energy and iv) change in enthalpy.

Second law of thermodynamics

Chapter No.4

Section A
Q1. State the limitations of first law of thermodynamics Q2. What is a heat reservoir? Name its types. Q3. Give the statements for second law of thermodynamics. Q4. What is perpetual motion machine of II type? Q5. Name the various processes of Carnot cycle. Q6. What is a heat pump? How does it differ from a refrigerator? Q7. Define the term COP in case of refrigerator or heat pump. Q8. Define the term entropy. Q9. Define the terms heat source and heat sink. Q10. Sketch the Carnot cycle on P-V and T-S diagrams. Q11. Why Carnot engine is not possible in practice? Q12. What is the difference in the execution of isothermal and adiabatic processes in a Carnot cycle? Q13. Name and define the property of the system that change positively during any actual process. Q14. State the Clausius inequality. Q15. Does second law of thermodynamics violate the conservation of energy principle? Q16. Does the refrigerator in our homes work in accordance with second law of thermodynamics? Explain briefly. Q17. If we want to heat a room in winters which if the following devices will heat it efficiently: i) room heater ii) heat pump

Section B
Q1. Explain the equivalence of Clausius and Kelvin Plank statement. Q2. Prove that the efficiency of a reversible engine is maximum. Q3. Explain the reversed heat engine Carnot cycle with the help of a pv diagram. Q4. Find out the expression for the change in entropy for a reversible polytropic process. Q5. 2 kg of water at 800C is mixed with 3kg of water at 300C adiabatically in a constant pressure process of 1 atm. Find the increase in entropy of the total mass of water due to mixing process. Cp of water may be taken as 4.187kJ/kgK. Q6. A heat pump is used to heat the house in winter. 396421 kJ/h of heat is to be supplied to the house and for operating the heat pump, 29874 kJ/h of work is required. Find out the C.O.P. of the heat pumped quantity of heat it extracted from the outside air. If heat pump is reversed i.e. it is used for cooling the house by rejecting the heat to the outside air is 396421kJ/h then what will be the COP of the pump. Q7. A reversible engine with 40% efficiency discharges 1520KJ of heat per minute at 270C to a pond. Find the temperature of the source which supplies the heat to the engine and power developed by the engine. Q8. A rigid cylinder containing 0.005 m3 of nitrogen (molecular mass 28) at 1 bar 290 K is heated reversibly until the temperature becomes 360 K. determine the heat supplied and entropy change =1.4

Q9. A reversible engine working in a cycle takes 4500 kJ of heat from a source at 750K per minute and develops a power of 15kw. The engine rejects heat to two reservoirs at 300K and 400K. Determine the thermal efficiency and heat rejected to each sink. Q10. Two Carnot engines work in series between the source and the sink temperature of 600K and 400K.if both the engines develop equal powers determine the intermediate temperature. Q11. Source S1 can supply energy at the rate of 12500 KJ/min at 3170C. A source S2 can supply energy at the rate of 125000KJ/min at 770C.Which source would you choose to supply energy to an ideal reversible heat engine that is to produce a large amount of power if temperature of surroundings is 370C? Q12. 5kg of air is compressed in a reversible steady flow polytropic process from 100 kPa. and 400C to 1000kPa and during this process the law followed by the gas is pV1.25=C. determine the shaft work, heat transferred and the change in entropy Cv=0.717kJ/kg, R=.287kJ/kg. Q13. What is physical concept of entropy? Entropy is defined in terms of a reversible process, then how can it be evaluated for an irreversible process? Q14. Show that two reversible engines working between same reservoirs have same COP. Q15. Three Carnot engines E1, E2 and E3 operate between temperatures of 1000K and 300K. Make calculations for the intermediate temperature if the work produced by the engines is in the ratio 4:3:2. Q16. A gas at bar, 290K is compressed up to a pressure of 30 bar as follows: a) Isothermally b) Polytropically, according to the law pv1.3=C. For the above cases determine for the unit mass of gas the final temperature, work done, heat transfer, change in internal energy and change in entropy.

Gas power cycles

Chapter 5 Section A

Q1. What are TDC and BDC? Q2. Define stroke length and swept volume. Q3. Define clearance volume and compression ratio. Q4. What is mean effective pressure? Q5. What is air standard efficiency and relative efficiency? Q6. Give the expression for constant volume cycle efficiency. Q7. What is detonation and where do we see this phenomenon? Q8. Explain briefly the parameters on which the efficiency of Otto or Diesel cycle depends Q9. On the basis of same compression ratio which cycle has more efficiency diesel or Otto and which has more efficiency in actual? Q10. Mention various applications of IC engines. Q11. Differentiate between CI and SI engines. Q12. Why four stroke engines are more efficient? Q13. What is scavenging? And where do we find this phenomenon. Q14. Where do we use a crown piston and why? Q15. What is a piston ring? Write its uses and types. Q16. Classify engines on the basis of number of stokes and tell which delivers more power and why? Q17. Draw pv and TS diagrams for Brayton and dual cycles.

Q18. Explain in brief the working of dual cycle with diagram. Q19. List the uses of two stroke engine. Q20. What is a piston pin? Q21. Classify the IC engines on the basis of thermodynamic cycle. Q22. What is cut off ratio?

Section B
Q1. Differentiate between a four stroke and two stroke engines. Q2. Compare Otto and Diesel cycles on the basis of same maximum pressure and temperature. Q3. Derive the expression of efficiency of Diesel cycle. Q4. State the assumptions for air standard cycles. Q5. How combustion and exhaust processes are modeled in air standard cycles? Q6. A four stroke engine working on diesel cycle has a piston diameter 25cm, a stroke of 40 cm and clearance volume of 1200cc. the fuel injection, takes place for 5% of stroke. If the induction pressure corresponds to 1 bar and engine turn 5 rev/s, find the air standard efficiency of the engine and power developed. Q7. The peak pressure in an Otto cycle is 21 bar. With a compression ratio of 5 and minimum pressure of 1 bar determine a)thermal efficiency)mean effective pressure. Assume the working substance as air with =1.4. Q8. The mean effective pressure of an ideal diesel cycle is 7.5 bar. If the initial pressure is 1 bar and the compression ratio is 12.5, determine the constant pressure cut-off ratio =1.4. Q9. In an air standard diesel cycle the compression ratio 15 and the fluid properties at the beginning of compression are 100kPa and 300K. For peak temperature of 1600K, calculate the efficiency of the engine and work output per kg of air supply. Q10. An engine with 200mm cylinder diameter and 300 mm stroke works on theoretical diesel

cycle. The initial pressure and temperature of air used are 1 bar and 27 0C. The cut off is 8% of the stroke. Determine: (i) Pressures and temperatures at all salient points. (ii) Theoretical air standard efficiency. (iii) Mean effective pressure. (iv) Power of the engine if working cycles of engine per minute are 380. Assume compression ratio 15 and fluid as air. Consider all conditions to be ideal. Q11. Derive the expressions for efficiency and mean effective pressure of Otto cycle.

Mechanisms and simple machines

Chapter 6

Section A
Q1. Differentiate between machine and structure. Q2. What is a machine? Q3. What is a kinematic element? And give another name for it. Q4. What is a resistant body? Q5. Classify links? Q6. What is a kinematic pair? Q8. Define kinematic chain and inversion of a mechanism. Q9. Differentiate between machine and mechanism. Q10. Name various inversions of four bar chain. Q11. Define M.A. and V.R. Q12. What is law of a machine? Q13. How will you test a machine for reversibility? Q14. What is M.A. of a fixed pulley? Why it is used in pulley systems? Q15. What are various systems of pulleys? Q16. Can a link be flexible? If yes, give examples. Q17. What is the use of Oldhams coupling? Q18. What is a self locking machine? Q19. What are higher and lower pairs? Q20. What is a completely constrained motion?

Section B
Q1. Explain construction and working of Oldhams coupling. Q2. Explain construction and working of elliptical trammel. Q3. What is a pantograph? Explain. Q4. Explain third system of pulleys with a neat and clean sketch. Q5. In a lifting machine an effort of 30 N is required to raise a load of 1kN. If the efficiency of the machine is 0.75, what is the velocity ratio? If on this machine an effort of 59 N raised a load of 2 kN. What is new efficiency? What will be the effort required to raise a load of 6 kN? Q6. Wheel and differential axle has the following particulars, diameter of the effort wheel=300 mm. diameter of larger axle=150 mm. Diameter of smaller axle=100 mm. The effort required to lift a load of 2kN is 600 N while an effort of 1000N lifts a load of 4 kN. Find i. ii. The effort lost in friction. Efficiency of the lifting machine.

Q7. A simple lifting machine raised a load of 360 N through a distance of 200mm. the effort of 60 N moved 1.8m during this process. Calculate velocity ratio, mechanical advantage and efficiency of the machine. Q8. The initial frictional resistance of a unloaded pulley block is 30 N and it increases at the rate of 12 N per 1000Nload lifted by the block. Determine the effort required to lift a load of 15000N and calculate the efficiency of the block at this load. Take velocity ratio as 20.

Mechanics of Solids
Chapter 7

Section -A
1. What is stress? 2. What is strain? 3. Define youngs modulus 4. Define modulus of rigidity. 5. Define bulk modulus. 6. What is Poissons ratio? 7. Write relation between elastic constants. 8. What is thermal stress and thermal strain? 9. Define the following terms: a) Strength and b) Elasticity 10. Define the following terms: a) Plasticity and b) Ductility 11. Define the following terms: a) Malleability and b) Toughness 12. Define the following terms: a) Brittleness and b) Hardness 13. Define the following terms: a) Fatigue and b) Creep 14. Define the following terms: a) Proportional limit and b) Elastic limit 15. Define the following terms: a) Yield point and b) Yield strength 16. Define the following terms: a) Tensile strength and b) Rapture strength 17. Define axial loading. 18. Define hooks law. 19. What do you understand by factor of safety? 20. What do you understand by strain energy, proof resilience and modulus of resilience? 21. Draw stress strain curve for Mild Steel/elastic material. 22. Draw stress strain curve for Cast Iron/brittle material. 23. What do you understand by the term mechanical properties of the materials and why do you study them? 24. Differentiate between malleability and ductility. 25. Differentiate between limit of proportionality and elastic limit.

26. Differentiate between pressure and stress. 27. Differentiate between strength and stress. 28. Differentiate between load and stress. 29. State the principle of superposition and point out its utility. Section B 1. Derive the following relation: E=2C (1+) =3K (1-2 ) 2. Derive the following relation: E=9CK/3K+C or Derive relation between elastic constants 3. Derive the following relation: =3k-2C/6K+2C 4. A mild steel rod 20mm in diameter is subjected to an axial pull of 50kN. Determine the tensile stress induced in the rod and the elongation if unloaded length is 5m. E=210GN/m2. 5. A steel rod 15m long is at a temperature of 150C. Find the free expansion of the length when the temperature is raised to 650C. find the temperature stress produced when i. The expansion of the rod is prevented ii. The rod is permitted to expand by 6mm. 6. A steel wire 2m long and 3mm in diameter is extended by 0.75mm due to weight suspended from the wire. If the same weight is suspended from a brass wire, 2.5m long and 2mm diameter, it is elongated by 4.65mm. Determine the modulus of elasticity of brass if that of steel is 2x105N/mm2. 7. A steel bar for centimeter in section , 3mm long is subjected to an axial pull of 128 kn. Taking E = 200 GN/m square . Calculate the alternation in the length of the bar. Calculate also the amount of energy stored in the bar during extension. 8. A square bar of 25mm side is held between rigid plates A and C as shown
A B P C

Fig : 1 AB=400mm and BC=250mm. axial pull P=300kN is acting on it. Determine the reactions at end A and C and elongation of the portion AB. Take E=2x105N/mm2. 9. A rod ABCD rigidly fixed at the ends A and D is subjected to two equal and opposite forces P=25kN and at B and C as shown in the fig:2.Make calculations for the axial stresses in each section of the rod .(all dimensions are in mm)

10.

Fig: 2

A brass bar having cross-sectional area of 1000mm2 is subjected to axial forces as shown in the fig above. Find the elongation of the bar. Modulus of elasticity of bar is 100GN/mm2. 11. A square steel rod 20mmx20mm in section is to carry an axial load(compressive) of 100kN. Calculate the shortening in a length of 50mm. E=2.14x108kN/m2. SECTION-C 1. The following observations were made during a tensile test on a mild steel specimen 40mm in diameter and 200mm long. Elongation with 40kN load is 0.0304mm Yield load=161kN Maximum load=242kN Length of specimen at fracture=249mm Determine: a) Youngs modulus of elasticity b) Yield point stress c) Ultimate stress d) Percentage elongation

2. A hollow cast iron cylinder 4m long , 300mm outer dia. And thickness 50mm is subjected to a central load on the top when standing straight. The stress produced is 75000kn/m square. Assume youngs modulus for cast iron as 1.5x108Kn/mm2and find a. Magnitude of load b. Longitudinal strain c. Total decrease in length 3. A cooper flat measuring 60mmx30mm is brazed to another 16x16mm mild steel flat if combination is heated through 1200C, determine 1) Stress produced in each bar 2) Shear force which tends to rapture the brazing and 3) Shear stress 4. A uniform matter bar has a cross-section area of 7cm2 and a length 1.5m.with an elastic limit of 160MN/m2, what will be its proof resilience? Also determine the the maximum value of an applied load which may be suddenly applied without exceeding the elastic limit. Calculate the value of the gradually applied load which will produce the same extension as that produced by the suddenly applied load. 5. a steel tie rod 50mm dia. And 2.5m long is subjected to a pull of 100kN to what length the rod should bored centrally so that the total extension will increase by 50% under the same pull, the bore being 25mm dia.?Take E=200GN/m2.