WIND MILLS & Propeller machines

Unit 7 Other books & p. 613-115

Wind Mills

How wind mill work

Modern mills use lift on blades. A Component of the aerodynamic lift on the blade turns it Old wind mills used air drag Typical shaft turns at 15-60 rpm. Gear train increases it to 1200-1800 rpm to run generator Wind speed varies. Integrated circuit help produce steady output Yaw drive keeps rotor facing wind Motor, gear & bearing keep blade at best angle to maximize output

Two ancient wind mills

Sail type

Power train for wind mill

Performance of various wind turbines

Idealized flow through a windmill

Rankines model of Windmill

Air approaching a windmill at velocity V1 decelerates to V2 after passing through the windmill. Velocity through the propeller is V. Force balance of fluid. Momentum change across rotor gives mill a backward thrust (- F) -F =m (V2-V1) where m =VA Force balance on turbine F = (Pb Pa)A From 1 to b: P + V12/2= Pb+ V2/2 From a to 2: Pa + V2/2 = P + V22/2 Solving above we get V= (V2 + V1)/2

Power developed by wind mill

Power developed, P =Force x Velocity = F.V = [ AV(V1-V2)]V substituting V= (V2 + V1)/2 P= 0.25 A (V12-V22)(V2+V1) To find max. power for a given approach wind velocity V1 dP/dV2 = 0 = (V12-V22) 2 V2(V2+V1) Maximum power produced at V2= V1/3 P = Pmax = (8/27) A V13 Available energy is the kinetic energy of the air if it could flow through rotor area undisturbed = (V1A) V12/2. Theoretical Efficiency can be derived as: = (V12-V22)(V2+V1)/ 2V13 Maximum efficiency =16/27 = 59%

Example (Windmill)
Find the power generated from a 12 m dia windmill operating in a 8.94 m/s wind, having a theoretical efficiency of 40%. What is the pressure drop across the windmill Take air density as 1.22 kg/cu m. [Alexandou, 19714 w, 22.6 Pa]

Example (propeller)
An airplane moves through still air at 380 km/h by discharging a total of 820 cu.m/s of air, using two, 1.9 m dia propellers. Find the thrust force, the useful power, the power input to the propeller and the efficiency of the propeller [Alexandrous. P- 422, 78 kN, 8,27 MW, 73%]

Design
Typical capacity for a single unit is now 250-500KW Relatively low capital costs; very low operating costs Price Comparison from a recent study. Levelized Costs: (includes start-up costs) o Wind: 4.8 cents per KWH o Coal: 6.2 o Photovoltaics: 16.0 o Advanced Gas Turbine: 4.6

Wind mill
Wind power is a highly variable source and hence energy storage is crucial. Rotary type windmills have high torque and are useful for pumping water High speed propeller types have low torque & are most efficient at high rotational velocities. It is useful for generation of electricity Windmills can not operate at 100% efficiency * Theoretical maximum efficiency is 59% * Picaresque Dutch Windmill (4 arms) = 16% * Rotary, multi-blade = 30% * High speed propeller (vertical) = 42%

Wind mill design

Power that can be extracted from the wind goes as velocity cubed (V3) For average atmospheric conditions of density and moisture content thumb-rule gives: Power per sq. meter = 0.0006 V3 where velocity measured in meters per second and Power is measured in KW Example: 20 mph wind =10 m/s Power generated: 0.0006 * 103 = .0006 * 1000 = 0.6 kW per square meter which is 600 watts per square meter This is identical to average solar power per square meter

Wind Energy availability

(kWh/kW at 11.2 m/s)

Summary
Power = 0.25 A (V12-V22)(V2+V1) = (V12-V22)(V2+V1)/ 2V13 Velocity through wind mill = (V2 + V1)/2 Maximum efficiency of wind mill is about 59%