Multi-Component Distillation Phase equilibrium For multi-components Pi s xi = Pyi = pi yi = Pi s xi = K i xi P

12 13

Taking 1 as the reference component

i = K i yi / xi yi x1 1 yi x1 = = = 1 xi K1 y1 / x1 y1 xi y1

14

Bubble point calculations Given the total pressure and liquid mole fraction

T and y

i =1

yi = 1 =
i =1

n n Pi s xi = K i xi = K1 i xi P i =1 i =1

15

If vapor pressure data is available solve:

f = 1
i =1 n

Pi s xi = 0 P

If k-values data is available solve:

f = 1 K i xi = 0
i =1

If relative volatility data is available solve:

f = 1 K1 i xi = 0
i =1 n

Iterate over temperature till solution is found yi =

calculate the vapor mole fraction from Pi s xi P

yi = K i xi

32

yi = K1 i xi =

i xi

x
i =1

; note that K1 = 1 / i xi

i i

See Example in Geankoplis Book A liquid stream at 405.3 kPa with 40% butane, 25% bentane, 30% hexane and 15% hepatne is fed to a distillation column. Find the bubble point and the corresponding vapor composition in equilibrium with the liquid.

Using the K-value diagram we build this Table: Let K-hexane be the reference component Let T = 65 oC component Butane Pentane

xi 0.4 0.25

Ki 1.68 0.63

6.857 2.571

xi
2.743 0.643

33

Hexane Heptane Total

0.2 0.15

0.245 0.093

1.0 0.38

0.2 0.057 3.643

According to Equation 18: Let T = 70 oC component xi 0.4 Butane 0.25 Bentane 0.2 Hexane 0.15 Heptane Total According to Equation 18:

f = 1 K1 i xi = 1 0.245(3.643) = 0.107 0
i =1

Ki 1.86 0.71 0.2815 0.11

6.607 2.522 1.0 0.391

xi
2.643 0.631 0.2 0.059 3.533

yi 0.748 0.178 0.057 0.017 1.000

f = 1 K1 i xi = 1 0.2815(3.533) = 0.00547
i =1

Dew point calculations Given P and vapor mole fraction

T and x
n n yi y = i s Pi / P i=1 K i

i =1

xi = 1 =
i =1

16

Thus iterate over temperature till the following is solved:

f = 1
i =1 n

yi =0 Ki

17

34

Flash calculations

Fzi = Vyi + Lxi Fzi = Vyi + ( F V ) xi

18
V, y

19

zi =

V V yi + (1 ) xi F F

20

F, z P, T

zi = fyi + (1 f ) xi yi = 1 (1 f ) zi xi f f

21 22
L, x

Using the equilibrium relation: yi = K i x i = 1 (1 f ) zi xi f f 23

Solving for x: xi = zi f ( K i 1) + 1
xi =
i =1 n

24

i =1

zi =1 f ( K i 1) + 1

25

35

Fzi = Vyi + Lxi Fzi = Vyi + Lyi / K i Fzi = (V + L / K i ) yi Fzi = (1+ L / VK i )Vyi Vi = Vyi = Fzi 1 + L / VK i

36

37

Another approach
F = L +V Fzi = Lxi + Vyi
i

1 n-1 1 1 n 1 2n+3

L V X Y T

1 1 n n 1 2n+3

x y

=1

=1

yi = K i xi FhF = LhL + VH v

Non-ideal systems (activity coefficient)

For non-ideal systems the phase equilibrium: yi = i Pi s xi P

where is the liquid phase activity coefficient and depends on temperature, pressure and composition.

38

Distillation Column design

Stage to stage calculation Short cut methods

using computer program

Key component A single distillation column is designed to separate binary components. Therefore an important species to be concentrated in the top product Is known as the light key while the one to be concentrated in the bottom product is the heavy key.

Total reflux

minimum number of stages

log [ ( xLD D / xHD D)( xHB B / xLB B) ] log( Lav )

Nm =

Lav = LD LB

xiD D x D m = iNave HD , xiB B xHB B

Minimum Reflux
1 q = i xif i

i xiD i is the relative volatility at average column temperature Rm + 1 =

39

Erbar-Maddox Chart

Feed position

log

x Ne B x = 0.206 log ( Hf ) ( LB ) 2 Ns xLf D xHD

Example: A liquid stream at 405.3 kPa and 100 mole/h with 40% butane (A), 25% bentane (B), 30% hexane (C) and 15% hepatne (D) is fed to a distillation column.

90% of B is recovered in distillate and 90% of C is the bottom, calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) mole and composition of distillate and bottom Dew point of the distillate and bubble point of the bottom minimum stages for total reflux minimum reflux ratio number of theoretical stage working at 1.5Rm location of feed tray

(a) solve the material balance mole balance on butane 25 = nBD + nBB

Q nBD = 0.9(25) = 22.5 mole

mole balance on hexane 30 = nCD + nCB

nDD = 2.5 mole

40

Q ncB = 0.9(20) = 18 mole

Assume all A in distillate Assume all D in bottom

nCD = 2 mole nAD = 40 mole nAD = 40 mole nAB = 0 nAB = 0

comp A B C D total

nf 25 25 20 15 100

nD 40 22.5 2 0 64.5

yD 0.62 0.349 0.031 0 1.0

nb 0 2.5 18 15 35.5

xB 0 0.07 0.507 0.423 1.0

part (b)

Dew point calculations: start at T = 67 oC comp A B C D total yD 0.62 0.349 0.031 0 1.0 Ki 1.75 0.65 0.26 0.1

i =1

xi = 1 =
i =1

n yi y = i s Pi / P i=1 K i

yD/Ki 0.354 0.537 0.119 0 1.01

6.73 2.5 1.0 0.385

Bubble point calculation n n n n Ps yi = 1 = i xi = K i xi = K1 i xi P i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1 start at T = 132 oC comp A B C D total xB 0 0.07 0.507 0.423 1.0 Ki 5.0 2.35 1.15 0.61 xBKi 0 0.165 0.583 0.258 1.006 4.384 2.043 1.0 0.53

41

part ( c)

let B let C

light component heavy component

LD = 2.5 LB = 2.04
ave = LD LB = 2.5(2.043) = 2.258

Nm =

log[( xLD D / xHD D)( xLB B / xHB B )] log[(0.349 / 0.031)(0.507 / 0.07)] = = 5.4 log( Lav ) log(2.258)

Distribution of component A:
ave = AD AB = 6.73(4.384) = 5.43

nAD 2 = 5.435.4 = 1032 nAB 18 40 = nAD + nAB = 1033nAB Distribution of component D:

ave = DD DB = 0.53(0.385) = 0.45

nAB = 0.039 mole/h

nAD = 39.961 mole/h

nDD 2 = 0.455.4 = 0.0015 nDB 18 15 = nDD + nDB = 1.0015nDB nDB = 14.97 mole/h nDD = 0.022 mole/h

comp A B C D total

nD 40 22.5 2 0.022 64.522

yD 0.62 0.349 0.031 0.00034 1.0

nb 0.024 2.5 18 15 35.5

xB 0.0007 0.07 0.507 0.423 1.0

42

part (d)
1 q =

i xif i

Rm + 1 =

i xiD i

The average tower temperature = (67 + 123)/2 = 99.5 oC comp A B C D total xB 0.4 0.25 0.2 0.15 1.0 Ki (99.5) 3.12 1.38 0.6 0.28 (99.5) 5.2 2.3 1.0 0.467

For feed at boiling point

q =1

1 q = 11 = 0 =

5.2(0.4) 2.3(0.25) 1.0(0.2) 0.467(0.15) + + + 5.2 2.3 1.0 0.467

Solve by trial-and-error (see book) = 1.2096 5.2(0.62) 2.3(0.35) 1.0(0.031) 0.467(0) i xiD 1 = + + + 1 5.2 1.2096 2.3 1.2096 1 1.2096 0.467 1.2096 i

Rm =

Rm = 0.395 part (d) R = 1.5Rm = 1.5(0.395) = 0.593 R/(R+1) = 0.3723 Rm/(Rm+1) = 0.283 Using the chart Nm/N = 0.49 N = Nm/0.49 N = 5.4/0.49 = 11

43

part (e) x Ne B x = 0.206 log ( Hf ) ( LB ) 2 Ns xLf D xHD Ne 0.2 35.5 0.0704 2 ) = 0.07344 ( = 0.206 log ( ) Ns 0.25 64.5 0.031

log

log

Ne/Ns = 1.184 Ne+Ns = 11 Ne = 6 Ns = 5

44