MUSLIMS IN THIER RELATIONS WITH OTHERS

Question No 3/4
MOHY-UDMUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN

Islamiyat Notes otes

TA B L E O F CO N TE N TS:
MUSLIMS IN THEIR RELTIONS WITH OTHERS
Sr. No 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)
13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22)

Topic
Relations with Friends Relations with strangers Relations with business partners Riba, interest Relations with non-muslim states Relations with non-Muslims Relations with enemies Rights of parents Rights of children Rights of husbands Rights of wives (Status of wife) The Prophet as a blessing of Allah for mankind and mercy for worlds Islam in communal and individual life Modesty towards Allah Modesty towards opposite sex Modesty towards friends Status of women as a mother in Islam Status of women as a wife in Islam Status of women as a daughter in Islam Relationship between men and women Relationship between partners in marriage Teachings of Islam about equality between men & women

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Give examples from the teachings of the Quran and from the life time of the Prophet to show how Muslims should act in their relationships with any two of the following: a) Friends b) Strangers c) Business Partners.

[2 x 8] (June 2003)

a) Friends: After the circle of family and relatives, the most important relation would be of friends at every phase of Muslim life. A Muslim meets new people and makes friendship with them. Quran and Sunnah commanded believers to be most kind and affectionate towards their friends. They should express their happiness on the success of friends and feel sorry on their losses. The Prophet said: Do not rejoice on the loss of the friends. Friends may be of different social levels. Some may be poor and some may be rich. Muslims are required to treat friends equally and do not show any sign of discrimination which may hurt others. The Prophet appointed a freed slave, Bilal, as the first Muazzan to call the prayers. The Muslims should exchange greetings with their friends. This promotes good relation. The Prophet advised Muslims to offer greetings to each other when they meet one another and he said to spread Islam among friends. The Muslims should exchange gifts with their friends. The Prophet said: Exchange gifts with one another, this will generate mutual feelings of love. They should invite their friends to lunch and dinner. The Prophet said: Dine together and be not separated. They should cooperate and help each other during time of need but for good deed not for a sin. In the Battle of Tabuk, Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman helped prophet by giving their possessions. The Quran says: Cooperate one another in good deeds and not in sins. They should keep promise with their friends. Quran says: O you believe, keep your promise. They should be sincere with their friends and do not deceive them. Hazrat Abu Bakr showed his sincerity by accompanying the Prophet in the cave of Thaur and at once accepting Prophets claim of Miraj. The Prophet said: One who deceives will never enter paradise. They should appreciate their friends publically and tell their weaknesses to them in privacy. They should respect the difference of opinion like in Battle of Uhad, when his friends suggested to fight outside the Medina, Prophet accepted it. They should not disclose their friends secrets and should not defame, ridicule, backbite, mock and avoid jealousy. Quran says:
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O you believe, avoid much suspicion indeed some suspicions are sins and spy not neither backbite one another. Excellent example of friendship can be quoted is of Abu Bakr and Prophet. He supported the Prophet during persecutions and during the whole journey of Hijra. He confirmed the event of Miraj and offered Prophet all his wealth on the occasion of Expedition of Tabuk. Friends are required to be decent and considerate towards each other. _________________________________________ b) STRANGERS: Before the advent of Islam, strangers were deprived of their possessions, property and family members. A merchant, who belonged to Yaman, came to Makkah and sold his goods to Aas bin Wail. He was refused to pay the price and then merchant cried for help. Zubair, Prophets uncle, assembled the chief of Makkah, Abdullah bin Judan, and the participants to safeguard the rights of that stranger. Later on, the Prophet commented this pledge, Even how, if I am invited to be a party to the convent to stop all aggressions, I shall be only to participate. Islam requires Muslims to promote good relations with all the members of the society and strangers. The Quran says: And do good to parents, relatives, orphans and strangers. The strangers should be helped even they are non-Muslims. Once people of Makkah suffered from serious drought. Abu Sufiyan came to Medina for help. The Prophet denoted him 500 gold coins. The Muslims should invite the strangers to Islam. The Prophet invited the people of Yathrab at Aqbah and Christians of Najran. The Prophet dealt the strangers kindly and had exclusively reserved a portion of the mosque at Medina, Sufaa, to accommodate the strangers. Therefore Muslims must make arrangements to settle the strangers. The Ansars made arrangements to settle Muhajreen with them. Muslims should provide them lodgings and shelter. The Prophet established the Bond of Brotherhood soon after Hijra between Muhajireen and Ansar. Due to this bond Muhajireen were granted shelter, wealth and property. Muslims are required to entertain the strangers even non-Muslims. Once a man visited the Prophet and Prophet offered him the milk of 7 goats and did not let him feel that he had put his host in difficulty. The Muslims are commanded to protect, give honour and share even property with them. In 10 AH, the Prophet allowed the Christians of Najran to stay in his mosque and also allowed them to offer their prayers. The strangers should be guided about their destination. Once Abuzar Ghaffari visited Makkah to meet the Prophet. He was guided by Hazrat Ali about the destination. The Muslims are commanded to take initiative in extending greetings to the strangers. The women strangers should not be molest and their sanctities should be protected. The Muslims should try their best to make friendship with the strangers and should speak with them kindly. The Quran says: And speak kindly to mankind. The Muslims should also not do cheating with strangers. The Prophet said: One who cheats is not among us. c) Business Partners: Islamic teachings attach great importance to all kinds of relations including business partners. There are 2 types of business. One is Musharekah which literally means join-venture but in
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context of business it means joint enterprise in which all the partners share capital, management, profit and loss. The other type is Mudarbah, in which one partner invests the capital while other is responsible for management. Its clear example is the Prophet himself. He used to take Khadijahs goods to Syria for merchandising. Khadijah provided capital and Prophet was responsible for management of her goods. Islam requires Muslims to follow the basic and moral principles of finance as listed down in Quran and Sunnah. The partners should be fair with each other. They should abstain from cheating as this practice weakens mutual relations. They should be honest in business. The Prophet said: One who cheats is not among us. Islam lays great stress on just measurements. Quran says: Give full measure and full weight with justice. Islam requires us to follow the principles of measurement and trustworthiness. Prophet was known as Al-Ameen before the declaration of Prophethood. Islam has strictly prohibited hoarding of commodities. The Prophet said: He who hoards is accursed by Allah. Islam has forbidden the taking of Riba (interest) as it is seen as taking advantage of the poor people. The Quran says: O you believe, do not take interest. All games, chance, gambling, lottery and speculation, are prohibited in Islam. The Quran says: Intoxicants and gambling are handiworks of Satan and so avoid all that. All kinds of business that tend to be harm are forbidden in Islam. For example, buying and selling of pork, bribery etc. The Quran also commands Muslims that they should do commercial contract in presence of eye witness. Quran says: O you believe, when you contract a loan for a fix period then write it down. Islam lays stress on the relations of employers and employees. Employee must work with honesty and devotion. Employer must pay the wages at due time. Prophet said: Give the employee his wages before his sweat dry off. Islam commands the partners to follow and fulfill the terms and conditions agreed in the agreement. The business partners should have the relations built on mutual respect and should not have jealousy and enmity among themselves.

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RIBA (INTEREST)
What are the main teachings of Quran about taking Riba (interest) in financial dealings with others? [4] (JUNE 2006) Islam provides guidance to Muslims in every walk of life e.g. moral, spiritual, cultural, social, political and financial. Islam wanted the material well being of the Muslims. The Quran and Sunnah have established some rules and regulations for the financial dealing with others. Riba literally means increase, growth or addition. In Islamic Shariah, Riba is the transaction in which debtor or borrower agrees to pay to the lender of fix additional amount along with principal amount. The Quran forbids taking interest on loans. The Quran says, O you believe devour not interest, double and multiplied and fear God. Interest is the combination of temptation and oppression because the usurer wants whole wealth to b in his hand through interest. Interest wideness gap between poor and rich and therefore Islam has the act of usury. The Quran says, God will deprive usury of all blessing This means that interest is the source of distraction. Against interest Quran has permitted law full trade and business which promotes healthy economy. The Quran says, Allah permitted trade and forbidden interest The prime aim of Islamic economic system is to circulate wealth among all parts of society and not to get confined to particular people. The Quran says, So that this wealth does not circulate among the rich people The Quran declared interest as a war against Allah and his messenger. If you do not give up interest then be warned of war against Allah and His messenger The Holy Prophet not only condemned but also took practical steps to abolish this curse practice. When he signed the treaty with Christians of Najran he added special term, if people of Najran will indulge in Riba the treaty would be cancelled. On his farewell sermon the Prophet declared that all interests taken during the age of ignorance stand abolished and he said, I abolished all interests advanced by my uncle Abbas.

THE ANSWER ABOVE CONTAINS TEACHINGS OF BOTH i.e. HOLY QURAN AND SUNNAH. ANSWER THE QUESTION AFTER READING IT CAREFULLY THAT WHAT IS REQUIRED.

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The guiding principals of the foreign policy of the of the Muslims were laid down by Islam, implemented by the Prophet between the period of ten years (622-632 AD) and finalized by the rightly-guided caliphs from 632-661 AD. The Prophet established the first Islamic State after the migration. The Prophet wanted to preach the divine message in a peaceful manner but the people of Makkah had adopted hostile attitude towards the Muslims, the Prophet and the Islamic state. They attacked three times on Medina i.e. Badr, Uhad, Khandak. The Prophet had to fight against them to defend. The Prophet being a symbol of peace signed a ten year treaty, TREATY OF HUDABIYA in 6A.H. The treaty was concluded between the Prophet and Suhail bin Amr. The important terms of the treaty are as follows: There would be no fighting for 10 years. Anyone who flees from Makkah to Medina shall be returned to Quraish by the Prophet but anyone who flees to Makkah shall not be returned by the Quraish. The Muslims will go back without performing Umra this year but they may return to perform Umra next year. The scribe of this treaty was Hazrat Ali. Many Muslims including Hazrat Umar were critical about the terms of the treaty but the Prophet wanted peace. Allah revealed Surah Al-Fatha and gave Muslims a moral victory by stating: And We granted you a clear victory. Treaty of Jerusalem: This treaty was signed between Umar and Bishop Sophronius. It was concluded in 16 A.H. Umar himself went to the city and when the time for the prayer came Bishop offered that he along with the Muslims should offer prayer in the church. Hazrat Umar refused by saying that the Muslims of next generation might misappropriate the church for the prayers and thus performed the prayer in the stairs of the church. The treaty speaks: In the name of Allah, the most gracious and merciful. Umar, the caliph of Muslims, gave protection on the inhabitants of Jerusalem. He offered them security of the lives, property, honour, churches and cross and the fact that they would not be forced to change their religion and thus will pay Jiziya. Letters to kings: The Holy Prophet dispatched many preachers to people who were inclined to accept Islam on listening to the teachings of Islam. The Prophet send Muaz bin Jabl and Hazrat Ali for the preaching of Islam. For this reason, the Prophet wrote letters to many kings including: Heraclius, the Emperor of Rome Khusrau Pervez, the Emperor of Persia Negus, the Emperor of Abyssinia Maquaqis, Emperor of Egypt. Amr bin Ummiah Azzamri conveyed the letter to the Negus. The letter speaks: In the name of Allah, the gracious and merciful. From Muhammad to the chief of Abyssinia, Negus. Peace be upon those who choose the right path. I convey to you the message of Islam. Submit to Islam and you will be safe. If you refuse, you would be liable for the sins of all the people of your kingdom. O people of the Book come to the common terms between you and us that is we worship one Allah.
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Negus was courteous to the ambassador and later accepted Islam at the hands of Jaffer. ==> The Prophet always showed respect to the non-Muslim states ambassadors. Once Abu Sufiyan came to Medina in 8 AH after the violation of Hudabiya Pact to renew it. The Prophet granted him full protection. False prophets Treaty of Hira (from past papers)

Part B: Suggest ways in which any two of these examples can provide models for relation between states today. The Holy Prophet gave a unique example of statesmanship by concluding a treaty with the Quraish, the Treaty of Hudabiya. The Quraish persecuted Muslims and prophet and force them to leave Makkah and also fought battles against them. The prophet instead of all these concluded a treaty of Hudabiya. This incident teaches the Muslims that they should settle their disputes through peaceful conversation. Pakistan can resolve Kashmir issue with India. A similar treaty can be signed between Palestine and Israel. This also teaches Muslims that the terms of the treaty should be honoured in true spirit. In the Treaty of Jerusalem, the way Hazrat Umar showed respect for the church is another excellent example for the treatment with non-Muslims minorities in Muslim state. The rulers of Muslim states are required to insure the protection of the lives, rights, property, honour and the places of the worship of the non-muslims minorities. They must be provided with full civil rights and religious freedom. ____________________________________________________________________ This question had come in past papers in the following years: November 2004, November 2006, June 2007

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Equal Rights: Muslims and Non-Muslims are the descendants of one father and one mother i.e. Adam and Eve. Therefore they enjoy equal rights irrespective of colour, cast, creed, race, nationality and sex. The Quran says: O mankind, We have created you from a single pair of male and female and made you into nations and tribes that you may recognize each other. Indeed the most honourable of you in the sight of Allah is the one who is the most pious. The Holy Prophet during his last address said: O you people, indeed your Lord is one and your father is one. You all are descendants from Adam and Adam was created from dust. The noblest of you in the sight of Allah is the best in conduct. No one is superior to anyone on account of his race, nationality and colour. Religious tolerance: Islam enjoins religious tolerance to non-Muslims. Muslims are enjoined to call them towards Islam but they should not force them to accept Islam. The Quran says: There is no compulsion in the matter of religion. Example: Hazrat Umar persuaded his slave, Ashtaq, to accept Islam but he refused. Then Umar recited this verse. There is no compulsion in the matter of religion. This example shows that there was no discrimination against the non-Muslims. Religious Freedom: Non-Muslims enjoy complete religious freedom. Their lives, property and their places of worship are fully protected in Islamic state. Examples: In the caliphate of Umar some Muslims usurped a piece of land, belong to a Jew and had constructed a mosque on site. When Umar came to know about this, he ordered to dismantle the mosque and returned land to the Jew. Christians of Najran visited Medina in 10 A.H and met the Prophet. Prophet allowed them to stay in his mosque and offer their prayers and also concluded a treaty with them in which it was decided that their cross, honour, life, property and places of worship would be protected. Judicial autonomy: Islam granted judicial liberty to the non-Muslims in their personal affairs. They are allowed to celebrate their religious days, customs and festivals. (Good Friday, Ester etc.). Moreover they can also present their issues in courts for justice. Examples. In Medina Pact, the Prophet allowed all parties of Medina to celebrate their religious festivals and programs. Moreover the Prophet was declared ultimate judge for all disputes and all parties of Medina were allowed to bring their issues to the Prophet.

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Once a Muslim and a Jew brought their disputes for judgement to the Prophet. The Prophet gave decision in favour of Jew. The Muslim took matter to Hazrat Umar and Umar cut off his hand. Socio-economic and political rights: The non-Muslims enjoy socio-economic and political rights that are enjoyed by the Muslims. They can vote to elect their public representatives. They can form political parties. Similarly they have right to participate in social gatherings. Government services: Islam ensured that non-Muslims may be posted on government services and jobs. Example: The Holy Prophet sent Amr bin Ummiyah, a Christian, as ambassador to Negus, king of Abyssinia. Hazrat Umar appointed a non-Muslim in counting some affairs of Muslim state. Relation with Non-Muslim states: Islamic state must maintain the policy of friendship, good will and co-operation with non-muslim states. Islam enjoins that every effort should be made to maintain peace with non-Muslim states. The Quran says: If the enemy inclines towards peace, you must incline towards peace and trust in Allah. Fulfil the terms of treaty: Islam enjoins mutual respect for agreements and pacts between nations and people. The terms of treaties must be fulfilled. The Quran says: Fulfil the convent of Allah when you have entered into it and break not your oaths after you have confirmed them. Example: After the Treaty of Hudabiya, Abu Jandal approached Prophet and requested Prophet to save him from the persecutions of Quraish and accompany him to Medina but the Prophet said to him: I cannot break the treaty and advise him to go back to Makkah. Protection of Ambassador and Embassies: Ambassadors and embassies are considered immune from whole loss and damage even if ambassador brings most unpleasant news. Examples: Abu Sufiyan, after the violation of Treaty of Hudabiya, came to Medina to renew the pact. He was provided full security. Musailamah sent his messengers to Prophet and wanted half Prophethood. Even the Prophet disliked it a lot but the messengers were provided full security. Marriage with Non-Muslims: Muslims are permitted to marriage with non-Muslims. Example: Usmans wife Naila who protected him was a Christian.

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Islam commands his followers to have good relations with all members of the society including enemies. Islam promotes peace and friendship to all members of the society. The Prophet had called on his followers to be a source of peace and comfort to all. The Prophet said, The best amongst people are those who are a source of benefit to others. Prisoners of war: The prisoners of war were subjected to butchery by victors. The Prophet advised his followers to treat the prisoners with kindness. e.g. Battle of Badr Muslims won the Battle of Badr and captured 70 prisoners. They were treated nicely and most of them were freed without ransom. Expedition of Banu Mustaliq On the expedition to Banu Mustaliq, Muslims captured 100 prisoners including Jawaria bint Harith, Prophets later wife. They were set free without ransom. Battle of Hunain In this battle 6000 prisoners were captured including Shayma bint Harith, Prophets foster sister. Shayma was freed and was offered different gifts. Help enemy in need: Muslims are commanded to help the opponents during natural calamities and in the time of need. e.g. Abu Sufyans example Abu Sufiyan once came to Medina when there was drought in Makkah and met the Prophet and wanted help. The Prophet gave him 500 gold coins. Not to curse the enemies: The prophets were sent as a mercy for all the worlds. The Quran says: We sent you not but as a mercy for worlds. The Muslims should also not curse the enemies. Examples: The Prophet was seriously injured by the pagans of Makkah in Battle of Uhad. Some companions asked Prophet to curse pagans. The Prophet replied: I was not sent on earth to curse but as a mercy for the worlds. Taif incident. Forgiveness of the enemy: The Muslims should also forgive their enemies. Examples. The Prophet and his followers were persecuted at the hands of Pagans of Makkah and he and his followers were forced to leave Makkah. The Quraish also fought battles against him i.e. Badr, Uhad, Khandak but when he entered into Makkah as a victor, he declared general amnesty. The Prophet commanded his followers not to kill the children, women, old people or those who surrendered or took shelter in Kaba or in Abu Sufyans house.
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He also forgave Hinda, the wife of Abu Sufiyan, who mutilated the Hamzas body and also Iqrama bin Abu Jahl who fought battles against Prophet. The Holy Prophet appointed a new convert, Itab bin Usaid, as a governor of Makkah. Just before a small time, when he was a non-muslim, he was engaged in cursing Bilal when he was going to call prayer. Usman bin Talha, the key bearer of Kaba, had ill-treated the Prophet when Prophet wanted to enter Kaba before migration. At the time of Conquest of Makkah, he was called and Prophet forgave him and said to him, The key of Kaba would be in his family till the last day. After the conquest of Makkah, some Muslims wanted their property and houses back but the Prophet advised his followers not to take back the property, land, and houses that Quraish had captured in Makkan life.

Avoid mutilation: Islam put up a complete ban on the inhuman practice of mutilation of the enemy soldiers bodies which was prevalent among the pre-Islamic Arabs. To seek help from enemies: Islam had permitted the Muslims to seek help from the enemies. During the Battle of Hunain, the Prophet borrowed 100 suits of the armor from Safwan bin Ummiah. Similarly Safwan and Suhail bin Amr fought at Hunain for Muslims. Peace maintenance: Muslim states must maintain policy of friendship and good will with non-Muslim states and non-Muslims. Muslims should try to establish and maintain peace in land. Muslims are commanded to make peace with them if the enemy desires. The Quran says: If the enemy inclines towards peace you must incline towards peace and trust in Allah. Protection of Ambassador: Ambassadors of enemies must be protected and immuned. Examples: Abu Sufiyan came to Medina after the violation of Hudabiya Pact to renew it. He was given protection in Medina by the Prophet. Musailamah once send his messengers to Prophet and the said to Prophet that Musailamah wants to share Prophethood. Even the Prophet disliked it but he gave protection to his messengers. The prophet overlooked the hostilities of his enemies and treated them with kindness. Abdullah bin Ubay, chief of hypocrites, plotted against the Muslims in Uhad and deserted along with 300 men in the said battle. He also scandalized Hazrat Ayesha during the expedition of Banu Mustaliq but when he died, the Prophet offered his funeral prayer and put his shirt in his caffan. ___________________________________________________________________________

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Obedience to Parents: The parents hold the most respectable place in Islamic community. Quran and Sunnah have laid great emphasis on obedience to the parents. They are cause of the existence children. The Quran says: Worship Allah and do not ascribe partners with him, show kindness to parents. This verse shows the status and position of parents in Islam. The Prophet said: The parents of a person are his heaven or hell. This Hadith shows that if a person obeys his parents and keeps them happy, he will enter Paradise and if he is disobedient, his abode will be Hell. So the people should obey and respect their parents. Thankfulness to Parents: The Quran commands Muslims to be thankful first to Allah and then to their parents. Quran says: Solomen said, O Allah arrange things for me so that, I may be thankful for your favours which you had bestowed on me and my parents. Services to them in old age: The parents deserve due-care and attention in their old age. It is the duty of children to fulfil their material, financial and psychological needs of parents. The Quran says: They asked you, what they should spend in charity, say whatsoever wealth you spent in charity is good. It is for the parents and relatives. A man came to the Prophet and asked, I have got wealth and my father is in need of my wealth. The Prophet said, you and your wealth belong to your father. Respect to Parents: Muslims are commanded to give full respect and veneration. There is a great sin for disobeying the parents. The Prophet said: To abuse ones parents is a major sin, a companion asked, can anyone abuse ones parents. The Prophet replied: when a person abuses someone elses parents, that person in reply abuses his parents. Importance of father: Father also holds great place in Islamic society. Prophet said: Pleasure of Allah is in the pleasure of father and displeasure of Allah is in displeasure of father. This Hadith shows that by serving father Muslims can enter paradise easily. Importance of mother: Islam has given a great honour and respect to mother. She sacrifices herself and endures a lot of hardships in bringing up the child. Prophet said: Paradise lies under the feet of mother. This Hadith shows that Muslims should treat their mothers nicely and by serving their mothers the can get the paradise.
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After death of Parents: It is also incumbent on the children to render services to their deceased parents. They should carry out their orders and fulfil their contracts and promises. If they are in debt, the children should pay it on their behalf and seek forgiveness from Allah. The Quran says: O my Lord forgive me and my parents.

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RIGHTS OF CHILDREN
Quran and Sunnah outline the principals regarding the treatment of children. In pre-Islamic days, the children particularly the female daughters were killed due to poverty. Quran forbids this cruel inhuman practice. It says: Do not kill your children on the plea of want. We provide sustenance to you and them. Celebration of their birth. The Muslims are commanded to celebrate the birth of children. The birth of female children was considered as bad omen. This practice is still observed in some parts of the world India. The Quran and Prophet banned this cruel custom about infant daughters. Aqeeqa celebration. On 7th day of birth of a child, Aqeeqa should be observed. One or two goats should be slaughtered. The Prophet performed Aqeeqa ceremony of his grandsons i.e. Hassan and Hussain and slaughtered on goat for each of them. Education. It is the duty of parents to educate and teach their children good morals. The Prophet said: No father had given child anything better than the good morals. The Quran says: O you believe, save yourself and your families from the hell fire. This Ayat indicates that parents should train and cherish their children properly because otherwise they will do sins. Fulfilment of basic needs. It is the responsibility of parents to provide basic needs to children i.e. food, clothes, lodging, education, healthcare etc. The Quran says: Mother should feed baby on her breast milk for two complete years. Love and affection. Love and affection is the childrens right. Parents are required to treat their children with kindness because harshness dismantles their personality and create an inferiority complex in them. Justice. Parents should deal their children with justice and fairness. Sons should not be preferred to the daughters. The Prophet had a great love for his children. He said about his daughter Fatima: Fatima is a part of my flesh who hurts her, he hurts me. The Prophet cried at the death of his son Ibrahim and kissed him again and again. To arrange marriage. It is the duty of parents to arrange the marriage of their children when they attain maturity. Share in property. It is the duty of parents to give their children their share in property.

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Islam claims to provide perfect guidance to man in all walks of life. The Quran gives the laws that govern the marital relationship between two sexes. These laws are based on justice and equality. The Quran says: And women have the rights over their husbands as regards living expenses similar to those of husbands but men have a degree of advantage over them. Islam recognizes the inter-dependence of both the sexes. The wife should be obedient and loyal to her husband. She should carry out his orders within the domains of Islam. Quran describes one characteristic of a pious lady that she obeys her husband. Quran says: The pious ladies in the absence of their husbands guard chastity as Allah have enjoined on them. The Prophet said: When a woman observes prayer, fasting during the month of Ramadan and guards their chastity and obeys her husband she may enter from any of the gates of paradise. This Hadith shows that Muslim ladies are required to obey their husbands. The wife should hold her husband in high respect despite of his short-comings. Divine Hadith speaks, Prophet said: Allah says, if I order prostrate before any other except Me I would have ordered wife before her husband. This Hadith shows that the wives should have great regard and respect for their husbands. It is undesirable on part of wife to cause trouble for her husband. Prophet said: Any lady who dies when her husband is pleased with her shall enter paradise and any lady who dies when her husband is displeased with her shall not enter paradise. She should not leave the house without the permission of her husband or led anyone to his house without his permission. The Prophet was asked about the best women, Prophet replied: One, who gives pleasure to her husband, obeys him and does not against his desire regarding his house and property. They should manage her household affairs and should decorate and furnish the house items with care. They are responsible for bringing up their children. They should teach them good manners. The Quran says: O you believe, save yourself and your family from the hell fire.

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The wives were considered just foot bearers and slaves and there were no rights for them before Islam. Islam declared her the queen of the house and finished all unjust customs and rights. Islam granted equal rights to both of them. The Quran says: And the wives have the same rights as the husbands have on them. The holy Prophet emphasized his companions to treat their wives nicely and explained the rights of wives in the words: You have a right on them and they have a right on you that you must provide them with clothes, food, in a favourable manner. The first and foremost duty of a Muslim husband is to give dower to his wife in order to safeguard the economic position of wife after the marriage. The Quran says: And give women their dowries as a marriage gift. It should be paid according to the financial condition. The Quran says: Wealthy Muslims according to their resources and poor according to their means. Basic needs of maintenance is a important duty to wives. These needs include clothes, food and loggings. The Quran says: And feed them and cloth them and speak to them and words of kindness and justice. Once a companion of the Prophet asked the Prophet, what are the rights of wives. The Prophet replied, Provide them food and cloth and do not strike them on their faces. In case of more than one wives, husband should treat them all justly. The prophet said: If a man has two wives and he does not treat them justly, he will come on the day of judgement with the side paralyzed. The Prophet married 11 times and he treated his wives justly. The Prophet did not marry in the life of Hazrat Khadija. Islam was the first religion among the world religions that recognized the rights of wives and their share in inheritance. This property was determined in Surah Al-Nisa. (Surah # 4). Divorce is the most is the most unpleasant act in Islam. The Prophet said: The most hated of lawful things near to Allah is the divorce but Islam permits divorce when it becomes inevitable in some extreme conditions. Khansa bint Khazam complained the Prophet that her father had forced her to marry without her consent. The Prophet gave her choice to accept or reject. This example shows that women have right to marry with their consent. The husband should share some leisure time with his wife or wives. Hazrat Ayesha accompanied the Prophet in a journey. She said, I have a race with the Prophet on fat and I won. And when I became fleshy, I had a race with the Prophet and he won the race and said, This is because of that beating.

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Quran declares Prophet as a blessing of Allah for the worlds in the following words: And we sent you as a blessing for the worlds. In the above mentioned verse the phrase Rahmat-ul-lil-aalameen is used. Rahmat means mercy, compassion, blessing and lil-aalameen means for the worlds. Believers: It was a great favour of Allah for the believers as Allah sent a Prophet from among them. Quran says: Verily Allah favoured the believers when he sent a messenger from among them. The prophet was very kind and compassionate for the believers e-g: The prophet requested Allah to lessen the number of the prayers so the muslims can easily perform them, on the night of ascension. The prophet was so kind to his followers that he would often pay their debts. When he used to hear children crying, he would cut short his prayers. Once he was pleased to say the he would have made the use of miswaq compulsory if he had not foreseen any trouble for his followers. Kindness to enemies: The prophet would use to treat the enemies with kindness as well e-g: In the battle of Badr he treated the prisoners very nicely and even freed 6000 prisoners in the battle of Hunain. Moreover after the conquest of Makkah, the Prophet asked the people of Makkah: Do you know what I am going to do with you? The replied: You are a noble brother and the son of a noble brother. The prophet recited this verse: There is no blame on you this day. Go you are all free. Moreover he also treated Abu Sufyan kindly when he came to Medina for help during the drought and provided him with aid. Kindness to orphans: The prophet was born as an orphan and he knew very well the plight of the orphans. He advised and taught the muslims to teach the orphans kindly and nicely. Once the prophet said: Those who take care of the orphans will be with me in the paradise like this and then he interlocked his index finger and the thumb. He also said: The best house is in which an orphan is well-treated and the worst in which an orphan is ill-treated.e-g: Hazrat Jaffar Tayyar was killed in the battle of Muta. The prophet called his widow Asma bint Umais and said: Call the children of Jaffar. The prophet put hand on the children of Jaffar and Asma asked prophet: Have you any news about Jaffar? The prophet replied: He has attained martyrdom. Once the prophet was going to offer the eid prayer. He saw a weeping child. Prophet asked him: Why are you weeping? The child replied that he was an orphan. Prophet took him to his house and said to him: From today Ayesha is your mother and I your father. Kindness to children: The prophet was a blessing for he children. The prophet treated children very affectionately. Whenever he passed by a child, he would stop and speak a kind word to him and at him laughingly before proceeding. Once he was in a jolly mood with his grandson Hassan. A bedouin Aqra bin Habis who happened to be present at the time said: I have 10 children, but I have never kissed them. Prophet said: Those who dont have affection for others are not treated kindly. The prophet enjoined his soldiers not to kill the children in the wars. Once a few children of pagans were killed in a battle. Prophet started weeping. The companions asked: Why are you weeping, they are the children of infidels? Prophet replies: The children are innocent. Moreover whenever Fatima came prophet would stand in her respect and once said: Fatima is a part of my body, who so ever hurts her, hurts me.

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Kindness to animals: The universal mercy of Islam embraces not only to human beings, but also it extends to animals. The prophet forbade that animals be made to fight each other. The prophet exhorts the Muslims the manner of slaughtering should be that which is least painful. Respect for Allahs living creatures reached an extent that when the prophets saw a donkey with a branded face, he denounced such a cruel practise and said: I would not brand an animal except on the part of its body farthest from its face. Kindness to slaves: The slaves were very cruelly treated in the pre-Islamic days. They were given little food and were beaten even for a minor fault. They had no status in the society. The prophet especially spoke about the slaves in his farewell address and said: And your slaves see that, feed them with such food as you eat yourselves and clothe them with the stuff which you wear. If they commit a fault, ignore them. The prophet not only advised his followers to treat the slaves kindly, but also took practical measures himself to abolish the slavery which had been common in the world in those days. Hazrat Bilal, a freed slave, was appointed the first muazzin of Islam. Moreover Zaid bin Hartha, also a freed slave, was made commander in chief in the battle of Muta. He was also married to a lady of Banu Hashim (Zainab bint Jash) who was also a paternal cousin of the Prophet.

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Suggest ways in which the teachings of the Quran and examples of Prophet guide the lives of i. ii. Muslims individuals Muslim communities

(8 + 8) (November 2003) ___________________________________________________________________________

i) MUSLIM INDIVIDUALS:

The Quran and Sunnah regulate the conduct of individual Muslims. They guide the Muslims by providing a set of believes. The Quran says: It is righteous to believe in Allah and the last day and the angels and the books and the messengers. This verse explains that the Muslims should believe in the oneness of Allah. It means that Allah is one and only in His self, attributes and functions. This belief creates bravery, humbleness, self-respect and broad-mindedness. This verse also teaches that the Muslims are required to believe in the last day because this belief creates sense of responsibility, accountability, patience and sacrifice. Islam regulates the conduct of a Muslim individual by providing a set of practices and worships. The Quran says: And establish prayer and pay the poor-due This Ayat signifies that Muslims should offer prayer (essential or voluntary) and pay Zakat. These prayers teach punctuality, regularity, equality and cleanliness. Zakat encourages investment, circulation of wealth and discourages hoarding. The Quran and Sunnah also enjoin the Muslims to keep fast and observe Hajj. About fasting, the Quran says: Fasting has been prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you so that you may become pious. The fasting produces a number of outcomes, i.e. sympathy, patience, self-control, endurance, brotherhood and unity. For observing Hajj, the Quran says: And complete Hajj and Umra for the sake of Allah. Hajj enjoins brotherhood, uniformity, universality and equality. ==> Islam regulates the conduct of an individual by providing a set of moral values i.e. truthfulness, justice, fulfilling promise, descent speech, requiring knowledge, cleanliness, observe modesty, forgiveness and avoid interest and speculation . Truthfulness: Hadith: Indeed truth leads to virtue and virtue leads to paradise. Prophets example: Prophet was known as Sadiq and Amin in early Arab. He was praised for his truthfulness by Maysera, slave of Khatijah, before her when she sent Prophet to merchandise her goods to Syria.

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Justice: Verse: Allah commands justice and doing of good. Prophets example: Once a woman Fatima, belong to Banu Makhzoob, committed theft. Prophet ordered to cut her hands. Usama recommended Prophet to forgive her but Prophet said: Even if my daughter Fatima had committed theft, I would have cut her hands. Fulfilling promise: Verse: Fulfil promise indeed the promise will be questioned. Prophets example: Abu Jandal came to Prophet after Hudabiya Pact and requested Prophet to take him Medina for he was being persecuted by Quraish but Prophet replied: I cannot break the terms of treaty and advised him to go back. Descent speech: Verse: And speak good to people. Prophets example: The Prophet always spoke politely with people and never told a lie with them. Requiring knowledge: Hadith: To seek knowledge is any obligation on every Muslim, male or female. Prophets example: The Prophet had a special portion of his mosque for this purpose, Sufah. Cleanliness: Verse: Allah loves those who make themselves pure and clean. Hadith: Cleanliness is a part of faith. Observe modesty: Islam guides to observe modesty in all aspects _ dress, speech, sex etc. Verse: And practice modesty towards Allah as it ought to carry practice before Him. Forgiveness: Verse: Repel evil by what is best Prophets example: The Prophet was offered a poisoned roasted leg of a goat by a Jewish woman, Zainab bint Harith in Battle of Khyber. She confessed her crime but Prophet had forgiven her. Avoid interest: Verse: Allah permitted trade and forbidden interest.
INTOXICATION & GAMBLING: INTOXICATION AND GAMBLING ARE HANDIWORKS OF SATAN SO AVOID ALL THAT __________________________________________________________________________________

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MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN ii) MUSLIM COMMUNITIES:

Islamiyat Notes otes

Muslim communities are guided by the teachings of Quran and examples of Prophets life in a number of ways. The Prophet said: Every one of you is caretaker and every one of you is answerable about his subjects. This Hadith provides guide line about social and communal life of Muslims. Parents and children: The Quran and Sunnah enjoin kind treatment to parents. Quran says: We have enjoined on a man to be good to his parents. In old age, the parents require special support, care and attention. Once Halima Sadia, Prophets foster mother, visited Prophet. Prophet showed her great respect and even put his shawl on her. Parents are responsible for building the character and good manners of children. The Prophet said: No father had given his child anything better than good morals. It is the duty of parents to fulfil basic needs of children by providing them education, clothing, food, medicine etc. Parents should love their children. The Prophet said about his daughter Fatima: Fatima is a part of my flesh, so who hurts her, he hurts me. Husbands and wives: Islam lays responsibility on both husbands and wives. Wives are ordered to be obedient, respectful and loyal to their husbands. The Quran says: The righteous women are obedient and guard their modesty. Similarly husbands are responsible to provide basic needs and show good treatment to their wives. The Quran says: And consort with them in kindness. Hazrat Khatijah, Prophet wife, always remained devoted to Prophet like at first revelation, she helped Prophet in removing his depression and also helped him at the time of persecutions. Relatives: Islam enjoins believers to have feelings of respect, honour, hospitality towards relatives. The Quran says: Treat with kindness your parents and relatives. The Prophet always treated his relatives with kindness like with his grandsons i.e. Hassan and Husain. In the Battle of Hunain, Shayma bint Harith, Prophets foster sister, was also captured. The Prophet ordered to free Shayma and she was offered many gifts. Neighbours: Islam enjoins fair treatment towards neighbours. The Quran says: And do good to parents, relatives, orphans and neighbours. Their property and honour should be protected in their absence. Role of Mosque: One of the main focuses of Muslim community is the mosque. It is a place of communal prayer, meeting place of community, sermons are delivered there, Zakat is distributed in it and disputes are discussed and settled in it.
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The Prophet also established a mosque i.e. Masjid-Nabwi after migration. That is a clear example for Muslims to follow as it was made for all purposes like education, meeting place etc. For Muslim rulers and common people: The Muslims rulers are commanded to take care of their subjects. The Prophet being a ruler and having care of the Muslims introduced Bond of Brotherhood after migration. On the other hand, Muslims are commanded to obey their rulers. The Quran says: O you believe, obey Allah and obey Prophet and those charged with authority among you. At the time of Expedition of Tabuk, the Prophet when asked Muslims for help, all the companions at once contributed for expedition. Hazrat Abu Bakr even contributed all the things and belongings he had. Non-Muslims: In Islamic State, the minorities should be granted protection over their lives, property, honour, places of worship and they should be given religious freedom so that they may celebrate their religious events freely. The Prophet in the Charter of Medina granted equal rights to all the communities of Medina including Jews. For relations with Non-Muslim communities: The agreements and pacts signed with other communities should be given respect and their terms should be fulfilled. When the treaty of Hudabiya was signed, many people were critical about the terms but Prophet as a symbol of peace gave respect to treaty and accepted the terms of treaty. The rulers of non-muslim states and non-muslims should be invited towards Islam. The Prophet sent letters to many kings and called them towards Islam like he sent a letter to Negus, king of Abyssinia and invited him towards Islam.

For each heading, one Ayat or one Hadith or one example from Prophets life is to be coated. AND ALSO WRITE HOW Muslims SHOULD FOLLOW THIS. e.g. Muslims should do justice. Quran says Allah commands justice and doing of good

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MODESTY TOWARDS ALLAH

Modesty is an inner feeling which keeps man away from sins, crimes and wrong doings and please to good moral and virtuous deeds. Modesty towards Allah means that Muslims should believe that Allah is creator, cherisher and supreme ruler. Muslims should believe in One God and not ascribe any partners with him as he has no equal. The Quran says, "He is the one and only." He is the most Gracious and Merciful and free of all needs and shortcomings. He has neither parents nor children. The Quran says, "He begets not, nor is He begotten." Allah knows everything. He is aware of the visible and invisible, open and the secret. The Quran says, "He knows what appears to His creatures as before, or after or behind them." He is Almighty and All-powerful and sovereignty belongs to Allah. The Quran says, "Sovereignty belongs to Allah." Only Allah is worthy of our thanks and devotions and all the praise belongs to Allah. The Quran says, "All the prayers, thanks and glorifications belong to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds." Muslims should worship Allah alone. The Quran says, "I have created jinns and men to worship me alone." The Muslims should not make any sacrifice except for Allah. The Quran says, "But the Bounty of your Lord Rehearse and proclaim." Muslims should pray to Allah because only he can fulfil our prayers and invocations. The Quran says, "Call on me and I will answers (your prayer)." I Muslims commit mistakes, sins, or vices they should seek forgiveness from Allah. The Quran says, "It is He who accepts repentance from His servants." The Muslims should follow His Guidance as it is given in Quran. The Quran says, "Follow what has been sent to you from Your Lord."

MODESTY TOWARDS OPPOSITE SEX

Islam is a complete code of life and guides the muslims in every way. They are required to follow Islamic teachings. Both men and women are ordered by the Quran: Say to the believing men to lower their gaze. Same is said to women. It is not allowed for Muslims to look at the opposite sex attentively. If by chance a Muslim man looks at any women, then it is not a sin, but he should not stare at women. The holy Prophet said: Never look again after the first gaze because the first gaze is forgiven but the second is not. Islam does not like free intermixing of men and women. It is forbidden for a man or woman to meet a non mehram. The holy Prophet said: No one of you meet a woman in privacy. Men and women should also not touch each other without a solid reason. The prophet said: If a man touch a woman with whom he has no relation, his hands will be burnt on the day of judgement. The Muslim men and women should wear decent dress. The prophet cursed man who dress like woman and women who dress like man. Mans private parts are between navel and knees and for women entire body is her private part except her hands and face. Women should also not wear thin or tight clothes. Once Asma, daughter of Abu Bakr, came to Prophet in thin clothes. Prophet advised her: When a girl is grown up, she should not wear thin clothes. Similarly women are advised to dress decently when they go out and are not to apply perfume. Men and women are also advised to respect each other.

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MODESTY TOWARDS FRIENDS

The Quran says, Speak nicely to the people. Muslims should be helpful towards their friends, colleagues and class fellows. They should feel sorry over the grief and losses of friends and share the feelings of rejoicing and happiness of success of friends. The Prophet said, Do not rejoice over the loss of friend. They should always greet their friends with smiling face. They should be frank and cheerful in the company of friends. They should always meet their friends with smiling face. The Prophet said, Every act of kindness is charity and greeting friends with smiling face. They should exchange gifts with one another to promote friendship. This practice promotes good relations between friends. They should respect their friends with the core of heart and should be faithful to their friends and should not disclose the secrets. They should appreciate their friends openly but tell then their weaknesses in privacy. They should not deceive their friends. The Prophet said, The deceiving person will never enter paradise. When they establish relations with their friends they should promote them. The Prophet said, It is not allowed for a Muslim to keep away from his brother for more than 3 days. The Quran says, Help one another in goodness and do not cooperate one another in sin. They should not avoid from nick naming, abusing, fighting, deception and vice.

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STATUS OF MOTHER IN ISLAM

Islam has given a great honour and respect to women as mother. Mothers right and honour is next to Allah. Among the parents, mother is to be preferred to father in obedience because she has endured a lot of hardships in bringing up her child. The Quran has enjoined the Muslims to treat the mothers nicely. The Quran says: We have enjoined on man to be dutiful and good to his parents, his mother bears him in weakness and hardships. This verse of holy Quran shows that the sacrifices of mother are comparatively greater than those of father. The service and submission of mother is greater than participation in Jihad. Once a companion of the Prophet came to him and said, O messenger of Allah, I have intended to participate in Jihad. I came there to seek your advice. The Prophet asked, Is your mother alive. He replied Yes. Then the Prophet said, Go and serve your mother. Once Jareehs mother called him while he was offering prayer. Jareeh continued his prayer. When the Prophet came to know about it, he said: Respond to the mother call is more important than offering prayer. The Prophet also gave great impotence to mother by saying: Paradise lies under the feet of mother. For the same reason, the Prophet in an incident thrice insisted on serving ones mother and only forth time he told the questioner to serve his father. If parents are non-muslim, Muslims have been enjoined to show respect to them. Asma bint Abi Bakrs mother, Qutaila, was non-muslim and she visited Medina after Hudabiya pact. She wanted to meet her daughter. Asma came to the Prophet and asked: O messenger of Allah, my mother has come to meet me while she is still non-muslim. Should I treat her nicely. The Prophet said: You must show respect. Muslims should adopt good and respectful behaviour towards the relatives and friends of mother in their life and after death. Once Halima Sadia came to meet the Prophet. The Prophet stood up in her respect and gave his shawl and presented different gifts to her. In the Battle of Hunain, 6000 captives who were relatives of Halima Sadia were released without ransom. When the mothers depart from this world, the Muslims are commanded to seek forgiveness of Allah for them. The Quran says: O my Lord forgive me and my parents.

THIS IS NOT ACCURATE. CONSULT MARKS SCHEME

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STATUS OF WIFE IN ISLAM

The wives were considered just foot bearers and slaves and there were no rights for them before Islam. Islam declared her the queen of the house and finished all unjust customs and rights. Islam granted equal rights to both of them. The Quran says: And the wives have the same rights as the husbands have on them. The holy Prophet emphasized his companions to treat their wives nicely and explained the rights of wives in the words: You have a right on them and they have a right on you that you must provide them with clothes, food, in a favourable manner. The first and foremost duty of a Muslim husband is to give dower to his wife in order to safeguard the economic position of wife after the marriage. The Quran says: And give women their dowries as a marriage gift. It should be paid according to the financial condition. The Quran says: Wealthy Muslims according to their resources and poor according to their means. Basic needs of maintenance is a important duty to wives. These needs include clothes, food and loggings. The Quran says: And feed them and cloth them and speak to them and words of kindness and justice. Once a companion of the Prophet asked the Prophet, what are the rights of wives. The Prophet replied, Provide them food and cloth and do not strike them on their faces. In case of more than one wives, husband should treat them all justly. The prophet said: If a man has two wives and he does not treat them justly, he will come on the day of judgement with the side paralyzed. The Prophet married 11 times and he treated his wives justly. The Prophet did not marry in the life of Hazrat Khadija. Islam was the first religion among the world religions that recognized the rights of wives and their share in inheritance. This property was determined in Surah Al-Nisa. (Surah # 4). Divorce is the most is the most unpleasant act in Islam. The Prophet said: The most hated of lawful things near to Allah is the divorce but Islam permits divorce when it becomes inevitable in some extreme conditions. Khansa bint Khazam complained the Prophet that her father had forced her to marry without her consent. The Prophet gave her choice to accept or reject. This example shows that women have right to marry with their consent. The husband should share some leisure time with his wife or wives. Hazrat Ayesha accompanied the Prophet in a journey. She said, I have a race with the Prophet on fat and I won. And when I became fleshy, I had a race with the Prophet and he won the race and said, This is because of that beating.

STATUS OF WIFE AND RIGHTS OF WIVES ARE SAME QUESTIONS THIS IS NOT ACCURATE. CONSULT MARKS SCHEME

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STATUS OF DAUGHTER ISLAM

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RELATIONSHIP RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

THIS IS MODESTY TOWARDS OPPOSITE SEX. ALSO CONSULT MARKS SCHEME

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RELATIONS BETWEEN PARTNERS IN MARRIAGE

IN THIS QUESTION WRITE THE FOLLOWING THINGS:
Rights of wives and obligations of husbands (ANSWERED ABOVE) Rights of husband and obligations of wives (ANSWERED ABOVE)

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EQUALITY BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

How far do you think Islam teaches about equality between men and women?
(NOVEMBER 2007)

[5]

The equality of men and women is not in every aspect due to difference in their biological make up. Equality and sameness are two quite different things. This difference is understandable because men and women are not identical but they are created equal. Equality is desirable, just and fair but sameness is not. People are not created identical but they are created equals. There is no ground to assume that women are less important than men. ==> She is equal to man in bearing personal and common responsibilities and in receiving reward for her deeds. Quran says: Verily, men and women who submit and men and women who believe and men and women who are patient and men and women who are truthful and men and women who are humble and men and women who give in charity and men and women who keep fast and men and women who guard their chastity and men and women who remember God, to them Allah had promised reward and forgiveness. ==> She is equal to man in the pursuit of education and knowledge. When Islam enjoins to get knowledge it makes no discrimination between men and women. The prophet said: To gain knowledge is an obligation on every male and female. ==> Islam grants women equal rights to earn, contract, enterprise and pass independent life, property and honour. Hazrat Khatijah, Prophets first wife, was a wealthy merchant. ==> Women can accompany the army, engage in battles to nurse the wounded soldiers and serve the warriors. Umm-Atia states that she participated in 7 ghazvats and her duty was to cook food for fighters. ==> They can also participate in political activities. Hazrat Ayesha leaded the Battle of Camel. ==> When Usman was elected as 3rd caliph then Abdur Rehman consulted Muslim women regarding election of 3rd caliph and they took oath of loyalty to Usman. ==> Prophet permitted the wife of Sabit bin Qais, Habiba to get divorce from her husband by surrendering a garden. This example shows that women have equal right like men to take divorce from their husbands. She can exercise power of divorce herself if husband delegates his right of divorce to her in the contract of marriage. ==> She also has a right to follow career and achieve her own goal within the limits of Islam. ==> She is equal to man in expressing her views. Umm Salma, wife of Prophet, suggested him to put off his Ihram and slaughter animals.

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IT IS RECOMMENDED TO ALL THAT MARKS SCHEMES AND EXAMINER REPORTS SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR EVERY QUESTION FOR ACCURACY.

THANKS

ALSO TO FOR THE COMPLETION OF THESE NOTES SIR NAZIR NAUMAN AND ALSO TO MY CLASSFELLOWS

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